Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. The Ethics of Armed Humanitarian Intervention
    Show more authors
    • You may already have access via personal or institutional login
  • Select format
  • Publisher:
    Cambridge University Press
    Publication date:
    05 June 2014
    24 April 2014
    ISBN:
    9781139567589
    9781107036369
    9781107610675
    DOI:
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139567589
    Dimensions:
    (228 x 152 mm)
    Weight & Pages:
    0.54kg, 294 Pages
    Dimensions:
    (228 x 152 mm)
    Weight & Pages:
    0.43kg, 294 Pages
    • Subjects:
    Politics and International Relations, International Relations and International Organisations, Philosophy, Political Philosophy
You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Selected: Digital
    Add to cart View cart Buy from Cambridge.org
    Subjects:
    Politics and International Relations, International Relations and International Organisations, Philosophy, Political Philosophy
    Information

    Book description

    The question of military intervention for humanitarian purposes is a major focus for international law, the United Nations, regional organizations such as NATO, and the foreign policies of nations. Against this background, the 2011 bombing in Libya by Western nations has occasioned renewed interest and concern about armed humanitarian intervention (AHI) and the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect (RtoP). This volume brings together new essays by leading international, philosophical, and political thinkers on the moral and legal issues involved in AHI, and contains both critical and positive views of AHI. Topics include the problem of abuse and needed limitations, the future viability of RtoP and some of its problematic implications, the possibility of AHI providing space for peaceful political protest, and how AHI might be integrated with post-war justice. It is an important collection for those studying political philosophy, international relations, and humanitarian law.

    Reviews

    ‘… a useful collection of insightful perspectives and important contributions to AHI debates.’

    Amanda Cawston Source: The Philosophical Quarterly

    Refine List

    Actions for selected content:

    Select all | Deselect all
    • View selected items
    • Export citations
    • Download PDF (zip)
    • Save to Kindle
    • Save to Dropbox
    • Save to Google Drive

    Save Search

    You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

    Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
    Cancel
    ×

    Contents

    Contents
    • 1 - Introduction to armed humanitarian intervention
      pp 3-25
    • View abstract

      Summary

      The phrase "armed humanitarian intervention" (AHI) denotes a military intervention into the jurisdiction of a state by outside forces for humanitarian purposes. The Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) rationale was implemented in 2011 when the UN Security Council approved military intervention in Libya, and this intervention again spurred debates about AHIs. In more recent times, military interventions have been justified as a way of overthrowing a noxious regime, promoting communism, installing an Islamic theocracy, or supporting a democratic form of government. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it became apparent that unlimited sovereignty in the international arena was incompatible with any hope of a world free from the devastations of war. International law began to become more prominent in international relations. Establishing a legal right to militarily intervene in another state must require authorization from some legal authority.
    • 2 - Revisiting armed humanitarian intervention
      pp 26-45
    • A 25-year retrospective
    • View abstract

      Summary

      This chapter examines the dramatic transformation of international priorities governing the purpose and principal uses of military force over the past 25 years. It distinguishes the broader historical background of armed humanitarian intervention (AHI) prior to 1989 from two subsequent, distinctive phases: a second wave of humanitarian crises and responses during the 1990s, and a more recent third wave of ethical analysis, dominated by proposals for new political arrangements that would govern collective decision-making by the international community when faced with the question of whether to deploy their military forces for the prevention or cessation of humanitarian crises. The manner in which the history of AHI is narrated is strongly dependent upon the perspectives from which AHI efforts themselves were experienced. All of the military interventions proposed or carried out for humanitarian purposes in the 1990s, however noble their intent violated every single provision of that Weinberger-Powell doctrine.
    • 3 - The responsibility to protect and the war in Libya
      pp 46-58
    • View abstract

      Summary

      Responsibility to protect (RtoP) seemed to be a more prudent expression, and the principle was adopted by a vote of the UN General Assembly in 2005. It is entirely possible that the initial designers of the doctrine, RtoP, were driven by pure and generous intentions. Whether a doctrine of armed humanitarian intervention (AHI) should become a permanent feature of international law is greatly to be doubted so long as its interpretation and application is entrusted to the UN Security Council. The Libyan war represents the only example where the new doctrine of RtoP has been applied, but it seems to embody its spirit well. The intervention in Libya confirms a messianic plan familiar to Western democracies. Because of their technological, economic, and military successes, they are convinced of their moral and political superiority over the other countries of the globe.
    • 4 - The moral basis of armed humanitarianintervention revisited
      pp 61-77
    • View abstract

      Summary

      This chapter makes two claims. First, the rationale for humanitarian intervention, as for any war, is only the defense of persons. Second, whether a particular intervention will be morally justified depends only on how it fares under a full-blown theory of just war. The chapter discusses what constitutes a just cause for war and suggests how to think about humanitarian intervention through those lenses. It then addresses the question of state legitimacy and how it bears on an analysis of humanitarian intervention. A humanitarian intervention is justified only to end or prevent the most seriously wrong acts of coercion perpetrated by governments. The principle of state sovereignty does not protect solely governments: it protects cultures as well. The chapter concludes by proposing a just-war canvass that tackles the notion of proportionality using a modified version of the doctrine of double effect.
    • 5 - All or nothing
      pp 78-94
    • Are there any “merely permissible” armedhumanitarian interventions?
    • View abstract

      Summary

      An increasingly common view among political philosophers is that, in fact, all justified humanitarian intervention is obligatory. There is no such thing as merely permissible: either there is a duty to intervene, or there is a duty not to intervene. This chapter considers the possibility those humanitarian interventions, which are permissible but discretionary for citizens, are always either obligatory or prohibited for their government, depending on the circumstances. Severe deprivations and human-rights abuses are a permanent feature of the world in which we live. There is a second feature of positive duties that makes the all-or-nothing view untenable as a description of the moral requirements of citizens. Namely, all positive duties are subject to a high-cost qualification. The all-or-nothing view, if taken as an account of the moral requirements of citizens, looks to be untenable.
    • 6 - Judging armed humanitarian intervention
      pp 95-112
      • By Helen Frowe, Stockholm Centre for the Ethics of War and Peace
    • View abstract

