This part explores how language policy, taken in its broadest sense, can affect and regulate people's day-to-day lives. Some chapters in previous parts have presented aspects of official language policy in Australia, and here we take a new direction by also examining the relationship between language testing and Australian citizenship. Other chapters add to the range of countries examined in this volume, with investigations of sociopolitical conflict in Northern Ireland, linguistic tensions in a German-speaking area of Italy and language policing in German internet forums. The final two contributions move the discussion beyond issues linked to individual countries. They examine how, through the internet and service provision, transnational companies and institutions can shape policies and practices in other countries, in some cases imposing linguistic norms generated in the home country.

Part 3 opens with an analysis by Kerry Ryan and Tim McNamara of the recently introduced Australian citizenship test, an assessment of knowledge of Australian society that also functions as a covert language test. The introduction of the test mirrors what is happening in other countries around the world, where citizenship tests, including a language requirement, are increasingly being seen as part of immigration policy. Underlying these developments is government rhetoric which views migrants' lack of knowledge of the language, values and customs of the country as a potential danger to social cohesion. The chapter charts the history of language tests in Australia and their use as part of Australia's immigration policy to identify and exclude particular ethnic groups. It considers that the current citizenship test requires a high level of English literacy at a standard that many native-born Australians would not be able to meet and thus acts as a mechanism for exclusion.

In Chapter 12, Diarmait Mac Giolla Chríost addresses the relationship between language and political conflict in Northern Ireland. The political settlement known as the Good Friday Agreement was signed in 1998, resolving the main elements of the armed conflict in Northern Ireland.