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    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      15 September 2017
      28 September 2017
      ISBN:
      9781316282243
      9781107111806
      9781107530423
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.72kg, 410 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (229 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.65kg, 414 Pages
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    Book description

    In the summer of 1968, audiences around the globe were shocked when newspapers and television stations confronted them with photographs of starving children in the secessionist Republic of Biafra. This global concern fundamentally changed how the Nigerian Civil War was perceived: an African civil war that had been fought for one year without fostering any substantial interest from international publics became 'Biafra' - the epitome of humanitarian crisis. Based on archival research from North America, Western Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa, this book is the first comprehensive study of the global history of the conflict. A major addition to the flourishing history of human rights and humanitarianism, it argues that the global moment 'Biafra' is closely linked to the ascendance of human rights, humanitarianism, and Holocaust memory in a postcolonial world. The conflict was a key episode for the re-structuring of the relations between the West and the Third World.

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    Contents

    Bibliography

    I.

    I. Manuscript and Archival Sources

    A.

    A. Archives

    Ethiopia

    • African Union Archives, Addis Ababa.

    France

    • Centre des Archives Diplomatiques La Courneuve (CAD)

      • Afrique-Levant, sous-série Nigéria, 1966–72.

    Germany

    • Archiv der sozialen Demokratie Bonn (AdsD)

      • Depositum Egon Bahr, Box 399.

      • Willy-Brandt-Archiv A 11.4, 31.

      • Willy-Brandt-Archiv A 3, 317.

      • Willy-Brandt-Archiv A 11.1, 4.

      • Willy-Brandt-Archiv A3, 282.

    • Archiv des Erzbistums Köln (AEK)

      • Nigeria-Biafra Menschenrechte Schriftwechsel, 10–331/40–010 I.

      • Nigeria-Biafra Menschenrechte Schriftwechsel, 10–331/40–010 II.

      • Nigeria-Biafra Menschenrechte Schriftwechsel, 10–331/40–010 IV.

      • Nigeria-Biafra Menschenrechte Schriftwechsel, 10–331/40–010 VI.

    • Archiv Deutsches Rotes Kreuz (ADRK)

      • 4.8.1.1. Afrika, 11.

    • Archiv für Christlich-Demokratische Politik, Sankt Augustin (ACDP)

      • Nachlass Fritz Burgbacher, 025/3.

      • Nachlass Gerstenmaier, 083.

      • AKV, 013/2.

    • Evangelisches Zentralarchiv Berlin (EZA)

      • EZA 87/1118.

      • EZA 2/2157.

      • EZA 2/2158.

      • EZA 2/2159.

      • EZA 634/466.

    • Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker, Göttingen Archives

      • Biafra allgemein 1968–78.

      • Dokumentation: Komitee Aktion Biafra-Hilfe, 1968–71.

    • Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes, Berlin (PA AA)

      • Afrika südlich der Sahara, Referat I B 3.

        • B 34/710.

        • B 34/713.

        • B 34/741.

        • B 34/742.

        • B 34/743.

        • B 34/744.

        • B 34/747.

    Switzerland

    • United Nations Organisation Geneva Archives (UNOG)

      • Commission on Human Rights.

        • SO 215/1 NIGE Part A-H.

    • World Council of Churches Archives, Geneva (WCCA)

      • WCC Assembly Uppsala 1968, 34.6./5bis2.

      • WCC Assembly Uppsala 1968, 34.6./5bis3.

      • WCCA, 42.3.007, WCC General Secretariat, Nigeria/Biafra, 1.

      • WCCA, 42.3.007, WCC General Secretariat, Nigeria/Biafra, 2.

      • WCCA, 42.3.007, WCC General Secretariat, Nigeria/Biafra, 3.

    United Kingdom

    • Churchill College Archives, University of Cambridge (CCA)

      • FEBR 219a, Fenner Brockway Papers.

      • NBKR 4/41, Philipp Noel-Baker Papers.

      • NBKR 4/42, Philipp Noel-Baker Papers.