      Summary

      This chapter argues for what the author calls the justification-based account of humanitarian intervention, according to which the permissibility of humanitarian intervention is determined by two central criteria. The first is that there exists a sound justification for intervention, roughly, that there is a threatened or ongoing process of widespread and serious rights violations that can be averted only by military force and such force is proportionate. This criterion can be satisfied ad bellum. The second criterion is that the actions of interveners are reasonably expected to aid. This criterion applies largely to the in bello behavior of the intervening state. One of the difficulties in making sense of the debate about how to identify humanitarian interventions lies in distinguishing the various components of behavior, motives, intentions, actions, ends, and outcomes.
    • 7 - Bombing the beneficiaries
      pp 113-130
    • The distribution of the costs of the responsibility to protect and humanitarian intervention
    • View abstract

      Summary

      In its 1999 intervention in Kosovo, NATO was criticized heavily for its reliance solely on bombing from high altitude. In this chapter, the author defends with what he calls the Restrictive View for the conduct of armed humanitarian intervention. The Restrictive View has been challenged recently by several leading just-war theorists. An alternative view, which the author calls the Permissive View, seems to have become increasingly popular. On the Permissive View, those conducting armed humanitarian intervention are morally required to take on only some or a small amount of the costs of intervention, if any. The chapter presents the prima facie case for the Restrictive View. It argues that beneficiaries are not required to take on greater costs, in comparison with either rescuers or bystanders. More specifically, the author rejects the Rescuers thesis and the Bystanders thesis in turn.
    • 8 - The costs of war
      pp 133-147
    • Justice, liability, and the Pottery Barn rule
    • View abstract

      Summary

      This chapter evaluates Pottery Barn rule and sees if Colin Powell was on to something when he coined it. It argues that the Pottery Barn rule is best understood as a piece of first-person moral guidance, useful for would-be interveners who are subject to the same cognitive errors and biases as the rest of us. If the Pottery Barn rule is to tell us something about the costs of war more generally, it cannot do so on the fault-based conception. Strict liability is imposed in civil law in a variety of areas, including some parts of product liability, and in the allocation of damages that emerge from ultra-hazardous activities. All the costs that emerge from a war, including the costs that are ordinarily justly ascribed to the world community as a whole might be pressed against the one who makes war.
    • 9 - Armed humanitarian intervention andthe problem of abuse after Libya
      pp 148-165
    • View abstract

      Summary

      The idea of armed humanitarian intervention has long been attended with warnings that it will be abused by powerful states seeking to justify wars fought not for humanitarian purposes but for self-interest. This problem of abuse has received renewed attention in the wake of NATO's recent intervention in Libya. This chapter represents an attempt to find a way through this problem of abuse. It concludes by briefly contemplating what options, if any, might be available to the society of states for further limiting the problem of abuse without abandoning the idea of armed humanitarian intervention altogether. Arguments about the problem of abuse became particularly prominent from the early 1990s onwards as skeptical states and commentators sought to restrain the emergence of a right of humanitarian intervention in international discourse and interstate relations.
    • 10 - The responsibility to protect and the problemof regime change
      pp 166-186
    • View abstract

      Summary

      This chapter examines the fraught relationship between Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) and regime change and especially the argument that international military action aimed at protecting populations from genocide and mass atrocities must never entail regime change. The chapter proceeds in three parts. First, historical experience clearly demonstrates the necessity of regime change in ending episodes of genocide and mass atrocities perpetrated by states against sections of their own population. Second, accounts of sovereignty as being derived from self-determination that underpin the main arguments in favor of the prohibition do not lend strong support to the idea of an absolute a priori ban. Finally, the chapter proposes a series of checks designed to ensure that regime change may be used in extreme situations as a pathway to protection while guarding against the abuse of protection as a pathway to regime change.
    • 11 - Law, ethics, and the responsibility to protect
      pp 187-208
    • View abstract

      Summary

      This chapter examines the roots of Responsibility to protect (RtoP) in international law and international ethics. It explores how RtoP evolved out of the crisis in Kosovo, and discusses its policy significance today in the controversial case of Libya. Domestically inflicted war crimes and crimes against humanity in non-international, civil-war conflicts are parts of international law outlawed by custom and treaties, including the Rome Statute defining the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. Humanitarian intervention is differentially rooted in international ethics, central and fundamental to Liberalism, marginal and instrumental to Realism, and relevant but tangential to Marxism. It is conflicted in international law, required to stop genocide, but rejected by Charter law. The UN-authorized and NATO-led intervention in Libya in March 2011 was the just-war doctrine's most important test case. The intervention in Libya joined legality (Security Council approval) to legitimacy (the cause of protecting civilians).
    • 12 - Responsibility to protect and the language of crimes
      pp 209-223
    • Collective action and individual culpability
    • View abstract

      Summary

      This chapter assesses the impact of the 2005 move to frame Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) in criminal terms. The first section argues that while the narrowing of the scope of RtoP to four particular crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing, and war crimes, was designed to forge a greater consensus around the extraordinary situations that might justify the use of force, contestation has lingered over the trigger point for activating international action. The second section demonstrates that the framing of RtoP in the language of crimes has significant implications for the broader approach to conflict prevention. Finally, the chapter posits a tension between the idea of responsibility to protect as a collective responsibility, held and operationalized by the international community as a whole and the need within most criminal frameworks for a centralized authority to both threaten and deliver justice.
    • 13 - Post-intervention
      pp 224-242
    • Permissions and prohibitions
    • View abstract

