Aaron, Henry J. 2008. Waste, we know you are out there. New England Journal of Medicine 359: 1865–1867.
ABIM Foundation. 2014. Choosing Wisely (website). Available at: http://www.choosingwisely.org/. Accessed April 1, 2015.
ABIM Foundation, ACP-ASIM Foundation, and European Federation of Internal Medicine. 2002. Medical professionalism in the new millennium: a physician charter. Annals of Internal Medicine 136: 243–246.
Abrams, Frederick R. 1986. Patient advocate or secret agent?JAMA 256: 1784–1785.
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. 2013. ACGME program requirements for graduate medical education in internal medicine. Available at: http://www.acgme.org/acgmeweb/Portals/0/PFAssets/2013-PR-FAQ-PIF/140_internal_medicine_07012013.pdf. Accessed March 21, 2015.
Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death. 1968. A definition of irreversible coma. JAMA 205: 337–340.
Agostinelli, Gina and Grube, Joel W. 2002. Alcohol counter-advertising and the media: a review of recent research. Alcohol Research and Health 26: 15–21.
Alexander, Leo. 1949. Medical science under dictatorship. New England Journal of Medicine 241: 39–47.
Alexander, Shana. 1962. They decide who lives, who dies. LIFE Magazine 53: 102–125.
Allen, Anita. 1995. Privacy in health care. In Reich, Warren T. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Bioethics. edition. Volume 4. New York: Macmillan: 2064–2073.
Altman, Drew E. and Levitt, Larry. 2002. The sad history of health care cost containment as told in one chart. Health Affairs (Web Exclusive, January 23, 2002): W83–W84. Available at: http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2002/02/23/hlthaff.w2.83.citation. Accessed April 1, 2015.
American Bar Association. 2014. Default surrogate consent statutes as of June 2014 (table). Available at: http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/law_aging/2014_default_surrogate_consent_statutes.authcheckdam.pdf. Accessed March 30, 2015.
American Cancer Society. 2014. Laetrile. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/pharmacologicalandbiologicaltreatment/laetrile. Accessed April 1, 2015.
American College of Emergency Physicians. 1997. Code of ethics for emergency physicians. Annals of Emergency Medicine 30: 365–372.
American College of Medical Genetics Newborn Screening Expert Group. 2006. Newborn screening: toward a uniform screening panel and system: executive summary and main report. Genetics in Medicine 8(5), supplement: 1S–252S.
American College of Physicians. 1998. Ethics manual: fourth edition. Annals of Internal Medicine 128: 576–594.
American Medical Association. 1847. First code of medical ethics. Reprinted in Reiser, Stanley J., Dyck, Arthur J., and Curran, William J. (eds.) Ethics in Medicine: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Concerns. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1977: 26–34.
American Medical Association. 1957. Principles of medical ethics. In Reich, Warren T. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Bioethics. edition. Volume 5. New York: Macmillan: 2648–2649.
American Medical Association. 1980. Principles of medical ethics. In Reich, Warren T. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Bioethics. edition. Volume 5. New York: Macmillan: 2649–2650.
American Medical Association. 1990. Opinion 8.14 – sexual misconduct in the practice of medicine. In AMA Code of Medical Ethics. Available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics/opinion814.page. Accessed January 13, 2013.
American Medical Association. 2000. Opinion 9.045 – physicians with disruptive behavior. In AMA Code of Medical Ethics. Available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics/opinion9045.page. Accessed January 14, 2013.
American Medical Association. 2001a. Opinion 8.081 – surrogate decision making. In AMA Code of Medical Ethics. Available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics/opinion8081.page. Accessed March 30, 2015.
American Medical Association. 2001b. Principles of medical ethics. In AMA Code of Medical Ethics. Available at http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics/principles-medical-ethics.page. Accessed March 21, 2015.
American Medical Association. 2012. Opinion 9.0652 – physician stewardship of health care resources. In AMA Code of Medical Ethics. Available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics/opinion90652.page. Accessed April 1, 2015.
American Society for Bioethics and Humanities. 2011. Core Competencies for Healthcare Ethics Consultation. edition. Glenview, IL: American Society for Bioethics and Humanities.
American Society for Bioethics and Humanities. 2014. Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibilities for Healthcare Ethics Consultants. Available at: http://www.asbh.org/uploads/files/pubs/pdfs/asbh_code_of_ethics.pdf. Accessed December 8, 2014.
American Society for Bioethics and Humanities Clinical Ethics Task Force. 2009. Improving Competencies in Clinical Ethics Consultation: An Education Guide. Glenview, IL: American Society for Bioethics and Humanities.
Andersen, Kathleen S. and Fox, Daniel M. 1988. The impact of routine inquiry laws on organ donation. Health Affairs 7(5): 65–78.
Angell, Marcia. 1996. Euthanasia in the Netherlands – good news or bad?New England Journal of Medicine 335: 1676–1678.
Annas, George J. 1982. Forced Cesareans: the most unkindest cut of all. Hastings Center Report 12(3): 16–17, 45.
Anonymous. 1981. The lie. JAMA 245: 173.
Anonymous. 1983. How can medical-moral committees function effectively in Catholic health facilities?Hospital Progress 64(4): 77–78.
Anonymous. 1985. Ethics committees double since ’83: survey. Hospitals 59(21): 60, 64.
Appel, Jacob M. 2012. “How hard it is that we have to die”: rethinking suicide liability for psychiatrists. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 21: 527–536.
Appelbaum, Paul S. 2007. Assessment of patients’ competence to consent to treatment. New England Journal of Medicine 357: 1834–1840.
Appelbaum, Paul S., Roth, Loren H., Lidz, Charles W., et al. 1987. False hopes and best data: consent to research and the therapeutic misconception. Hastings Center Report 17(2): 20–24.
Aristotle, . 1999. Nicomachean Ethics. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing: 71–72.
Arras, John D. 1991. Getting down to cases: the revival of casuistry in bioethics. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 16: 29–51.
Arras, John D. 2009. The hedgehog and the Borg: common morality in bioethics. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 30: 11–30.
Ashley, Benedict M. and O'Rourke, Kevin D. 1978. Health Care Ethics: A Theological Analysis. St. Louis, MO: The Catholic Hospital Association.
Attaran, Amir. 2015. Unanimity on death with dignity – legalizing physician-assisted dying in Canada. New England Journal of Medicine 372: 2080–2082.
Aulisio, Mark P., Arnold, Robert M., and Youngner, Stuart J. (eds.) 2003. Ethics Consultation: From Theory to Practice. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Bahm, Sarah M., Karkazis, Katrina, and Magnus, David. 2013. A content analysis of posthumous sperm procurement protocols with considerations for developing an institutional policy. Fertility and Sterility 100: 839–843.
Bailey, Beth A. and Sokol, Robert J. 2008. Pregnancy and alcohol use: evidence and recommendations for prenatal care. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 51: 436–444.
Bailey, Leonard L., Cannarella, Sandra L., Concepcion, Waldo, et al. 1985. Baboon-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation in a neonate. JAMA 254: 3321–3329
Baily, Mary Ann and Murray, Thomas H. 2008. Ethics, evidence, and cost in newborn screening. Hastings Center Report 38(3): 23–31.
Baltimore, David, Berg, Paul, Botchan, Michael, et al. 2015. A prudent way forward for genomic engineering and germline gene modification. Science 348: 36–38.
Barnard, David. 1992. Reflections of a reluctant clinical ethicist: ethics consultation and the collapse of clinical distance. Theoretical Medicine 13: 15–22.
Barondess, Jeremiah A. 1996. Medicine against society: lessons from the Third Reich. New England Journal of Medicine 276: 1657–1661.
Battin, Margaret P., van der Heide, Agnes, Ganzini, Linda, et al. 2007. Legal physician-assisted dying in Oregon and the Netherlands: evidence concerning the impact on patients in “vulnerable” groups. Journal of Medical Ethics 33: 591–597.
Bearn, A. G. and Miller, E. D. 1979. Archibald Garrod and the development of inborn errors of metabolism. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 53: 315–328.
Beauchamp, Tom L. 2007. The “four principles” approach to health care ethics. In Ashcroft, R. E., Dawson, A., Draper, H., et al. (eds.) Principles of Health Care Ethics. edition. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons: 3–10.
Beauchamp, Tom L. and Childress, James F. 1979. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Beauchamp, Tom L. and Childress, James F. 2013. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Beauchamp, Tom L. and Walters, LeRoy (eds.) 1978. Contemporary Issues in Bioethics. Encino, CA: Dickenson Publishing Co.
