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  3. The Alchemists
  • Cited by 39
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    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      20 October 2017
      02 November 2017
      ISBN:
      9781108283731
      9781108417945
      9781108406086
      DOI:
      https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108283731
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.67kg, 390 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (229 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.59kg, 396 Pages
      • Subjects:
      Constitutional and Administrative Law, Law, Jurisprudence
      Series:
      Cambridge Studies in Constitutional Law (18)
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    • Selected: Digital
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    Subjects:
    Constitutional and Administrative Law, Law, Jurisprudence
    Series:
    Cambridge Studies in Constitutional Law (18)
    Information

    Book description

    Can courts really build democracy in a state emerging from authoritarian rule? This book presents a searching critique of the contemporary global model of democracy-building for post-authoritarian states, arguing that it places excessive reliance on courts. Since 1945, both constitutional courts and international human rights courts have been increasingly perceived as alchemists, capable of transmuting the base materials of a nascent democracy into the gold of a functioning democratic system. By charting the development of this model, and critically analysing the evidence and claims for courts as democracy-builders, this book argues that the decades-long trend toward ever greater reliance on courts is based as much on faith as fact, and can often be counter-productive. Offering a sustained corrective to unrealistic perceptions of courts as democracy-builders, the book points the way toward a much needed rethinking of democracy-building models and a re-evaluation of how we employ courts in this role.

    Reviews

    'This extraordinarily timely work deals with a critical question for democratisation about the weight of the expectations placed on constitutional and human rights courts. The work is global in its focus, soundly based in fact, impeccably researched and convincingly argued. It will be a staple of the democratisation literature for some time to come.'

    Cheryl Saunders - Laureate Professor Emeritus, Melbourne Law School and Co-convenor of Constitution Transformation Network

    'Tom Gerald Daly's The Alchemists is an important contribution to the growing comparative constitutional law of democracy, and takes the literature in exciting new directions. By examining in detail the 'democracy-building' jurisprudence of the Brazilian Supreme Court, and the complex interplay between regional human rights courts and national constitutional courts, especially in Latin America, The Alchemists raises a host of important questions and insights that will spark many scholarly conversations.'

    Sujit Choudhry - I. Michael Heyman Professor of Law, University of California, Berkeley and Founding Director, Center for Constitutional Transitions

    'The Alchemists is an important new book in the field of comparative constitutional studies, which poses a serious challenge to recent arguments in favour of constitutional courts as promoters or defenders of democracy. It highlights the danger, in this context, of high popular expectations of such courts, twinned with low court capacity. It also points to distinct dangers related to courts assuming an ambitious role in democratic transformation, such as via the enforcement of social rights, the danger of obfuscating underperformance in other key areas, distracting from core political struggles, and underplaying the centrality of political rights. In making these arguments it also canvasses a broad and diverse range of jurisdictions. It is essential reading for anyone working or writing in the field of democratisation and comparative constitutionalism.'

    Rosalind Dixon - Professor of Law, University of New South Wales Faculty of Law

    'Comparative constitutionalists, political scientists, and policymakers have recently shown great faith in the work of courts in new democracies. Anchored by a rich case study of Brazil and drawing on a wide range of comparative evidence, The Alchemists is not only an important caution pushing back against this trend, but also provides a thoughtful map of the ways in which domestic and international courts might work towards a more achievable role conception. Scholars of courts and democratization processes will benefit immensely from grappling with Tom Gerald Daly's arguments.'

    David E. Landau - Mason Ladd Professor and Associate Dean for International Programs, Florida State University College of Law