      Summary

      This chapter sets for itself the goal of constructing general principles to guide decision-makers in the post-intervention moment. It examines different models of post-war justice in general. The chapter then looks at armed humanitarian as a particular kind of war, and sees to what extent one can use the general models of post-war justice to guide our understanding. Many historical cases of armed humanitarian intervention were examined, ranging from World War II to today's Iraq and Afghanistan. The account then looked for inspiration from the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) doctrine, witnessing its development from the ashes of Rwanda to its more recent application in Libya. The chapter concludes by offering 12 substantial principles to guide our sense of post-intervention justice, noting that the RtoP doctrine concurs in general with the author's own endorsement of the post-war paradigm of rehabilitation.
    • 14 - Rethinking responsibility to protect
      pp 243-260
    • The case for human sovereignty
    • View abstract

      Summary

      In the last decade the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) has successfully entrenched a conditional understanding of state sovereignty that makes human rights the touchstone of sovereign rights. This chapter explores why one should conceive of military humanitarian intervention as a form of war. It argues that by doing so, one deforms the key aspects of humanitarian intervention, which in turn underlies the significant political controversy that the practice continues to generate. The chapter suggests that we approach it through the paradigm of what is called as human sovereignty. Conceiving of humanitarian intervention as a particular kind of war was a natural step because most commentators have approached the issue of intervention squarely from within the framework of just war theory. Limits on the political character of intervention have shallow roots within the conditionality account of humanitarian intervention.
    References
    Select bibliography
    UN documents and reports
    Annan, Kofi, The Question of Intervention: Statements by the Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan (New York: United Nations, Department of Public Information, 1999).
    Annan, Kofi, Two Concepts of Sovereignty, Annual Report to General Assembly, Press Release SG/SM/7136, GA/9596 (September 20, 1999).
    Annan, Kofi, We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-first Century, Millennium Report of the Secretary-General, UN document A/54/2000 (March 2000).
    Annan, Kofi, A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility, Report of the Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (New York: United Nations, 2004).
    Annan, Kofi, In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All, Report of the Secretary-General, UN document A/59/2005 (March 21, 2005).
    2005 World Summit Outcome, UN General Assembly Resolution, UN document A/60/1 (October 24, 2005).
    UN Security Council Resolution 1674, UN document S/Res/1674 (April 28, 2006).
    Implementing the Responsibility to Protect, Report of the Secretary-General, UN document A/63/677 (January 12, 2009).
    Early Warning, Assessment and the Responsibility to Protect, Report of the Secretary-General, UN document A/64/846 (July 14, 2010).
    UN Security Council Resolution 1970, UN document S/Res/1970 (February 26, 2011).
    UN Security Council Resolution 1973, UN document S/Res/1973 (March 17, 2011).
    Reports and studies
    Amnesty International, The Battle for Libya: Killing, Disappearances and Torture (London: Amnesty International Ltd., September 13, 2011).
    Bell, Anthony and Witter, David, The Libyan Revolution: Roots of the Rebellion, Parts I, II, and III (Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War, September 2011).
    Bell, Anthony, Butts, Spencer, and Witter, David, The Libyan Revolution: The Tide Turns, Part IV (Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War, November 2011).
    Evans, Gareth and Sahnoun, Mohamed (co-chairs), The Responsibility to Protect, Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, December 2001).
    The US Army Stability Operations Field Manual: US Army Field Manual No. 3–07 (US Government: US Army, 2008).
    US Special Inspector General, Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience (Washington, DC: US Independent Agencies and Commissions, 2009).
    Waxman, Matthew C., Intervention to Stop Genocide and Mass Atrocities, Council Special Report No. 49 (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, October 2009).
    Books
    Abiew, F.K., The Evolution of the Doctrine and Practice of Humanitarian Intervention (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999).
    Allard, K., Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1995).
    Altman, Andrew and Wellman, Christopher Heath, A Liberal Theory of International Justice (Oxford University Press, 2009).
    Anghie, Antony, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
    Annan, Kofi, The Question of Intervention: Statements by the Secretary-General (United Nations, 1999).
    Annan, Kofi (with Mousavizadeh, Nader), Interventions: A Life in War and Peace (New York: Penguin Press, 2012).
    Barnett, Michael N., Eyewitness to a Genocide: The UN and Rwanda (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2003).
    Bellamy, Alex J., Global Politics and the Responsibility to Protect: From Words to Deeds (London and New York: Routledge, 2011).
    Bellamy, Alex, A Responsibility to Protect (London: Polity Press, 2009).
    Blair, Tony, A Journey: My Political Life (New York: Knopf, 2010).
    Bodin, Jean, M.J. Tooley (trans.), Six Books of the Commonwealth (1576) (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1967), Book I, Chapter 8. Available at:
    Bridoux, Jeff, American Foreign Policy and Post-War Reconstruction: Comparing Japan and Iraq (London and New York: Routledge, 2012).
    Brownlie, Ian, International Law and the Use of Force by States (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974).
    Brownlie, Ian, Principles of Public International Law, 6th edn. (Oxford University Press, 2003).
