The Child in International Refugee Law

Jason M. Pobjoy

doi:10.1017/9781316798430

References

Bibliography

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Slaughter, A, ‘A Typology of Transjudicial Communication’ (1994) 29 University of Richmond Law Review 99

Smyth, C, European Asylum Law and the Rights of the Child (2014)

Spijkerboer, T, Gender and Refugee Status (2000)

Steiner, H J, Alston, P, and Goodman, R, International Human Rights in Context: Law Politics Morals (3rd edn, 2007)

Storey, H, ‘The Right to Family Life and Immigration Case Law at Strasbourg’ (1990) 39 International & Comparative Law Quarterly 328

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Thronson, D, ‘Kids Will Be Kids? Reconsidering Conceptions of Children’s Rights Underlying Immigration Law’ (2002) 63 Ohio State Law Journal 979

Thronson, D, ‘Choiceless Choices: Deportation and the Parent-Child Relationship’ (2006) 6 Nevada Law Journal 1165

Thronson, D, ‘You Can’t Get Here from Here: Toward a More Child-Centered Immigration Law’ (2006) 14 Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 58

Thronson, D, ‘Thinking Small: The Need for Big Changes in Immigration Law’s Treatment of Children’ (2010) 14 UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law and Policy 239

Thronson, D, ‘Clashing Values and Cross Purposes: Immigration Law’s Marginalization of Children and Families’ in Bhabha, J (ed), Children without a State: The Scope of Child Statelessness in the 21st Century (2011) 237

Tobin, J, ‘Parents and Children’s Rights under the Convention on the Rights of the Child: Finding Reconciliation in a Misunderstood Relationship’ (2005) 7(2) Australian Journal of Professional and Applied Ethics 31

Tobin, J, ‘Beyond the Supermarket Shelf: Using a Rights Based Approach to Address Children’s Health Needs’ (2006) 14 International Journal of Children’s Rights 275

Tobin, J, ‘Judging the Judges: Are They Adopting the Rights Approach in Matters Involving Children’ (2009) 33 Melbourne University Law Review 579

Tobin, J, ‘Seeking to Persuade: A Constructive Approach to Human Rights Treaty Interpretation’ (2010) 23 Harvard Human Rights Journal 1

Tobin, J, ‘Assessing GLBTI Refugee Claims: Using Human Rights Law to Shift the Narrative of Persecution within Refugee Law’ (2012) 44 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 447

Tobin, J, The Right to Health in International Law (2012)

Tobin, J, ‘Justifying Children’s Rights’ (2013) 21 International Journal of Children’s Rights 395

Tuitt, P, ‘The State, the Family and the Child Refugee’ in Fottrell, D (ed), Revisiting Children’s Rights: 10 Years of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (2000) 149

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Verdirame, G, and Pobjoy, J, ‘The End of Refugee Camps?’ in Juss, S (ed), Ashgate Research Companion on Migration Theory and Policy (2013) 91

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UN Materials

General

Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness and Related Problems, Memorandum from the Secretariat of the International Refugee Organization, E/AC.32/L.16 (1950)

Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness and Related Problems, Provisional Draft of Parts of the Definition Article of the Preliminary Draft Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Prepared by the Working Group on This Article, E/AC.32/L.6 (1950)

Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness and Related Problems, United States of America: Memorandum on the Definition Article of the Preliminary Draft Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (and Stateless Persons) (E/AC.32/2), E/AC.32/L.4 (1950)

Bustamante, J, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants, A/64/213 (2009)

Bustamante, J, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants, A/HRC/11/7 (2009)

Economic and Social Council, Progress and Prospect of Repatriation, Resettlement and Immigration of Refugees and Displaced Persons – Resolution of 24 August 1948, ECOSOC Res 157 (VII), E/1027 (1948)

Holy See: Draft Recommendations for Inclusion in the Final Act of the Conference, E/CONF.2/103 (1951)

ILC, ‘Law of Treaties’ [1964] (2) Yearbook of the International Law Commission 5

ILC, ‘Reports of the Commission to the General Assembly’ [1966] (2) Yearbook of the International Law Commission 169

ILC, Report of the International Law Commission – Fifty-Third Session, A/56/10 (2001)