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    Contents

    Contents
    References

    Bibliography

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    Edited Collections

    Andenas, M. & Fairgrieve, D. (eds.) Tom Bingham and the Transformation of the Law: A Liber Amicorum (Oxford University Press, 2009).
    Andenas, M. & Fairgrieve, D. (eds.) Judicial Review in International Perspective Vol. 2 (Kluwer Law International, 2000).
    Angell, A., Schjolden, L. & Sieder, R. (eds.), The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America (Palgrave MacMillan, 2009).
    Badinter, R. & Breyer, S. (eds.), Judges in Contemporary Democracy: An International Conversation (New York University Press, 2004).
    Barahona de Brito, A., González Enríquez, C. & Aguilar, P. (eds.), The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies (Oxford University Press, 2001).
    Beneyto, J.M. & Kennedy, D. (eds.), New Approaches to International Law: The European and the American Experiences (Springer, 2012).
    Blok, J.H. & Lardinois, A.P.M.H. (eds.), Solon of Athens (Brill, 2005).
    Bonilla Maldonado, D. (ed.), Constitutionalism of the Global South: The Activist Tribunals of India, South Africa, and Colombia (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
    Brewer, S. (ed.), Evolution and Revolution in Theories of Legal Reasoning: Nineteenth Century Through the Present Vol. 4 (Taylor & Francis, 1998).
    Brewer-Carías, A.R. (ed.), Constitutional Courts as Positive Legislators: A Comparative Law Study (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
    Bustamante, T. & Gonçalves Fernandes, B. (eds.), Democratizing Constitutional Law: Perspectives on Legal Theory and the Legitimacy of Constitutionalism (Springer, 2016).
    Buyse, A. & Hamilton, M. (eds.), Transitional Jurisprudence and the ECHR: Justice, Politics and Rights (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
    Caldeira, A., Kelemen, R.D. & Whittington, K.E. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics (Oxford University Press, 2008).
    Campbell, T., Goldsworthy, J. & Stone, A. (eds.), Protecting Human Rights: Instruments and Institutions (Oxford University Press, 2003).
    Christoffersen, J. & Rask Madsen, M. (eds.), The European Court of Human Rights: Between Law and Politics (Oxford University Press, 2011).
    Claes, M., de Visser, M., Popelier, P. & Van de Heyning, C. (eds.), Constitutional Conversations in Europe: Actors, Topics and Procedures (Intersentia 2012).
    Couso, J., Huneeus, A. and Sieder, R. (eds.), Cultures of Legality: Judicialization and Political Activism in Latin America (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
    Crawford, G. & Lynch, G. (eds.), Democratization in Africa: Challenges and Prospects (Routledge, 2013).
    Croissant, A. & Bünte, M. (eds.), The Crisis of Democratic Governance in Southeast Asia (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
    Cuadras-Morató, X. (ed.), Catalonia: A New Independent State in Europe? (Routledge, 2016).
    Diamond, L. & Morlino, L. (eds.), Assessing the Quality of Democracy (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005).
    Diamond, L. & Plattner, M. (eds.), Democracy: A Reader (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
    Dixon, R. & Ginsburg, T. (eds.), Comparative Constitutional Law in Latin America (Edward Elgar Publishing, forthcoming, 2017).
    Dolinger, J. & Rosenn, K. (eds.), A Panorama of Brazilian Law (Lynne Rienner, 1992).
    Dorsen, N. & Gifford, P. (eds.), Democracy & The Rule of Law (CQ Press, 2001).
    Dunoff, J.L. & Trachtman, J.P. (eds.), Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law and Global Governance (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
    Eberhard, H., Lachmayer, K. & Thallinger, G. (eds.), Transitional Constitutionalism: Proceedings of the 2nd Vienna Workshop on International Constitutional Law (Nomos, 2007).
    Elster, J. & Slagstad, R. (eds.), Constitutionalism and Democracy (Cambridge University Press, 1993).
    Federico, V. & Fusaro, C. (eds.), Constitutionalism and Democratic Transitions: Lessons from South Africa (Firenze University Press, 2006).
    Flogaitis, S.I., Zwart, T. & Fraser, J. (eds.), The European Court of Human Rights and its Discontents: Turning Criticism into Strength (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013).
    Føllesdal, A., Peters, B., Karlsson Schaffer, J. & Ulfstein, G. (eds.), The Legitimacy of International Human Rights Regimes: Legal, Political and Philosophical Perspectives (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
    Føllesdal, A., Peters, B. & Ulfstein, G. (eds.), Constituting Europe: The European Court of Human Rights in a National, European and Global Context (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
    Fortes, P., Boratti, L., Palacios Lleras, A. & Daly, T.G. (eds.), Law and Policy in Latin America: Transforming Courts, Institutions, and Rights (Palgrave MacMillan, 2017).
    Friedman, L.M. & Pérez-Perdomo, R. (eds.), Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization. Latin America and Latin Europe (Stanford University Press, 2003).
    Fung, E.S.K. & Drakeley, S. (eds.), Democracy in Eastern Asia: Issues, Problems and Challenges in a Region of Diversity (Routledge, 2013).
    Galligan, D. & Versteeg, M. (eds.), Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
    Gargarella, R., Domingo, P. & Roux, T. (eds.), Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies: An Institutional Voice for the Poor? (Ashgate, 2006).
    Ginsburg, T. (ed.), Comparative Constitutional Design (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
    Ginsburg, T. & Dixon, R. (eds.), Comparative Constitutional Law (Edward Elgar, 2011).
    Ginsburg, T. & Huq, A. (eds.), Assessing Constitutional Performance (Cambridge University Press, 2016).
    Ginsburg, T. & Simpser, A. (eds.), Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
    Gloppen, S., Gargarella, R. & Skaar, E. (eds.), Democratization and the Judiciary: The Accountability Function of Courts in New Democracies (Routledge, 2004).
    Gloppen, S., Wilson, B.M., Gargarella, R., Skaar, E. & Kinander, M. (eds.), Courts and Power in Latin America and Africa (Palgrave MacMillan, 2010).
    Groppi, T. & Ponthereau, M.C. (eds.), The Use of Foreign Precedents by Constitutional Judges (Hart Publishing, 2013).
    Hamad, M. & Al-Anani, K. (eds.), Elections and Democratization in the Middle East: The Tenacious Search for Freedom, Justice, and Dignity (Palgrave MacMillan, 2014).
    Hanke, L., Bartolomé de las Casas: An Interpretation of his Life and Writings (1951, Hanke, H edn, Springer, 2013).
    Harding, A. & Leyland, P. (eds.), Constitutional Courts: A Comparative Study (Wildy, Simmonds & Hill Publishing, 2009).
    Harding, A. & Nicholson, P. (eds.), New Courts in Asia (Routledge, 2010).
    Hasan, Z., Sridharan, E. & Sudarshan, R. (eds.), India’s Living Constitution: Ideas, Practices, Controversies (Anthem Press, 2005).
    Haynes, J. (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Democratization (Routledge, 2012).
    Heckman, J.J., Nelson, R.L. & Cabatingan, L. (eds.), Global Perspectives on the Rule of Law (Routledge, 2010).
    Helmke, G. & Ríos-Figueroa, J. (eds.), Courts in Latin America (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
    Higley, J. & Gunther, R. (eds.), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1991).
    Holló, A. & Erdei, Á. (eds.), Selected Decisions of the Constitutional Court of Hungary (1998–2001) (Akadémiai Kiadó, 2005).
    Hucko, E.M. (ed.), The Democratic Tradition. Four German Constitutions (Berg Publishers Limited, 1987).
    Huls, N., Adams, M. & Bomhoff, J. (eds.), The Legitimacy of Highest Courts’ Rulings: Judicial Deliberations and Beyond (TMC Asser Press, 2009).
    Jovanović, M.A., Pavićević, Đ. & Đorđević, B. (eds.), Crisis and Quality of Democracy in Eastern Europe (Eleven International Publishing, 2012).
    Kapiszewski, D., Silverstein, G. & Kagan, R.A. (eds.), Consequential Courts: Judicial Roles in Global Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
    Killander, M. (ed.), International Law and Domestic Human Rights Litigation in Africa (Pretoria University Law Press, 2010).
    Kingstone, P. & Power, T. (eds.), Democratic Brazil: Actors, Institutions, and Processes (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000).
    Lamont, C.K., van der Harst, J. & Gaenssmantel, F. (eds.), Non-Western Encounters with Democratization: Imagining Democracy after the Arab Spring (Ashgate, 2015).
    Lettinga, D. & van Troost, L. (eds.), Can Human Rights Bring Social Justice? Twelve Essays (Amnesty International, 2015).
    Levine, D.H. & Molina, J.E. (eds.), The Quality of Democracy in Latin America (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2011).
    Linnan, D.K. (ed.), Legitimacy, Legal Development and Change: Law and Modernization Reconsidered (Routledge, 2016).
    Linz, J. & Stepan, A. (eds.), Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
    Linz, J. & Stepan, A. (eds.) The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978).
    Mainwaring, S. & Soberg Shugart, M. (eds.), Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (Cambridge University Press, 1997).
    Mainwaring, S., O’Donnell, G. & Valenzuela, J. (eds.), Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (University of Notre Dame Press, 1992).
    Morison, J., MacEvoy, K. & Anthony, G. (eds.), Judges, Transition, and Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2007).
    Nervo Codato, A. (ed.), Political Transition and Democratic Consolidation: Studies on Contemporary Brazil (Nova Science, 2006).
    Nijman, J. & Nollkaemper, A. (eds.), New Perspectives on the Divide between National and International Law (Oxford University Press, 2007).
    O’Donnell, G., Schmitter, P. & Whitehead, L. (eds.), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (re-issue, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013).
    O’Donnell, G., Schmitter, P. & Whitehead, L. (eds.), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
    O’Donnell, G., Vargas Cullell, J. & Iazzetta, O.M. (eds.), The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications (University of Notre Dame Press, 2004).
    Popelier, P., Mazmanyan, A. & Vandenbruwaene, W. (eds.), The Role of Constitutional Courts in Multilevel Governance (Intersentia, 2013).
    Pridham, G. (ed.), Transitions to Democracy: Comparative Perspectives from Southern Europe, Latin America and Eastern Europe (Dartmouth, 1995).
    Pridham, G. (ed.) Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe (Routledge, 1990).
    Qvortrup, M. (ed.), The British Constitution: Continuity and Change. A Festschrift for Vernon Bogdanor (Hart, 2013).
    Rodriguez Garavito, C. (ed.), Law and Society in Latin America: A New Map (Routledge, 2014).
    Romano, C., Alter, K. & Shany, Y. (eds.), The Oxford University Press Handbook of International Adjudication (Oxford University Press, 2014).
    Rosas, A., Levits, E. & Bot, Y. (eds.), The Court of Justice and the Construction of Europe: Analyses and Perspectives on Sixty Years of Case-law (Springer, 2012).
    Rosenfeld, M. & Sajó, A. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law (Oxford University Press, 2012).
    Russell, P. & O’Brien, D.M. (eds.), Judicial Independence in the Age of Democracy. Critical Perspectives from Around the World (University of Virginia Press, 2001).
    Sadurski, W. (ed.), Constitutional Justice, East and West: Democratic Legitimacy and Constitutional Courts in Post-Communist Europe in a Comparative Perspective (Springer, 2002).
    Sadurski, W. & Febbrajo, A. (eds.), Central and Eastern Europe After Transition: Towards a New Socio-legal Semantics (Ashgate Publishing, 2013).
    Sadurski, W., Czarnota, A. & Krygier, M. (eds.), Spreading Democracy and the Rule of Law?: The Impact of EU Enlargement for the Rule of Law, Democracy and Constitutionalism in Post-Communist Legal Orders (Springer, 2006).
    Sadurski, W., Krygier, M. & Czarnota, A. (eds.), Rethinking the Rule of Law in Post-Communist Europe: Past Legacies, Institutional Innovations, and Constitutional Discourses (Central European University Press, 2005).
    Scheinin, M. & Aksenova, M. (eds.), Judges as Guardians of Constitutionalism and Human Rights (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016).
    Schilling-Vacaflor, A. & Nolte, D. (eds.), New Constitutionalism in Latin America: Promises and Practices (Ashgate, 2012).
    Seibert-Fohr, A. (ed.), Judicial Independence in Transition (Springer, 2012).
    Sellers, M. & Tomaszewski, T. (eds.), The Rule of Law in Comparative Perspective (Springer, 2010).
    Serrano, M. & Popovski, V. (eds.), Human Rights Regimes in the Americas (United Nations University Press, 2010).
    Shelton, D. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law (Oxford University Press, 2013).
    Sólyom, L. & Brunner, G. (eds.), Constitutional Judiciary in a New Democracy: The Hungarian Constitutional Court (University of Michigan Press, 2000).
    St John McDonald, R. & Johnston, D.M. (eds.), Towards World Constitutionalism (Martinus Nijhoff, 2005).
    Stoner, K. & McFaul, M. (eds.), Transitions to Democracy: A Comparative Perspective (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013).
    Stotzky, I. (ed.), Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the Judiciary (Westview Press, 1993).
    Suumann, G. (ed.), 15 Years of Constitutional Review in the Supreme Court of Estonia. Systematized Extracts of Constitutional Review Judgments and Rulings of the Supreme Court En Banc and the Constitutional Review Chamber in 1993–2008 (Supreme Court of Estonia, 2009).
    Terris, D., Romano, C.P.R. & Swigart, L. (eds.), The International Judge: An Introduction to the Men and Women Who Decide the World’s Cases (Brandeis University Press, 2007).
    Vilhena Vilheira, O., Viljoen, F. & Baxi, U. (eds.), Transformative Constitutionalism: Comparing the Apex Courts of Brazil, India and South Africa (Pretoria University Law Press, 2013).
    Volcansek, M.L. (ed.), Judicial Politics and Policy-Making in Western Europe (Cass, 1992).
    Von Bogdandy, A., Ferrer, E., Morales, M. & Piovesan, P. (eds.), Transformative Constitutionalism in Latin America: A New Latin American Ius Commune (Oxford University Press, forthcoming, 2017).
    Von Bogdandy, A. & Sonnevend, P. (eds.), Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area: Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015).
    Von Bogdandy, A. & Venzke, I. (eds.), International Judicial Lawmaking: On Public Authority and Democratic Legitimation in Global Governance (Springer, 2012).
    Walker, N. & Loughlin, M. (eds.), The Paradox of Constitutionalism: Constituent Power and Constitutional Form (Oxford University Press, 2007).
    Williams, M. & Nagy, J.E. (eds.), Transitional Justice (New York University Press, 2012).
    Woolman, S. & Bishop, M. (eds.), Constitutional Conversations (Pretoria University Law Press, 2008).
    Zielonka, J. (ed.), Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe, Vol. 1: Institutional Engineering (Oxford University Press, 2001).