    Buchanan, Allen, Human Rights, Legitimacy, & the Use of Force (Oxford University Press, 2010).
    Caney, Simon, Justice Beyond Borders: A Global Political Theory (Oxford University Press, 2005).
    Carlton, Eric, Occupation: The Politics and Practices of Military Conquers (London: Routledge, 1992).
    Cassesse, Antonio, International Criminal Law, 2nd edn. (Oxford University Press, 2008).
    Chatterjee, Deen K. and Scheid, Don E. (eds.), Ethics and Foreign Intervention (Cambridge University Press, 2003).
    Chesterman, Simon, Just War or Just Peace? Humanitarian Intervention and International Law (Oxford University Press, 2001).
    Chirot, Daniel and McCauley, Clark, Why Not Kill Them All? The Logic and Prevention of Political Mass Murder (Princeton University Press, 2006).
    Clark, Wesley K., Waging Modern War: Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Future of Combat (New York: Public Affairs Press, 2001).
    Clarke, Walter and Herbst, Jeffrey, Learning from Somalia: The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention (Lexington, Massachusetts: Westview Press, 1997).
    Clarke, Walter and Herbst, Jeffrey, Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers/Random House, 2004)
    Coady, C.A.J., The Ethics of Armed Humanitarian Intervention, no. 45 (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2002).
    Connor, R.W., Thucydides (Princeton University Press, 1984).
    Cook, Martin L., The Moral Warrior: Ethics and Service in the US Military (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 2004).
    Dallaire, Lt. General Roméo, Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers/Random House, 2004).
    Damrosch, Lori F. (ed.), Enforcing Restraint: Collective Intervention in Internal Conflicts (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993).
    Damrosch, Lori F., Henkin, Louis, Murphy, Sean D., and Smit, Hans, International Law (St. Paul: West Group, 2001).
    Danspeckgruber, Wolfgang F. and Tripp, Charles (eds.), The Iraqi Aggression Against Kuwait: Strategic Lessons and Implications for Europe (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996).
    Davidson, Eugene, The Death and Life of Germany: An Account of the American Occupation (St. Louis: University of Missouri Press, 1999).
    Dinstein, Yoram, War, Aggression, and Self-Defense, 4th edn. (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
    Dobbins, James and Jones, S. (eds.), The United Nations’ Role in Nation-Building (Washington, DC: RAND, 2007).
    Dobbins, James and Lal, Rollie, America’s Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq (Washington, DC: RAND, 2003).
    Dobos, Ned, Insurrection and Interventions: The Two Faces of Sovereignty (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
    Donald, David H., Baker, Jean Harvey, and Hold, Michael F., Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: W.W. Norton, 2000).
    Downes, Alexander, Targeting Civilians in War (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2008).
    Doyle, Michael W., Liberal Peace: Selected Essays (London and New York: Routledge, 2012).
    Doyle, Michael W., Striking First: Preemption and Prevention in International Conflict, edited with commentaries by Macedo, Stephen (Princeton University Press, 2008).
    Doyle, Michael W., Ways of War and Peace (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 1997).
    Drumbl, Mark, Atrocity, Punishment and International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
    Elster, Jon, Closing the Books: Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
    Evans, Gareth, The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and For All (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008).
    Fletcher, George P. and Ohlin, Jens David, Defending Humanity: When Force is Justified and Why (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
    Frowe, Helen, The Ethics of War and Peace: An Introduction (London and New York: Routledge, 2011).
    Garrett, Stephen A., Doing Good and Doing Well: An Examination of Humanitarian Intervention (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999).
    Gehring, Verna V. and Galston, William A. (eds.), Philosophical Dimensions of Public Policy, Policy Studies Review Annual, Vol. 13 (Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002).
    Gierycz, D., Responsibility to Protect: A Legal and Human Rights Based Perspective (Oslo: NUPI, 2008).
    Gross, Michael L., Moral Dilemmas of Modern War: Torture, Assassination, and Blackmail in an Age of Asymmetric Conflict (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
    Grotius, Hugo, The Rights of War and Peace, 3 vols., edited by Tuck, Richard (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2005).
    Hamilton, Alexander, Madison, James, and Jay, John, The Federalist Papers, edited by Rossiter, Clinton (New York: Penguin Group, 1961).
    Hilsum, Lindsey, Sandstorm: Libya in the Time of Revolution (New York: Penguin Press, 2012).
    Hippel, Karin von, Democracy by Force: US Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War World (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
    Hirsch, Andrew von, Bottoms, Anthony E., Burney, Elizabeth, and Wikstrom, Per-Olof H., Criminal Deterrence and Sentence Severity: An Analysis of Recent Research (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1999).
    Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, edited by Tuck, R. (Cambridge University Press, 1991).
    Hoffman, Stanley, The Ethics and Politics of Humanitarian Intervention (South Bend, Ind.: Notre Dame University Press, 1996).
    Ignatieff, Michael, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000).
    Johnson, James Turner, Morality and Contemporary Warfare (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
    Johnstone, Ian, The Power of Deliberation (Oxford University Press, 2011).
    Jones, Adam, Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (London and New York: Routledge, 2010).
    Kant, Immanuel, Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), translated by Beck, Lewis White (New York: Macmillan, 1990).