ILC, Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law – Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission, A/CN.4/L.702 (2006)

Koskenniemi, M, ILC, Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law – Report of the Study Group of the International Law Commission, A/CN.4/L.682 (2006)

Machel, G, Impact of Armed Conflict on Children, A/51/306 (1996)

Note Verbale Dated 5 October 1979 Addressed to the Division of Human Rights by the Permanent Representation of the Polish People’s Republic to the United Nations in Geneva, E/CN.4/1349 (1979)

Question of a Convention on the Rights of the Child – Report of the Working Group, E/CN.4/L.1468 (1979)

Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Statelessness and Related Problems, E/AC.32/5 (1950)

Report of the Independent Expert for the United Nations Study on Violence against Children, A/61/299 (2006)

Report of the Informal Open-Ended Working Group on the Rights of the Child, E/CN.4/1982/30/Add.1 (1982)

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Report of the Sixty-First Session of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme, A/AC.96/1095 (2010)

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Report of the Working Group on a Draft Convention on the Rights of the Child, E/CN.4/1984/71 (1984)

Report of the Working Group on a Draft Convention on the Rights of the Child, E/CN.4/1988/28 (1988)

Report of the Working Group on a Draft Convention on the Rights of the Child, E/CN.4/1989/48 (1989)

Summary Record of the Thirty-Fourth Meeting, E/CONF.2/SR.34 (1951)

Summary Record of the 1438th Meeting, E/CN.4/SR.1438 (1978)

Summary Record of the 216th Meeting, CRC/C/SR.216 (1995)

Summary Record of the 53rd Meeting (Second Part), E/CN.4/1985/SR.53/Add.1 (1985)

Summary Record of the 54th Meeting, E/CN.4/1989/SR.54 (1989)

Summary Record of the 56th Meeting, E/CN.4/1988/SR.56 (1988)

UN, Children Deprived of a Normal Home Life, E/CN.5/271 (1952)

UNGA, International Conference on Indo-Chinese Refugees, Office of the UNHCR, Report of the Secretary General, A/44/523 (1989)

UNGA, A World Fit for Children, A/RES/S-27/2 (2002)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/47/107 (1993)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/48/118 (1994)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/49/174 (1995)

UNGA, Assistance to Unaccompanied Refugee Minors, A/RES/49/172 (1995)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/50/149 (1996)

UNGA, Assistance to Unaccompanied Refugee Minors, A/RES/50/150 (1996)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/51/71 (1997)

UNGA, Assistance to Unaccompanied Refugee Minors, A/RES/51/73 (1997)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/52/101 (1998)

UNGA, Assistance to Unaccompanied Refugee Minors, A/RES/52/105 (1998)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/53/126 (1999)

UNGA, Assistance to Unaccompanied Refugee Minors, A/RES/53/122 (1999)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/54/147 (2000)

UNGA, Assistance to Unaccompanied Refugee Minors, A/RES/54/145 (2000)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/55/77 (2001)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/56/135 (2002)

UNGA, Assistance to Unaccompanied Refugee Minors, A/RES/56/136 (2002)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/57/183 (2003)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/58/149 (2004)

UNGA, Assistance to Unaccompanied Refugee Minors, A/RES/58/150 (2004)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/59/172 (2005)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/60/128 (2006)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/61/139 (2007)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/62/125 (2008)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/63/149 (2009)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/64/129 (2010)

UNGA, Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children, A/RES/64/142 (2010)

UNGA, Study of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on Challenges and Best Practices in the Implementation of the International Framework for the Protection of the Rights of the Child in the Context of Migration, A/HRC/15/29 (2010)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/65/193 (2011)

UNGA, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, A/RES/65/194 (2011)

UNGA, Report of the Human Rights Council: Report of the Third Committee, A/62/434 (2011)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/67/150 (2012)

UNGA, Rights of the Child, A/HRC/19/L.31 (2012)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/68/143 (2013)

UNGA, Assistance to Refugees, Returnees and Displaced Persons in Africa, A/RES/69/154 (2014)

UNGA, Rights of the Child, A/RES/68/147 (2014)

UNGA, Rights of the Child, A/RES/69/157 (2014)

United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty, A/RES/45/113 (1990) Annex

