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    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      05 August 2015
      25 August 2015
      ISBN:
      9781316340578
      9781107119055
      9781107545113
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.7kg, 399 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (229 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.6kg, 404 Pages
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    Book description

    From Slavery to Aid engages two major themes in African historiography, the slow death of slavery and the evolution of international development, and reveals their interrelation in the social history of the region of Ader in the Nigerien Sahel. Benedetta Rossi traces the historical transformations that turned a society where slavery was a fundamental institution into one governed by the goals and methods of 'aid'. Over an impressive sweep of time - from the pre-colonial power of the Caliphate of Sokoto to the aid-driven governments of the present - this study explores the problem that has remained the central conundrum throughout Ader's history: how workers could meet subsistence needs and employers fulfil recruitment requirements in an area where natural resources are constantly exposed to the climatic hazards characteristic of the edge of the Sahara.

    Reviews

    ‘Benedetta Rossi connects the specificities of place with the importance of connections across space, and she connects the continuities of a former slave society with the development initiatives of a colonial and post-colonial state. She uses her rich ethnographic and historical material to analyse insightfully the meaning of unequal social and economic relations, within a region, within an African state, and in relation to the external world.’

    Frederick Cooper - New York University

    ‘A magisterial study of how a desert-side slave labor system in Niger is transformed by French conquest into a forced-labour system, and then by modern development agendas. It is also a story of how people survive under difficult circumstances.’

    Martin Klein - University of Toronto

    ‘In this pathbreaking application of historical anthropology, Benedetta Rossi explores the shifting boundaries of social relationships in the West African Sahel. The politics of labour on the margins of desert and savanna marked the northern frontier of the Islamic Sokoto Caliphate and determined the impact of the colonial and post-colonial state. From Slavery to Aid unpacks the transformations of society on the ecological edge.’

    Paul E. Lovejoy - Canada Research Chair in African Diaspora History, York University, Toronto

    '… well-organized, clearly written, and easily digested … From Slavery to Aid successfully blends archival research with ethnographic fieldwork, making it an exceptional specimen of historical anthropology.'

