Published secondary sources
Abadie, M., La Colonie du Niger. Paris: Société d'Editions Géographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales, 1927.
Abraham, R. C., Dictionary of the Hausa Language. London: Published on behalf of the Government of Nigeria by the Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1949.
Adamu, M., ‘The delivery of slaves from the Central Sudan to the Bight of Benin in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries’, in Gemery, H. and Hogendorn, J. (eds), The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade. New York: Academic Press, 1979, pp. 163–80.
Agiri, B., ‘The development of wage labour in agriculture in southern Yorubaland 1900–1940’. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 12/1–2 (1983–1984), pp. 95–107.
Allain, J., ‘Hadijatou Mani Koraou v. Republic of Niger: Judgement no. ECW/CCJ/JUD/06/08’. The American Journal of International Law 103/2 (2009), pp. 311–17
Alojaly, G., Histoire des Kel-Denneg avant l'arrivée des français. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 1975.
Alpha Gado, B., Une histoire des famines au Sahel. Etude des grandes crises alimentaires (XIX–XX siècles). Paris: L'Harmattan, 1993.
Amin, S., ‘Development and Structural Change: The African Experience, 1950–1970’. Journal of International Affairs 203 (1970), pp. 203–23.
Amin, S., ‘Underdevelopment and Dependence in Black Africa-Origins and Contemporary Forms’. Journal of Modern African Studies 503 (1972), pp. 503–24.
Amin, S., Le développement inégal: Essai sur les formations sociales du capitalisme périphérique. Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1973.
Amin, S., Fin d'un débat: L’échange inégal et la loi de la valeur. Paris: Anthropos, 1974.
Amin, S., ‘Migrations in contemporary Africa: A retrospective view.’ In Baker, J., and Tade, A. (eds), The Migration Experience in Africa. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1995, pp. 29–40.
Apthorpe, P. and Gasper, D. (eds), Arguing Development Policy: Frames and Discourses. London: Frank Cass, 1996.
Arndt, H., The Rise and Fall of Economic Growth: A Study in Contemporary Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
Arndt, H., Economic Development: The History of an Idea. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Arnett, E. J., The Rise of the Sokoto Fulani. Kano: Emirate Printing Department, 1922.
Arnold, J., ‘The historian as inquisitor: The ethics of interrogating subaltern voices’. Rethinking History 2/3 (1998), pp. 379–86.
Asiwaju, A., ‘Control through coercion: A study of the indigénat regime in French West African administration, 1887–1946’. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, IX, 3 (Dec. 1978), pp. 91–124.
Aubreville, A., ‘Le forêts de la Colonie du Niger. Extrait d'un Rapport de Mission au Niger et au Nigeria’. Bulletin du Comité d'Etudes Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF, 1936, tome 19/1, pp. 1–95.
Austin, G., Labour, Land and Capital in Ghana: From Slavery to Free Labour in Asante, 1807–1956. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2005.
Austin, G., ‘Resources, techniques, and strategies south of the Sahara: Revising the factor endowments perspective on African economic development, 1500–2000’. Economic History Review, 61, 3 (2008), pp. 587–624.
Austin, G., ‘Cash crops and freedom: Export agriculture and the decline of slavery in colonial West Africa’. International Review of Social History, 54 (2009), pp. 1–37.
Austin, G., ‘Factor markets in Nieboer conditions: Pre-colonial West Africa, c.1500–c.1900’. Continuity and Change, 24/1 (2009), pp. 23–53.
Azarya, V., Aristocrats Facing Change: The Fulbe in Guinea, Nigeria, and Cameroon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
Azarya, V., Nomads and the State in Africa: The Political Roots of Marginality. London: Ashgate, 1996.
Azarya, V., ‘The nomadic factor in Africa: Dominance or marginality’, in Khazanov, A. and Wink, A. (eds), Nomads in the Sedentary World. Richmond: Curzon, 2001, pp. 250–84.
Baier, S., ‘Economic history and development: Drought and the Sahelian economies of niger’. African Economic History, 1 (1976), pp. 1–16.
Baier, S., An Economic History of Central Niger. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
Baier, S., ‘Ecologically based trade and the state in precolonial West Africa’. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, 20, issues 77–78 (1980), pp. 149–54.
Baier, S. and Lovejoy, P., ‘The desert side economy of the Central Sudan’. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 8/4(1975), pp. 551–81.
Baier, S. and Lovejoy, P., ‘The Tuareg of the Central Sudan: Gradations in servility at the desert's edge (Niger and Nigeria)’, in Kopytoff, I. and Miers, S. (eds), Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977, pp. 291–311.
Bakhtin, M., ‘Discourse in the novel’, in Holquist, M. (ed.) The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M. M. Bakhtin. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981, pp. 269–422.