United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (‘The Beijing Rules’), A/RES/30/33 (1985) Annex

Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, A/CONF.157/23 (1993)

Written Statement Submitted by the Women’s International Democratic Federation, E/CN.4/NGO/244 (1979)

HRC

HRC, General Comment No 6: Article 6 (Right to Life), HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (1982)

HRC, General Comment No 13: Equality before the Courts and the Right to a Fair and Public Hearing by an Independent Court Established by Law, HRI/GEN/Rev.8 (1984)

HRC, General Comment No 15: The Position of Aliens under the Covenant, HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (1986)

HRC, General Comment No 17: Rights of the Child, HRI/GRN/1/Rev.7 (1989)

HRC, General Comment No 18: Non-Discrimination, HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (1989)

HRC, General Comment No 19: Protection of the Family, the Right to Marriage and Equality of the Spouses (Article 23), HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (1990)

HRC, General Comment No 20: Article 7 (Prohibition of Torture, or Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment), HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (1992)

HRC, General Comment No 31: The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant, HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (2004)

UNCEDAW

UNCEDAW, General Recommendation No 19: Violence against Women, HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (1992)

UNCERD

UNCERD, General Recommendation XXVII on Discrimination against Roma, HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (2000)

UNCESCR

UNCESCR, General Comment No 3: The Nature of States Parties’ Obligations (Art 2, Para 1 of the Covenant), HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (1990)

UNCESCR, General Comment No 11: Plans of Action for Primary Education (Art 14), HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (1999)

UNCESCR, General Comment No 12: The Right to Adequate Food (Art 11), HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (1999)

UNCESCR, General Comment No 13: The Right to Education (Art 13), HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (1999)

UNCESCR, General Comment No 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art 12), HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (2000)

UNCESCR, General Comment No 15: The Right to Water (Arts 11 and 12 of the Covenant), HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (2002)

UNCESCR, General Comment No 16: The Equal Right of Men and Women to the Enjoyment of All Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Art 3), HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (2005)

UNCESCR, General Comment No 18: The Right to Work (Art 6), HRI/GEN/1/Rev.8 (2005)

UNCESCR, General Comment No 20: Non-Discrimination in Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Art 2, Para 2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), E/C.12/GC/20 (2009)

UNCRC

UNCRC, Report on the Seventh Session, CRC/C/34 (1994)

UNCRC, Discussion Day: State Violence against Children (2000)

UNCRC, General Comment No 1: Article 29(1) – The Aims of Education, CRC/GC/2001/1 (2001)

UNCRC, Report of the Twenty-Eighth Session, CRC/C/111 (2001)

UNCRC, Concluding Observations: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, CRC/C/15/Add.188 (2002)

UNCRC, General Comment No 3: HIV/AIDS and the Rights of the Child, CRC/GC/2003/3 (2003)

UNCRC, General Comment No 5: General Measures of Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Articles 4, 42 and 44(6)), CRC/GC/2003/5 (2003)

UNCRC, General Comment No 6: Treatment of Unaccompanied and Separated Children outside Their Country of Origin, CRC/GC/2005/6 (2005)

UNCRC, General Comment No 7: Implementing Child Rights in Early Childhood, CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1 (2006)

UNCRC, Report on the Fortieth Session, CRC/C/153 (2006)

UNCRC, Report on the Forty-Third Session, CRC/C/43/3 (2006)

UNCRC, General Comment No 8: The Right of the Child to Protection from Corporal Punishment and Other Cruel or Degrading Forms of Punishment, CRC/C/GC/8 (2007)

UNCRC, General Comment No 9: The Rights of Children with Disabilities, CRC/C/GC/9 (2007)

UNCRC, General Comment No 10: Children’s Rights in Juvenile Justice, CRC/C/GC/10 (2007)

UNCRC, General Comment No 12: The Right of the Child to Be Heard, CRC/C/GC/12 (2009)

UNCRC, General Comment No. 13: The Right of the Child to Freedom from All Forms of Violence, CRC/C/GC/13 (2011)

UNCRC, ‘2012 Day of General Discussion: The Rights of All Children in the Context of International Migration’ (Background Paper, August 2012)

UNCRC, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention – Concluding Observations: Australia, CRC/C/AUS/CO/4 (2012)