    Book Chapters

    Alberts, S., Warshaw, C. & Weingast, B.R., ‘Democratization and Countermajoritarian Institutions’ in Ginsburg, T. (ed.), Comparative Constitutional Design (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
    Alston, L.J., Melo, M.A., Mueller, B. & Pereira, C., ‘On the Road to Good Governance: Recovering from Economic and Political Shocks in Brazil’ in Stein, E., Tommasi, M., Scartascini, C.G. & Spiller, P.T. (eds.), Policymaking in Latin America: How Politics Shapes Policies (Inter-American Development Bank, 2008).
    Ayala, C., ‘The Judicial Dialogue between International and National Courts in the Inter-American Human Rights System’ in Scheinin, M. & Aksenova, M. (eds.), Judges as Guardians of Constitutionalism and Human Rights (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016).
    Baker, A., ‘GIs in West Germany’ in Adam, T. (ed.), Germany and the Americas: O-Z (ABC-CLIO, 2005).
    Baxi, U., ‘Preliminary Notes on Transformative Constitutionalism’ in Vilheira, O. Vilhena, Viljoen, F. & Baxi, U. (eds.), Transformative Constitutionalism: Comparing the Apex Courts of Brazil, India and South Africa (Pretoria University Law Press, 2013).
    Bellamy, R., ‘The Democratic Legitimacy of Regional Human Rights Conventions: Political Constitutionalism and the Hirst case’ in Føllesdal, A., Peters, B., Karlsson Schaffer, J. & Ulfstein, G. (eds.), The Legitimacy of International Human Rights Regimes: Legal, Political and Philosophical Perspectives (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
    Binder, C., ‘The Prohibition of Amnesties by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ in von Bogdandy, A. & Venzke, I. (eds.), International Judicial Lawmaking: On Public Authority and Democratic Legitimation in Global Governance (Springer, 2012).
    Björgvinsson, D.T., ‘The Role of Judges of the European Court of Human Rights as Guardians of Fundamental Rights of the Individual’ in Scheinin, M. & Aksenova, M. (eds.), Judges as Guardians of Constitutionalism and Human Rights (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016).
    Blankenburg, E., ‘Changes in Political Regimes and Continuity of the Law in Germany’ in Jacob, H., Blankenberg, E., Kritzer, H.M., Provine, D.M.. & Sanders, J., Courts, Law and Politics in Comparative Perspective (Yale University Press, 1996).
    Bonilla Maldonado, D., ‘Introduction: Toward a Constitutionalism of the Global South’ in Bonilla Maldonado, D. (ed.), Constitutionalism of the Global South: The Activist Tribunals of India, South Africa, and Colombia (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
    Bossacoma i Busquets, P., ‘The Secession of Catalonia: Legal Strategies and Barriers’ in Cuadras-Morató, X. (ed.), Catalonia: A New Independent State in Europe? (Routledge, 2016).
    Botelho Junqueira, E., ‘Brazil: The Road of Conflict Bound for Total Justice’ in Friedman, L.M. & Pérez-Perdomo, R. (eds.), Legal Culture in the Age of Globalization. Latin America and Latin Europe (Stanford University Press, 2003).
    Breuer, A., ‘South America’ in Haynes, J. (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Democratization (Routledge, 2012).
    Brown, W., ‘Seeking Socioeconomic Justice’ in Lettinga, D. & van Troost, L. (eds.), Can Human Rights Bring Social Justice? Twelve Essays (Amnesty International, 2015).
    Chavez, R.B., ‘The Rule of Law and Courts in Democratizing Regimes’ in Caldeira, A., Kelemen, R.D. & Whittington, K.E. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics (Oxford University Press, 2008).
    Chong, D., ‘How Human Rights Can Address Socioeconomic Inequality’ in Lettinga, D. & van Troost, L. (eds.), Can Human Rights Bring Social Justice? Twelve Essays (Amnesty International, 2015).
    Daly, T.G., ‘Brazilian Supremocracy and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Unpicking an Unclear Relationship’ in Fortes, P., Boratti, L., Lleras, A. Palacios & Daly, T.G. (eds.), Law and Policy in Latin America: Transforming Courts, Institutions, and Rights (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017).
    De Franciscis, M.E. & Zannini, R., ‘Judicial Policy-Making in Italy: The Constitutional Court’ in Volcansek, M.L. (ed.), Judicial Politics and Policy-Making in Western Europe (Cass, 1992).
    De Lange, R., ‘Judicial Deliberations, Legitimacy and Human Rights Adjudication’ in Huls, N., Adams, M. & Bomhoff, J. (eds.), The Legitimacy of Highest Courts’ Rulings: Judicial Deliberations and Beyond (TMC Asser Press, 2009).
    Ferraz, O.L.M., ‘Between Usurpation and Abdication? The Right to Health in the Courts of Brazil and South Africa’ in Vilhena Vilheira, O., Viljoen, F. & Baxi, U. (eds.), Transformative Constitutionalism: Comparing the Apex Courts of Brazil, India and South Africa (Pretoria University Law Press, 2013).
    Ferreres Comella, V., ‘The Rise of Specialized Constitutional Courts’ in Ginsburg, T. & Dixon, R. (eds.), Comparative Constitutional Law (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2011).
    Føllesdal, A., ‘Much Ado about Nothing? International Judicial Review of Human Rights in Well-Functioning Democracies’ in Føllesdal, A., Peters, B., Karlsson Schaffer, J. & Ulfstein, G. (eds.), The Legitimacy of International Human Rights Regimes: Legal, Political and Philosophical Perspectives (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
    Frosini, J. & Pegoraro, L, ‘Constitutional Courts in Latin America: A Testing Ground for New Parameters of Classification?’ in Harding, A. & Leyland, P. (eds.), Constitutional Courts: A Comparative Study (Wildy, Simmonds & Hill Publishing, 2009).
    Galligan, D.J. & Versteeg, M., ‘Theoretical Perspectives on the Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions’ in Galligan, D.J. & Versteeg, M. (eds.), Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
    García-Sayan, D., ‘Una Viva Interacción: Corte Interamericana y Tribunales Internos’ in La Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: Un Cuarto de Siglo: 1979–2004 (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 2005). www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/libros/cuarto%20de%20siglo.pdf.
    Gargarella, R., ‘In Search of a Democratic Justice – What Courts Should Not Do: Argentina, 1983–2002’ in Gloppen, S., Gargarella, R. & Skaar, E. (eds.), Democratization and the Judiciary: The Accountability Function of Courts in New Democracies (Routledge, 2004).
    Ghosh, E., ‘Judicial Reference to Community Values – A Pointer Towards Constitutional Juries?’ in Bustamante, T. & Gonçalves Fernandes, B. (eds.), Democratizing Constitutional Law: Perspectives on Legal Theory and the Legitimacy of Constitutionalism (Springer, 2016).
    Ginsburg, T., ‘The Politics of Courts in Democratization: Four Junctures in Asia’ in Kapiszewski, D., Silverstein, G. & Kagan, R.A., (eds.), Consequential Courts: Judicial Roles in Global Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
    Ginsburg, T., ‘The Politics of Courts in Democratisation’, in Heckman, J.J., Nelson, R.L. & Cabatingan, L. (eds.), Global Perspectives on the Rule of Law (Routledge, 2010).
    Ginsburg, T., ‘The Global Spread of Constitutional Review’ in Caldeira, A., Kelemen, R.D. & Whittington, K.E. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics (Oxford University Press, 2008).
    Goldstein, J., ‘The Opinion-Writing Function of the Judiciary of Latin American Governments in Transition to Democracy: Martinez v. Provincia de Mendoza’ in Stotzky, I. (ed.), Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the Judiciary (Westview Press, 1993).
    Goldsworthy, J., ‘Judicial Review, Legislative Override, and Democracy’ in Campbell, T., Goldsworthy, J. & Stone, A. (eds.), Protecting Human Rights: Instruments and Institutions (Oxford University Press, 2003).
    González-Salzberg, D.A., ‘Complying (Partially) with the Compulsory Judgments of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ in Fortes, P., Boratti, L., Palacios Lleras, A. & Daly, T.G. (eds.), Law and Policy in Latin America: Transforming Courts, Institutions, and Rights (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017).
    Grimm, D., ‘Address’ in Dorsen, N. & Gifford, P. (eds.), Democracy & The Rule of Law (CQ Press, 2001).
    Grimm, D., ‘Constitutional Adjudication and Democracy’ in Andenas, M. & Fairgrieve, D. (eds.), Judicial Review in International Perspective, Vol. 2 (Kluwer Law International, 2000).
    Groppi, T., ‘The Italian Constitutional Court: Towards a ‘Multilevel System’ of Constitutional Review?’ in Harding, A. & Leyland, P. (eds.), Constitutional Courts: A Comparative Study (Wildy, Simmonds & Hill Publishing, 2009).
    Halmai, G. & Scheppele, K., ‘Living Well is the Best Revenge: The Hungarian Approach to Judging the Past’ in McAdams, A.J. (ed.), Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies (University of Notre Dame Press, 1997).
    Harding, A., Leyland, P. & Groppi, T., ‘Constitutional Courts: Forms, Functions and Practice in Comparative Perspective’ in Harding, A. & Leyland, P. (eds.), Constitutional Courts: A Comparative Study (Wildy, Simmonds & Hill Publishing, 2009).
