This chapter looks at the economy involved in producing the oils, waxes, and wicks needed to light up the early modern night. Following the trail that leads from the producers to the consumers reveals how the night was an integral facet of the early modern economic society – a society in which people across the social spectrum participated in and benefited from the marketplace. The illuminants of the Tokugawa night reveal patterns of production and consumption that reduce the distance between premodern and modern economies. By showing that Japan reached important benchmarks of global modernity on its own terms and at its own pace, oils, candles, and wicks remind us that Japan’s early modernity defies conventional global models of change.