    D. Dmitri Hurlbut Source: African Studies Quarterly

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    Contents

    Bibliography

    Oral Testimonies and Interviews

    1999

    • 25 April, Keita, Zakou Moussa, National Director of Keita Project

    • 27 April, Keita, Idi Madougou, Departmental Literacy Service

    • 27 April, Keita, Lawali Mati, Agronomy Department

    • 27 April, Keita, Hamissou Malam Manzo, Engineering Department

    • 28 April, Keita, Commandant Lawali Massoy, Environment Department

    • 29 April, Keita, Hadiza Rhissa, Monitoring and Evaluation Department

    • 29 April, Keita, Hassan, Monitoring and Evaluation Department

    • 29 April, Keita, Alhaji Karim Ladan Kaoura, Engineering Department

    • 29 April, Keita, Ali, Monitoring and Evaluation Department

    • 30 April, Keita, Aboubakar, Monitoring and Evaluation Department

    • 1 May, Keita, Abdoussalam, Environment Department

    2005

    • 4 February, Keita, Mariou Innar Keita

    • 5 February, Keita, Malam Issoufou Kombo

    • 6 February, Keita, Sarki's court

    • 7 February, Keita, Mariou Innar Keita

    • 8 February, Keita, Hamma Seydi

    • 8 February, Keita, Mariou Innar Keita

    • 9 February, Keita, Issiakou Dorousa

    • 10 February, Keita, Abbas Idi

    • 10 February, Keita, Haljimma

    • 11 February, Keita, Alhaji Idi

    • 12 February, Aboubakar Keitawa

    • 13 February, Keita, Aghali Assadeck

    • 13 February, Keita, Aboubakar Keitawa

    • 19 February, Tamaske, Alio Aga

    • 19 February, Tamaske, Cheffou Tuba

    • 19 February, Tamaske, Malam Nise

    • 20 February, Tamaske, Haruna

    • 20 February, Tamaske Djibalawa, group of elders

    • 23 February, Birnin Ader / Birnin Garhanga, group of elders

    • 23 February, Darey, Katanga

    • 24 February, Illela, Sarkin Ader's court

    • 24 February, Garhanga, Sarkin Garhanga

    • 25 February, Laba, Shehu Assumana

    • 25 February, Deoulle, Sarkin Magori

    • 26 February, Keita, Shaibou

    • 26 February, Keita, Tsafia Zambo

    • 26 February, Keita, Wassouleyman

    • 1 March, Ibohamane II, group of elders

    • 1 March, Ibohamane I, group of elders

    • 2 March, Djibale, group of elders

    • 2 March, Agouloum Sabon Gari Kaora

    • 3 March, Tinkirana Ibarogan

    • 3 March, Tinkirana Tounga, Houssa Atessa

    • 3 March, Barzanga, Mamman dan Takoshi

    • 4 March, Loudou Ibagatan, group of elders

    • 4 March, Loudou Ibagatan, group of Kel Eghlel Ennigger elders

    • 8 March, Tabofatt, Tokobo and Abdourrahman

    • 10 March, Mansala Sedentaire I, group of elders

    • 10 March, Mansala Sedentaire II, group of elders

    • 11 March, Mansala Kel Gress, Chef du Groupement

    • 11 March, Keita, Alfu (female trader)

    • 15 March, Keita, Hajiya Tsaheba

    • 17 March, Keita, Alhaji Idi

    • 19 March, Keita, female trader

    • 5 April, Keita, Alhaji Sakkanin

    • 8 April, Ibohamane, Raki Ahmed

    • 11 April, Intchimiya, hakimi and Attahir Kel Eghlel Ennigger

    • 18 April, Tamaske, Elh. Ilali

    • 18 April, Tamaske, Tchimma Djibo

    • 19 April, Tamaske, Elh. Sani (Sakole)