    Helmke, G. & Staton, J.K., ‘The Puzzling Judicial Politics of Latin America: A Theory of Litigation, Judicial Decisions, and Interbranch Conflict’ in Helmke, G. & Ríos-Figueroa, J., Courts in Latin America (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
    Herz, M., ‘The Organization of American States and Democratization’ in Haynes, J. (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Democratization (Routledge, 2012).
    Horowitz, D., ‘Constitutional Courts: A Primer for Decision Makers’ in Diamond, L. & Plattner, M. (eds.), Democracy: A Reader (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
    Huneeus, A., ‘Rejecting the Inter-American Court: Judicialization, National Courts, and Regional Human Rights’ in Couso, J., Huneeus, A. & Sieder, R. (eds.), Cultures of Legality: Judicialization and Political Activism in Latin America (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
    Kapiszewski, D., ‘How Courts Work: Institutions, Culture and the Brazilian Supremo Tribunal Federal’ in Couso, J., Huneeus, A. & Sieder, R. (eds.), Cultures of Legality: Judicialization and Political Activism in Latin America (Cambridge Studies in Law and Society, 2010).
    Kapiszewski, D. ‘Power Broker, Policy Maker, or Rights Protector: the Brazilian Supremo Tribunal Federal in Transition’ in Helmke, G. & Ríos-Figueroa, J., Courts in Latin America (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
    Kay, R.S., ‘Rights, Rules and Democracy’ in Campbell, T., Goldsworthy, J. & Stone, A. (eds.), Protecting Human Rights: Instruments and Institutions (Oxford University Press, 2003).
    Killander, M. & Adjolohoun, H., ‘International Law and Domestic Human Rights’ in Killander, M. (ed.), International Law and Domestic Human Rights Litigation in Africa (Pretoria University Law Press, 2010).
    Kommers, D.P. & Miller, R.A., ‘Das Bundesverfassungsgericht: Procedure, Practice and Policy of the German Federal Constitutional Court’ in Harding, A. & Leyland, P. (eds.), Constitutional Courts: A Comparative Study (Wildy, Simmonds & Hill Publishing, 2009).
    Kuhm, M., ‘The Best of Times and the Worst of Times: Between Constitutional Triumphalism and Nostalgia’ in Dobner, P. & Loughlin, M. (eds.), The Twilight of Constitutionalism? (Oxford University Press, 2010).
    Lach, K. & Sadurski, W., ‘Constitutional Courts of Central and Eastern Europe: Between Adolescence and Maturity’ in Harding, & Leyland, P. (eds.), Constitutional Courts: A Comparative Study (Wildy, Simmonds & Hill Publishing, 2009).
    Lettinga, D. & van Troost, L., ‘Introduction’ in Lettinga, D. & van Troost, L. (eds.), Can Human Rights Bring Social Justice? Twelve Essays (Amnesty International, 2015).
    Maruste, R., ‘The Outset of Constitutional Judicial Review’ in Suumann, G. (ed.), 15 Years of Constitutional Review in the Supreme Court of Estonia. Systematized Extracts of Constitutional Review Judgments and Rulings of the Supreme Court En Banc and the Constitutional Review Chamber in 1993–2008 (Supreme Court of Estonia, 2009).
    Monclaire, S., ‘Democracy, Transition and Consolidation’ in Nervo Codato, A. (ed.), Political Transition and Democratic Consolidation: Studies on Contemporary Brazil (Nova Science, 2006).
    O’Donnell, G., ‘Transitions, Continuities, and Paradoxes’ in Mainwaring, S., O’Donnell, G. & Valenzuela, J. (eds.), Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (University of Notre Dame Press, 1992).
    Oliver, D., ‘The United Kingdom Constitution in Transition: From Where to Where?’ in Andenas, M. & Fairgrieve, D. (eds.), Tom Bingham and the Transformation of the Law: A Liber Amicorum (Oxford University Press, 2009).
    Overy, R., ‘Interwar, War, Postwar: Was there a Zero Hour in 1945?’ in Stone, D. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History (Oxford University Press, 2012).
    Reynolds, A., ‘Constitutional Medicine’ in Diamond, L. & Plattner, M. (eds.), Democracy: A Reader (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
    Riddell, P., ‘The Constitution and the Public – How Voters Forgot the Constitution’ in Qvortrup, M. (ed.), The British Constitution: Continuity and Change. A Festschrift for Vernon Bogdanor (Hart Publishing, 2013).
    Robinson, W.I., ‘Global Capitalism and the Oromo Liberation Struggle: Theoretical Notes on US Policy Towards the Ethiopian Empire’ in Jalata, A. (ed.), State Crises, Globalisation and National Movements in North-East Africa: The Horn’s Dilemma (Routledge, 2004).
    Rodríguez-Pinzón, D., ‘The Inter-American Human Rights System and Transitional Processes’ in Buyse, A. & Hamilton, M. (eds.), Transitional Jurisprudence and the ECHR: Justice, Politics and Rights (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
    Rodríguez-Raga, R., ‘Strategic Deference in the Colombian Constitutional Court, 1992–2006’ in Helmke, G. & Ríos-Figueroa, J., Courts in Latin America (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
    Rosenn, K., ‘Conflict Resolution and Constitutionalism: The Making of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988’, in Miller, L.E. & Aucoin, L. (eds.) Framing the State in Times of Transition: Case Studies in Constitution Making (US Institute of Peace Press, 2010).
    Roux, T., ‘The Principle of Democracy in South African Constitutional Law’ in Woolman, S.. & Bishop, M. (eds.), Constitutional Conversations (Pretoria University Law Press, 2008).
    Sanchez-Urribarri, R.A., ‘Constitutional Courts in the Region: Between Power and Submissiveness’ in Dixon, R. & Ginsburg, T. (eds.), Comparative Constitutional Law in Latin America (Edward Elgar Publishing, forthcoming, 2017).
    Santiso, C., ‘Economic Reform and Judicial Governance in Brazil: Balancing Independence and Accountability’ in Gloppen, S., Gargarella, R. & Skaar, E. (eds.), Democratization and the Judiciary: The Accountability Function of Courts in New Democracies (Routledge, 2004).
    Scheppele, K.L., ‘Democracy by Judiciary (Or Why Courts Can Sometimes Be More Democratic than Parliaments)’ in Sadurski, W., Krygier, M. & Czarnota, A. (eds.), Rethinking the Rule of Law in Post-Communist Europe: Past Legacies, Institutional Innovations, and Constitutional Discourses (Central European University Press, 2005).
    Schmitter, P., ‘The Consolidation of Political Democracies: Processes, Rhythms, Sequences and Types’ in Pridham, G. (ed.), Transitions to Democracy: Comparative Perspectives from Southern Europe, Latin America and Eastern Europe (Dartmouth, 1995).
    Stack, J.F., ‘Judicial Policy-Making and the Evolving Protection of Human Rights: The European Court of Human Rights in Comparative Perspective’ in Volcansek, M.L. (ed.), Judicial Politics and Policy-Making in Western Europe (Cass, 1992).
    Stone Sweet, A. ‘Constitutions and Judicial Power’ in Caramani, D. (ed.), Comparative Politics (3rd edn, Oxford University Press, 2014).
    Stone Sweet, A. ‘Constitutional Courts’ in Rosenfeld, M. & Sajó, A. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law (Oxford University Press, 2012).
    Stotzky, I.P., ‘Lessons Learned and the Way Forward’ in Gloppen, S., Gargarella, R. & Skaar, E. (eds.), Democratization and the Judiciary: The Accountability Function of Courts in New Democracies (Routledge, 2004).
    Stotzky, I.P., ‘The Tradition of Constitutional Adjudication’ in Stotzky, I. (ed.), Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the Judiciary (Westview Press, 1993).
    Sunstein, C., ‘The Negative Constitution: Transition in Latin America’ in Stotzky, I. (ed.), Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the Judiciary (Westview Press, 1993).
    Thio, L.-A., ‘Constitutionalism in Illiberal Polities’ in Rosenfeld, M. & Sajó, A. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law (Oxford University Press, 2012).
    Tierney, S., “The Three Hundred and Seven Year Itch’: Scotland and the 2014 Independence Referendum? in Qvortrup, M. (ed.), The British Constitution: Continuity and Change. A Festschrift for Vernon Bogdanor (Hart, 2013).
    Torelly, M., ‘Gomes Lund vs. Brasil Cinco anos Depois: Histórico, impacto, evolução jurisprudencial e críticas’ in Piovesan, F. & Soares, I.V. Prado, Impacto das Decisões da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos na Jurisprudência do STF (Editora Juspodium, 2016). [Trans. Impact of Decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on the Jurisprudence of the STF].
    Tushnet, M., ‘Authoritarian Constitutionalism: Some Conceptual Issues’ in Ginsburg, T. & Simpser, A. (eds.), Constitutions in Authoritarian Regimes (Cambridge University Press, 2014).
    Uprimny, R., ‘The Constitutional Court and Control of Presidential Extraordinary Powers in Colombia’ in Gloppen, S., Gargarella, R. & Skaar, E. (eds.), Democratization and the Judiciary: The Accountability Function of Courts in New Democracies (Routledge, 2004).
    Vilhena Vieira, O., ‘Descriptive Overview of the Brazilian Constitution and Supreme Court’ in Vilheira, O. Vilhena, Viljoen, F. & Baxi, U. (eds.), Transformative Constitutionalism: Comparing the Apex Courts of Brazil, India and South Africa (Pretoria University Law Press, 2013).
    Zimmermann, A., ‘Constitutions without Constitutionalism: The Failure of Constitutionalism in Brazil’ in Sellers, M. & Tomaszewski, T. (eds.), The Rule of Law in Comparative Perspective (Springer, 2010).

