Doubt in Islamic Law: A History of Legal Maxims, Interpretation, and Islamic Criminal Law

Intisar A. Rabb

doi:10.1017/CBO9781139953054

References

Bibliography

Notes on Citations and Style

Citation and Punctuation

For citations and punctuation, this book largely follows the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), 15th edition for articles, books, and manuscripts, and the Bluebook style of citation for modern legal sources. Modifications are as follows: Dissertation titles are italicized, rather than placed in quotation marks. Where I have used more than one edition of a source, I group them in the bibliography and parenthetically note the year of the edition used in the footnotes. The three editions of the Encyclopaedia of Islam are shortened to EI¹, EI², and EI³. Where I have used the work collecting major works of Shīʿī law (Murwārīd’s Silsilat al-yanābīʿ al-fiqhiyya (1993)), I refer to the individual work by title and add “in YF.” As for punctuation, following the Bluebook, I use internal parentheses inside parentheses (not brackets) for all references, reserving brackets for interpolated text. Rather than compress all number ranges to a minimum of two digits, as recommended by CMOS and the Bluebook, I use one digit for alternative years given as date ranges, that is, successive CE years that represent the equivalent of a Hijrī date to a Gregorian calendar date (for example, d. 471/1078–9). I use two for page ranges, for example, pp. 463–64. For both, I use three or four digits when the second part of the range would begin with a zero. Finally, multiple works by the same author(s) are listed in chronological rather than alphabetical order.

Transliteration

For Arabic and Persian transliterations, I generally follow the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES). Exceptions and unique stylistic matters are as follows: I omit the initial definite article from proper names or places when mentioned alone except when that article is a commonly known part of the proper name. Thus, al-Mahdī (to refer to the proper name of the ʿAbbāsid caliph), but otherwise, Mahdī. Except in personal names, such as Abū al-Ḥasan, the silent “a” (alif) of the definite article al- and the place-holding alifs at the start of certain verb forms are elided and replaced by a hamza character (similar to an apostrophe) when preceded by a vowel (for example, idraʾū ʾl-ḥudūd not idraʾū al-ḥudūd). The conjunctions wa (and) and fa (and or then) and prepositions bi (in or with) and li (to) are typically assimilated into the silent “a” (alif) of the definite article al without the hyphen that normally separates them from following words (for example, waʾl-sāriq, biʾl-shubahāt and liʾl-imām, but wa-ajmaʿū and li-abīk; the dropped hyphen does not apply to elisions of alifs that are not articles (thus, wa-ʾkhtilāf, fa-ʿlam, and qul li-ʾlladhīna). Only Qurʾānic verses are fully vowelled. I typically use lower case “b.” for ibn (“son of”) where it is part of a longer name, but write out Ibn when it is part of the popularized name by which the figure is normally referred; thus Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal or Ibn Ḥanbal, not Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal.

Terms of Art and Other Stylistic Matters

Though the doubt canon uses the form ḥudūd (pl. of ḥadd) for “criminal sanction,” the two forms of the word are used interchangeably to match grammatical context (thus, ḥadd-eligible, but ḥudūd avoidance). Ḥadīth is used as a collective noun to refer to both plural and singular instances of prophetic reports. Where potentially unclear or grammatically awkward, I have used “ḥadīth reports” or traditions to refer to the plural. I have also attempted to provide dates for both AH (after the Hijra) and CE (Common Era) upon first mention and where relevant in the text and the margins. I have provided death dates in the bibliography in that style (for example, 786/1384) for noncontemporary authors of Islamic sources (whereas other authors are better known by the publication dates of their authored works). Unless otherwise specified, references to a single date (for example, “the tenth century”) are typically to the Common Era.