    Kant, Immanuel, The Metaphysics of Morals (1797), translated by Gregor, Mary (Cambridge University Press, 1991).
    Kant, Immanuel, Perpetual Peace and Other Essays, translated by Humphrey, Ted (Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing, 1983).
    Knight, Andy W. and Egerton, Frazer (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of the Responsibility to Protect (New York: Routledge, 2012).
    Lamani, Mokhtar and Momani, Bessma (eds.), From Desolation to Reconstruction: Iraq’s Troubled Journey (Waterloo, Ontario: CIGI, 2010).
    Lindenmayer, E. and Kaye, J.L., A Choice for Peace? The Story of the Forty-One Days of Mediation in Kenya (New York: International Peace Institute, 2009).
    Linklater, Andrew, The Transformation of Political Community (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998).
    Lucas, George R. Jr., Perspectives on Humanitarian Military Intervention (Berkeley Public Policy Press, 2001).
    Lucas, George R.Lucas, George R. Jr. and Rubel, W. Rick (eds.), Case Studies in Military Ethics, 3rd edn. (Boston: Pearson/Longman, 2010).
    Luck, Edward C., UN Security Council: Practice and Promise (New York and London: Routledge, 2006).
    Maga, Timothy P., Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials (Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2001).
    Mamdani, Mahmood, Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics and the War on Terror (New York: Pantheon, 2009).
    May, Larry, After War Ends: A Philosophical Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
    May, Larry and Forcehimes, Andrew (eds.), Morality, Jus Post Bellum, and International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
    McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford University Press, 2003).
    Mee, Charles L., The Marshall Plan (New York: HarperCollins, 1987).
    Melvern, Linda, A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda’s Genocide (New York: Zed Books, 2000).
    Moellendorf, Darrel, Cosmopolitan Justice (Boulder: Westview Press, 2002).
    Noueihed, Lin and Warren, Alex, The Battle for the Arab Spring: Revolution, Counter-Revolution and the Making of a New Era (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2012).
    Orend, Brian, Human Rights: Concept and Context (Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2002).
    Orend, Brian, Introduction to International Studies (Oxford University Press, 2012).
    Orend, Brian, The Morality of War (Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2006).
    Orend, Brian, War and International Justice: A Kantian Perspective (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2000).
    Pattison, James, Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect: Who Should Intervene? (Oxford University Press, 2010).
    Persico, Joseph E., Nuremburg: Infamy on Trial (New York: Penguin, 1995).
    Pogge, Thomas, World Poverty and Human Rights, 2nd edn. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008).
    Prunier, Gérard, Rwanda: History of a Genocide (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
    Ramsey, Paul, The Just War: Force and Political Responsibility (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002).
    Rawls, John, The Law of Peoples (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999).
    Reiff, David, Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West (New York: Touchstone, 1995).
    Roberts, A. and Guelff, R. (eds.), Documentation on the Laws of War, 3rd edn. (Oxford University Press, 2000).
    Rodin, David, War and Self-Defense (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002).
    Schabas, William A., An Introduction to the International Criminal Court (Cambridge University Press, 2001).
    Schonberger, Howard B., Aftermath of War: Americans and the Remaking of Japan, 1945–1952 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1989).
    Segal, Leon V., Fighting to the Finish: The Politics of War Termination in America and Japan (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1989).
    Shaw, Malcolm N., International Law, 5th edn. (Cambridge University Press, 2003).
    Shue, Henry, Basic Rights: Subsistence, Affluence and US Foreign Policy, 2nd edn. (Princeton University Press, 1996).
    Sidgwick, Henry, The Elements of Politics (New York: Macmillan, 1908).
    Simons, Geoffrey L., The Scourging of Iraq: Sanctions, Law and Natural Justice, 2nd edn. (London and New York: Macmillan/St. Martins, 1998).
    Singer, P.W., Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the Twenty-first Century (New York: Penguin Press, 2009).
    Singer, Peter, One World: The Ethics of Globalization, 2nd edn. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004).
    Snider, Don M., Nagl, John A., and Pfaff, Tony, Army Professionalism, Military Ethics, and Officership in the 21st Century (Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, 1999).
    Solis, Gary D., The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
    Tadros, Victor, The Ends of Harm: The Moral Foundations of Criminal Law (Oxford University Press, 2011).
    Teitel, Ruti G., Transitional Justice (Oxford University Press, 2002).
    Tesón, Fernando R., Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality, 3rd edn. (New York: Transnational Publishers, 2005).
    Tesón, Fernando R., A Philosophy of International Law (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1998).
    Todorov, Tzvetan, Hope and Memory: Lessons from the Twentieth Century, translated by Bellos, David (Princeton University Press, 2003).
    Tondini, Matteo, Statebuilding and Justice Reform: Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Afghanistan (London and New York: Routledge, 2010).
    Valentino, Benjamin, Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2004).
    Waley, Arthur, Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1939).
    Walzer, Michael, Arguing about War (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004).
    Walzer, Michael, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations (New York: Basic Books, 1977).
    Walzer, Michael, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality (Oxford: Basil Blackwood, 1983).
