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Conclusion: Seven Theses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 June 2026

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Summary

The number seven was important in the Middle Ages because it represented the creation of the days of the week, the Virgin's holy day on Saturday, and the seven subjects of the liberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, and logic of the trivium, and music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy of the quadrivium. The Espill's male readers would have been well aware of its significance because many of them were both religious and learned. This is why I have chosen to end my book with seven theses that encapsulate what I understand to be the consequences of readers’ evidence when it is examined critically from a feminist perspective and in dialogue with Isabel de Villena's Vita Christi. The number seven is a reminder of maternity's radical meaning and potential for women's liberation in the devotional model of creation, and is also distinctly connected to scholarship and study, through which many women have achieved freedom from sociopolitical constraints.

The master's tools will never dismantle the master's house

I have argued that readers’ annotations in the Espill's printed copies constitute evidence of how misogyny persists in society. The annotations do not indicate that readers rejected the book's antifeminist material and tone. Ignorance is bliss, and ignoring, minimizing, or explaining the Espill's misogyny through satire and irony allows for its continuation in the present and the future.

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