Encyclopedias and Other Reference Material

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Gonzales v. Oregon, 546 U.S. 243 (2006).
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976).
Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982).
Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957 (1991).
Hyde v. United States, 225 U.S. 347 (1912)
In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970).
Kansas v. Marsh, 548 U.S. 163 (2006).
Kelly v. California, 55 U.S. 1020 (2008).
Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003).
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978).
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803).
McBoyle v. United States, 283 U.S. 25 (1931).
McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279 (1987).
OCC Interpretive Letter No. 806. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (Dec. 1997).
OCC Interpretive Letter No. 867. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (Nov. 1999).
Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808 (1991).
Pearson v. Callanan, 555 U.S. 223 (2009).
People v. Rizzo, 246 N.Y. 334 (1927).
Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547 (1967).
Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584 (2002).
Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194 (2001).
Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 U.S. 348 (2004).
Spaziano v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447 (1984).
United States v. Bass, 404 U.S. 336 (1971).
United States v. Elashyi, 544 F.3d 48 (5th Cir. 2008).
United States v. Hudson & Goodwin, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 32 (1812).
United States v. Jewell, 532 F.2d 697 (9th Cir. 1976).
United States v. Kwong, 14 F.3d 194 (2d Cir. 1994).
United States v. Santos, 553 U.S. 507 (2008).
United States v. Wiltberger, 18 U.S. 35 (1820).
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Iran

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al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī. Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, ed. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm al-Rabbānī al-Shīrāzī. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-Islāmiyya, 1383–89/1963–69). Also 1988–89 edition: Edited by Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth. Qum: Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1409/1988–9.

al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī. al-Fuṣūl al-muhimma fī uṣūl al-aʾimma. Qum: Maktabat Baṣīratī, 198-.

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Ḥusayn, ʿAqīla. al-Shubahāt al-musqiṭa liʾl-ḥudūd aw al-ẓurūf al-mukhaffifa waʾl-aʿdhār al-musqiṭa liʾl-ʿuqūbāt al-mutarattaba ʿalā jarāʾim al-ḥudūd: Dirāsa fiqhiyya muqārana ʿalā ʾl-madhāhib al-Sunniyya. Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2003.

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Ibn Abī al-Dunyā (d. 281/894) = Abū Bakr ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad b. ʿUbayd Ibn Abī al-Dunyā al-Qurashī al-Baghdādī. Makārim al-akhlāq, ed. Majdī al-Sayyid Ibrāhīm. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qurʾān, 1411/1990.

Ibn Abī Ḥātim (d. 327/939) = ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. al-Jarḥ waʾl-taʿdīl. Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Jamʿiyyat Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, 1970.

Ibn Abī al-ʿIzz (d. 792/1390) = Ṣadr al-Dīn ʿAlī b. ʿAlī. al-Tanbīh ʿalā mushkilāt al-Hidāya. On the margins of Burhān al-Dīn al-Marghīnānī, Hidāya, ed. Anwar Ṣāliḥ Abū Zayd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2007.

Ibn Abī al-Qāsim (d. 624/1226) = ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUmar. al-Wāḍiḥ fī sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Khiraqī, ed. ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Duhaysh. Beirut: Dār Khiḍr, 2000.

Ibn Abī Shayba (d. 235/849) = Abū Bakr ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad. Muṣannaf, ed. Ḥamad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Jumuʿa and Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm al-Laḥīdān. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 2004.

Ibn Abī Zayd al-Qayrawānī (d. 386/996) = Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Risāla. Rabat: Wizārat al-Awqāf waʾl-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyya, 1415/1995.

Ibn Abī Zayd al-Qayrawānī. al-Nawādir waʾl-ziyādāt, ed. ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Muḥammad al-Ḥilw. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1999.

Ibn ʿĀbidīn (d. 1252/1836) = Muḥammad Amīn b. ʿUmar. Minḥat al-Khāliq ʿalā ʾl-Baḥr al-rāʾiq. On the margins of Ibn Nujaym, al-Baḥr al-rāʾiq. Cairo: n.p., 1893?.

Ibn ʿĀbidīn. Nuzhat al-nawāẓir ʿalā ʾl-Ashbāh waʾl-naẓāʾir. On the margins of Ibn Nujaym, al-Ashbāh waʾl-naẓāʾir, ed. Muḥammad Muṭīʿ al-Ḥāfiẓ. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1983.

Ibn ʿĀbidīn. Radd al-muḥtār ʿalā ʾl-Durr al-mukhtār, ed. ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1994–98.