UNCRC, General Comment No 14 on the Right of the Child to Have His or Her Best Interests Taken as a Primary Consideration (Art 3, Para 1), CRC/C/GC/14 (2013)

UNCRC, Report of the 2012 Day of General Discussion: The Rights of All Children in the Context of International Migration (2013)

UNHCR

Standing Committee of the UNHCR ExCom, Family Protection Issues, EC/49/SC/CRP.14 (1999)

UNHCR ExCom, Determination of Refugee Status, No 8 (XVIII) (1977) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 9)

UNHCR ExCom, Follow-Up on Earlier Conclusions of the Sub-Committee of the Whole on International Protection on the Determination of Refugee Status, Inter Alia, with Reference to the Role of UNHCR in National Refugee Status Determination Procedures, No 28 (XXXIII) (1982) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 36)

UNHCR ExCom, The Problem of Manifestly Unfounded or Abusive Applications for Refugee Status or Asylum, No 30 (XXXIV) (1983) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 39)

UNHCR ExCom, General, No 41 (XXXVII) (1986) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 53)

UNHCR ExCom, Refugee Children, No 47 (XXXVIII) (1987) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 61)

UNHCR ExCom, Refugee Children, No 59 (XL) (1989) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 79)

UNHCR ExCom, General, No 71 (XLIV) (1993) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 97)

UNHCR ExCom, UNHCR Policy on Refugee Children, EC/SCP/82 (1993)

UNHCR ExCom, General, No 74 (XLV) (1994) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 103)

UNHCR ExCom, General, No 81 (XLVII) (1997) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 121)

UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion on Refugee Children and Adolescents, No 84 (XLVIII) (1997) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 125)

UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion on International Protection, No 85 (XLIX) (1998) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 127)

UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion on the Protection of the Refugee’s Family, No 88 (L) (1999) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 135)

UNHCR ExCom, Conclusions on the Provision of International Protection Including through Complementary Forms of Protection, No 103 (LVI) (2005) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 177)

UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion on Women and Girls at Risk, No 105 (LVII) (2006) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 183)

UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion on Children at Risk, No 107 (LVIII) (2007) (reproduced in UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009) 190)

UNHCR ExCom, Conclusion on Refugees with Disabilities and Other Persons with Disabilities Protected and Assisted by UNHCR, No 110 (LXI) (2010) (reproduced in Report of the Sixty-First Session of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme, A/AC.96/1095 (2010) [13])

UNHCR, Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, HCR/IP/4/Eng/REV.1 (1979, re-edited 1992)

UNHCR, Note on Refugee Children, EC/SCP/46 (1987)

UNHCR, Guidelines on Refugee Children (1988)

UNHCR, Note on International Protection (Submitted by the High Commissioner), A/AC.96/728 (1989)

UNHCR, Refugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care (1994)

UNHCR, Guidelines on Policies and Procedures in Dealing with Unaccompanied Children Seeking Asylum (1997)

UNHCR, ‘Progress Report on Refugee Children and Adolescents, including UNHCR’s Strategy for Follow-Up to the Report of the Impact of Armed Conflict on Children’, EC/47/SC/CRP.19 (9 April 1997)

UNHCR, ‘Note on Burden and Standard of Proof in Refugee Claims’ (16 December 1998)

UNHCR, Interpreting Article 1 of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (2001)

UNHCR, Guidelines on International Protection: Gender-Related Persecution within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or Its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, HCR/GIP/02/01 (2002)

UNHCR, Guidelines on International Protection: ‘Membership of a Particular Social Group’ within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or Its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, HCR/GIP/02/02 (2002)

UNHCR, ‘Background Note on the Application of the Exclusion Clauses: Article 1 F of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees’ (4 September 2003)

UNHCR, Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination under UNHCR’s Mandate (2003)

UNHCR, Guidelines on International Protection: Religion-Based Refugee Claims under Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, HCR/GIP/04/06 (2004)

UNHCR, Guidelines on International Protection: The Application of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees to Victims of Trafficking and Persons at Risk of Being Trafficked, HCR/GIP/06/07 (2006)

UNHCR, ‘Position on Claims for Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Based on a Fear of Persecution due to an Individual’s Membership of a Family or Clan Engaged in a Blood Feud’ (17 March 2006)

