Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 June 2026
The chapter recovers the previously untold history of men from the Philippines who opened new businesses called blade-and-scissors shops to separate themselves from traditional barber surgeons. Migrants and formerly enslaved people challenged members of the established professional association, the Barber and Surgeons Guild, who tried to shut down their competitors. The history of public health provides context for their economic achievements because they had to deal with officials and doctors who regulated caregivers. They hid that they offered an alternative wellness experience in their shops and suggested instead that residents only patronized their businesses for grooming, which did not concern doctors, to stay open and secure their niche in the health market.
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