    • 19 April, Tamaske, Elh. Asoumana

    • 19 April, Tamaske, Elh. Mamman

    • 20 April, Tamaske, Alhaji Salami

    • 20 April, Tamaske, Mamman Sani

    • 21 April, Ibohamane, Alh. Ma'azu

    • 24 April, Ibohamane, Isha

    • 28 April, Itegan, hakimi Ghalio and others

    • 29 April, Keita, Bako griot

    • 2 May, Loudou Tayamana, Ibrahima and Ilias

    • 4 May, Tinkirana Tounga, Tchimmou

    • 4 May, Tinkirana Tounga, Houssa Atessa

    • 5 May, Tamaske, Tchimma Djibo

    • 8 May, Tamaske, Sarkin Bori and Tchimma

    • 9 May, Tamaske, Sarkin Bori and Tchimma

    • 10 May, Ibohamane, Alhaji Aghali

    • 11 May, Ibohamane, elderly lady and Ibrahim

    • 19 May, Intchimia Daji, Bayan Tudu, Mano

    • 23 May, Dubugu, Bayan Tudu, Malam Yukubu

    • 24 May, Ibazawane Babba, Tsahabi Hamu Inussufan

    • 25 May, Jeji, Aderawa, Alhaji Alhassan

    • 25 May, Ibohamane, Aderawa, Alhaji Abdallah

    • 26 May, Zangarata, Ibrahim hakimi and two elders

    • 27 May, Sakole, group of elders

    • 30 May, Gidan Tsourout, Aboubakar Hakimi

    • 30 May, Barzanga, Alhaji Attahir

    • 31 May, Takoshi, Aboubakar

    • 31 May, Takoshi, hakimi

    • 1 June, Djibale, Alhaji Abu Arabo

    • 7 June, Tegueleguel/Tessack, group of elders

    • 8 June, Kalfu Dabagi, Sarki's court

    • 8 June, Kalfu Rahi, Mahamadou Chafirou

    • 9 June, Bagey, Elh. Samaila Ahambala

    • 9 June, Bayan Tudu Agoromorom, Nassi

    • 10 June, Charingue, hakimi and group of young men

    • 13 June, Fararatt Baba, Hajiya Mamou and Mahaman Kwali

    • 14 June, Kirari, Malam Calla Zambo

    • 15 June, Itegan Hakimi Ghalio ag Abdulhamid

    • 15 June, Allambaya, Alhassan Issouf

    • 16 June, Albaraka, hakimi Hamza and elders

    • 16 June, Morey I, group of elders

    • 16 June, Morey II, group of elders

    • 17 June, Janguebe Tara, group of elders

    • 7 September, Keita, Aboubakar Keitawa

    • 8 September, Keita, representatives of Keitawa

    • 11 September, Keita, record of public debate at the Sarki's court

    • 13 September, Kongo, Alhaji Maliki and Aminatou

    • 14 September, Gidan Fako/Gorey, Alhaji Aboka

    • 14 September, Gidan Fako, wife of griot

    • 15 September, Toulliki, Alhassan Anaferan Hakimi

    • 18 September, Keita, Haljimma

    • 18 September, Keita, Issoufou Kombo

    • 20 September, Agouloum, Hakimi Idi Falkari and Alhaji Hamma

    • 21 September, Agouloum Sabon Gari Kaora, Yahaya Jibrina

    • 22 September, Sakole, Alhaji Hanna and elder brother Haruna

    • 22 September, Sakole, Alhaji Imo and descendants of Gurmu

    • 23 September, Keita, Dumut old Balissaye

    • 24 September, Keita, Moussa Ganahi (Lissawan)

    • 25 September, Allambaya, Alhassan

    • 29 September, Keita, Alhaji Dilleha

    • 30 September, Alela (Insafari), Almoustapha Ada, Ibrahim (Isha) Idi

    • 30 September, Kourega, Amatteya

    • 2 October, Tamaske, recording of bori ceremony

    • 2 October, Tamaske, recording of bori ceremony

    • 3 October, Tamaske, Tchimma Djibo

    • 4 October, Kel Nan (Intougouzout), Mohamed Imboran

    • 6 October, Loudou Toyomana, Malam Ibrahim dan Fiza

    • 6 October, Tinkirana Tounga, Houssa Atessa and Hama Houssa

    • 10 October, Abalak, Hammadibrahim Mai Gari 1

    • 10 October, Abalak, Hammadibrahim Mai Gari 2

    • 18 October, Kongo, Alhaji Maliki

    • 18 October, Kirari, Calla Zambo 1

    • 18 October, Kirari, Calla Zambo 2

    • 19 October, Agouloum Sabon Gari Kaora, elders: Maliki, Tambari, others

    • 21 October, Tahoua, Abdoullahi Ilio

    • 21 October, Tahoua, Adam Buzu

    • 26 October, Tamaske, Alio Aga

    • 26 October, Tamaske, Rashidou Issa ‘Amanno’, hakimi Al Hazawa

    • 27 October, Loudou Ibagatan, Souleyman and Alhousseini

    • 28 October, Tinkirana Tounga, Hamma Houssa and Houssa Atessa (morning)

    • 28 October, Tinkirana Tounga, Hamma Houssa and Houssa Atessa (afternoon)

    • 28 October, Intchimya, group of elders

    • 29 October, Kourega, Amatteya (morning)

    • 29 October, Kourega, Amatteya (afternoon)

    • 31 October, Keita, Lawa of Inkinkaran

    • 6 November, Tchinta, Goumar Baso, Alkassoum, Al Hamidin

    • 7 November, Tchintabaraden, Al Hamidin

    2008

    • 26 November, Tinkirana Tounga, Houssa Atessa and Salifou

    • 27 November, Loudou Toyamana, hakimi

    • 27 November, Loudou Ibagatane, group of elders

    • 28 November, Seyte, group of elders and young men

    • 29 November, Kirari, Calla Zambo

    • 1 December, Jiggina, Hakimi and elders

    • 1 December, Kourega, Amatteya

    • 2 December, Agouloum Sabon Gari Kaora, Maliki, Tambari, others

    • 2 December, Keita, Mohamed ‘Tubali’