Bebinger, Martha. 2012. How much for an MRI? $500? $5,000? A reporter struggles to find out. Kaiser Health News. December 9. Available at: http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/stories/2012/december/09/mri-cost-price-comparison-health-insurance.aspx. Accessed April 1, 2015.
Berger, Jeffery T. 2005. Ignorance is bliss? Ethical considerations in therapeutic nondisclosure. Cancer Investigation 23: 94–98.
Bernat, J. L., D'Alessandro, A. M., Port, F. K., et al. 2006. Report of a national conference on donation after cardiac death. American Journal of Transplantation 6: 281–291.
Berwick, Donald M. and Hackbarth, Andrew D. 2012. Eliminating waste in US health care. JAMA 307: 1513–1516.
Biggers, John D. 2012. IVF and embryo transfer: historical origin and development. Reproductive Biomedicine Online 25: 118–127.
Biggs, Hazel and Ost, Suzanne. 2010. As it is at the end so it is at the beginning: legal challenges and new horizons for medicalized death and dying. Medical Law Review 18: 437–441.
Bilgel, Firat. 2012. The impact of presumed consent laws and institutions on deceased organ donation. European Journal of Health Economics 13: 29–38.
Bioethics Research Library, Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown University. 2013. A guide to the archival collection of The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Available at: https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/708752. Accessed April 14, 2015.
Black, Edwin. 2003. War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race. New York: Basic Books.
Blackhall, Leslie J. 1987. Must we always use CPR?New England Journal of Medicine 317: 1281–1285.
Block, A. Jay, Block, Linda C., and Jaffe, Allison B. 1996. The barbarism of managed care. Chest 110: 1–2.
Boden, William E., O'Rourke, Robert A., Teo, Koon K., et al. 2007. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. New England Journal of Medicine 356: 1503–1516.
Boghossian, Nansi S., Hansen, Nellie I., Bell, Edward F., et al. 2010. Survival and morbidity outcomes for very low birth weight infants with Down syndrome. Pediatrics 126: 1132–1140.
Boland, Reed and Katzive, Laura. 2008. Developments in laws on induced abortion: 1998–2007. International Family Planning Perspectives 34: 110–120.
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich. 1965. What is meant by ‘telling the truth’? In Bonhoeffer, Dietrich. Ethics. New York: Macmillan: 363–372.
Borry, Pascal, Stultiens, L., Nys, H., et al. 2006. Presymptomatic and predictive genetic testing in minors: a systemic review of guidelines and position papers. Clinical Genetics 70: 374–381.
Botkin, Jeffrey R., Clayton, Ellen Wright, Fost, Norman C., et al. 2006. Newborn screening technology: proceed with caution. Pediatrics 117: 1793–1799.
Bowes, Watson A. Jr. and Selgestad, Brad. 1981. Fetal versus maternal rights: medical and legal perspectives. Obstetrics & Gynecology 58: 209–214.
Brennan, Troyen and Shrank, William. 2014. New expensive treatments for hepatitis C infection. JAMA 312: 593–594.
Brock, Dan W. 1987. Informed consent. In Van DeVeer, Donald and Regan, Tom (eds.) Health Care Ethics: An Introduction. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press: 98–126.
Brock, Dan W. 1991. Surrogate decision making for incompetent adults: an ethical framework. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 58: 388–392.
Brock, Dan W. 2008. Conscientious refusal by physicians and pharmacists: who is obligated to do what, and why?Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 29: 187–200.
Brody, Baruch A. 1988. Life and Death Decision Making. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brody, Baruch A. and Halevy, Amir. 1995. Is futility a futile concept?Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 20: 123–144.
Brody, Howard. 1999. Kevorkian and assisted death in the United States. BMJ 7189: 953–954.
Brody, Howard. 2010. Medicine's ethical responsibility for health care reform – the top five lists. New England Journal of Medicine 362: 283–285.
Buchanan, Allen E. and Brock, Dan W. 1989. Deciding for Others: The Ethics of Surrogate Decision Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 51–57.
Buckman, Robert. 1992. How to Break Bad News: A Guide for Health Care Professionals. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Cabot, Richard. 1903. The use of truth and falsehood in medicine: an experimental study. American Medicine 5: 344–349.
Caplan, Arthur L. 1996. Odds and ends: trust and the debate over medical futility. Annals of Internal Medicine 125: 688–689.
Carrese, Joseph A. and Rhodes, Lorna A. 1995. Western bioethics on the Navajo reservation: benefit or harm?JAMA 274: 826–829.
Cassel, Christine K. and Guest, James A. 2012. Choosing wisely: helping physicians and patients make smart decisions about their care. JAMA 307: 1801–1802.
Chan, Margaret. 2014. Ebola virus disease in West Africa – no early end to the outbreak. New England Journal of Medicine 371: 1183–1185.
Chandra, Anjani, Copen, Casey E., Stephen, Elizabeth H. 2013. Infertility and impaired fecundity in the United States, 1982–2010: data from the national survey of family growth. National Health Statistics Reports, Number 67, August 14: 1–18.
Charles, Vignetta E., Polis, Chelsea B., Sridhara, Srinivas K., et al. 2008. Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes: a systematic review of the evidence. Contraception 78: 436–450.
Charo, R. Alta. 2005. The celestial fire of conscience – refusing to deliver medical care. New England Journal of Medicine 352: 2471–2473.
Charon, Rita, and Montello, Martha (eds.) 2002. Stories Matter: The Role of Narrative in Medical Ethics. New York: Routledge.
Cherry, Mark J. 2012. Conscience clauses, the refusal to treat, and civil disobedience – practicing medicine as a Christian in a hostile secular space. Christian Bioethics 18: 1–14.
Chervenak, Frank A. and McCullough, Laurence B. 1985. Perinatal ethics: a practical method of analysis of obligations to mother and fetus. Obstetrics & Gynecology 66: 442–446.
Chervenak, Frank A. and McCullough, Laurence B. 1990. Clinical guides to preventing ethical conflicts between pregnant women and their physicians. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 162: 303–307.
Church, George J. 1997. Backlash against HMOs. Time April 14: 32–39.
Clarke, Gary N. 2006. A.R.T. and history, 1678–1978. Human Reproduction 21: 1645–1650.
Clinton, Bill. 1992. The Clinton health care plan. New England Journal of Medicine 327: 804–807.
Clinton, Bill. 1997. Presidential apology. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/clintonp.htm. Accessed April 14, 2015.
Cohen, I. Glenn. 2013. Transplant tourism: the ethics and regulation of international markets for organs. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 41: 269–285.
Coleman, Carl H., Menikoff, Jerry A., Goldner, Jesse A., et al. 2005. The Ethics and Regulation of Research with Human Subjects. Newark, NJ: LexisNexis.
Collins, Allan J., Foley, Robert N., Chavers, Blanche, et al. 2013. Incidence, prevalence, patient characteristics, & treatment modalities. In US Renal Data System 2013 annual data report. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 63 (Supplement): e215–e228.
Collins, Francis S. 2010. The Language of Life: DNA and the Revolution in Personalized Medicine. New York: HarperCollins.
Collins, Francis S., Morgan, Michael, and Patrinos, Arisitides. 2003. The Human Genome Project: lessons from large-scale biology. Science 300: 286–290.
Colvin-Adams, M., Valapour, M., Hertz, M., et al. 2012. Lung and heart allocation in the United States. American Journal of Transplantation 12: 3213–3234.
Committee on Assessing Genetic Risks, Institute of Medicine. 1994. Assessing Genetic Risks: Implications for Health and Social Policy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Committee on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics. 2009. Physician refusal to provide information or treatment on the basis of claims of conscience. Pediatrics 124: 1689–1693.
Committee on Ethics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2005. ACOG Committee opinion no. 321: maternal decision making, ethics, and the law. Obstetrics and Gynecology 106: 1127–1137.
Committee on Ethics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2007. ACOG Committee Opinion no. 385: the limits of conscientious refusal in reproductive medicine. Obstetrics and Gynecology 110: 1203–1208.
Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2009. On Being a Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research. edition. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Condon, Charles M. 1995. Clinton's cocaine babies: why won't the administration let us save our children?Policy Review 72 (Spring): 12–15.
Cong, Yali. 2004. Doctor-family-patient relationship: the Chinese paradigm of informed consent. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 29: 149–178.
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Roman Catholic Church. 2008. Instruction Dignitas Personae on Certain Bioethical Questions. Available at: http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20081208_dignitas-personae_en.html. Accessed April 2, 2015.