Barber, K. and De Moraes Farias, P. F. (eds), Discourse and Its Disguises: The Interpretation of African Oral Texts. Birmingham: Centre for West African Studies, 1989.
Barkow, J. H., ‘Muslims and Maguzawa in North Central State, Nigeria: An ethnographic comparison.’ Canadian Journal of African Studies, 7/1 (1973), pp. 59–76.
Barry, B., Le Royaume du Waalo. Paris: Maspero, 1972.
Bates, R., Essays on the Political Economy of Rural Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Bates, R., Markets and States in Tropical Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
Bayard Price, H., The Marshall Plan and Its Meaning. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1955.
Bayart, J. F., The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly. London: Longman, 1993. (French original published in 1989).
Bayart, J. F., ‘Africa in the world: A strategy of extraversion’. African Affairs 99/30 (2000), pp. 217–67.
Bellagamba, A., Greene, S. and Klein, M. (eds), African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Benjamin, W., ‘Über den Begriff der Geschichte”, Gesammelte Schriften I/2. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1974, pp. 693–703.
Berg, J., ‘The economic basis of political choice in French West Africa’. The American Political Science Review, 54/2 (1960), pp. 391–405.
Bernasconi, R., ‘You don't know what I am talking about: Alterity and the hermeneutic ideal’, in Schmidt, L. (ed), The Spectre of Relativism: Truth, Dialogue and Phronesis in Philosophical Hermeneutics. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1995, pp. 178–94.
Bernus, E., ‘Cueillette et exploitation des ressources spontanées du Sahel nigerien par les Kel Tamasheq’. Cahiers ORSTOM, 4 (1967), pp. 31–52.
Bernus, E., ‘Récits historiques de l'Azawagh: Traditions des Iullemmeden Kel Dinnik’, Bulletin de l'IFAN, ser. B, 32/2 (1970), pp. 435–85.
Bernus, E., ‘Les palmeraies de l'Aïr’. Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 11 (1972), pp. 37–50.
Bernus, E., ‘L’évolution récente des relations entre éleveurs et agriculteurs en Afrique tropicale: L'example du Sahel nigérien’. Cahiers ORSTOM XI/2 (1974), pp.137–43.
Bernus, E., ‘L’évolution des relations de dépendance depuis la période précoloniale jusqu’à nos jours chez les Iullemmeden Kel Dinnik’. Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 21 (1976), pp. 85–99.
Bernus, E., Touaregs nigériens: unité culturelle et diversité régionale d'un peuple pasteur. Paris: Editions de l'Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, 1981.
Bernus, E., ‘L'eau du désert: usages, techniques et maitrise de l'espace aux confins du Sahara’. Etudes Rurales, 115–116 (1989), pp. 93–104.
Bernus, E., ‘Histoires parallèles et croisées: nobles et religieux chez les Touaregs Kel Denneg’. L'Homme, 115, 30/3 (1990), pp. 31–47.
Bernus, E., ‘Dates, dromedaries, and drought: Diversification in Tuareg pastoral systems’, in Galaty, J. and Johnson, D. (eds), The World of Pastoralism: Herding Systems in Comparative Perspective. New York, 1990, pp. 149–76.
Bernus, E., ‘Le nomadisme pastorale en question’. Etudes Rurales, 120 (Oct–Dec 1992), pp. 41–52.
Bernus, E., ‘Le berger Touareg et le paysan’, in Blanc-Pamard, C. and Boutrais, J. (eds), A la croisée des parcours. Paris: Orstom, 1994, pp. 291–302.
Bernus, E., ‘La zone pastorale Touaregue: évolution ou mutation?’ in Arditi, C. et al. (eds), Les dynamiques du changement en Afrique sub-saharienne. Paris: 1996, pp. 42–61.
Bernus, E. and Bernus, S., Du sel et de dattes. Introduction à l’étude de la communauté d'In Gall et de Tegidda-n-Tesemt. Etudes Nigeriennes 31. Niamey: IFAN, 1972.
Bernus, E. and Bernus, S., ‘L’évolution de la condition servile chez les Touaregs sahéliens’, in Meillassoux, C. (ed.), L'Esclavage en Afrique précoloniale. Paris: Maspero, 1975, pp. 27–47.
Bernus, S., ‘Recherches sur les centres urbains d'Agadez et d'In Gall’. Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 11 (1972), pp. 51–6.
Bernus, S., ‘Stratégie matrimoniale et conservation du pouvoir dans l'Air et chez les Iullemmeden’. Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 21 (1976), pp. 101–10.
Bernus, S. and Gouletquer, P., ‘Du cuivre au sel’. Journal des Africanistes, 46 (1976), pp. 7–68.
Bernus, S., Bonte, P., Brock, L. and Claudot, H. (eds), Le fils et le neveu: jeux et enjeux de la parenté touarègue. London: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Berry, S., ‘Social institutions and access to resources’. Africa, 59/1 (1989), pp. 41–55.