    • 3 December, Kirari, Malam Calla Zambo

    • 3 December, visit of sites with Malam Calla Zambo

    • 3 December, Keita, Augustin

    • 4 December, Tamaske Sabon Gida, group of elders

    • 5 December, Tamaske, Mamman Sani and Jos migrants

    • 5 December, Tamaske, Mamman Sani and elders who used to work in Jos

    • 5 December, Keita, Mohamed ‘Tubali’

    • 6 December, Keita, Makera Aulli

    • 12 December, Sabo Gidan Doli, Halilou Ada and Alhaji Harouna

    • 13 December, Keita, Abbas Idi

    • 13 December, Keita, Mohamed ‘Tubali’

    • 14 December, Keita, Aboubakar Keitawa and elders

    • 14 December, Keita, Aghali Assadeck

    2010

    • 7 March, Niamey, Souley Midou

    • 6 April, Niamey, Koroney Maudet

    • 25 April, Keita, Aghali Assadeck

    • 26 April, Tamaske, Jos migrants

    • 26 April, Tamaske, Mamman Sani

    • 27 April, Keita, Souley Dambaji

    • 28 April, Kirari, Calla Zambo

    • 5 May, Niamey, Djibrilla Aboubakar

    • 21 May, Galma Nomade, Tambari Sadda and his court

    • 22 May, Galma Nomade, Mouhmoud Ourekel

    • 23 May, Nassarawa II, group of elders

    • 23 May, Madaoua, Mahamane Bako

    • 24 May, Zangon Malami, Malam Harouna dan Mahdi

    • 25 May, Madaoua, Mahamane Bako

    Fieldnotes

    • Fieldnotes, 1995

    • Fieldnotes, 1999

    • Fieldnotes, 2000

    • Fieldnotes, 2005

    • Fieldnotes, 2008

    • Fieldnotes, 2010

    Archives

    Archives Nationales de France, Centre d'Archives d'Outre-Mer (Aix en Provence): ANF-CAOM

    • Series E

    • Series G

    • Fonds Ministériels

    • Bibliothèque AOM

    Service Historique de la Défense, Bibliothèque de l'Armée de Terre (Paris, Chateau de Vincennes): SHD-BAT

    • GR5 H202

    • GR5 H204

    • GR5 H207

    • GR5 H208

    • GR5 H209

    • GR5 H211

    Archives Nationales du Senegal: ANS

    • Series 1G: missions, notices et monographies

    • Series 11G: Niger

    • Series K1 to K29: esclavage et captivité (1807–1915)

    • Series K30 to K35: travail et main d'oeuvre (1878–1920)

    • Series K46 (2): suppression prestations

    • Series K55 (19): règlementation travail indigène en AOF (1924–1925)

    • Series K59 (19): régime du travail indigène, application règlementation 1928

    • Series K60 (19): régime du travail indigène, application règlementation

    Archives Nationales du Niger: ANN

    • Series E: affaires politiques

    • Series K: travaux publics

    • Series Q: affaires économiques

    • Series S: travail et main d’œuvre

    • Series H: coopération

    • Fonds numériques

    • Dossier 1: Mission Afrique Centrale

    • Dossier 7B: Correspondance Territoire Militaire

    • Dossier 17: Cercle de Tahoua

    • Dossier 27: Reconnaissances et Operations Militaires

    • Bulletins du Conseil National de Développement (CND)

    • Tahoua, monographs, in particular:

    • ANN 17.1.1: Capt. Joly. Monographie du Cercle de Tahoua, 1901

    • ANN 17.1.2: Arreté no. 58 du 2 novembre 1901, Convention réglant la situation des Touaregs et de l'Ader signée à Tamaské par le lieutenant Commandant le 3e Territoire militaire Peroz

    • ANN 17.1.3: Adjutant Brescon, Monographies du Cercle de Tahoua, dont celles du Secteur de Guidan Bado et du Secteur de Tamaské, 1er aout 1901