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). 2002. International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. Available at: http://cioms.ch/publications/layout_guide2002.pdf. Accessed September 25, 2015.
Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association. 1999. Medical futility in end-of-life care. JAMA 281: 937–941.
Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. 1995. Female genital mutilation. JAMA 274: 1714–1716.
Crandall, Sonia J., George, Geeta, Marion, Gail S., et al. 2003. Applying theory to the design of cultural competency training for medical students: a case study. Academic Medicine 78: 588–594.
Cunningham, F. Gary, Leveno, Kenneth J., Bloom, Steven L., et al. 2010. Chapter 21. Disorders of amnionic fluid volume. In Cunningham, F., Leveno, Kenneth J., Bloom Steven, L., et al. Williams Obstetrics. edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill: 490–499.
Daar, Judith F. 1995. Medical futility and implications for physician autonomy. American Journal of Law and Medicine 21: 221–240.
Daniels, Cynthia R. and Golden, Janet. 2004. Procreative compounds: artificial insemination and the rise of the American sperm banking industry. Journal of Social History 38: 5–27.
Dave, Paresh. 2014. ‘Octomom’ Nadya Suleman faces 5-year sentence in welfare fraud case. Los Angeles Times. January 14. Available at: http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-octomom-welfare-fraud-case-20140114,0,3365379,print.story. Accessed April 2, 2015.
Davies, Edward. 2013. Assisted dying: what happens after Vermont?BMJ 346: f4041.
Davis, Anne R. and Beasley, Anitra D. 2009. Abortion in adolescents: epidemiology, confidentiality, and methods. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 21: 390–395.
Davis, Dena S. 2010. Genetic Dilemmas: Reproductive Technology, Parental Choices, and Children's Futures. New York: Oxford University Press.
De Ville, Kenneth. 1994. “What does the law say?” Law, ethics, and medical decision making. Western Journal of Medicine 160: 478–480.
De Ville, Kenneth A. and Kopelman, Loretta M. 1999. Fetal protection in Wisconsin's revised child abuse law: right goal, wrong remedy. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 27: 332–342.
Death and dignity: the case of Diane (correspondence). 1991. New England Journal of Medicine 325: 658–660.
DiMaio, J. Michael, Salerno, Tomas A., Bernstein, Ron, et al. 2009. Ethical obligation of surgeons to noncompliant patients: can a surgeon refuse to operate on an intravenous drug-abusing patient with recurrent aortic valve prosthesis infection?Annals of Thoracic Surgery 88: 1–8.
Disney, Lindsey and Poston, Larry. 2010. The breath of life: Christian perspectives on conception and ensoulment. Anglican Theological Review 92: 271–295.
Dixon, J. Lowell and Smalley, M. Gene. 1981. Jehovah's Witnesses: the surgical/ethical challenge. JAMA 246: 2471–2472.
Djerassi, Carl. 2002. Technology and human reproduction: 1950–2050. Journal of Molecular Biology 319: 979–984.
Donley, Greer, Hull, Sara Chandros, and Berkman, Benjamin E. 2012. Prenatal whole genome sequencing: just because we can, should we?Hastings Center Report 42(4): 28–40.
Doudna, Jennifer A. and Charpentier, Emmanuelle. 2014. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Science 346: 1258096.
Dresser, Rebecca. 1992. Wanted: single, white male for medical research. Hastings Center Report 22(1): 24–29.
Dresser, Rebecca. 2002. The ubiquity and utility of the therapeutic misconception. Social Philosophy and Policy 19: 271–294.
Dresser, Rebecca. 2009. Prenatal testing and disability: a truce in the culture wars?Hastings Center Report 39(3): 7–8.
Dresser, Rebecca S. and Robertson, John A. 1989. Quality of life and non-treatment decisions for incompetent persons: a critique of the orthodox approach. Law, Medicine & Health Care 17: 234–244.
Dubler, Nancy N., Webber, Mayris P., Swiderski, Deborah M., et al. 2009. Charting the future: credentialing, privileging, quality, and evaluation in clinical ethics consultation. Hastings Center Report 39(6): 23–33.
Dufernez, Fabienne, Lachaux, Alain, Chappuis, Philippe, et al. 2013. Wilson disease in offspring of affected patients: report of four French families. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 37: 240–245.
Dworkin, Gerald. 2014. Paternalism. In Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paternalism/. Accessed June 7, 2015.
Eckholm, Erik. 2014. New Mexico judge affirms right to “aid in dying.”New York Times, January 13: A16. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/14/us/new-mexico-judge-affirms-right-to-aid-in-dying.html?_r=2. Accessed June 9, 2015.
Emanuel, Ezekiel. 2013. The future of biomedical research. JAMA 309: 1589–1590.
Emanuel, Ezekiel J. and Fuchs, Victor R. 2008. The perfect storm of overutilization. JAMA 299: 2789–2791.
Engelhardt, H. Tristram Jr. 1975. The counsels of finitude. Hastings Center Report 5(2): 29–36.
Engelhardt, H. Tristram Jr. 1996. The Foundations of Bioethics. edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Engelhardt, H. Tristram Jr. 2000. The Foundations of Christian Bioethics. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Engelhardt, H. Tristram Jr. 2009. Credentialling strategically ambiguous and heterogeneous social skills: the emperor without clothes. HEC Forum 21: 293–306.
Epstein, Ronald M., Korones, David N., and Quill, Timothy E. 2010. Withholding information from patients – when less is more. New England Journal of Medicine 362: 380–381.
Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2013a. Child-rearing ability and the provision of fertility services: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility 100: 50–53.
Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2013b. Posthumous collection and use of reproductive tissue: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility 99: 1842–1845.
Faden, Ruth R., Beauchamp, Tom L., and King, Nancy M. P. 1986. A History and Theory of Informed Consent. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fagerlin, Angela and Schneider, Carl E. 2004. Enough: the failure of the living will. Hastings Center Report 34(2): 30–42.
Fan, Ruiping and Li, Benfu. 2004. Truth telling in medicine: the Confucian view. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 29: 179–193.
Flagler, Elizabeth, Baylis, Francoise, and Rodgers, Sanda. 1997. Bioethics for clinicians: 12. Ethical dilemmas that arise in the care of pregnant women: rethinking “maternal-fetal conflicts.”Canadian Medical Association Journal 156: 1729–1732.
Fleetwood, Janet E., Arnold, Robert M., and Baron, Richard J. 1989. Giving answers or raising questions? The problematic role of institutional ethics committees. Journal of Medical Ethics 15: 137–142.
Fox, Ellen, Myers, Sarah, and Pearlman, Robert A. 2007. Ethics consultation in United States hospitals: a national survey. American Journal of Bioethics 7: 13–25.
Frank, Arthur W. 2013. The Wounded Storyteller: Body, Illness, and Ethics. edition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Frank, Deborah A., Augustyn, Marilyn, Knight, Wanda Grant, et al. 2001. Growth, development, and behavior in early childhood following prenatal cocaine exposure. JAMA 285: 1613–1625.
Freedman, Benjamin. 1987. Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research. New England Journal of Medicine 317: 141–145.
Freedman, Benjamin. 1993. Offering truth: one ethical approach to the uninformed cancer patient. Archives of Internal Medicine 153: 572–576.
Freeman, Victor G., Rathore, Saif S., Weinfurt, Kevin P., et al. 1999. Lying for patients: physician deception of third-party payers. Archives of Internal Medicine 159: 2263–2270.
Fried, Charles. 1976. Terminating life support: out of the closet. New England Journal of Medicine 295: 390–391.
Fuchs, Victor. 2009. Eliminating “waste” in health care. JAMA 302: 2481–2482.
Gert, Bernard. 1970. The Moral Rules: A New Rational Foundation for Morality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gert, Bernard, Culver, Charles M., and Clouser, K. Danner. 2006. Bioethics: A Systematic Approach. edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Getzendanner, Susan. 1988. Permanent injunction order against AMA. JAMA 259: 81–82.
Gianelli, Diane M. 1991. Doctor who aided suicide not to be prosecuted. American Medical News May 6: 8.
Gilbert, W. 1992. A vision of the grail. In Kevles, Daniel and Hood, L. (eds.) The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: 83–92.
Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gliwa, Catherine and Berkman, Benjamin E. 2013. Do researchers have an obligation to actively look for genetic incidental findings?American Journal of Bioethics 13: 32–42.