UNHCR, ‘Advisory Opinion on the Extraterritorial Application of Non-Refoulement Obligations under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol’ (Opinion, 26 January 2007)

UNHCR, UNHCR Guidance Note on Refugee Claims Relating to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (2008)

UNHCR, UNHCR Guidelines on Determining the Best Interests of the Child (2008)

UNHCR, UNHCR Handbook for the Protection of Women and Girls (2008)

UNHCR, ‘Brief of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees as Amicus Curiae in Support of the Petitioner’, filed in Valdiviezo-Galdamez (14 April 2009)

UNHCR, ‘Brief of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees as Amicus Curiae in Support of the Petitioners and Reversal of the BIA’s Decision’, filed in Orellana-Monson v Holder (7 May 2009)

UNHCR, Conclusions Adopted by the Executive Committee on the International Protection of Refugees (2009)

UNHCR, Guidance Note on Refugee Claims Relating to Female Genital Mutilation (2009)

UNHCR, Guidelines on International Protection: Child Asylum Claims under Article 1A(2) and 1 F of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, HCR/GIP/09/08 (2009)

UNHCR, UNICEF and Save the Children, Separated Children in Europe Programme, Statement of Good Practice (4th revised edn) (2009)

UNHCR, ‘Brief Amicus Curiae of The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Support of Respondent Fancis Gatimi’, filed in Matter of Gatimi (25 March 2010)

UNHCR, ‘Brief of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees as Amicus Curiae in Support of Petitioner’, filed in Gaitan v Attorney General (13 June 2010)

UNHCR, ‘Brief Amicus Curiae of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Support of Petitioner’s Petition for Rehearing En Banc’, filed in Mejilla-Romero (18 June 2010)

UNHCR, ‘Brief Amicus Curiae of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Support of Respondent X’, filed in Matter of X (17 August 2010)

UNHCR, ‘Brief of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees as Amicus Curiae in Support of Petitioner’, filed in Rivera-Barrientos (18 August 2010)

UNHCR, ‘Brief of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees as Amicus Curiae in Support of the Petitioner’, filed in Bueso-Avila (9 November 2010)

UNHCR, Guidance Note on Refugee Claims Relating to Victims of Organized Gangs (2010)

UNHCR, Field Handbook for the Implementation of UNHCR BID Guidelines (2011)

UNHCR, Ministerial Communique, HCR/MINCOMMS/2011/6 (8 December 2011)

UNHCR, Guidelines on International Protection No 9: Claims to Refugee Status Based on Sexual Orientation and/or Gender Identity within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or Its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, HCR/GIP/12/09 (2012)

UNHCR, ‘The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees’ Amicus Curiae Brief in Support of Petitioner’, filed in Henrique-Rivas v Attorney General (23 February 2012)

UNHCR, ‘Quality Integration Project: Considering the Best Interests of a Child within a Family Seeking Asylum’ (December 2013)

UNHCR, ‘Case for the First Intervener’, filed in HJ (undated)

UNHCR and UNICEF, Safe & Sound: What States Can Do to Ensure Respect for the Best Interests of Unaccompanied and Separated Children in Europe (2014)

UNHCR, ‘Submission from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to the legal representatives in case numbers XXX, XXX and XXX before the Danish Refugee Appeal Board’ (2015)

UNHCR, The Heart of the Matter: Assessing Credibility when Children Apply for Asylum in the European Union (2014)

UNHCR, Global Trends 2014 (2015)

UNHCR, Global Trends 2015 (2016)

UNICEF

UNICEF, Annual Report on Child Protection (2014)

UNICEF, Hidden in Plain Sight: A Statistical Analysis of Violence Against Children (2014)

UNICEF, Implementation Handbook for the Convention on the Rights of the Child (3rd edn, 2007)

UNICEF, Progress for Children: A Report Card on Child Protection (2009)

UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children: Celebrating 20 Years of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (2009)

UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 2014 in Numbers: Every Child Counts (2014)

UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children (2015)

Domestic Guidelines, Manuals, Directions, Forms and Other Administrative Documents

Australia

DIAC, ‘Refugee Law Guidelines’ (March 2010)