    Journal Articles

    Abebe, A.K. & Fombad, C.M., ‘The Advisory Jurisdiction of Constitutional Courts in Sub-Sahara Africa’ (2013) 46 George Washington International Law Review 55.
    Abramovich, V., ‘From Massive Violations to Structural Patterns: New Approaches and Classic Tensions in the Inter-American Human Rights System’ (2009) 11 SUR – International Journal on Human Rights 7.
    Ackerman, B., ‘The New Separation of Powers’ (2000) 113 Harvard Law Review 633.
    Aguilar Cavallo, G, ‘El Control de Convencionalidad: Análisis en Derecho Comparado’ (2013) 9 Revista Direito GV 721.
    Allain, J., ‘Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen & Amaya Úbeda de Torres, The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Case-Law and Commentary’ (2013) 17 Edinburgh Law Review 115.
    Alshehri, S., ‘An Arab Court of Human Rights: The Dream Desired’ (2016) 30 Arab Law Quarterly 34.
    Alter, K.J., Gathli, J.T. & Helfer, L., ‘Backlash against International Courts in West, East and Southern Africa: Causes and Consequences’ (2016) 27(2) European Journal of International Law 293.
    Alvira, G., ‘Toward a New Amnesty: The Colombian Peace Process and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ (2013) 22 Tulane Journal of International & Comparative Law 119.
    An-Na’im, A.A., ‘Human Rights in the Arab World: A Regional Perspective’ (2001) 23 Human Rights Quarterly 701.
    Anderson, J., ‘Catholicism and Democratic Consolidation in Spain and Poland’ (2003) 26(1) West European Politics 137.
    Arden, Rt. Hon. Lady Justice, ‘Peaceful or Problematic? The Relationship between National Supreme Courts and Supranational Courts in Europe’ (2010) 29 Yearbook of European Law 3.
    Baek, B.-S., ‘Mere Ritual or Gradual Change: Why Has Asia Failed to Establish Regional Human Rights Institutions Thus Far?’ (2012) 5 Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review 145.
    Banerji, A., ‘The Commonwealth of Nations: A Force for Democracy in the 21st Century?’ (2008) 97 The Round Table 813.
    Barbosa, J., ‘Reflections on Brazilian Constitutionalism’ (2007) 12 UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs 181.
    Barker, R.S., ‘Judicial Review in Costa Rica: Evolution and Recent Developments’ (2000) 7 Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas 267.
    Baudenbacher, C., ‘Judicial Globalization: New Development or Old Wine in New Bottles?’ (2003) 39 Texas International Law Journal 505.
    Bekker, G., ‘The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and Remedies for Human Rights Violations’ (2013) 13 Human Rights Law Review 499.
    Bell, C., Campbell, C. & Ní Aoláin, F., ‘Transitional Justice: (Re)Conceptualising the Field’ (2007) 3(2) International Journal of Law in Context 81.
    Benda, E., ‘Constitutional Jurisdiction in Western Germany’ (1981) 19 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 1.
    Benvenisti, E. & Downs, G.W., ‘National Courts, Domestic Democracy, and the Evolution of International Law’ (2009) 20 European Journal of International Law 59.
    Bernardes, M.N., ‘Inter-American Human Rights System as a Transnational Public Sphere: Legal and Political Aspects of the Implementation of International Decisions’ (2011) 15 SUR – International Journal on Human Rights 131.
    Burke, T.P., ‘The Origins of Social Justice: Taparelli d’Azeglio’ (2010) 52(2) Modern Age 97.
    Bustamante, T. & de Godoi Bustamante, E., ‘Constitutional Courts as “Positive/Negative Legislators”: The Brazilian Case’ (2011) 3 Revista Forumul Judecatorilor 89.
    Cançado Trindade, A.A., ‘The Developing Case Law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ (2003) 3 Human Rights Law Review 1.
    Carothers, T., ‘The End of the Transition Paradigm’ (2002) 13 Journal of Democracy 5.
    Carter, E., ‘Actual Malice in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ (2013) 18 Communication Law and Policy 395.
    Cavallaro, J.L., ‘Toward Fair Play: A Decade of Transformation and Resistance in International Human Rights Advocacy in Brazil’ (2002) 3 Chicago Journal of International Law 481.
    Cavallaro, J. & Brewer, S.E., ‘Reevaluating Regional Human Rights Litigation in the Twenty-First Century: The Case of the Inter-American Court’ (2008) 102 American Journal of International Law 768.
    Cepeda-Espinosa, M.J., ‘Judicial Activism in a Violent Context: The Origin, Role, and Impact of the Colombian Constitutional Court’ (2004) 3 Washington University Global Studies Law Review 529.
    Cerna, C.M., ‘The Inter-American System for the Protection of Human Rights’ (2004) 16 Florida Journal of International Law 195.
    Chiam, S., ‘Asia’s Experience in the Quest for a Regional Human Rights Mechanism’ (2009) 49 Victoria University Wellington Law Review 127.
    Coelho Filho, P., ‘The Truth Commission in Brazil. Individualizing Amnesty, Revealing the Truth’ (2012) 2 Yale Review of International Studies 47.
    Coimbra, E.M., ‘Inter-American System of Human Rights: Challenges to Compliance with the Court’s Decisions in Brazil’ (2013) 19 SUR – International Journal on Human Rights 57.
    Cole, R.G.V., ‘The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights: Will Political Stereotypes Form an Obstacle to the Enforcement of its Decisions?’ (2010) 43 The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa 23.
    Colomer, J.M., ‘Disequilibrium Institutions and Pluralist Democracy’ (2001) 13 Journal of Theoretical Politics 235.
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    Conference Papers, Presentations & Working Papers