Goldenberg, Aaron J. and Sharp, Richard R. 2012. The ethical hazards and programmatic challenges of genomic newborn screening. JAMA 307: 461–462.
Gordon, Elisa J. 2013. Ethical considerations in live donor transplantation: should complications be tolerated?Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation 18: 235–240.
Gorovitz, Samuel, Jameton, Andrew L., Macklin, Ruth et al. (eds.) 1976. Moral Problems in Medicine. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Gostin, Lawrence O. 2005. Ethics, the Constitution, and the dying process: the case of Theresa Marie Schiavo. JAMA 293: 2403–2407.
Green, Eric D. and Guyer, Mark S. 2011. Charting a course for genomic medicine from base pairs to bedside. Nature 470: 204–213.
Green, Robert C., Berg, J., Grody, W., et al. 2013. ACMG recommendations for reporting of incidental findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing. Genetics in Medicine 15: 565–574.
Greene, Sandra B. 2003. The rise and decline of managed care: what comes next?North Carolina Medical Journal 64: 21–29.
Greenfieldboyce, Nell. 2015. DNA blood test gives women a new option for prenatal screening. In KCUR Radio Report. Available at: http://kcur.org/post/dna-blood-test-gives-women-new-option-prenatal-screening. Accessed April 14, 2015.
Grisso, Thomas and Appelbaum, Paul S. 1998. Assessing Competence to Consent to Treatment. New York: Oxford University Press: 31–60.
Guseh, J. S. II, Brendel, R. W., and Brendel, D. H. 2009. Medical professionalism in the age of online social networking. Journal of Medical Ethics 35: 584–586.
Guttmacher Institute. 2015. An Overview of Abortion Laws. Available at: http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/spibs/spib_OAL.pdf. Accessed June 8, 2015.
Guyer, Mark S. and Collins, Francis S. 1995. How is the Human Genome Project doing, and what have we learned so far?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92: 10841–10848.
Hafemeister, Thomas L. and Hannaford, Paula L. 1996a. Which decision and why? In Resolving Disputes Over Life-Sustaining Treatment. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts: 17–20.
Hafemeister, Thomas L. and Hannaford, Paula L. 1996b. Who should be the surrogate? In Resolving Disputes Over Life-Sustaining Treatment. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts: 16–17.
Halevy, Amir, Neal, Ryan C., and Brody, Baruch A. 1996. The low frequency of futility in an adult intensive care unit setting. Archives of Internal Medicine 156: 100–104.
Hall, Mark A. 1994. The ethics of health care rationing. Public Affairs Quarterly 8: 33–50.
Hamilton, Edith. 1942. New York: Grand Central Publishing: 415–416.
Hammes, Bernard J. and Briggs, Linda. 2000. Respecting Choices Facilitator's Manual. edition. La Crosse, WI: Gundersen Lutheran Medical Foundation: 2.1.
Hammes, Bernard J., Rooney, Brenda L., and Gundrum, Jacob D. 2010. A comparative, retrospective, observational study of the prevalence, availability, and specificity of advance care plans in a county that implemented an advance care planning microsystem. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 58: 1249–1255.
Hammond, Cassing. 2009. Recent advances in second-trimester abortion: an evidence-based review. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 200: 347–356.
Hammond, David, Fong, Geoffrey T., Borland, Ron, et al. 2007. Communicating risk to smokers: the impact of health warnings on cigarette packages. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32: 202–209.
Harris, Lisa H. 2000. Rethinking maternal-fetal conflict: gender and equality in perinatal ethics. Obstetrics and Gynecology 96: 786–791.
Heitman, Elizabeth and Bulger, Robert E. 1998. The healthcare ethics committee in the structural transformation of health care: administrative and organizational ethics in changing times. HEC Forum 10: 152–176.
Heller, Jean. 1972. Syphilis victims in U.S. study went untreated for 40 years. New York Times, July 26: 1, 8.
Hippocrates. 1923. Hippocrates, Volume I: Ancient Medicine. Jones, W. H. S. (trans.) Loeb Classical Library, no. 147. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hull, Sarah C., and Jadbabaie, Farid. 2014. When is enough enough? The dilemma of valve replacement in a recidivist intravenous drug user. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 97: 1486–1487.
Hunt, Linda M. 2001. Beyond cultural competence: applying humility to clinical settings. The Park Ridge Center Bulletin Issue 24: 3–4.
Hunter, Kathryn Montgomery. 1991. Doctors’ Stories. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hurst, Samia A., and Mauron, Alex. 2003. Assisted suicide and euthanasia in Switzerland: allowing a role for non-physicians. BMJ 326: 271–273.
Inskip, H. M., Harris, E. C., and Barraclough, B. 1998. Lifetime risk of suicide for affective disorder, alcoholism and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 172: 35–37.
International Council of Nurses. 2012. ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses. Available at: http://www.icn.ch/images/stories/documents/about/icncode_english.pdf. Accessed March 28, 2015.
Iserson, Kenneth V. and Moskop, John C. 2007. Triage in medicine, part I: concept, history, and types. Annals of Emergency Medicine 49: 275–281.
Jacobovitz, Immanuel. 1975. Jewish Medical Ethics: A Comparative and Historical Study of the Jewish Religious Attitude to Medicine and Its Practice. New York: Bloch Publishing.
Jameton, Andrew. 1984. Nursing Practice: The Ethical Issues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Jansen, Lynn A. 2013. Between beneficence and justice: the ethics of stewardship in medicine. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 38: 50–63.
Jennings, Bruce. 2014. Bioethics. Six volumes. edition. New York: Macmillan.
Johnson, Josephine. 2009. Judging octomom. Hastings Center Report 39(3): 23–25.
Johnson, Josephine and Gusmano, Michael. 2013. Why we should all pay for fertility treatment: an argument from ethics and policy. Hastings Center Report 43(2): 18–21.
Johnson, Kirk. 2009. Montana ruling bolsters doctor-assisted suicide. New York Times December 31. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/01/us/01suicide.html. Accessed April 13, 2015.
Jones, James H. 1981. Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. New York: The Free Press.
Jonsen, Albert R. 1977. Do no harm: axiom of medical ethics. In Spicker, Stuart F. and Engelhardt, H. Tristram Jr. (eds.) Philosophical Medical Ethics: Its Nature and Significance. Dordrecht, Netherlands: D. Reidel: 27–41.
Jonsen, Albert R. 1986. Casuistry and clinical ethics. Theoretical Medicine 7: 65–74.
Jonsen, Albert R. 1998. The Birth of Bioethics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Jonsen, Albert R., Siegler, Mark, and Winslade, William J. 2006. Clinical Ethics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Jonsen, Albert R. and Toulmin, Stephen. 1988. The Abuse of Casuistry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Jos, Philip H., Marshall, Mary Faith, and Perlmutter, Martin. 1995. The Charleston policy on cocaine use during pregnancy: a cautionary tale. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 23: 120–128.
Jos, Philip H., Perlmutter, Martin, and Marshall, Mary Faith. 2003. Substance abuse during pregnancy: clinical and public health approaches. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 31: 340–350.
Juengst, Eric T. 1999. Genetic testing and the moral dynamics of family life. Public Understanding of Science 8: 193–205.
Juengst, Eric T. 2007. Population genetic research and screening: conceptual and ethical issues. In Steinbock, Bonnie (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics. Oxford University Press: 471–490.
Juengst, Eric T., Settersten, Richard A., Fishman, Jennifer R., et al. 2012. After the revolution? Ethical and social challenges in “personalized genomic medicine.”Personalized Medicine 9: 429–439.
Kaiser Permanente. 2009. Octuplets born at Kaiser Permanente Medical Center in Bellflower, Calif. Available at: http://share.kaiserpermanente.org/article/octuplets-born-at-kaiser-permanente-medical-center-in-bellflower-calif/. Accessed April 2, 2015.
Kant, Immanuel. 1959. Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
Karopadi, Akash N., Mason, Giacomo, Rettore, Enrico, et al. 2013. Cost of peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis across the world. Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation 28: 2553–2569.
Kassier, Jerome P. 1994. Access to specialty care. New England Journal of Medicine 331: 1151–1152.
Kassirer, Jerome P. 2000. Financial indigestion. JAMA 284: 2156–2157.
Kelly, Gerald A. 1958. Medico-Moral Problems. St. Louis, MO: Catholic Hospital Association.
Kenny, Sister Nuala P. 2012. Debunking “death panels”: unfounded assumptions undercut planning for a “good death.”Health Progress 93(1): 48–56.