    Walzer, Michael, Thick and Thin: Moral Argument at Home and Abroad (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).
    Weiner, Antje, The Invisible Constitution of World Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2008).
    Weiss, Thomas G., Humanitarian Intervention (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007).
    Welsh, Jennifer, At Home in the World: Canada’s Global Vision for the 21st Century (New York: HarperCollins, 2004).
    Welsh, Jennifer M. (ed.), Humanitarian Intervention and International Relations (Oxford University Press, 2003).
    Wheeler, Nicholas J., Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (Oxford University Press, 2000).
    Woodward, Bob, Plan of Attack (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004).
    Zakheim, Dov S., A Vulcan’s Tale: How the Bush Administration Mismanaged the Reconstruction of Afghanistan (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 2011).
    Zartman, William, Deng, Francis M., Kimaro, Sadikiel, Lyons, Terrence, and Rothchild, Donald, Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1996).
    Articles and essays
    Annan, Kofi, “Two Concepts of Sovereignty,” The Economist (September 16, 1999).
    Applbaum, Arthur, “Forcing a People to be Free,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 35, no. 4 (2007), 359–400.
    Baker, D.-P. and Pattison, J., “The Principled Case for Employing Private Military and Security Companies in Interventions for Human Rights Purposes,” Journal of Applied Philosophy 29 (2012), 1–18.
    Barnett, Michael N., “Building a Republican Peace: Stabilizing States After War,” International Security 30, no. 4 (2006), 87–112.
    Bass, Gary J., “Jus Post Bellum,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 32, no. 4 (fall 2004), 384–412.
    Bellamy, Alex J., “International Law and the War with Iraq,” Melbourne Journal of International Law 4, no. 2 (2003), 497–521.
    Bellamy, Alex J., “Kosovo and the Advent of Sovereignty as Responsibility,” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 3, no. 2 (2009), 163–84.
    Bellamy, Alex J., “Libya and the Responsibility to Protect: The Exception and the Norm,” Ethics & International Affairs 25, no. 3 (Fall 2011), 263–69.
    Bellamy, Alex J., “Motives, Outcomes, Intent and the Legitimacy of Humanitarian Intervention,” Journal of Military Ethics 3, no. 3 (2004), 216–32.
    Bellamy, Alex J., “The Responsibility to Protect – Five Years On,” Ethics & International Affairs 24, no. 2 (2010), 143–69.
    Bellamy, Alex J., “The Responsibility to Protect and the Problem of Military Intervention,” International Affairs 84, no. 4 (2008), 625–30.
    Bellamy, Alex J., “Responsibility to Protect or Trojan Horse? The Crisis in Darfur and Humanitarian Intervention after Iraq,” Ethics & International Affairs 19, no. 2 (2005), 31–54.
    Bellamy, Alex J. and Williams, Paul D., “The New Politics of Protection? Côte d’Ivoire, Libya, and the Responsibility to Protect,” International Affairs 87, no. 4 (2011), 825–50.
    Blake, Michael, “Collateral Benefit,” Social Philosophy & Policy 23 (2006), 218–30.
    Blake, Michael, “Reciprocity, Stability and Intervention: The Ethics of Disequilibrium,” in Chatterjee, D. K. and Scheid, D.E. (eds.), Ethics and Foreign Intervention (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 53–71.
    Buchanan, Allen, “The Internal Legitimacy of Humanitarian Intervention,” Journal of Political Philosophy 7, no. 1 (1999), 71–87.
    Buchanan, Allen, “Justice and Charity,” Ethics 97, no. 3 (1987), 558–75.
    Buchanan, Allen and Keohane, Robert O., “The Preventive Use of Force: A Cosmopolitan Institutional Proposal,” Ethics & International Affairs 18, no. 1 (2004), 1–22.
    Caney, Simon, “Human Rights and the Rights of States: Terry Nardin on Non-Intervention,” International Political Science Review 18, no. 1 (1997), 27–37.
    Cook, Martin L., “Immaculate War: Constraints on Humanitarian Intervention,” Ethics & International Affairs 14 (2000), 55–65.
    Copp, David, “The Idea of a Legitimate State,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 28, no. 1 (Winter 1999), 3–45.
    Daalder, Ivo H. and Stavridis, James G., “NATO’s Victory in Libya: The Right Way to Run An Intervention,” Foreign Affairs 91, no. 2 (2012), 2–7.
    Dobos, Ned, “International Rescue and Mediated Consequences,” Ethics & International Affairs 26, no. 3 (Fall 2012), 335–53.
    Doyle, Michael W., “A Few Words on Mill, Walzer and Nonintervention,” Ethics & International Affairs 23, no. 4 (Winter 2009), 349–69.
    Dubik, James M., “Human Rights, Command Responsibility and Walzer’s Just War Theory,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 11, no. 4 (Fall 1982), 354–71.
    Evans, Gareth and Sahnoun, Mohamed, “The Responsibility to Protect,” Foreign Affairs 81, no. 6 (November/December 2002), 99–110.
    Evans, Mark, “Selectivity, Imperfect Obligations and the Character of Humanitarian Morality,” in Moseley, Alexander and Norman, Richard (eds.), Human Rights and Military Intervention (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002), 132–49.
    Fabre, Cécile, “Mandatory Rescue Killings,” Journal of Political Philosophy 15, no. 4 (2007), 363–84.
    Falk, Richard, “Humanitarian Intervention: A Forum,” The Nation (July 14, 2003).
    Farer, Tom J., “The Ethics of Intervention in Self-Determination Struggles,” in Chatterjee, D.K. and Scheid, D.E. (eds.), Ethics and Foreign Intervention (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 143–67.
    Finnemore, Martha, “Constructing Norms of Humanitarian Intervention,” in Katzenstein, Peter J. (ed.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 153–85.
    Finnemore, Martha and Sikkink, Kathryn, “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change,” International Organization 52, no. 4 (1998), 887–917.
    Florini, Ann, “The Evolution of International Norms,” International Studies Quarterly 40, no. 3 (1996), 363–89.
    Franceschet, Antonio, “Kant, International Law, and the Problem of Humanitarian Intervention,” Journal of International Political Theory 6, no. 1 (2010), 1–22.
