Introduction

The central focus of discussion in this part, Part Two, of the book is the relationship between African rivers and the economies of individual African states, as well as the continent as a whole. African rivers, as argued in the previous chapters, have played a major role in the economic transformation of the contemporary African state. They have facilitated both intra- and interregional trade, boasted agricultural development on the continent by enhancing irrigation systems, and have played a key role in advancing hydropower and developing better transportation network systems across the continent. This chapter is a sequel to the discussion on African rivers’ contributions to economic development by examining with laser focus a specific industry that African rivers have interacted within the continent for centuries – artisanal mining. Artisanal mining is understood as small-scale mining of natural resources. While the size of operations that qualify as artisanal mining varies from country to country, it is generally believed to be the extraction of natural resources by a single person or group of persons (usually fewer than 10) who engage in manual labor with minimal capital investment. Artisanal mining operations are conducted in most parts of Africa without license or other forms of governmental regulation. Despite the challenge with regulation of this sector and the vast implications of its operations on the environment, there are yet some notable socioeconomic impacts it has created for both micro- and macro-economic levels. This chapter addresses the dynamics and implications of artisanal mining operations on African rivers, as well as the potential for these rivers to support the development of this centuries-old industry.