    Baer, S., Speech at I-CON International Society of Public Law Conference, Plenary Session II: ‘Inequalities’, 18 June 2016.
    Benvenisti, E., ‘The Margin of Appreciation and the Facilitation of Democratic Deliberation’, ‘Margin of Appreciation and Democracy: Conference on Human Rights and Deference to Political Bodies’, iCourts, University of Copenhagen, 13 April 2016.
    Benvenisti, E. & Harel, A., ‘Embracing the Tension between National and International Human Rights Law: The Case for Parity’. Global Trust Working Paper Series 04/2015.
    Bossacoma i Busquets, P., ‘Constitutional Roads to Independence: The Problematic Catalan Case in the Light of the Scottish Experience’, Constitutional Law Discussion Group, Edinburgh Law School, 14 November 2014.
    Daly, T.G., ‘The Differential Openness of Brazil’s Supreme Federal Court to External Jurisprudence’. International Association of Constitutional Law (IACL) World Congress 2014, Oslo, Norway, 16–20 June 2014 www.jus.uio.no/english/research/news-and-events/events/conferences/2014/wccl-cmdc/wccl/papers/ws5/w5-daly.pdf.
    Engstrom, P., ‘Brazilian Post-Transitional Justice and the Inter-American Human Rights System’. Remarks for a conference on Post-Transitional Justice in Brazil, Brazil Institute, King’s College, University of London 4 March 2013 www.academia.edu/2907644/Brazilian_Post-Transitional_Justice_and_the_Inter-American_Human_Rights_System.
    Ghai, Y., ‘Human Rights and Social Development: Toward Democratization and Social Justice’, Democracy, Governance and Human Rights Programme Paper Number 5 (October 2001), United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
    Ginsburg, T., ‘Courts and New Democracies: Recent Works’. Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers, University of Chicago, June 2012 http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1078&context=public_law_and_legal_theory.
    Hentrei, S., ‘The Conventionality Control of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights as a Manifestation of Complementarity’, ‘Latin American Constitutionalism: Between Law and Politics’, University of Glasgow, 2 July 2014.
    Issacharoff, S., ‘Constitutional Courts and Consolidated Power’, NYU Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers, Paper 459 (2014).
    Issacharoff, S., ‘The Democratic Risk to Democratic Transitions’, NYU Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers, Paper 418 (2013).
    Jayawickrama, N., ‘Establishing a Constitutional Court: The Impediments Ahead’, CPA Working Papers on Constitutional Reform No. 13, January 2017 www.constitutionalreforms.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Working-Paper-13-1.pdf.
    Kochenov, D. & Pech, L., ‘Upholding the Rule of Law in the EU: On the Commission’s “Pre-Article 7 Procedure” as a Timid Step in the Right Direction’. EUI working papers, RDCAS 2015/24.
    Konder Comparato, B. & Sarti, C., ‘Amnesty, Memory, and Reconciliation in Brazil: Dilemmas of an Unfinished Political Transition’. International Studies Association (ISA) Annual Convention, San Diego, 1–4 April 2012. http://files.isanet.org/ConferenceArchive/f2ecc7f25f6147f9ac79067fb7142135.pdf.
    O’Meara, N., ‘Reforming the ECtHR: The Impacts of Protocols 15 and 16 to the ECHR’, iCourts Working Paper Series, No. 31, 2015.
    Pettai, V., ‘Estonia’s Constitutional Review Mechanisms: A Guarantor of Democratic Consolidation?’. European University Institute (EUI), Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, Working Paper No.2000/59 (2000).
    Reis Freire, A., ‘Evolution of Constitutional Interpretation in Brazil and the Employment of a Balancing “Method” by Brazilian Supreme Court in Judicial Review’, VIIth International Association of Constitutional Law (IACL) World Congress, Athens, Greece, 2007 www.academia.edu/8306512/Evolution_of_Constitutional_Interpretation_in_Brazil_and_the_Employment_of_Balancing_Method_by_Brazilian_Supreme_Court_in_Judicial_Review.
    Romano, C.P., ‘International Judicialization in the Arab World: An Initial Assessment’, iCourts Working Paper Series, No. 49, 2016.
    Rua Wall, I., ‘Constituent Power and the Question of Andean Constitutionalism’ www.academia.edu/5472698/Constituent_Power_and_the_Question_of_Andean_Constitutionalism.
    Soley Echeverría, X., ‘The Legitimatory Discourse of Inter-American Constitutional Adjudication’. ‘Latin American Constitutionalism: Between Law and Politics’, University of Glasgow, 2 July 2014.
    Stone Sweet, A., ‘On the Constitutionalisation of the Convention: The European Court of Human Rights as a Constitutional Court’. Yale Law School Faculty Scholarship Series. Paper 71, 2009.
    Torelly, M., ‘Transnational Legal Process and Constitutional Engagement in Latin America: How do Domestic Constitutional Regimes deal with International Human Rights Law?’. Society of Legal Scholars (SLS) Second Graduate Conference on Latin American Law and Policy, St Antony’s College, Oxford, 7 March 2014.
    Wa Mutua, M. ‘The African Human Rights System: A Critical Evaluation’. United Nations Development Programme Occasional Paper Series (2000).