Kevles, Daniel J. 1999. Eugenics and human rights. BMJ 319: 435–438.
Kevorkian, Jack. 1991. Prescription Medicide: The Goodness of Planned Death. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.
Kilo, Charles M. and Larson, Eric B. 2009. Exploring the harmful effects of health care. JAMA 302: 89–91.
King, Nancy M. P. 1993. Patient waiver of informed consent. North Carolina Medical Journal 54: 399–403.
King, Nancy M. P. 2000. Defining and describing benefit appropriately in clinical trials. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 28: 332–343.
Knoppers, Bartha M. 2013. Genomics: from persons to populations and back again. Genome 2013: 537–539.
Kolder, Veronika E. B., Gallagher, Janet, and Parsons, Michael T. 1987. Court-ordered obstetrical interventions. New England Journal of Medicine 316: 1192–1196.
Kopelman, Arthur E., Parker, J. Clinton, Ho, George Jr., et al. 2005. The benefits of a North Carolina policy for determining inappropriate or futile care. North Carolina Medical Journal 66: 392–394.
Kopelman, Loretta M. 2004. Minimal risk as an international ethical standard in research. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 29: 351–378.
Kopelman, Loretta M., Irons, Thomas G., and Kopelman, Arthur E. 1988. Neonatologists judge the “Baby Doe” regulations. New England Journal of Medicine 318: 677–683.
Kopelman, Loretta M. and Kopelman, Arthur E. 2007. Using a new analysis of the best interests standard to address cultural disputes: whose data, which values?Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 28: 373–391.
Kosnik, A. R. 1974. Developing a health facility medical-moral committee. Hospital Progress 55(8): 40–44.
Kris, Mark G., Johnson, Bruce E., Berry, Lynne D., et al. 2014. Using multiplexed asseys of oncogenic drivers in lung cancers to select targeted drugs. JAMA 311: 1998–2006.
Kübler-Ross, Elizabeth. 1969. On Death and Dying. New York: Macmillan Publishing.
Kuhse, Helga. 1986. The case for active voluntary euthanasia. Law, Medicine & Health Care 14: 145–148.
Kuppermann, Miriam, Pena, Sherri, Bishop, Judith T., et al. 2014. Effect of enhanced information, values clarification, and removal of financial barriers on use of prenatal genetic testing. JAMA 312: 1210–1217.
Kushnir, Vitaly A., Vidali, Andrea, Barad, David H., et al. 2013. The status of public reporting of clinical outcomes in assisted reproductive technology. Fertility and Sterility 100: 736–741.
La Puma, John and Schiedermayer, David L. 1991. Ethics consultation: skills, roles, and training. Annals of Internal Medicine 114: 155–160.
Lantos, John D., Singer, Peter A., Walker, Robert M., et al. 1989. The illusion of futility in clinical practice. American Journal of Medicine 87: 81–84.
Lappetito, J. and Thompson, P. 1993. Today's ethics committees face varied issues. Health Progress 74(11): 34–39, 52.
Larkin, Gregory Luke, Weber, James E., and Moskop, John C. 1998. Resource utilization in the emergency department: the duty of stewardship. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 16: 499–503.
Lee, Patrick and George, Robert P. 2005. The wrong of abortion. In Cohen, Andrew I. and Wellman, Christopher Heath (eds.) Contemporary Debates in Applied Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell: 13–26.
Levinsky, Norman G. 1984. The doctor's master. New England Journal of Medicine 311: 1573–1575.
Lifton, Robert J. 1986. The Nazi Doctors. New York: Basic Books.
Ludmerer, Kenneth M. 1972. Genetics and American Society. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ludmerer, Kenneth M. 1999. Instilling professionalism in medical education. JAMA 282: 881–882.
Lundberg, George. 1990. Countdown to millennium – balancing the professionalism and business of medicine. JAMA 263: 86–87.
Lynn, Joanne, Harrell, Frank Jr., Cohn, Felicia, et al. 1997. Prognosis of seriously ill hospitalized patients on the days before death: implications for patient care and public policy. New Horizons 5: 56–61.
MacKay, Andrea P., Berg, Cynthia J., King, Jeffrey C., et al. 2006. Pregnancy-related mortality among women with multifetal pregnancies. Obstetrics & Gynecology 107: 563–568.
Mahdavi-Mazdeh, Mitra. 2012. The Iranian model of living renal transplantation. Kidney International 82: 627–634.
Mand, Cara, Gillam, Lynn, Delatycki, Martin, B., et al. 2012. Predictive genetic testing in minors for late-onset conditions: a chronological and analytical review of the ethical arguments. Journal of Medical Ethics 38: 519–524.
Marrus, Michael E. 1999. The Nuremberg doctors’ trial in historical context. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 73: 106–123.
Marshall, Eliot. 2011. Waiting for the revolution. Science 331: 526–529.
Martin, Douglas K., Meslin, Eric M., Kohut, Nitsa, et al. 1995. The incommensurability of research risks and benefits: practical help for research ethics committees. IRB 17: 8–10.
Matthews, Kirstin. 2007. Overview of world human cloning policies. Available at: http://cnx.org/content/m14834/latest/. Accessed April 2, 2015.
McCrary, S. Van, Swanson, Jeffrey W., Perkins, Henry S., et al. 1992. Treatment decisions for terminally ill patients: physicians’ legal defensiveness and knowledge of medical law. Law Medicine and Health Care 20: 364–376.
Medical Board of California. 2010. In the matter of Michael Kamrava, M.D. Available at: http://documents.latimes.com/michael-kamrava-disciplinary-decision/. Accessed April 2, 2015.
Medical Board of California. 2011. Medical Board of California Revokes License of Former Beverly Hills Physician. News Release, June 2. Available at: http://www.mbc.ca.gov/About_Us/Media_Room/2011/news_releases_2011.pdf#page=15. Accessed January 29, 2014.
Medical Society of New Jersey, Association of Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons, and New Jersey Hospital Association. 1977. New Jersey guidelines for health care facilities to implement procedures concerning the care of comatose non-cognitive patients. Reprinted in President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1983. Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment. Washington, DC: President's Commission: 463–466.
Meisel, Alan. 1993. The legal consensus about forgoing life-sustaining treatment: its status and its prospects. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 2: 309–345.
Merrill, J., Murray, J. E., Harrison, J. H., et al. 1956. Successful homotransplantation of the human kidney between identical twins. JAMA 160: 277–282.
Milazzo, Stephania, Ernst, Edzard, Lejeune, Stephane, et al. 2011. Laetrile treatment for cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 11. Article Number CD005476.
Morreim, Haavi. 2012. Dodging the rules, ruling the dodgers. American Journal of Bioethics 12(3): 1–3.
Moskop, John C. 1999. Informed consent in the emergency department. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 17: 327–340.
Moskop, John C. 2004. Improving care at the end of life: how advance care planning can help. Palliative and Supportive Care 2: 191–197.
Moskop, John C. and Iserson, Kenneth V. 2001. Emergency physicians and physician-assisted suicide, part I: a review of the physician-assisted suicide debate. Annals of Emergency Medicine 38: 570–574.
Moskop, John C. and Iserson, Kenneth V. 2007. Triage in medicine, part II: underlying values and principles. Annals of Emergency Medicine 49: 282–287.
Moskop, John C., Marco, Catherine A., Larkin, Gregory Luke, et al. 2005. From Hippocrates to HIPAA: privacy and confidentiality in emergency medicine – part II: challenges in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 45: 60–67.
Moskop, John C. and Saldanha, Rita L. 1986. The Baby Doe rule: still a threat. Hastings Center Report 16(2): 8–14.
Moskop, John C., Smith, Michael L., and de Ville, Kenneth. 1997. Ethical and legal aspects of teratogenic medications: the case of isotretinoin. The Journal of Clinical Ethics 8: 264–278.
Moyer, Virginia A., Calonge, Ned, Teutsch, Steven M., et al. 2008. Expanding newborn screening: process, policy, and priorities. Hastings Center Report 38(3): 32–39.
Murray, Thomas H. 1987. Moral obligations to the not-yet born: the fetus as patient. Clinics in Perinatology 14: 329–343.
Nadelson, Carol and Notman, Malkah T. 2002. Boundaries in the doctor-patient relationship. Theoretical Medicine 23: 191–201.
Nagel, Thomas. 1979. Death. In Mortal Questions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1–10.
Nakagawa, Thomas A., Ashwal, Stephen, Mathur, Mudit, et al. 2011. Guidelines for the determination of death in infants and children: an update of the 1987 Task Force recommendations. Critical Care Medicine 39: 2139–2155.