DIAC, ‘Application for a Protection (Class XA) Visa’ (Form 866, July 2013)

DIAC, Procedures Advice Manual 3 – Policy and Procedural Instructions for Officers Administering Migration Law (1 January 2015)

MIAC, Administration of Ministerial Powers (P A124, 24 March 2012)

MIAC, Minister’s Guidelines on Ministerial Power (s 345, s 351, s 391, s 417, s 454 and s 501J) (P A098, 24 March 2012)

MIAC, Direction No 55 – Visa Refusal and Cancellation under s 501 (25 July 2012)

MRT and RRT, Guidance on the Assessment of Credibility (March 2012)

Refugee and Humanitarian Division, ‘Protecting the Refugee’s Family (The Final Act of the 1951 United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries): An Australian Perspective’ in DIMIA, Interpreting the Refugees Convention: An Australian Contribution (2002) 175

Canada

CIC, IP 5: Immigrant Applications in Canada Made on Humanitarian or Compassionate Grounds (1 April 2011)

CIC, OP 4: The Processing of Applications That Include a Request for Humanitarian and Compassionate or Public Policy Consideration (26 February 2013)

IRB, Guidelines Issued by the Chairperson Pursuant to Section 65(3) of the Immigration Act: Guideline 3: Child Refugee Claimants: Procedural and Evidentiary Issues (30 September 1996)

IRB, Interpretation of the Convention Refugee Definition in the Case Law (31 December 2010)

New Zealand

Immigration New Zealand, Immigration New Zealand Operational Manual: Refugees and Protection (2011)

United Kingdom

Home Office, Processing Children’s Asylum Claims (ver 1.0, 12 July 2016)

Joint Committee on Human Rights, Human Rights of Unaccompanied Migrant Children and Young People in the UK, House of Lords Paper No 9, House of Commons Paper No 196, Session 2013–14 (2013)

UKBA, Every Child Matters: Statutory Guidance to the UK Border Agency on Making Arrangements to Safeguard and Promote the Welfare of Children (November 2009)

UKBA, Asylum Process Guidance: Processing an Asylum Application from a Child (ver 6, 16 April 2013)

United States

Memorandum from Jeff Weiss, Acting Director, Office of International Affairs, INS, ‘Guidelines for Children’s Asylum Claims’ (File No 120/11.26, 10 December 1998)

USCIS Asylum Division, ‘Asylum Officer Basic Training Course: Guidelines for Children’s Asylum Claims’ (21 March 2009)

Other

General

Blake, N, and Drew, S, ‘In the matter of the United Kingdom Reservation to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child’ (Opinion, 30 November 2001)

Canadian Council for Refugees, United Church of Canada and International Bureau for Children’s Rights, ‘The Understanding and Application of “Best Interests of the Child” in H & C Decision-Making by Citizenship and Immigration Canada’ (Report, September 2008)

Comprehensive Plan of Action for Indo-Chinese Refugees adopted by the International Conference on Indo-Chinese Refugees held in Geneva on 13 and 14 June 1989, International Conference on Indo-Chinese Refugees, Office of the UNHCR, Report of the Secretary General, A/44/523 (1989) Annex pt II

Council of the European Union, Council Conclusions on Unaccompanied Minors – 3018th Justice and Home Affairs Council Meeting (3 June 2010)

ECRE, ‘Position on Refugee Children’ (Policy Statement, November 1996)

Email from T Bridge, Publications Team, RRT, 7 May 2012 (on file with author)

Explanations Relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights [2007] Official Journal of the European Union C 303/17

European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Action Plan on Unaccompanied Minors (2010–2014), COM (2010)213

European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document on the Implementation of the Action Plan on Unaccompanied Minors, SWD(2012)281

European Commission, Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Mid-Term Report on the Implementation of the Action Plan on Unaccompanied Minors, COM(2012)554

European Migration Network, Policies on Reception, Return and Integration arrangements for, and Numbers of, Unaccompanied Minors – An EU Comparative Study (2010)

D’Asile, France Terre, Right to Asylum for Unaccompanied Minors in the European Union: Comparative Study in the 27 EU Countries (2012)

Gordon, M, ‘People Sent Offshore Will Include Children’, Sydney Morning Herald (online), 22 August 2013