    Frey, R.G., “The Doctrine of Double Effect,” in Frey, R.G. and Wellman, Christopher Heath (eds.), A Companion to Applied Ethics (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003), 464–74.
    Gheciu, Alexandra and Welsh, Jennifer, “The Imperative to Rebuild: Assessing the Normative Case for Postconflict Reconstruction,” Ethics & International Affairs 23, no. 2 (Summer 2009), 121–46.
    Gifkins, Jess, “Syria and the Responsibility to Protect,” Global Responsibility to Protect 4, no. 4 (2012).
    Gilbert, Alan, “Marx on Internationalism and War,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 7, no. 4 (1978), 346–69.
    Glanville, Luke, “The Antecedents of ‘Sovereignty as Responsibility’,” European Journal of International Relations 17, no. 2 (2011), 233–55.
    Glover, Jonathan, “Responses: A Summing Up,” in Davis, N.A., Keshen, R. L, and McMahan, J. (eds), Ethics and Humanity: Themes from the Philosophy of Jonathan Glover (Oxford University Press, 2010), 37–281.
    Goodman, Ryan, “Humanitarian Intervention and Pretexts for War,” American Journal of International Law 100 (2006), 107–41.
    Graham, G., “The Justice of Intervention,” Review of International Studies 13 (1987), 133–46.
    Gvosdev, Nikolas, “R2P: Sovereignty and Intervention After Libya,” World Politics Review (June 28, 2011).
    Harrington, Joanna, “R2P and Natural Disasters,” in Knight, Andy W. and Egerton, Frazer (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of the Responsibility to Protect (New York: Routledge, 2012), 141–51.
    Holzgrefe, J.L., “The Humanitarian Intervention Debate,” in Holzgrefe, J.L. and Keohane, Robert O. (eds.), Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dimensions (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 15–52.
    Hubert, Don and Blätter, Ariela, “The Responsibility to Protect as International Crimes Prevention,” Global Responsibility to Protect 4 (2012), 33–66.
    Huntington, S.P., “New Contingencies, Old Roles,” Joint Forces Quarterly 2 (Autumn 1993), 38–43.
    Kahn, Paul, “The Paradox of Riskless Warfare,” Philosophy & Public Policy Quarterly, 22, no. 3 (2002), 2–8.
    Lango, John W., “Is Armed Humanitarian Intervention to Stop Mass Killing Morally Obligatory?” Public Affairs Quarterly (July 2001), 173–92.
    Lauterpacht, Hersch, “Kelsen’s Pure Science of Law,” in Lauterpacht, Elihu (ed.), International Law: Being the Collected Papers of Hersch Lauterpacht (Cambridge University Press, 1975), 404–36.
    Lefkowitz, David, “On a Samaritan Duty of Humanitarian Intervention,” in Tripodi, Paolo and Wolfendale, Jessica (eds.), New Wars and New Soldiers: Ethical Challenges in the Modern Military (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011), 87–101.
    Litz, Brett T., King, Lynda A., and King, Daniel W., “Warriors as Peacekeepers: Features of the Somalia Experience and PTSD,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65, no. 6 (1997), 1001–10.
    Luban, David, “Intervention and Civilization: Some Unhappy Lessons of the Kosovo War,” in Cronin, Ciaran and de Greiff, Pablo (eds.), Global Justice and Transnational Politics: Essays on the Moral and Political Challenges of Globalization (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2002), 79–115.
    Luban, David, “Just War and Human Rights,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 9, no. 2 (Winter 1980), 160–81.
    Luban, David and Shue, Henry, “Mental Torture: A Critique of Erasures in US Law,” The Georgetown Law Journal 100 (2012), 823.
    Lucas, George R. Jr., “Agency After Virtue: A Defense of Kantian Constructivism,” International Philosophical Quarterly 28, no. 3 (September 1988), 293–311.
    Lucas, George R. “From Jus ad Bellum to Jus ad Pacem: Re-Thinking Just-War Criteria for the Use of Military Force for Humanitarian Ends,” in Chatterjee, D.K. and Scheid, D.E. (eds.), Ethics and Foreign Intervention (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 72–96.
    Lucas, George R. “Moral Order and the Constraints of Agency: Toward a New Metaphysics of Morals,” in Neville, Robert C. (ed.), New Essays in Metaphysics (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1987), 117–39.
    May, Larry, “The Principle of Just Cause,” in May, Larry (ed.), War: Essays in Political Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 2008), 49–66.
    Mbeki, Thabo, “What the World Got Wrong in Côte D’Ivoire,” Foreign Policy (April 29, 2011).
    McMahan, Jeff, “Humanitarian Intervention, Consent, and Proportionality,” in Davis, N.A., Keshen, R., and McMahan, J. (eds.), Ethics and Humanity: Themes from the Philosophy of Jonathan Glover (Oxford University Press, 2010), 44–72.
    McMahan, Jeff, “The Just Distribution of Harm Between Combatants and Noncombatants,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 38, no. 4 (Fall 2010), 342–79.
    McMahan, Jeff, “Pacifism and Moral Theory,” Diametros 23 (2010), 3–20.
    Mennecke, Martin, “Punishing Genocidaires: A Deterrent Effect or Not?” Human Rights Review 8, no. 4 (2007), 319–39.
    Mill, John Stuart, “A Few Words on Non-Intervention,” Fraser’s Magazine (December 1859). Reprinted in Essays on Politics and Culture by John Stuart Mill, edited by Himmelfarb, Gertrude (Garden City, New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1963). Available at: .
    Miller, David, “Distributing Responsibilities,” Journal of Political Philosophy 9, no. 4 (2001), 453–71.
    Mueller, John, “War Has Almost Ceased to Exist: An Assessment,” Political Science Quarterly 124, no. 2 (2009), 297–321.
    Nagel, Thomas, “Agent-Relative Morality,” in Woodward, P.A. (ed.), The Doctrine of Double Effect: Philosophers Debate a Controversial Moral Principle (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001), 41–49.
    Onuf, Nicholas G., “Humanitarian Intervention: The Early Years,” Symposium on the Norms and Ethics of Humanitarian Intervention (University of California–Irvine: Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies, May 2000).
    Orend, Brian, “Jus Post Bellum,” Journal of Social Philosophy 32 (2002), 117–37.
    Orend, Brian, “Justice After War,” Ethics & International Affairs 16, no. 1 (2002), 43–56.