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1978. The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Washington, DC: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. 1980. Uniform Determination of Death Act. Available at: http://pntb.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/Uniform-Determination-of-Death-1980_5c.pdf. Accessed April 14, 2015.
Nelson, Lawrence J. and Milliken, Nancy. 1988. Compelled treatment of pregnant women. JAMA 259: 1060–1066.
Neumann, Peter J., Cohen, Joshua T., and Weinstein, Milton C. 2014. Updating cost-effectiveness – the curious resilience of the $50,000-per-QALY threshold. New England Journal of Medicine 371: 796–797.
Nicholas, Lauren H., Langa, Kenneth M., Iwashyna, Theodore J., et al. 2011. Regional variation in the association between advance directives and end-of-life Medicare expenditures. JAMA 306: 1447–1453.
Nordgren, Anders and Juengst, Eric T. 2009. Can genomics tell me who I am? Essentialistic rhetoric in direct-to-consumer DNA testing. New Genetics and Society 28: 157–172.
Novack, Dennis H., Plumer, Robin, Smith, Raymond L., et al. 1979. Changes in physicians’ attitudes toward telling the cancer patient. JAMA 241: 897–900.
Oath of Hippocrates. 1995. In Reich, Warren T. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Bioethics. edition. Volume 5. New York: Macmillan: 2632.
Oken, Donald. 1961. What to tell cancer patients: a study of medical attitudes. JAMA 175: 1120–1128.
Oregon Public Health Division. 2015. Oregon's Death with Dignity Act – 2014. Available at: http://public.health.oregon.gov/ProviderPartnerResources/EvaluationResearch/DeathwithDignityAct/Documents/year17.pdf. Accessed April 13, 2015.
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, US Department of Health and Human Services. 2015. National data. Available at: http://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/converge/latestData/step2.asp. Accessed April 14, 2015.
Orlando, Giuseppe, Wood, Kathryn, Stratta, Robert J., et al. 2011. Regenerative medicine and organ transplantation: past, present, and future. Transplantation 91: 1310–1317.
Orr, Robert D. and Siegler, Mark. 2002. Is posthumous semen retrieval ethically permissible?Journal of Medical Ethics 28: 299–303.
Ory, Steven. 2010. The American octuplet experience: a transformative event. Fertility and Sterility 93: 337–338.
Paltrow, Lynn M. and Flavin, Jeanne. 2013. Arrests of and forced interventions on pregnant women in the United States, 1973–2005: implications for women's legal status and public health. Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law 38: 299–343.
Parens, Erik, Appelbaum, Paul, and Chung, Wendy. 2013. Incidental findings in the era of whole genome sequencing?Hastings Center Report 43(4): 16–19.
Paris, John J. and Reardon, Frank E. 1992. Physician refusal of requests for futile or ineffective interventions. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2: 127–134.
Parker, M. 2004. Response to Orr and Siegler – collective intentionality and procreative desires: the permissible view on consent to posthumous conception. Journal of Medical Ethics 30: 389–392.
Parker, Michael and Lucassen, Anneke M. 2004. Genetic information: a joint account?BMJ 329: 165–167.
Parr, Kimberly A. 2009. Beyond politics: a social and cultural history of federal healthcare conscience protections. American Journal of Law and Medicine 35: 620–646.
Pasche, Boris and Grant, Stefan C. 2014. Non-small cell lung cancer and precision medicine. JAMA 311: 1975–1976.
Patient Rights Council. 2012. Assisted suicide laws in the United States. Available at: http://www.patientsrightscouncil.org/site/assisted-suicide-state-laws/. Accessed April 13, 2015.
Paulson, Amanda. 2004. More states explore tax breaks to benefit organ donors. The Christian Science Monitor October 19: 2.
Pellegrino, Edmund D. 1983. What is a profession?Journal of Allied Health 12: 168–175.
Pellegrino, Edmund D. 2006. Toward a reconstruction of medical morality. American Journal of Bioethics 6: 65–71.
Pellegrino, Edmund D., and Thomasma, David C. 1993. The Virtues in Medical Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Pence, Gregory E. 2004. The Quinlan case. In Classic Cases in Medical Ethics. edition. New York: McGraw-Hill: 29–39.
Pennings, Guido. 2004. Saviour siblings: using preimplantation genetic diagnosis for tissue typing. International Congress Series 1266: 311–317.
Pierson, Richard N. 2009. Current status of xenotransplantation. JAMA 301: 967–969.
Post, Stephen G., Puchalski, Christina M., and Larson, David B. 2000. Physician and patient spirituality: professional boundaries, competency, and ethics. Annals of Internal Medicine 132: 578–583.
Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine and Practice Committee of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. 2013. Criteria for number of embryos to transfer: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility 99: 44–46.
Prentice, Ernest D. and Gordon, Bruce G. 2001. Institutional review board assessment of risks and benefits associated with research. In National Bioethics Advisory Commission. Ethical and Policy Issues in Research Involving Human Participants. Volume II. Bethesda, MD: L-1–L-16. Available at: https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/nbac/human/overvol2.pdf. Accessed April 14, 2015.
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1983a. Identification of a surrogate. In Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment. Washington, DC: President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 126–132.
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1983b. Intrainstitutional review and the role of ethics committees. In Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment. Washington, DC: President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 160–170.
President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1983c. Screening and Counseling for Genetic Conditions. Washington, DC: President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 59–62.
The President's Council on Bioethics. 2005. Chapter 2: the limited wisdom of advance directives. In Taking Care: Ethical Caregiving in our Aging Society. Available at: http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/pcbe/reports/taking_care/chapter2.html. Accessed April 12, 2015.
The President's Council on Bioethics. 2008. The Changing Moral Focus of Newborn Screening. Washington, DC: The President's Council on Bioethics.
Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. 2013a. Privacy and Progress in Whole Genome Sequencing. Washington, DC: Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues.
Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. 2013b. Anticipate and Communicate: Ethical Management of Incidental and Secondary Findings in the Clinical, Research, and Direct-to-Consumer Contexts. Washington, DC: Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues.
Proctor, Robert N. 1988. Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Professionalism. 1969. Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam: 680.
Pruett, Dawn, Waterman, Emily Hubbard, and Caughey, Aaron B. 2013. Fetal alcohol exposure: consequences, diagnosis, and treatment. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 68: 62–69.
Quill, Timothy E. 1991. Death and dignity: a case of individualized decision making. New England Journal of Medicine 324: 691–694.
Quinlan, Joseph and Quinlan, Julia. 1977. Karen Ann: The Quinlans Tell Their Story. New York: Doubleday Anchor.
Rachels, James. 1975. Active and passive euthanasia. New England Journal of Medicine 292: 78–80.
Ramsey, Paul. 1970. The Patient as Person. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Rapp, Reyna. 2000. Extra chromosomes and blue tulips: medico-familial interpretations. In Lock, Margaret, Young, Alan, and Cambrosio, Alberto (eds.) Living and Working with the New Medical Technologies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 184–207.
Ratner, L. E., Kraus, E., Magnuson, T., et al. 1996. Transplantation of kidneys from expanded criteria donors. Surgery 119: 372–377.
Reagan, Michael D. 1987. Physicians as gatekeepers: a complex challenge. New England Journal of Medicine 317: 1731–1734.
Redberg, Rita F. 2014. Sham controls in medical device trials. New England Journal of Medicine 371: 892–893.
Reddy, Uma M., Wapner, Ronald J., Rebar, Robert W., et al. 2007. Infertility, assisted reproductive technology, and adverse pregnancy outcomes: executive summary of a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development workshop. Obstetrics & Gynecology 109: 967–977.
Regis, Catherine. 2004. Physicians gaming the system: modern-day Robin Hood?Health Law Review 13:19–24.
Reich, Warren T. (ed. in chief). 1978. Encyclopedia of Bioethics. New York: Macmillan.
Reiser, Stanley J., Dyck, Arthur J., and Curran, William J. (eds.) 1977. Ethics in Medicine: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Concerns. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Relman, Arnold S. 1980. The new medical-industrial complex. New England Journal of Medicine 303: 963–970.
Rhodes, Rosamond and Holzman, Ian R. 2004. The not unreasonable standard for assessment of surrogates and surrogate decisions. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 25: 367–385.
Robertson, John A. 2009. The octuplet case – why more regulation is not likely. Hastings Center Report 39(3): 26–28.
Rosenthal, Sara. 2010. The Suleman octuplet case: an analysis of multiple ethical issues. Women's Health Issues 20: 260–265.