    • National Archives of the United Kingdom, Kew (NA)

      • Cabinet: Memoranda (CP and C Series)

        • CAB/129/140.

      • Records of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and predecessors (FCO)

        • FCO 25/232, Secession of Eastern Region, Biafra.

        • FCO 26/299, Nigeria: publicity and propaganda about Biafra and civil war.

        • FCO 26/300, Nigeria: publicity and propaganda about Biafra and civil war.

        • FCO 26/305, BBC news reporting on Biafra with claims of inaccuracies and bias.

        • FCO 38/262, Holy See Interest, Vatican and Biafra.

        • FCO 65/208, Lord Brockway's Committee for Peace in Nigeria: correspondence with Committee and request for deputation to see the Secretary of State.

        • FCO 65/227, Group Captain Leonard Cheshire and Hanning visit to Biafra and subsequent efforts to mediate in civil war.

        • FCO 65/249, Britain-Biafra Association: Her Majesty's Government's policy.

        • FCO 65/250, Britain-Biafra Association: Her Majesty's Government's policy.

        • FCO 65/269, France: military support of Biafra and effect on Anglo-French relations.

        • FCO 65/441, UK propaganda on civil war.

        • FCO 65/446, Comments by journalists covering Biafra war.

        • FCO 65/453, Detention of Wole Soyinka, Nigerian author.

        • FCO 95/225, Nigeria: “Markpress” news feature service involvement with Biafra.

      • Prime Minister's Office: Correspondence and Papers, 1964–1970

        • PREM 13/1949.

    • Oxfam Archives, Bicester, Oxfordshire (OA)

      • Africa Field Committee, Oct. 1966–Nov. 1969.

      • Catalogued non-project files on the Nigerian Civil War/Biafra

        • COM 3/1/1: Confidential Papers on Nigeria/Biafra 1968–70.

        • COM 3/3/1: Nigeria/Biafra Appeal.

        • DIR/2/3/2/32, OA/14: Nigeria/Biafra, vol. 1.

        • DIR/2/3/2/33, OA/14: Nigeria/Biafra, vol. 2.

        • DIR/2/3/2/35: Nigeria/Biafra.

      • Nigeria Civil War Box 2209, file 3: Relief on the Secessionist side “Biafra”).

        • Nigeria Civil War Box 2210, File Review of Oxfam Aid, July 1967–August 1970.

        • Nigeria Civil War Box 2210, file 2: Bennett, Nigeria 1968.

      • Nigeria Civil War Box 2214: Gans file.

    • Rhodes Library, University of Oxford (RL)

      • MSS.Afr.S. 2399, Britain-Biafra Association.

      • MSS.Brit.Emp.s. 517.6, Sir Miles Clifford Papers, United Nigeria Group.

    • School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS)

      • Movement for Colonial Freedom, Committee for Peace in Nigeria.

      • Co-ordinating Committee for action on Nigeria/Biafra.

      • Manuscripts MCF/14/16.

    United States

    • American Jewish Committee Archives Blaustein Library

      • Interreligious Affairs 1968, Biafra, Box 71.

      • Interreligious Affairs 1968, Biafra, Box 72.

      • Interreligious Affairs 1969, Ba-Biafra, Box 86.

    • Library of Congress Washington D.C.

      • Nigeria, Politics and Government: Civil War.

    • National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (NARA)

      • NARA RG 59 General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files

        • Political Aff. & REL Biafra-NIG, Box 1872.

        • Pol Aff. & Rel Biafra – U.

        • Pol 12 Biafra.

        • Pol 27 Biafra – Nigeria.

        • Pol 27–9 Biafra – Nigeria.

      • NARA RG 200 National Archives Gift Collection, Records of the American National Red Cross 1965–1979

        • Box 65, DR-900.02 Cooperation with Other Agencies.

        • Box 70, DR-900.02: AID Nigerian Conflict 1968.

        • DR-900.02 Lutheran Church Mission Synod.