    Ph.D Theses & Academic Dissertations

    Cha, D., ‘The Role of the Korean Constitutional Court in the Democratization of South Korea’. Ph.D thesis, University of Southern California, 2005.
    Couso, J., ‘The Politics of Judicial Review in Latin America: Chile in Comparative Perspective’. Ph.D thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2002.
    Toda Castán, D., ‘The Transformation of the Inter-American System for the Protection of Human Rights: The Structural Impact of the Inter-American Court’s Case Law on Amnesties’. E.MA thesis, European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation (EUIC), 2010/2011.

    Reports

    Boutros-Ghali, B., An Agenda for Democratization (United Nations, 1996).
    Democratic Governance and Rights Unit, Has the South African Constitutional Court Over-reached? A Study of the Court’s Application of the Separation of Powers Doctrine between 2009 and 2013 (28 August 2014) www.dgru.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/103/Separation%20of%20Powers%20Draft%20August%202014.pdf.
    European Court of Human Rights, References to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights (Council of Europe, 2012).
    Freedom House, Discarding Democracy: Return to the Iron Fist. Freedom in the World 2015 https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf.
    Gluck, J. & Brandt, M., Participatory and Inclusive Constitution Making: Giving Voice to the Demands of Citizens in the Wake of the Arab Spring (United States Institute of Peace, 2015) www.usip.org/publications/participatory-and-inclusive-constitution-making.
    International Commission of Jurists. The Draft Libyan Constitution: Procedural Deficiencies, Substantive Flaws (December 2015) http://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Lybia-Draft-Constitution-Flaws-Deficiencies-Publications-Reports-2015-ENG.pdf.
    International Commission of Jurists. The Arab Court of Human Rights: A Flawed Statute for an Ineffective Court (8 April 2015) http://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/MENA-Arab-Court-of-Human-Rights-Publications-Report-2015-ENG.pdf.
    International Forum for Social Development, Social Justice in an Open World: The Role of the United Nations (United Nations, 2006) www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/ifsd/SocialJustice.pdf.
    International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) The Judiciary and Constitutional Transitions (2016, author: T.G. Daly) www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/the-judiciary-and-constitutional-transitions.pdf.
    International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) The Role of Regional Organizations in the Protection of Constitutionalism (2016, author: M. Wiebusch) www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/the-role-of-regional-organizations-in-the-protection-of-constitutionalism.pdf.
    International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) Constitutional Courts After the Arab Spring (Center for Constitutional Transitions at NYU Law, (2014, author: S. Choudhry) www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/constitutional-courts-after-the-arab-spring.pdf.
    Legal and Human Rights Centre (LHRC) & Tanzania Civil Society Consortium for Election Observation (TACCEO), Report on the United Republic of Tanzania General Elections of 2015 (March 2016) www.humanrights.or.tz/userfiles/file/Report%20on%20the%20Observation%20of%20the%202015%20General%20Elections%20in%20Tanzania.pdf.
    Lock, T. & Daly, T.G., Brexit and the British Bill of Rights (Edinburgh Law School and Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law, February 2017).
    National Truth Commission (Brazil), Relatório da Comissão Nacional da Verdade, 10 December 2014 www.cnv.gov.br.
    Organization of American States, Tenth Anniversary of the Inter-American Democratic Charter (OAS, 2011).
    Think-Tank Task Force, Smart Power – Ways of Enhancing the Council of Europe’s Impact (Advisory report, Council of Europe, 2014).
    Third Congress of the World Conference on Constitutional Justice, ‘Seoul Communiqué’ (30 September 2014) www.venice.coe.int/wccj/seoul/WCCJ_Seoul_Communique-E.pdf.
    Venice Commission, ‘The Role of the Constitutional Court in the Consolidation of the Rule of Law’, Bucharest, 8–10 June 1994. CDL-STD(1994)010.

    Blog Posts

    Barbosa, C.M., ‘The Brazilian Supreme Court: Between Activism and Judicial Responsibility’ International Journal of Constitutional Law Blog 25 December 2012 www.iconnectblog.com/2012/12/the-brazilian-supreme-court-between-activism-and-judicial-responsibility.
    Barroso, L.R., ‘The Roles of Supreme Courts and Constitutional Courts in Contemporary Democracies’ International Journal of Constitutional Law Blog 21 October 2016 www.iconnectblog.com/2016/10/the-roles-of-supreme-courts-and-constitutional-courts-in-contemporary-democracies.
    Çalı, B., ‘Domestic Courts and the European Court of Human Rights: Towards Developing Standards of Weak International Judicial Review?’ Opinio Juris 11 January 2013 www.opiniojuris.org/2013/01/11/domestic-courts-and-the-european-court-of-human-rights-towards-developing-standards-of-weak-international-judicial-review.
    Daly, T.G., ‘The Democratic Recession and the “New” Public Law: Toward Systematic Analysis’ International Journal of Constitutional Law Blog 22 April 2016 www.iconnectblog.com/2016/04/the-democratic-recession-and-the-new-public-law-toward-systematic-analysis.
    Daly, T.G. ‘Repression in Bahrain: The End of Any Hope for an Effective Arab Court of Human Rights?’ International Journal of Constitutional Law Blog, 22 July 2016 www.iconnectblog.com/2016/07/repression-in-bahrain-the-end-of-any-hope-for-an-effective-arab-court-of-human-rights/.
    Demirtaş, S., ‘New Turkish constitution to redefine powers of constitutional court and judiciary’ ConstitutionNet 29 March 2016 www.constitutionnet.org/news/new-turkish-constitution-redefine-powers-constitutional-court-andjudiciary.
    Denniston, L., ‘Opinion Analysis: Leaving a Constitutional Ideal Still Undefined’ SCOTUS blog 4 April 2016 www.scotusblog.com/2016/04/opinion-analysis-leaving-a-constitutional-ideal-still-undefined.
    Douglas-Scott, S., ‘Opinion 2/13 on EU Accession to the ECHR: A Christmas Bombshell from the European Court of Justice’ UK Constitutional Law Blog 24 December 2014 www.ukconstitutionallaw.org.
    Ferreres Comella, V., ‘The Spanish Constitutional Court Faces Direct Democracy’ International Journal of Constitutional Law Blog 23 September 2009 www.iconnectblog.com/2009/09/the-spanish-constitutional-court-faces-direct-democracy.
    Ferreres Comella, V. ‘The Secessionist Challenge in Spain: An Independent Catalonia?’, International Journal of Constitutional Law Blog 22 November 2012 www.iconnectblog.com/2012/11/the-secessionist-challenge-in-spain-an-independent-catalonia.
    Koncewicz, T.T., ‘Living under the Unconstitutional Capture and Hoping for the Constitutional Recapture’ Verfassungsblog 3 January 2017 www.verfassungsblog.de/living-under-the-the-unconstitutional-capture-and-hoping-for-the-constitutional-recapture.
    Mekki, N., ‘The Tunisian Constitutional Court at the Center of the Political System – and Whirlwind’ ConstitutionNet 9 February 2016 www.constitutionnet.org/news/tunisian-constitutional-court-center-political-system-and-whirlwind?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email.
    O’Donnell, K., ‘Thoughts on a New Ireland: Oral History and the Magdalene Laundries’ Human Rights in Ireland 22 August 2011 www.humanrights.ie/law-culture-and-religion/thoughts-on-a-new-ireland-oral-history-and-the-magdalene-laundries.
    Riquelme Cortado, R., ‘Central American Court of Justice (1907–18)’, Oxford Public International Law http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e15.
    Windridge, O., ‘Protecting the Safety of Journalists: the Role of the African Court’ ACtHPR Monitor 20 September 2016 www.acthprmonitor.org/protecting-the-safety-of-journalists-the-role-of-the-african-court.
    Windridge, O., ‘2015 at the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights–A Year in Review’ The ACtHPR Monitor 25 January 2016 www.acthprmonitor.org/2015-at-the-african-court-on-human-and-peoples-rights-a-year-in-review.
    Windridge, O., ‘Guest Post: 2014 at The African Court on Human and Peoples Rights–a Year in Review’ Opinio Juris 10 January 2015 www.opiniojuris.org/2015/01/10/guest-post-2014-african-court-human-peoples-rights-year-review.
    Zaiden Benvindo, J., ‘Abusive Judicial Activism and Judicial Independence in Brazil’ International Journal of Constitutional Law Blog 22 December 2016 www.iconnectblog.com/2016/12/abusive-judicial-activism-and-judicial-independence-in-brazil.
    Zaiden Benvindo, J., ‘Abusive Impeachment? Brazilian Political Turmoil and the Judicialization of Mega-Politics’ International Journal of Constitutional Law Blog 23 April 2016 www.iconnectblog.com/2016/04/abusive-impeachment-brazilian-political-turmoil-and-the-judicialization-of-mega-politics.