    Øverland, Gerhard, “High-Fliers: Who Should Bear the Risk of Humanitarian Intervention?” in Tripodi, Paolo and Wolfendale, Jessica (eds.), New Wars and New Soldiers: Ethical Challenges in the Modern Military (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2011), 69–86.
    Parekh, Bhikhu, “Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention,” International Political Science Review 18, no. 1 (1997), 49–69.
    Pattison, James, “The Ethics of Humanitarian Intervention in Libya,” Ethics & International Affairs 25, no. 3 (Fall 2011), 271–77.
    Pattison, James, “Just War Theory and the Privatization of Military Force,” Ethics & International Affairs 22 (2008), 143–62.
    Pattison, James, “Outsourcing the Responsibility to Protect: Humanitarian Intervention and Private Military and Security Companies,” International Theory 2 (2010), 1–31.
    Pogge, Thomas, “An Institutional Approach to Humanitarian Intervention,” Public Affairs Quarterly 6 (1992), 89–103.
    Rodin, David, “The Responsibility to Protect and the Logic of Rights,” in Jütersonke, Oliver and Krause, Keith (eds.), From Rights to Responsibilities: Rethinking Interventions for Humanitarian Purposes, PSIS Special Study 7 (Geneva: Programme for Strategic and International Security Studies, 2006).
    Schachter, Oscar, “The Legality of Pro-Democratic Invasion,” American Journal of International Law 78 (1984), 645–50.
    Scheffer, David, “Atrocity Crimes Framing the Responsibility to Protect,” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 40, no. 1 (2008), 111–35.
    Shue, Henry, “Conditional Sovereignty,” Res Publica 8, no. 1 (1999), 1–7.
    Shue, Henry, “Eroding Sovereignty: The Advance of Principle,” in McKim, Robert and McMahan, Jeff (eds.), The Morality of Nationalism (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 340–59.
    Shue, Henry, “‘Let Whatever Is Smoldering Erupt’? Conditional Sovereignty, Reviewable Intervention, and Rwanda 1994,” in Paolini, Albert, Jarvis, Anthony, and Reus-Smit, Christian (eds.), Between Sovereignty and Global Governance: The State, Civil Society and the United Nations (New York: St. Martin’s, 1998), 60–84.
    Shue, Henry, “Mediating Duties,” Ethics 98, no. 4 (July 1988), 687–704.
    Singer, Peter, “Bystanders to Poverty,” in Davis, N.A., Keshen, R., and McMahan, J. (eds.), Ethics and Humanity: Themes from the Philosophy of Jonathan Glover (Oxford University Press, 2010), 185–201.
    Smith, Michael J., “Humanitarian Intervention: An Overview of the Ethical Issues,” Ethics & International Affairs 12, no. 1 (1998), 63–79.
    Snyder, Jack and Vinjamuri, Leslie, “Trials and Errors: Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice,” International Security 28, no. 3 (2003/2004), 5–44.
    Tan, Kok-Chor, “The Duty to Protect,” in Nardin, Terry and Williams, Melissa S. (eds.), NOMOS XLVII: Humanitarian Intervention (New York and London: New York University Press, 2006), 84–116.
    Tesón, Fernando, “The Liberal Case for Humanitarian Intervention,” in Holzgrefe, J.L. and Keohane, Robert O. (eds.), Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 93–129.
    Todorov, Tzvetan, “Right to Intervene or Duty to Assist?” in Owen, Nicholas (ed.), Human Rights, Human Wrongs, The Oxford Amnesty Lectures 2001 (Oxford University Press, 2003), 28–48.
    Valentino, Benjamin A., “The True Costs of Humanitarian Intervention,” Foreign Affairs 90, no. 6 (November/December 2011), 60–73.
    Verwey, Wil, “Humanitarian Intervention in the 1990s and Beyond: An International Law Perspective,” in Pierterse, J.N. (ed.), World Orders in the Making: Humanitarian Intervention and Beyond (London: Macmillan, 1998), 200.
    Vinjamuri, Leslie, “Deterrence, Democracy, and the Pursuit of International Justice During Conflict,” Ethics & International Affairs 24, no. 2 (2010), 191–211.
    Vossen, B. Van der, “The Asymmetry of Legitimacy,” Law and Philosophy 31 (2012), 565–92.
    Walzer, Michael, “The Case Against Our Attack on Libya,” The New Republic (March 20, 2011).
    Walzer, Michael, “The Moral Standing of States: A Response to Four Critics,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 9, no. 3 (Spring 1980), 209–29.
    Weiss, Thomas G., “Halting Atrocities in Kenya,” in Great Decisions (New York: Foreign Policy Association, 2010), 17–30.
    Weiss, Thomas G., “The Sunset of Humanitarian Intervention? The Responsibility to Protect in a Unipolar Era,” Security Dialogue 35, no. 2 (2004), 135–53.
    Welsh, Jennifer M., “Civilian Protection in Libya: Putting Coercion and Controversy Back into RtoP,” Ethics & International Affairs 25, no. 3 (Fall 2011), 255–62.
    Welsh, Jennifer M., “Who Should Act? Collective Responsibility and the Responsibility to Protect,” in Knight, Andy W. and Egerton, Frazer (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of the Responsibility to Protect (New York and Oxford: Routledge, 2012), 103–14.
    Western, Jon and Goldstein, Joshua S., “Humanitarian Intervention Comes of Age: Lessons from Somalia to Libya,” Foreign Affairs 90, no. 6 (November/December 2011), 48–59.
    Wheeler, Nicholas J. and Morris, Justin, “Justifying the Iraq War as a Humanitarian Intervention: The Cure is Worse Than the Disease,” in Thakur, Ramesh and Sidhu, Waheguru Pal Singh (eds.), The Iraq Crisis and World Order: Structural, Institutional and Normative Challenges (Tokyo: UN University Press, 2006), 444–63.
    Williams, Robert E. and Caldwell, Dan, “Jus Post Bellum: Just War Theory and the Principles of Just Peace,” International Studies Perspective 7 (2006), 309–20.
    Wolfendale, Jessica, “Performance-Enhancing Technologies and Moral Responsibility in the Military,” The American Journal of Bioethics 8, no. 2 (2008), 28–38.

    Metrics

    Full text views

    Total number of HTML views: 0
    Total number of PDF views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    Book summary page views

    Total views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

    Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

    Accessibility standard: Unknown

    Why this information is here

    This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

    Accessibility Information

    Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.