    • New York University Archives

      • Papers of the Albert Schweitzer Chair in the Humanities.

      • Conor Cruise O'Brien Files, box 7, folder 8.

    • Schomburg Center for Research on Black Culture, New York

      • Maxwell T. Cohen Papers.

      • Biafra War Collection (1966–1970), MG 788.

    • Swarthmore College Peace Collection (SCPC)

      • Clearing House for Nigeria/Biafra Information Records, 1968–1970, DG 168.

    • United Nations Archives and Records Management Section, New York (UN ARMS)

      • S-0198–0004–03: Human Rights – Nigerian War – Biafra, 8011.8.

      • S-303–0005–02 Countries – Nigeria/Biafra – Biafra.

    • Yale University Library, Manuscripts and Archives

      • Myres S. McDougal Papers.

      • Manuscript Group Number 1636, Accession 94-M-59.

    B.

    B. Official Publications and Edited Governmental Sources

    Biafra/Eastern Region of Nigeria
    Government of the Republic of Biafra, Introducing Biafra (Port Harcourt, 1967).
    Markpress News Feature Service Biafran Overseas Press Division, An Emergency Session of both Houses of the British Parliament (Geneva, 1968).
    Ministry of Information Eastern Nigeria, Crisis ’66: Eastern Nigeria Viewpoint Nigerian Crisis, vol. I, (Enugu, 1966).
    Ministry of Information Eastern Nigeria, Nigerian Pogrom: The Organized Massacre of Eastern Nigerians, Nigerian Crisis, vol. 3 (Enugu, 1966).
    Ministry of Information Eastern Nigeria, The North and Constitutional Developments in Nigeria, Nigerian Crisis, vol. V (Enugu, 1966).
    Ministry of Information Republic of Biafra, The Concept of Territorial Integrity and the Right of Biafrans to Self-Determination (Enugu, 1967).
    Ministry of Information Republic of Biafra, ed., Genocide Breaks up Nations: Sow Genocide, Reap Disintegration, Genocide Broke up Nigeria (Enugu, 1968).
    Ojukwu, Emeka. The Ahiara Declaration: The Principles of the Biafran Revolution (Geneva, 1969).
    Republic of Biafra, Nigeria and Biafra: The Parting of the Ways, Nigerian Crisis, vol. 8 (Enugu, 1967).
    France
    Documents diplomatiques Français 1968: Tome II (2 Juillet–31 Décembre) (Brussels, 2010).
    La France et le Biafra, ed. Ministère des affaires etrangères (Paris, 1969).
    Germany
    Blasius, Rainer A., ed., Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1967, vol. III: 1. September bis 31. Dezember 1967 (Munich, 1998).
    Blasius, Rainer A., ed., Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1968, vol. II: 1. Juli bis 31. Dezember 1968 (Munich, 1999).
    Brandt, Willy, Reden und Interviews 1968–1969 (Bonn, 1969).
    Wintzer, Joachim, ed., Der Auswärtige Ausschuss des deutschen Bundestages: Sitzungsprotokolle 1965–69, vol. II: Januar 1968 bis August 1969 (Düsseldorf, 2006).
    Nigeria
    Arikpo, Okoi, A Testimony of Faith (Apapa, 1968).
    Committee of Ibo Intellectuals, Ojukwu's “Self-Determination”: A Reappraisal in the Light of International Politics (Apapa, 1969 [?]).
    Federal Ministry of Information, The Struggle for One Nigeria (Lagos, 1967).
    Federal Ministry of Information, The Collapse of a Rebellion: And Prospects of Lasting Peace (Lagos, 1968).

    •  Nigeria demain, 1969.

    •  United Nigeria, 1968.

    Federal Republic of Nigeria, Unity in Diversity (Lagos, 1967).
    International Observer Team to Nigeria, No Genocide: Final Report of Observer Team to Nigeria. From: 1. Organization of African Unity 2. Britain, Canada, Poland, Sweden (Lagos, 1968).
    United Kingdom

    •  Hansard Commons, 1967–70.