    • ANN 17.1.4: Lieutenant Peignol, Monographie du Cercle de Tahoua, Nov. 1907,

    • ANN 17.1.5: NA, Historique de l'Ader et de l'Azaouak, 1907

    • ANN 17.1.6: Brouin, M. (Comm. de Cercle par intérim), Eléments de Monographie: Compte-rendu de tournées effectuées dans la subdivision sédentaire de Tahoua du 3 au 26 septembre et du 6 au 15 octobre, 1944

    • ANN 17.1.7: Capitaine Pietri (Commandant le PMI par intérim) Note sur les Touareg Oullimmiden du Cercle de Tahoua, 1945

    • ANN 17.1.8: Capitaine Pietri, Notice: Les Nomades du Territoire du Niger, Cercle de Tahoua, 1945

    • ANN 17.1.9: Monsieur Souchet, Les Lissaouan et le Canton du Keita: Esquisse d'une Histoire de l'Ader, 1947

    • ANN 17.1.10: Monsieur Roger Malfettes, Monographie: Rapport d'Ensemble sur le Recensement du Canton de Calfou, Province de Tahoua, 1951

    • ANN 17.1.11: NA, ND, Fragment concernant le Sultanat de l'Ader

    • ANN 17.1.13: Lieutenant du Bois, Etude sur le droit coutumier des Lissaouanes, 1932

    • ANN 17.1.14: NA, Coutumier Aderawa Musulman, 1936

    • ANN 17.1.16: M. Gaillard, Note sur le problème Eklan, ND

    Niamey, Archives du Ministere du Plan (AMP)

    • Full text of National Development Plans

    Tahoua, Archives Regionales de Tahoua (ART)

    Series W

    Tahoua, Service Regional du Genie Rural (SRGR)

    Keita, Archives du Projet Keita (APK)

    Primary Sources

    Assadeck, A., n.d. Notes on the history of Keita and the Ader. Four hand-written copybooks including research material collected in villages and copied from published sources and colonial archives by A. Assadeck. Un-published private collection, consulted by Benedetta Rossi in 2005.
    Bakary, D., Silence! On décolonise… : itinéraire politique et syndical d'un militant africain. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1992.
    Barth, H., Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an Expedition Undertaken Under the Auspices of H.R.M.'s Government in the Years 1849–1855. Centenary Edition in three volumes. London: Frank Cass, 1965 [1857].
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    Cazemajou, , ‘Les prétendus survivants de la Mission Flatters’. Bulletin du Comité de l'Afrique Française 7 (juillet 1898), p. 223.
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    Denham, D., Clapperton, H. and Oudney, W., Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa in the Years 1822, 1823, and 1824. London: John Murray, 1826.
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    Monteil, P. L. Les conventions franco-anglaises de 14 juin 1898 et 21 mars 1899. Paris: Plon, 1899.
    Bello, Muhammad, ‘Infaq al-Maisur’, in Denham, D. Clapperton, H., and Oudney, W., Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa in the Years 1822, 1823, and 1824. London: John Murray, 1826, Appendix XII, pp. 158–70.
    Bello, Muhammad, ‘Infaqu'l Maisuri’, in Arnett, E.,The Rise of the Sokoto Fulani Kano, 1922.
    Niebuhr, C., ‘Das Innere von Afrika’. Neues Deutsches Museum, vol. 3, 1789–1791 (1790), pp. 963–1004.
    Niebuhr, C., ‘Bemerkungen uber Fr. Hornemann's Reise nach dem Innern von Africa’, in von Zach, Freyherrn F., Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beforderung der Erd-und Himmels-kunde, VII Band. Gotha: Beckerschen, 1803, pp. 429–35.
    Nkrumah, K., Consciencism: Philosophy and Ideology for Decolonization. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970.
    dan Fodio, Usman, ‘Tanbih al-ikhwan’, translated and edited by Palmer, H. R., ‘An Early Fulani Conception of Islam’. Journal of the Royal African Society, 13/52 (July 1914), pp. 407–14; 14/53 (Oct. 1914), pp. 53–9; and 14/54 (Jan. 1915), pp. 185–92.
    Palmer, H. R., ‘The Kano Chronicle’. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 38 (1908), pp. 58–98.
    Palmer, H. R., ‘Notes on some Asben Records’. Journal of the Royal African Society 9/36 (1910), pp. 388–400.
    Palmer, H. R., ‘An early Fulani conception of Islam (continued)’. Journal of the Royal African Society, 14/53 (1914), pp. 53–9.
    Palmer, H. R., Sudanese Memoirs: Being Mainly Translations of a Number of Arabic Manuscripts Relating to the Central and Western Sudan. London: Frank Cass, 1967 [1928].
    Richardson, J., Narrative of a Mission to Central Africa Performed in the Years 1850–1851. London: Frank Cass, 1970 [1853].
    Saibou, A., Discours et Messages, novembre 1987–novembre 1988. Niamey: Agence Nigérienne de Presse, 1988.
    Sarrault, A., La mise en valeur des colonies françaises. Paris: Payot, 1923.
    Seetzen, U., ‘Über die Phellata-Araber südwärts von Fessan, und deren Sprache; nebst einigen Nachrichten von unterschiedlichen umherliegenden Afrikanischen Ländern. Von U. J. Seetzen in Kahira (Oct. 1808)’, in von Zach, Freyherrn F., Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beforderung der Erd-und Himmels-kunde, XXVIII Band. Gotha: Beckerschen, 1813, pp. 225–36.
    Tardivet, R., ‘Les sultans de l'Air’. Bulletin du Comité d'Etudes Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF (Oct. 1928), pp. 659–94.
    Urvoy, Y., ‘Chroniques d'Agades’. Journal de la Société des Africanistes 4/2 (1934), pp. 145–78.
    Whitting, C. E. J., Mohammed Bello, Infaqu'l Maisuri, edited from local manuscripts by C.E.J. Whitting. London: Luzac and co., 1951.