    Media Reports & Speeches

    Akyol, M., ‘The Rage against the Constitutional Court’ Hürriyet Daily News 12 March 2016 www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-rage-against-the-constitutional-court.aspx?pageID=238&nid=96345.
    Amnesty International, ‘Brazil: Historic Efforts by Federal Prosecutors to Challenge Decades of Impunity for Military Regime’ Amnesty International 25 April 2012 www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2012/04/brazil-historic-efforts-federal-prosecutors-challenge-decades-impunity-military-regime.
    Arab News (unattributed), ‘Plan to Establish Arab Court of Human Rights in Final Stage’ 23 February 2016 www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/884921.
    Arslan, Z., ‘Constitutional Complaint in Turkey: A Cursory Analysis of Essential Decisions’, Conference on ‘Best Individual Complaint Practices to the Constitutional Courts in Europe’, Strasbourg 7 July 2014 www.coe.int/t/dgi/hr-natimplement/Source/echr/Conference_07072014_Speech_Arslan.pdf.
    Ben Hamadi, M., ‘Tunisie: Les “gardiens de la Constitution” essuient un flot de critiques’ HuffPost Maghreb 27 May 2014 www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2014/05/27/tunisie-instance-controle-constitutionnalite_n_5395843.html.
    Bertoni, E., ‘Setbacks and Tension in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ Media Legal Defence Initiative 17 December 2013 www.mediadefence.org/blog/setbacks-and-tension-inter-american-court-human-rights#.VUvAQ_lVjDV.
    Centre for Human Rights University of Pretoria, ‘Report: Rwanda’s Withdrawal of its Acceptance of Direct Individual Access to the African Human Rights Court’ 22 March 2016 www.chr.up.ac.za/index.php/centre-news-a-events-2016/1604-report-rwandas-withdrawal-of-its-acceptance-of-direct-individual-access-to-the-african-human-rights-court.html.
    Duffy, G., ‘Brazil Truth Commission Arouses Military Opposition’ BBC News 11 January 2010 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8451109.stm.
    Duke Law News, ‘Helfer Project Examines the Evolution of International Human Rights Courts in Africa’ Duke Law News 11 September 2013 www.law.duke.edu/news/helfer-project-examines-evolution-international-human-rights-courts-africa.
    European Court of Human Rights, press release, ‘President Raimondi Presents the Court’s Results for 2016’, ECHR 037 (2017) 26 January 2017.
    Friedman, U., ‘The Slow Implosion of Brazilian Politics’ The Atlantic 19 April 2016 www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/04/brazil-impeachment-dilma-rousseff/478677/.
    Hürriyet Daily News (unattributed), ‘Top Court Refuses Appeal by Families of Uludere Victims’ 26 February 2016 www.hurriyetdailynews.com/top-court-refuses-appeal-by-families-of-uludere-victims-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=95773&NewsCatID=509.
    International Federation of Journalists, ‘IFJ and FAJ Welcomes African Court’s Landmark Decision in Favour of Freedom of Expression’ International Federation of Journalists 10 December 2014 www.ifj.org/nc/news-single-view/backpid/1/article/ifj-lauds-african-courts-landmark-decision-in-favor-of-freedom-of-expression-in-africa/.
    International Justice Resource Center, ‘OAS Concludes Formal Inter-American Human Rights ‘Strengthening’ Process, but Dialogue Continues on Contentious Reforms’, 24 March 2013 www.ijrcenter.org/2013/03/24/oas-concludes-formal-inter-american-human-rights-strengthening-process-but-dialogue-continues-on-contentious-reforms.
    Louw, R., ‘Meddling with Constitutional Court Powers a Threat to All’, Rhodes University graduation, South Africa, 22 April 2012 www.ru.ac.za/media/rhodesuniversity/content/communications/documents/Raymond_Louw%20Grad%20Address.pdf.
    Lowe, R., ‘Bassiouni: New Arab Court for Human Rights Is Fake “Potemkin Tribunal”’ International Bar Association 1 October 2014 www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=c64f 9646-15a5-4624–8c07-bae9d9ac42df.
    Lutyens, S. & Tlili, H., ‘Torture and Police Abuse Still a Reality, Five Years after Tunisia’s Revolution’ France 24 14 January 2016 www.france24.com/en/20160114-focus-tunisia-police-abuse-torture-violence-security-forces-revolution-ben-ali.
    McInerny, P., ‘What’s behind Brazil’s Economic and Political Crises?’ UCLA Newsroom 16 May 2016 http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/what-s-behind-brazil-s-economic-and-political-crises.
    Murungi, M., ‘Report from Kenya: Constitutional Court Considers the Legitimacy of the Trial of Jesus’ The Court 28 September 2007 www.thecourt.ca/report-from-kenya-constitutional-court-considers-the-legitimacy-of-the-trial-of-jesus.
    Ndlovu, R., ‘Sadc Tribunal Back with Mandate Reduced to Interstate Cases’ BDLive 20 August 2014 www.bdlive.co.za/africa/africannews/2014/08/20/sadc-tribunal-back-with-mandate-reduced-to-interstate-cases.
    Pio, C., ‘The Impeachment Vote in Brazil Is Definitely Not a Coup’ New York Times 19 April 2016 www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/04/18/in-brazil-a-house-cleaning-or-a-coup/the-impeachment-vote-in-brazil-is-definitely-not-a-coup.
    Politi, D., ‘Uncomfortable Truths’ New York Times 28 September 2012 http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/28/brazils-truth-commission-gets-to-work/?_r=0.
    Ryklief, S., ‘South Africa’s 2016 Municipal Elections – Why the Excitement?’ GroundUp 23 August 2016 www.groundup.org.za/article/south-africas-2016-municipal-elections-why-excitement.
    Saad Filho, A., ‘The Mass Protests in Brazil in June–July 2013’ Global Research Project 15 July 2013 www.globalresearch.ca/the-mass-protests-in-brazil-in-june-july-2013/5342736.
    Stone, H., ‘Brazil Prosecutes Retired Colonel Over Disappearances in Challenge to Amnesty Law’ The Pan-American Post 14 March 2012 www.panamericanpost.blogspot.com/2012/03/brazil-prosecutes-retired-colonel-over.html.
    Stork, J., ‘New Arab Human Rights Court is Doomed from the Start’ International Business Times 26 November 2014 www.ibtimes.co.uk/new-arab-human-rights-court-protects-rulers-doomed-fail-1476728.
    Watts, J. & Bowater, D., ‘Brazil’s Dilma Rousseff Impeached by Senate in Crushing Defeat’ The Guardian 1 September 2016 www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/31/dilma-rousseff-impeached-president-brazilian-senate-michel-temer.
    Worley, W., ‘Theresa May “Will Campaign to Leave the European Convention on Human Rights in 2020 Election”’ The Independent 30 December 2016 www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-campaign-leave-european-convention-on-human-rights-2020-general-election-brexit-a7499951.html.

    Webpages

    East African Community, ‘Political Federation. What is Political Federation?’ www.eac.int/integration-pillars/political-federation.
    European Court of Human Rights Press Country Profile: Turkey www.echr.coe.int/Documents/CP_Turkey_ENG.pdf.
    International Commission of Jurists, ‘The Tunis Declaration on the Arab Court of Human Rights’ http://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/MENA-Arab-Court-Tunis-Declaration-Advocacy-2015-ENG.pdf.
    Koh, T.B., ‘A Constitution for the Oceans’, 6 December 2012 www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/koh_english.pdf.
    United Nations, ‘Growth in United Nations Membership, 1945–Present’ www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml#1980.

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