    •  Hansard Lords, 1967–70.

    “‘Nigeria’: Memorandum for Cabinet Colonial Policy Committee by Mr. Lennox Boyd on Forthcoming Constitutional Conference,” in Hyam, Ronald and Louis, William Roger, eds., The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964, Part 1: High Policy, Political and Constitutional Change (London, 2000), British Documents on the End of Empire, Series A, Vol. 4, 339–43.
    United Nations
    Official Records of the General Assembly, 22nd Session, Plenary Meetings, Verbatim Records of Meetings, vol. I, New York: UN Office of Information 1971.
    United States
    Department of State, Office of the Historian, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) 1969–1976.
    Volume E–5, Part 1, Documents on Sub-Saharan Africa, 1969–72.
    Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971.
    C.

    C. Periodicals

    • Periodicals and Newsletters Published by Biafra Lobby Groups and other Activists

      • Biafra: Bulletin du comité d‘action pour le Biafra, ed. by F. Toulet for Comité d‘action pour le Biafra, 1969.

      • Biafra. Le journal des damnés, ed. by F. Toulet for Comité d‘action pour le Biafra, 1969.

      • Biafra Lifeline, 1968–69, ed. by ACKBA.

      • Biafra-Nachrichten, 1970.

      • Biafra: Nouvelle Série, ed. by F. Toulet for Comité d‘action pour le Biafra, 1969–70.

      • Bulletin de Liaison du CEDETIM, 1968–69.

      • Intercaritas, 1968.

      • International Conscience in Action (1970).

      • Le courrier du Biafra, ed. by Association France-Biafra, 1969.

      • Peace Corps Volunteer, 1967–69.

      • Peace News, 1969.

      • Pogrom, 1970–71.

    Newspapers, News Magazines and Other Press Releases

    • Africa Report, 1968–69.

    • Bild, 1968.

    • Boston Globe, 1960, 1967–70.

    • Chicago Tribune, 1967–70.

    • Christian Century, 1968.

    • Christ und Welt, 1968.

    • Das Diakonische Werk, 1969.

    • Der Spiegel, 1967–70.

    • Die Welt, 1968.

    • Die Zeit, 1967–70.

    • Eléments, 1968.

    • epd: Evangelischer Pressedienst, 1968.

    • Esprit, 1968–70.

    • FAZ, 1960–61, 1967–70.

    • Financial Times, 1968.

    • France Soir, 1968.

    • Frankfurter Rundschau, 1968.

    • Hamburger Abendblatt, 1968.

    • Konkret, 1968–70.

    • La Croix, 1968–69.

    • Le Monde, 1968–70.

    • La Nation, 1969.

    • Le Nouvel Observateur, 1968–70.

    • Les Temps Modernes 1967–70.

    • L'Express, 1967–70.

    • Life, 1968.

    • Los Angeles Times, 1967–70.

    • Monthly Review, 1967–70.

    • National Review, 1967–68.

    • New Left Review, 1967–72.

    • New York Times, 1960, 1967–70.

    • Notre Republique, 1968–70.

    • Paris-Match, 1968.

    • Quick, 1968.

    • Rheinischer Merkur, 1968.

    • Spectator, 1968–69.

    • Stern, 1968.

    • The Christian Science Monitor, 1968–70.

    • The Daily Mirror, 1968.

    • The Daily Telegraph Magazine, 1968.

    • The Economist, 1968.

    • The Guardian, 1960, 1966–70.

    • The Illustrated London News, 1968.

    • The Nation, 1969.

    • The News and Courier, 1969.

    • The New York Review of Books, 1967–70.

    • The Observer, 1960, 1967–70.

    • The Sun, 1968.

    • The Sunday Times, 1968–69.

    • The Times, 1897, 1967–70.

    • The Washington Post, 1960, 1967–70.

    • Time, 1968.

    • Tribune, 1968.

    • West Africa, 1962, 1968.

    D.