Rosenthal, Sara. 2011. The Suleman octuplet case and egregious ethical breaches. Women's Health Issues 21: 98.
Ross, Judith W., Bayley, Corrine, Michel, Vicki, et al. 1986. Handbook for Hospital Ethics Committees. Chicago, IL: American Hospital Publishing.
Ross, Lainie Friedman, Saal, Howard M., David, Karen L., et al. 2013. Technical report: ethical and policy issues in genetic testing and screening of children. Genetics in Medicine 15: 234–245.
Rothman, David J. 1992. Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision Making. New York: Basic Books.
Rothman, David J. 2000. Medical professionalism – focusing on the real issues. New England Journal of Medicine 342: 1284–1286.
Rotimi, Charles N. and Jorde, Lynn B. 2010. Ancestry and disease in the age of genomic medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 363: 1551–1558.
Rudinow, Joel. 1978. Manipulation. Ethics 88: 338–347.
Ruhnke, Gregory W., Wilson, Sandra R., Akamatsu, Takahashi, et al. 2000. Ethical decision making and patient autonomy: a comparison of physicians and patients in Japan and the United States. Chest 118: 172–182.
Rybak, E. A. 2009. Hippocratic ideal, Faustian bargain and Damocles’ sword: erosion of patient autonomy in obstetrics. Journal of Perinatology 29: 721–725.
Sabo, Jennifer L. 2001. Survey of developments in North Carolina law and the Fourth Circuit, 2000: limiting a surrogate's authority to terminate life-support for an incompetent adult. North Carolina Law Review 79: 1815–1827.
Sanders, David and Dukeminier, Jessie. 1968. Medical advance and legal lag: hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. UCLA Law Review 15: 366–380.
Savulescu, Julian. 2006. Conscientious objection in medicine. BMJ 332: 294–297.
Schieve, Laura A., Meikle, Susan F., Ferre, Cynthia, et al. 2002. Low and very low birth weight in infants conceived with use of assisted reproductive technology. New England Journal of Medicine 346: 731–737.
Schneiderman, Lawrence J., Jecker, Nancy S., and Jonsen, Albert R. 1990. Medical futility: its meaning and ethical implications. Annals of Internal Medicine 112: 949–954.
Schoen, Johanna. 2001. Between choice and coercion: women and the politics of sterilization in North Carolina, 1929–1975. Journal of Women's History 13: 132–156.
Schroeder, Steven A. 2001. Prospects for expanding health insurance coverage. New England Journal of Medicine 344: 847–852.
Sessums, Laura L., Zembruska, Hanna, and Jackson, Jeffrey L. 2011. Does this patient have medical decision-making capacity?JAMA 306: 420–427.
Shah, Iqbal and Ahman, Elizabeth. 2009. Unsafe abortion: global and regional incidence, trends, consequences, and challenges. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 31: 1149–1158.
Shimazono, Yosuke. 2007. The state of the international organ trade: a provisional picture based on integration of available information. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85: 955–962.
Shuster, Evelyne. 1997. Fifty years later: the significance of the Nuremberg Code. New England Journal of Medicine 337: 1436–1440.
Siegler, Mark. 1979. Clinical ethics and clinical medicine. Archives of Internal Medicine 139: 914–915.
Singer, Peter A., Martin, Douglas K., Lavery, James V., et al. 1998. Reconceptualizing advance care planning from the patient's perspective. Archives of Internal Medicine 158: 879–884.
Sisko, Andrea M., Keehan, Sean P., Cuckler, Gigi A., et al. 2014. National health expenditure projections, 2103–23: faster growth expected with expanded coverage and improving economy. Health Affairs 33: 1841–1850.
Smets, Tinne, Bilsen, Johan, Cohen, Joachim, et al. 2010. Legal euthanasia in Belgium: characteristics of all reported cases. Medical Care 48: 187–192.
Smith, J. M., Biggins, S. W., Haselby, D. G., et al. 2012. Kidney, pancreas, and liver allocation and distribution in the United States. American Journal of Transplantation 12: 3191–3212.
Smith, Martin L. 1997. Ethical perspectives on Jehovah Witnesses’ refusal of blood. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 64: 475–481.
Snyder, Lois and Leffler, Cathy. 2005. Ethics manual: fifth edition. Annals of Internal Medicine 142: 560–582.
Society for Health and Human Values – Society for Bioethics Consultation Task Force on Standards for Bioethics Consultation. 1998. Core Competencies for Health Care Ethics Consultation. Glenview, IL: American Society for Bioethics and Humanities.
Sprung, Charles L., Danis, Marion, Iapichino, Gaetano, et al. 2013. Triage of intensive care patients: identifying agreement and controversy. Intensive Care Medicine 39: 1916–1924.
Starr, Paul. 1982. The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York: Basic Books.
Steinbrook, Robert. 2008. Physician-assisted death – from Oregon to Washington state. New England Journal of Medicine 359: 2513–2515.
Stell, Lance. 2001. Disabled patients still have rights. The News and Observer (Raleigh, NC) January 12.
Stephany, Kathleen. 2012. The Ethic of Care: A Moral Compass for Canadian Nursing Practice. Bentham E Books. Available at: http://ebooks.benthamsciencepublisher.org/book/9781608053049/. Accessed March 13, 2015.
Stephens, Moira, Jordens, Christopher, F. C., Kerridge, Ian H., et al. 2010. Religious perspectives on abortion and a secular response. Journal of Religion and Health 49: 513–535.
Steptoe, Patrick C. and Edwards, Robert G. 1978. Birth after the reimplantation of a human embryo. Lancet 2(8085): 366.
Stolberg, Sheryl G. 1999. Pennsylvania set to break taboo on reward for organ donations. The New York Times May 6: 1.
Stoll, Barbara J., Hansen, Nellie I., Bell, Edward F., et al. 2010. Neonatal outcomes of extremely preterm infants from the NICHD neonatal research network. Pediatrics 126: 443–455.
Strong, Carson. 1987. Ethical conflicts between mother and fetus in obstetrics. Clinics in Perinatology 14: 313–328.
Studdert, David M., Mello, Michelle M., DesRoches, William M., et al. 2005. Defensive medicine among high-risk specialist physicians in a volatile malpractice environment. JAMA 293: 2609–2617.
Sullivan, William M. 1999. What is left of professionalism after managed care?Hastings Center Report 29(2): 7–13.
Sulmasy, Daniel P. 1992. Physicians, cost control, and ethics. Annals of Internal Medicine 116: 920–926.
Sulmasy, Daniel P. 2006. Spiritual issues in the care of dying patients “… it's okay between me and God.”JAMA 296:1385–1392.
Sulmasy, Daniel P. 2008. What is conscience and why is respect for it so important?Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 29: 135–149.
The SUPPORT Principal Investigators. 1995. A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients. JAMA 274: 1591–1598.
Swick, Herbert M., Szenas, Philip, Danoff, Deborah, et al. 1999. Teaching professionalism in undergraduate medical education. JAMA 282: 830–832.
Tavaglione, Nicolas and Hurst, Samia A. 2012. Why physicians ought to lie for their patients. American Journal of Bioethics 12(3): 4–12.
Taylor, Janelle. 2003. Confronting “culture” in medicine's “culture of no culture.”Academic Medicine 78: 555–559.
Teel, Karen. 1975. The physician's dilemma. a doctor's view: what the law should be. Baylor Law Review 27: 6–9.
Terasaki, Paul I., Cecka, J. Michael, Gjertson, David W., et al. 1995. High survival rates of kidney transplants from spousal and living unrelated donors. New England Journal of Medicine 333: 333–336.
Tervalon, Melanie and Murray-Garcia, Jann. 1998. Cultural humility versus cultural competence: a critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 9: 117–125.
Thomas, Gerald, Gonneau, Ginny, Poole, Nancy, et al. 2014. The effectiveness of alcohol warning labels in the prevention of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a brief review. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 3: 91–103.
Thomson, Judith Jarvis. 1971. A defense of abortion. Philosophy and Public Affairs 1: 47–66.
Tilburt, Jon C. and Cassel, Christine K. 2013. Why the ethics of parsimonious medicine is not the ethics of rationing. JAMA 309: 773–774.
Tolle, Susan W. and Tilden, Virginia P. 2002. Changing end-of-life planning: the Oregon experience. Journal of Palliative Medicine 5: 311–317.
Tomlinson, Tom and Brody, Howard. 1988. Ethics and communication in do-not-resuscitate orders. New England Journal of Medicine 318: 43–46.
