Chapter 11 applies the ideas in the text to the area of state aid, industrial policy, and competitive neutrality. This chapter observes that controls on state aid are difficult to explain through a consumer welfare lens. The chapter describes the controls on state aid in the EU, including the private- investor test and the concept of selectivity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of industrial policy in the US and how legislation which has one objective (at least on the surface) can affect trade between countries and therefore could have a chilling effect on investment and competition in the long run. This suggests the need for international rules (as exist in the EU) to protect and promote investment, competition, and international trade.