    D. Other Published Sources

    Sources in Edited Collections
    “Azikiwe on Ojukwu's ‘April Fool’,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume II: July 1967–January 1970 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]) 414–16.
    “Biafran Memorandum Circulated to Heads of States at O.A.U. Meeting, Kinshasa, September 1967,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume II: July 1967–January 1970 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 168–71.
    “Biafran Memorandum on Proposed Future Association,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume II: July 1967–January 1970 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 163–8.
    Biafra Union of Great Britain and Ireland, “Statement on British Arms Supplies,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume II: July 1967–January 1970 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 150–1.
    “Brockway and Griffiths Visit Ojukwu,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume II: July 1967–January 1970 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 340–2.
    “Decree No. 8 of 1967,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume I: January 1966–July 1967 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 401–2.
    “Dr. Azikiwe Holds Press Conference in Paris,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume I: January 1966–July 1967 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 205–6.
    “Enahoro's Press Conference in London,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume I: January 1966–July 1967 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 147–8.
    “Gowon's Broadcast to the Nation, dividing Nigeria into Twelve States,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume I: January 1966–July 1967 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 444–9.
    “Major Okonkwo Announces Establishment of the Republic of Benin,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume I: January 1966–July 1967 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 160–2.
    “Major Okonkwo's Address to Mid-West,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume I: January 1966–July 1967 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 159–60.
    “OAU Charter,” in Naldi, Gino J., ed., Documents of the Organization of African Unity (London, 1992), 3–10).
    “Ojukwu's Address to the Eastern Consultative Assembly, 26 May 1967,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume I: January 1966–July 1967 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 427–44.
    “Ojukwu's Call from Exile,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume II: July 1967–January 1970 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 455.
    “Ojukwu's Interview with Britain-Biafra Association Delegates,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume II: July 1967–January 1970 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 213–15.
    “Ojukwu's Mandate from the People of the East, 31 August 1966,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume I: January 1966-July 1967 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 216.
    “Ojukwu Secedes and Declares the ‘Republic of Biafra’,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume I: January 1966-July 1967 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 451–3.
    “Resolution of Eastern Consultative Assembly, 7 October 1966,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume I: January 1966-July 1967 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 256–8.
    “Statement on British Arms Supplies,” Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume II: July 1967-January 1970 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 150–2.
    “Tanzania Recognizes Biafra,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume II: July 1967-January 1970 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 206–11.
    “The Atlantic Charter,” in Brinkley, Douglas and Facey-Crowther, David R., eds., The Atlantic Charter (New York, 1994), xvii–xviii.10.1007/978-1-349-23369-4
    “The Churches’ Call for Peace,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume II: July 1967-January 1970 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 201.
    “’The Regions are Abolished: Ironsi's Broadcast to the Nation banning Political Parties and introducing Decree No. 34, 24 May 1966,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume I: January 1966-July 1967 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 174–7.
    “‘The Republic of Biafra’: Resolution by the Eastern Region Consultative Assembly,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume I: January 1966-July 1967 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 449–50.
    “‘Why We Recognized Biafra’ – President Nyerere,” in Kirk-Greene, Anthony H. M., ed., Crisis and Conflict in Nigeria, Volume II: July 1967-January 1970 (Aldershot, 1993 [1971]), 211–13.
    Other Published Sources
    Achebe, China, There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra, London: Allen Lane 2012.
    Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi, Half of a Yellow Sun (London, 2009 [2006]).
    Akpan, Ntyieong Udo, The Struggle for Secession, 1966–1970: A Personal Account of the Nigerian Civil War (London, 1976 [1972]).
    “An African Tragedy,” Transition 36 (1968), 26–44.