Tooley, Michael. 1972. Abortion and infanticide. Philosophy and Public Affairs 2: 37–65.
Toulmin, Stephen. 1981. The tyranny of principles. Hastings Center Report 11(6): 31–39.
Truog, Robert D., Brett, Allan S., and Frader, Joel. 1992. The trouble with futility. New England Journal of Medicine 326: 1560–1564.
Truog, Robert D., Miller, Franklin G., and Halpern, Scott D. 2013. The dead-donor rule and the future of organ donation. New England Journal of Medicine 369: 1287–1289.
Ubel, Peter A. 2000. Pricing Life: Why It's Time for Health Care Rationing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Ubel, Peter A. 2007. Confessions of a bedside rationer: commentary on Hurst and Danis. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 17: 267–269.
Ubel, Peter A. and Arnold, Robert M. 1995. The unbearable rightness of bedside rationing. Archives of Internal Medicine 155: 1837–1842.
Ubel, Peter A. and Caplan, Arthur L. 1998. Geographic favoritism in liver transplantation – unfortunate or unfair?New England Journal of Medicine 339: 1322–1325.
Ubel, Peter A., Zell, Margaret M., Miller, David J., et al. 1995. Elevator talk: observational study of inappropriate comments in a public space. American Journal of Medicine 99: 190–194.
United Nations. 1948. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/. Accessed April 2, 2015.
United Nations General Assembly. 1969. Declaration on Social Progress and Development. Available at: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/256/76/IMG/NR025676.pdf?OpenElement. Accessed April 2, 2015.
US Department of Health and Human Services. 1985. Services and treatment for disabled infants: Model guidelines for health care providers to establish infant care review committees. Federal Register 50(72): 14893–14901.
US Department of Health and Human Services. 1996. Waiver of informed consent in certain emergency research. Federal Register 61(192): 51531–51533.
US Department of Health and Human Services. 2009. Protection of human subjects. 45 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 46. Available at: http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/ohrpregulations.pdf. Accessed April 14, 2015.
US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Justice. 2014. Health Care Fraud and Abuse Control Program Annual Report for Fiscal Year 2013. Available at: https://oig.hhs.gov/publications/docs/hcfac/FY2013-hcfac.pdf. Accessed April 1, 2015.
US Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights. 2003. Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. Available at: www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/summary/index.html. Accessed April 14, 2015.
US Food and Drug Administration. 2013. Warning letter to 23andMe, Inc., 11/22/13. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2013/ucm376296.htm. Accessed April 14, 2015.
US National Human Genome Research Institute. No date (a). Cumulative pace of gene discovery 1998–2005. Available at: http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Education/AllAbouttheHumanGenomeProject/CumulativePaceofGeneDiscovery1981-2005.pdf. Accessed April 14, 2015.
US National Human Genome Research Institute. No date (b). Review of the ethical, legal, and social implications research program and related activities (1990–1995). Available at: http://www.genome.gov/10001747. Accessed April 14, 2015.
US National Institutes of Health. 1979. Antenatal diagnosis. Consensus development conference statement. Available at: http://consensus.nih.gov/1979/1979AntenatalDx012html.htm. Accessed April 14, 2015.
US National Library of Medicine. 2015. Gene therapy. In Genetics Home Reference. Available at: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/therapy?show=all. Accessed April 14, 2015.
Van der Heide, Agnes, Onwiteaka-Philipsen, Bregje D., Rurup, Mette L, et al. 2007. End-of-life practices in the Netherlands under the Euthanasia Act. New England Journal of Medicine 356: 1957–1965.
Veatch, Robert M. 1972. Models for ethical medicine in a revolutionary age. Hastings Center Report 2(3): 5–7.
Veatch, Robert M. 1976. Death, Dying, and the Biological Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Veatch, Robert M. 1993. The impending collapse of the whole brain definition of death. Hastings Center Report 23(4): 18–24.
Veatch, Robert M. and Sollitto, Sharmon. 1976. Medical ethics teaching. report of a national medical school survey. JAMA 235: 1030–1033.
Veatch, Robert M. and Spicer, Carol M. 1992. Medically futile care: the role of the physician in setting limits. American Journal of Law and Medicine 18: 15–36.
Von Gunten, Charles F., Ferris, Frank D., and Emanuel, Linda L. 2000. Ensuring competency in end-of-life care: communication and relational skills. JAMA 284: 3051–3057.
Vrecenak, Jesse D. and Flake, Alan W. 2013. Fetal surgical intervention: progress and perspectives. Pediatric Surgery International 29: 407–417.
Wachbroit, R. 1993. Rethinking medical confidentiality: the impact of genetics. Suffolk University Law Review 27: 1391–1410.
Wallis, Claudia. 1983. The stormy legacy of Baby Doe. Time September 26: 58.
Warren, Mary Anne. 1998. Abortion. In Kuhse, Helga and Singer, Peter (eds.) A Companion to Bioethics. Oxford: Blackwell: 127–134.
Watson, James D. and Crick, Francis H. 1953. Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 171: 737–738.
Watson, Rory. 2009. Luxembourg is to become third country to allow euthanasia. BMJ 338: 738.
Weir, Robert F. 1983. The government and selective nontreatment of handicapped infants. New England Journal of Medicine 309: 661–663.
Wendell, Andria D. 2013. Overview and epidemiology of substance abuse in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 56: 91–96.
Wenz, Peter S. 1992. Abortion Rights as Religious Freedom. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Wetterstrand, Kris. 2014. DNA sequencing costs: data from the NHGRI Genome Sequencing Program (GSP). Available at: http://www.genome.gov/sequencingcosts. Accessed April 14, 2015.
White, Gladys B. 1998. Crisis in assisted conception: the British approach to an American dilemma. Journal of Women's Health 7: 321–327.
Wicclair, Mark R. 1991. Patient decision-making capacity and risk. Bioethics 5: 91–104.
Wicclair, Mark R. 2011. Conscientious Objection in Health Care: An Ethical Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Wicclair, Mark R. and White, Douglas B. 2014. Surgeons, intensivists, and discretion to refuse requested treatments. Hastings Center Report 44(5): 33–42.
Wijdicks, Eelco F. M. 2002. Brain death worldwide: accepted fact but no global consensus in diagnostic criteria. Neurology 58: 20–25.
Wijdicks, Eelco F. M., Varelas, Panayiotis N., Gronseth, Gary S. et al. 2010. Evidence-based guideline update: determining brain death in adults. Neurology 74: 1911–1918.
Wilkinson, Anne, Wenger, Neil, and Shugarman, Lisa R. 2007. Literature review on advance directives. Report to US Department of Health and Human Services. Available at: http://aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/2007/advdirlr.htm. Accessed April 12, 2015.
Wilmut, I., Schnieke, A.E., McWhir, J., et al. 1997. Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385: 810–813.
Wojcicki, Anne. 2013. 23andMe provides an update regarding FDA's review. Available at: http://blog.23andme.com/news/23andme-provides-an-update-regarding-fdas-review/. Accessed April 14, 2015.
Wojtasiewicz, Mary Ellen. 2006. Damage compounded: disparities, distrust, and disparate impact in end-of-life conflict resolution policies. American Journal of Bioethics 6: 8–12.
Working Group on Incentives for Living Donation. 2012. Incentives for organ donation: proposed standards for an internationally acceptable system. American Journal of Transplantation 12: 306–312.
Working Party of the Clinical Genetics Society (UK). 1994. The genetic testing of children. Journal of Medical Genetics 31: 785–797.
World Medical Association. 2013. Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Research Involving Human Subjects. Available at: http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/index.html. Accessed April 14, 2015.
Wynia, Matthew K., Cummins, Deborah S., VanGeest, Jonathan B., et al. 2000. Physician manipulation of reimbursement rules for patients. JAMA 283: 1858–1865.
Wynn, James J. and Alexander, Charles E. 2011. Increasing organ donation and transplantation: the U.S. experience over the past decade. Transplant International 24: 324–332.
Young, Carlton J. and Gaston, Robert S. 2000. Renal transplantation in black Americans. New England Journal of Medicine 343: 1545–1552.
Youngner, Stuart J., Jackson, David L., Coulton, Claudia, et al. 1983. A national survey of hospital ethics committees. In President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment. Washington, DC: President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research: 443–449.
Zegers-Hochschild, F., Adamson, G. D., de Monzon, J., et al. 2009. International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology, 2009. Fertility and Sterility 92: 1520–1524.