ICRC, Inter-Agency Guiding Principles on Unaccompanied and Separated Children (2004)

ILPA, Working with Refugee Children: Current Issues in Best Practice (2012)

JCHR, The Treatment of Asylum Seekers, HL 81-I, HC 60-I, Session 2006–07 (2007)

Cooper, Bo, General Counsel, INS to Doris Meissner, Commissioner of INS, 3 January 2000 (on file with author)

Michigan Guidelines on the International Protection of Refugees, ‘The Michigan Guidelines on Well-Founded Fear’ (2004)

Parliament of Australia, Explanatory Memorandum, Migration Amendment (Complementary Protection) Bill 2011 (Cth)

Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe, ‘Unaccompanied Children in Europe: Issues of Arrival, Stay and Return’ (Report, Doc 12539, 21 March 2011)

Refugee Women’s Legal Group, Gender Guidelines for the Determination of Asylum Claims in the UK (1998)

Report to US HICOG on IRO, US Zone of Germany (22 October 1951) (reproduced in Holborn, L W, The International Refugee Organization: A Specialized Agency of the United Nations – Its History and Work, 1946–1952 (1956) 500)

Michigan Guidelines on the International Protection of Refugees, ‘The Michigan Guidelines on Nexus to a Convention Ground’ (2002)

Treaty Reservations and Declarations

‘Germany’, 1669 UNTS 475
‘Japan’, 1775 UNTS 447
‘Netherlands’, 1855 UNTS 420
‘New Zealand’, 1719 UNTS 495
‘Singapore’, 1890 UNTS 526
‘Switzerland’, 1965 UNTS 505
‘United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’, 1658 UNTS 682

Briefs and Submissions

Appellant, ‘Case for the Appellant’, filed in ZH (Tanzania) v SSHD (undated)

Appellant-Petitioner, ‘Initial Brief Filed by the Appellant-Petitioner’, filed in Kholyavskiy v Mukasey (15 June 2007)

Center for Gender and Refugee Studies et al., ‘Brief of Amici Curiae in support of Petitioner’s Petition for Rehearing or Rehearing En Banc’, filed in Mejilla-Romero (21 June 2010)

CORAM Children’s Legal Centre, ‘Case for the CORAM Children’s Legal Centre’, filed in H (H) v Deputy Prosecutor of the Italian Republic, Genoa (undated)

CORAM Children’s Legal Centre, ‘Note for the CORAM Children’s Legal Centre’, filed in H (H) v Deputy Prosecutor of the Italian Republic, Genoa (7 March 2012)

Foster, M, and Pobjoy, J, Submission No 9 to Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Inquiry into the Migration Amendment (Complementary Protection) Bill 2009 (28 September 2009)

Harvard Immigration Refugee Clinical Program, ‘Brief of Amici Curiae Harvard Immigration and Refugee Clinical Program and Other Immigration Rights Advocates in Support of Petitioner’, filed in José Fuentes-Colocho v United States Attorney General (19 November 2013)

Human Rights Law Resource Centre, Submission No 5 to Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Legislation Committee, Parliament of Australia, Inquiry into the Migration Amendment (Complementary Protection) Bill 2009 (September 2009)

Goodwin-Gill, G S, and Hurwitz, A, ‘Memorandum’ reproduced in House of Lords Select Committee on the European Union, Defining Refugee Status and Those in Need of International Protection, House of Lords Paper No 156, Session 2001–02 (2002) (‘Minutes of Evidence Taken before the European Union Committee (Sub-Committee E)’ (10 April 2002) 1–3)

Sadoway, G, ‘Applicants’ Further Memorandum of Argument’, filed in KH v Canada (MCI) (9 January 2008)

United States Attorney, ‘Brief’, filed in Gonzalez v Reno (24 April 2000)

[1] ‘Germany’, 1669 UNTS 475

[2] ‘Japan’, 1775 UNTS 447

[3] ‘Netherlands’, 1855 UNTS 420

[4] ‘New Zealand’, 1719 UNTS 495

[5] ‘Singapore’, 1890 UNTS 526

[6] ‘Switzerland’, 1965 UNTS 505

[7] ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’, 1658 UNTS 682

The Child in International Refugee Law

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