    Antonello, Paola et al., Nigeria gegen Biafra? Falsche Alternativen oder über die Verschärfung der Widersprüche im Neokolonialismus: Mit zwei Aufsätzen von Obi Egbuna und Alex Chima (Berlin, 1969).
    Antonello, Paola et al., “Appell des Hannoverschen Bischofs Dr. Hanns Lilje an alle Pfarrer seiner Landeskirche am 9. April 1968,” in Eberlein, Paul Gerhard, ed., Nigeria/Biafra: Eine Dokumentation (Informationsdienst des Diakonischen Werkes, 1968), 36.
    Armand, Captain, Biafra vaincra (Paris, 1969).
    Armand, Captain, “Augenzeugenbericht einer jungen katholischen Schwester aus Europa zu den Massakern der Bundestruppen im Mittelwesten (Mid-West-Nigeria),” in Zülch, Tilman and Guercke, Klaus, eds., Soll Biafra überleben? Dokumente – Berichte – Analysen – Kommentare (Berlin, 1969), 106.
    Armand, Captain, “Auschwitz und Treblinka in Afrika,” Aufwärts 10 (1968), 2.
    Awolowo, Obafemi, Path to Nigerian Freedom (London, 1966 [1947]).
    Azikiwe, Nnamdi, My Odyssey: An Autobiography (London, 1970).
    Baker, Ross K., “The Emergence of Biafra: Balkanisation or Nation-Building,” Orbis: A Quarterly Journal of World Affairs 12 (Summer 1968), No. 2, 518–33.
    Balewa, Abubakar Tafawa, “Independence Day,” in Balewa, Abubakar Tafawa, Mr Prime Minister: A Selection of Speeches Made by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (Apaba, 1964), 47–9.
    Baxter, R. R. et al., “The Legal Consequences of the Unlawful Use of Force Under the Charter,” Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at Its Annual Meeting 62 (April 1968), 68–83.
    Becher, Herbert, “Völkermord heute! – Was kann dagegen getan werden?,” Zeitschrift für Caritasarbeit und Caritaswissenschaft 70 (January 1969), 19–23.
    Benn, Tony, Office without Power: Diaries 1968–1972, London et al.: Hutchinson 1988.
    Bentley, Eric, ed., The Storm over the Deputy: Essays and Articles about Hochhuth's Explosive Drama, New York: Grove Press 1964.
    Bergès, Yves-Guy, “J‘ai vu agoniser le Biafra,” in Amouroux, Henri, ed., Grands reportages: Les quarante prix Albert-Londres (1946–1986), (Paris, 1986), 295–307.
    Betatti, Mario and Kouchner, Bernard, eds., Le Devoir d‘Ingérence: Peut-on les laisser mourir? (Paris, 1987).
    Betatti, Mario and Kouchner, Bernard, Biafra: bilan d'une sécession. Avec une contribution de N. Weinstock (Lausanne, 1970).
    Birch, Geoffrey and George, Dominic St., Biafra: The Case for Independence (London, 1968).
    Bortolotti, Dan, Hope in Hell: Inside the World of Doctors Without Borders (Buffalo, NY, 2006).
    Bothe, Michael, “Rechtsprobleme humanitärer Hilfsaktionen zugunsten der Zivilbevölkerung bei bewaffneten Konflikten,” in Fleck, Dieter, ed., Beiträge zur Weiterentwicklung des humanitären Völkerrechts für bewaffnete Konflikte (Hamburg, 1973, 24–80).
    Brauman, Rony, ed., Le tiers-mondisme en question (Paris, 1986).
    Brauman, Rony, “Ni tiers-mondisme, ni cartiérisme,” in Brauman, Rony, ed., Le tiers-mondisme en question (Paris, 1986), 11–19.
    Brauman, Rony, Humanitaire le dilemme: Entretien avec Philippe Petit (Paris, 1996).
    Braumann, Randolph, “Am 9. Oktober 1968 während eines Biafra-Referates in Hameln: Es wird massakriert,” in Zülch, Tilman and Guercke, Klaus, eds., Soll Biafra überleben? Dokumente – Berichte – Analysen – Kommentare (Berlin, 1969), 119–21.
    “Brief von Bischof Dr. Kurt Scharf an alle Superintendenten, Pfarrer, Pastorinnen, Hilfsprediger in West-Berlin (Auszug),” in Eberlein, Paul Gerhard, ed., Nigeria/Biafra: Eine Dokumentation (Informationsdienst des Diakonischen Werkes, 1968), 37.
    Bruckner, Pascal, Le sanglot de l'homme blanc: Tiers-monde, culpabilité, haine de soi (Paris, 1983).
    Buckley, William, United Nations Journal (London, 1974).
    Bühler, Jean, Biafra: Tragödie eines begabten Volkes (Zürich, 1968).
    Bühler, Jean, Tuez-Les Tous! Guerre de Sécession au Biafra (Paris, 1968).
    Bunting, Reginald, “Nigeria,” in Kitchen, Helen, ed., The Educated African: A Country-by-Country Survey of Educational Development in Africa (London, 1962), 380.
    Burguière, André, ed., Le tiers monde et la gauche (Paris, 1979).
    Carl, Beverly May, “American Assistance to Victims of the Nigeria-Biafra War: Defects in the Prescriptions on Foreign Disaster Relief,” Harvard International Law Journal 12, No. 2 (1971), 191–259.
    Castle, Barbara, The Castle Diaries 1964–1970 (London, 1984).
    Cau, Jean, “Un camp de concentration où des kapos noirs assassinent des juifs noirs,” in Sosnowsky, Alexandre, ed., Biafra: Proximité de la mort continuité de la vie (Paris, 1969).
    Centre d'information et de documentation Moyen-Orient, eds., Biafra: Une lecon à méditer (Brussels, 1970).
    Centre national de la photographie, ed., Gilles Caron, Photo Poche 81 (Arles, 2006).
    Chaliand, Gérard, Mythes révolutionnaires du tiers monde: Guérillas et socialismes (Paris, 1976).
    Chegwe, Andreas Olie, ed., Biafra: Ein Volk stirbt und die Welt sieht zu (Wiesbaden, 1968).
    Chima, Alex, Future Lies in a Progressive Biafra (London, 1968).
    “Chinua Achebe on Biafra,” Transition 36 (1968), 31–8.
    Chomsky, Noam, American Power and the New Mandarins (New York, 1969).
    Cohn-Bendit, Daniel et al., “Kopfschrott oder Gefühlsheu? Eine Diskussion über Internationalismus,” Kursbuch 57 (October 1979), 199–221.
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    Cronje, Suzanne, The World and Nigeria: The Diplomatic History of the Biafran War 1967–1970 (London, 1972).
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    E.