Ibn ʿAdī (d. 365/976) = Abū Aḥmad ʿAbd Allāh Ibn ʿAdī al-Jurjānī. al-Kāmil fī ḍuʿafāʾ al-rijāl. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1984. See also Muʿjam aḥādīth ḍuʿafāʾ al-rijāl min Kitāb al-Kāmil (organized alphabetically), ed. Yūsuf Biqāʿī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1988.

Ibn al-Ahdal al-Yamanī (d. 1035/1626) = Abū Bakr b. Abī al-Qāsim b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī. al-Farāʾid al-bahiyya. Quoted in Abū al-Fayḍ Muḥammad Yāsīn b. Muḥammad ʿĪsā al-Fādānī al-Makkī (d. 1334/1916–7), al-Fawāʾid al-janiyya, ed. Ramzī Saʿd al-Dīn Dimashqiyya. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʾir, 1991.

Ibn al-ʿAlāʾ al-Anṣārī (d. 786/1384–5) = Ibn al-ʿAlāʾ al-Anṣārī al-Andarabtī al-Dihlawī al-Hindī. al-Fatāwā al-Tātārkhāniyya, ed. Sajjād Ḥusayn. Karachi: Idārat al-Qurʾān waʾl-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyya, 1990–.

Ibn al-ʿArabī (d. 543/1148) = Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Aḥkām al-Qurʾān. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.

Ibn ʿAsākir (d. 571/1176) = Abū al-Qāsim ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan. Taʾrīkh madīnat Dimashq. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1995.

Ibn Bābawayh, Ṣadūq (d. 381/991–2) = Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Qummī. al-Iʿtiqādāt fī dīn al-Imāmiyya, ed. Ghulām Riḍā al-Māzandarānī. Qum: Ghulām Riḍā al-Māzandarānī, 1412/1992. English translation: A Shiʾite Creed: A Translation of Risālatu ʾl-Iʿtiqādāt, trans. Asaf A. A. Fyzee. London: Oxford University Press, 1942.

Ibn Bābawayh, Ṣadūq. Kitāb al-Tawḥīd, ed. Hāshim al-Ḥusaynī. Tehran: Maktabat al-Ṣadūq, 1387/1967.

Ibn Bābawayh, Ṣadūq. Hidāya. In YF, ed. ʿAlī Aṣghar Murwārīd. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth; al-Dār al-Islāmiyya, 1990. Volume 23.

Ibn Bābawayh, Ṣadūq. Kitāb man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, ed. ʿAlī Akbar al-Ghaffārī. Qum: Jamāʿat al-Mudarrisīn fī ʾl-Ḥawza al-ʿIlmiyya, 1994.

Ibn Bābawayh, Ṣadūq. Muqniʿ. Qum: Muʾassasat al-Imām al-Hādī, 1994.

Ibn Bakkār (d. 256/870) = Abū ʿAbd Allāh Zubayr. Jamharat nasab Quraysh, ed. Maḥmūd Muḥammad Shākir. Cairo: Maktabat Dār al-ʿUrūba, 1381/1962.

Ibn al-Bannāʾ (d. 471/1078–9) = Ḥasan b. Aḥmad. Kitāb al-Muqniʿ fī sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Khiraqī, ed. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. Sulaymān b. Ibrāhīm al-Baʿīmī. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 1993.

Ibn Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī (d. 297/909) = Abū Bakr Muḥammad (attributed). al-Wuṣūl ilā maʿrifat al-uṣūl. Reproduced and translated in Devin Stewart, “Muḥammad b. Dāʾūd al-Ẓāhirī’s Manual of Jurisprudence: al-Wuṣūl ilā maʿrifat al-uṣūl,” in Studies in Islamic Legal Theory, ed. Bernard Weiss. Leiden: Brill, 2002: 99–160.

Ibn Farḥūn (d. 799/1396–7) = Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm b. ʿAlī b. Muḥammad al-Yaʿmurī. Tabṣirat al-ḥukkām, ed. Jamāl Marʿashlī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2001.

Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī (d. 852/1449) = Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Fatḥ al-bārī: sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, ed. Ṭāhā ʿAbd al-Raʾūf Saʿd, Muṣṭafā Muḥammad al-Hawārī, and Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Muṭīʿ. Cairo: Maktabat al-Kulliyyāt al-Azhariyya, 1994.

Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī. Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb, ed. Muṣṭafā ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭāʾ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1994.

Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī (d. 974/1567) = Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. Tuḥfat al-muḥtāj bi-sharḥ al-Minhāj, ed. ʿAbd Allāh Maḥmūd Muḥammad ʿUmar. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2001.

Ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241/855) = Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Musnad, ed. ʿAbd Allāh al-Darwīsh. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1991.

Ibn Ḥazm (d. 456/1064) = ʿAlī b. Aḥmad. Jamharat ansāb al-ʿArab, ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1962.

Ibn Ḥazm . al-Iḥkām fī uṣūl al-aḥkām. Egypt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1968.

Ibn Ḥazm . al-Muḥallā biʾl-āthār, ed. ʿAbd al-Ghaffār Sulaymān al-Bandārī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1988.

Ibn Ḥazm. Nubdha. In Adam Sabra, “Ibn Ḥazm’s Literalism: A Critique of Islamic Legal Theory.” Al-Qanṭara: Revista de Estudios Árabes 28, 1–2 (2007): 7–40, 307–48.

Ibn Ḥibbān (d. 354/965) = Abū Ḥātim Muḥammad b. Ḥibbān al-Bustī. Ṣaḥīḥ. Arranged by ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī b. Balabān al-Fārisī, ed. Shuʿayb al-Arnaʾūṭ and Ḥusayn Asad. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1407/1987.

Ibn al-Humām (d. 861/1457) = Kamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Wāḥid. Fatḥ al-qadīr, published together with his commentary, Sharḥ Fatḥ al-qadīr liʾl-ʿājiz al-faqīr. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1972?.

Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥillī (d. 598/1202) = Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad b. Manṣūr. Kitāb al-Sarāʾir. Qum: Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1410/1989–90.

Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597/1200) = Abū al-Faraj ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. Al-Ḍuʿafāʾ waʾl-matrūkīn, ed. Abū al-Fidāʾ ʿAbd Allāh al-Qāḍī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1986.

Ibn al-Jawzī. al-Muntaẓam fī tawārīkh al-mulūk waʾl-umam, ed. Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭāʾ and Muṣṭafā ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭāʾ. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1992.

Ibn Kathīr (d. 774/1373) = Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Tafsīr. N.p.: Dār al-Fikr, 1401/1980–1.

Ibn Khallikān (d. 681/1282) = Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm. Wafāyāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ al-zamān. Beirut: Dār al-Thaqāfa, 1968. Also 1998 edition: Edited by Maryam Qāsim Ṭawīl and Yūsuf ʿAlī Ṭawīl. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, Muḥammad ʿAlī Bayḍūn, 1998.

Ibn al-Khaṭīb (d. 776/1374) = Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Kitāb aʿmāl al-aʿlām [fī man būyiʿa qabla ʾl-iḥtilām min mulūk al-Islām wa-mā yataʿallaq bi-dhālika min al-kalām], ed. Évariste Lévi-Provençal. Rabat: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Jadīda, 1353/1934.

Ibn al-Laḥḥām (d. 803/1401–2) = ʿAlī b. ʿAbbās al-Baʿlī. al-Qawāʿid waʾl-fawāʾid al-uṣūliyya, ed. Muḥammad Ḥāmid al-Fiqī. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Sunna al-Muḥammadiyya, 1956.

Ibn Mājah (d. 303/915) = Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Yazīd al-Qazwīnī. Sunan, ed. Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya, 1952–53. Also 1998 edition: Edited by Maḥmūd Muḥammad Maḥmūd Ḥasan Naṣṣār. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1998.

Ibn al-Malāḥimī (d. 536/1141) = Rukn al-Dīn Maḥmūd b. Muḥammad. al-Muʿtamad fī uṣūl al-dīn, ed. Wilferd Madelung and Martin McDermott. London: al-Hoda, 1991.