    Secondary Sources

    Published secondary sources

    Abadie, M., La Colonie du Niger. Paris: Société d'Editions Géographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales, 1927.
    Abraham, R. C., Dictionary of the Hausa Language. London: Published on behalf of the Government of Nigeria by the Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1949.
    Adamu, M., ‘The delivery of slaves from the Central Sudan to the Bight of Benin in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries’, in Gemery, H. and Hogendorn, J. (eds), The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade. New York: Academic Press, 1979, pp. 163–80.
    Agiri, B., ‘The development of wage labour in agriculture in southern Yorubaland 1900–1940’. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 12/1–2 (1983–1984), pp. 95–107.
    Allain, J., ‘Hadijatou Mani Koraou v. Republic of Niger: Judgement no. ECW/CCJ/JUD/06/08’. The American Journal of International Law 103/2 (2009), pp. 311–17
    Alojaly, G., Histoire des Kel-Denneg avant l'arrivée des français. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1975.
    Alpha Gado, B., Une histoire des famines au Sahel. Etude des grandes crises alimentaires (XIX–XX siècles). Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993.
    Amin, S., ‘Development and Structural Change: The African Experience, 1950–1970’. Journal of International Affairs 203 (1970), pp. 203–23.
    Amin, S., ‘Underdevelopment and Dependence in Black Africa-Origins and Contemporary Forms’. Journal of Modern African Studies 503 (1972), pp. 503–24.
    Amin, S., Le développement inégal: Essai sur les formations sociales du capitalisme périphérique. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1973.
    Amin, S., Fin d'un débat: L’échange inégal et la loi de la valeur. Paris: Anthropos, 1974.
    Amin, S., ‘Migrations in contemporary Africa: A retrospective view.’ In Baker, J., and Tade, A. (eds), The Migration Experience in Africa. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1995, pp. 29–40.
    Apard, E., ‘Les dérives sécuritaires des politiques migratoires au Niger’ (deuxième partie). Published online on 25 February 2010, http://emi-cfd.com/echanges-partenariats10/spip.php?article124
    Apthorpe, P. and Gasper, D. (eds), Arguing Development Policy: Frames and Discourses. London: Frank Cass, 1996.
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