    E. Other Media

    Documentary Film
    Vidyarthi, Shravan, dir., and Bell, Randy, ed., “African Lens: The Story of Priya Ramrakha,” 2008.
    Digitized Sources
    Abram, Morris B. to Participants in American Jewish Emergency Effort for Biafran Relief, 26.09.1968, www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/650.PDF (accessed February 22, 2013).
    “A Protest Against Genocide: Biafra Rally, Statement by Rabbi Marc H. Tanenbaum,” www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/649.PDF (accessed February 22, 2013).
    “A Year Later: Summary of the American Jewish Emergency Effort for Biafran Relief, July 1968–July 1969, 08.08.1969, www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/659A.PDF (accessed February 22, 2013).
    “Firing Line #143: Vietnam and the Intellectuals,” New York City, 03.04.1969, transcript (Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Library and Archives), 20, 19, 18–19, hoohila.stanford.edu/firingline/programView2.php?programID=163 (accessed April 2, 2013).
    “Firing Line – Program #167: Biafra and British Foreign Policy,” New York City, 22.09.1969, transcript (Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Library and Archives) hoohila.stanford.edu/firingline/programView2.php?programID=188 (accessed April 7, 2013).
    Kühn, Heinz, “Realistische Reformen gegen radikale Utopien,” Sozialdemokratischer Pressedienst: Tagespolitik – Kommentare – Auslandsberichte, 11.03.1969, 1–3, library.fes.de/spdpd/1969/690311.pdf (accessed February 3, 2009).
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