Ibn Manẓūr (d. 711/1311) = Abū al-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Mukarram. Lisān al-ʿArab. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1997.

Ibn al-Mibrad al-Ṣāliḥī (d. 909/1502) = Yūsuf b. Ḥasan b. Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Hādī. al-Qawāʿid al-kulliyya waʾl-ḍawābiṭ al-fiqhiyya, ed. Jāsim b. Sulaymān al-Fuhayd al-Dawsarī. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʾir, 1415/1994.

Ibn Mufliḥ (d. 763/1361) = Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad. Kitāb al-Furūʿ, ed. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 2003.

Ibn al-Mundhir (d. 319/930) = Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm. al-Ijmāʿ, ed. ʿAbd Allāh ʿUmar al-Bārūdī. Beirut: Dār al-Jinān, 1986.

Ibn al-Murtaḍā (d. 840/1437) = Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-Ḥusaynī al-Yamanī. al-Baḥr al-zakhkhār al-jāmiʿ li-madhhab ʿulamāʾ al-amṣār. 2nd ed. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1975.

Ibn al-Murtaḍā. Kitāb al-Azhār fī fiqh al-aʾimmat al-aṭhār. N.p.: n.p., 198-.

Ibn al-Naqīb, Ibn Luʾluʾ (d. 769/1367) = Aḥmad b. al-Naqīb al-Miṣrī. ʿUmdat al-sālik wa-ʿuddat al-nāsik. On the margins of Muḥammad al-Zuhrī al-Ghamrāwī, Anwār al-masālik: sharḥ ʿUmdat al-sālik, ed. Yūsuf ʿAlī Badīwī. Damascus: Dār al-Ṭabbāʿ, 1996.

Ibn Nujaym (d. 970/1563) = Zayn al-Dīn b. Ibrāhīm. al-Ashbāh waʾl-naẓāʾir, ed. Muḥammad Muṭīʿ al-Ḥāfiẓ. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1983.

Ibn Nujaym. al-Baḥr al-rāʾiq: sharḥ Kanz al-daqāʾiq. Cairo: n.p., 1983?.

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751/1350) = Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr. Iʿlām al-muwaqqiʿīn ʿan Rabb al-ʿālamīn, ed. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Wakīl. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Ḥadītha, 1969.

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya. al-Ṭuruq al-ḥukmiyya fī ʾl-siyāsa al-sharʿiyya, ed. Muḥammad Jamīl Ghāzī. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Madanī, 1978. Also 2007 edition: Edited by Nāyif b. Aḥmad al-Ḥamad. Mecca: Dār ʿĀlam al-Fawāʾid, 1428/2007.

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya. Jāmiʿ al-fiqh (Collected works of Ibn al-Qayyim), ed. Yusrī al-Sayyid Muḥammad. Mansoura, Egypt: Dār al-Wafāʾ, 1428/2007.

Ibn Qudāma (d. 620/1223) = Muwaffaq al-Dīn ʿAbd Allāh. al-Kāfī fī fiqh Ibn Ḥanbal, ed. Zuhayr al-Shāwīsh. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1979.

Ibn Qudāma. al-Mughnī ʿalā Mukhtaṣar Abī al-Qāsim al-Khiraqī, ed. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī and ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Muḥammad al-Ḥilw. Cairo: Hajar, 1986.

Ibn Qundus (d. ninth/fifteenth century) = Abū Bakr Ibrāhīm b. Yūsuf al-Baʿlī. Ḥāshiya [ʿalā Kitāb al-Furūʿ]. On the margins of Ibn Mufliḥ, Kitāb al-Furūʿ, ed. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 2003.

Ibn Rāhawayh (d. 238/853) = Isḥāq b. Rāhawayh. Musnad, ed. ʿAbd al-Ghafūr b. ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq al-Balūshī. Medina: Maktabat al-Īmān, 1412/1990–1.

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Doubt in Islamic Law

A History of Legal Maxims, Interpretation, and Islamic Criminal Law

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