Bhabha, H., ‘Of mimicry and man: The ambivalence of colonial discourse’. October, 3–4 (1985), pp. 125–33.
Bierschenk, T., Chauveau, J. P. and Olivier de Sardan, J. P. (eds), Courtiers en développement: les villages africains en quête de projets. Paris: Karthala, 2000.
Bivar, A. D. H. and Hiskett, M., ‘The Arabic literature of Nigeria to 1804: A provisional account’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 25/1–3 (1962), pp. 104–48.
Bivins, M., Telling Stories, Making Histories: Women, Words, and Islam in Nineteenth Century Hausaland and the Sokoto Caliphate. Portsmouth: Heinemann, 2007.
Boahen, A. Britain, the Sahara, and the Western Sudan 1788–1861. Oxford: Clarendon, 1964.
Boesen, E., Marfaing, L. and de Bruijn, M., ‘Nomadism and mobility in the Sahara-Sahel: introduction’. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 48/1 (2014), pp. 1–12.
Boilley, P., ‘Les droits d'un peuple. Touaregs, de la rébellion à l'assimilation’. Le Monde des Débats, 10 (juillet–aout 1993), pp. 27–8.
Boilley, P., ‘Les Touaregs entre contraintes géographiques et constructions politiques’, Etudes rurales, 151–152 (juillet–décembre 1999), pp. 255–68.
Bolland, O. N., ‘Systems of domination after slavery: the control of land and labor in the British West Indies after 1938’. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 23/4(1984), pp. 591–619.
Bolland, O. N., ‘Reply to William A. Green's “The perils of comparative history”’. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 26/1(1984), pp. 120–5.
Bonnecase, V., La pauvreté au Sahel: du savoir colonial à la mesure international. Paris: Karthala, 2011.
Bonte, P., L’élévage et le commerce du bétail dans l'Ader Doutchi Majiya. Études Nigériennes 23. Niamey: IFAN, 1967.
Bonte, P., ‘Esclavage et relations de dépendance chez les Touaregs Kel Gress’, in Meillassoux, C. (ed.), L'Esclavage en Afrique précoloniale. Paris: Maspero, 1975, pp. 49–76.
Bonte, P., Segmentarité et pouvoir chez les éleveurs nomades sahariens. Equipe Ecologie et Anthropologie des Sociétés Pastorales. Paris: Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1979.
Bonte, P. and Echard, N., ‘Histoire et histoires. Conceptions du passé chez les Hausa et les Twareg Kel Gress de l'Ader (République du Niger)’. Cahier d'Etudes Africaines, 61–62/ 1–2 (1975), pp. 237–96.
Bourdieu, P., ‘Men and machines’, in Cicourel, A. and Knorr-Cetina, K. (eds), Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Toward and Integration of Micro and Macro-Sociologies. London: Routledge, 1981, pp. 305–15.
Bourdieu, P., The Logic of Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990.
Bourdieu, P., Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991.
Bourdieu, P., Practical Reason: On the Theory of Action. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Bourgeot, A., ‘Analyse des rapports chez les pasteurs et les agriculteurs de l'Ahaggar’, in Monod, T. (ed.), Pastoralism in Tropical Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975, pp. 263–83.
Bourgeot, A., ‘L'herbe et le glaive: de l'itinérance à l'errance (la notion de territoire chez les Touaregs)’. Bulletin Liaison ORSTOM H, Nomadisme: Mobilité et Flexibilité? No. 8, 1986, pp. 145–62.
Bourgeot, A., ‘Le lion et la gazelle: états et Touaregs’, Politique Africaine, 34 (1989), pp. 19–29.
Bourgeot, A., ‘Une Rupture du Couple Ecologie-Economie. La Crise du Pastoralisme Touareg’, in Blanc-Pamard, C. and Boutrais, J. (eds), A la Croisée des Parcours. Pasteurs, éleveurs cultivateurs. Paris: ORSTOM, 1994, pp. 63–78.
Bourgeot, A., Les sociétés Touaregs: nomadisme, identité, résistance. Paris: Karthala, 1995.
Bourgeot, A. (ed.), Horizons nomades en Afrique sahélienne. Sociétés, développement et démocratie. Paris: Karthala, 1999.
Bovill, E. H., The Golden Trade of the Moors. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 1999 [1958].
Boyd, J., The Caliph's Sister: Nana Asma'u 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader. Totowa, NJ: Frank Cass, 1989.
Boyd, J. and Last, M., ‘The role of women as “Agents Religieux” in Sokoto’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, 19, No. 2 (1985), pp. 283–300.
Braudel, F., ‘History and the social sciences: The longue durée’, in Braudel, F. (ed.), On History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980 (translated by Matthews, S.; first published in French, Ecrits sur l'histoire. Paris: Flammarion, 1969).
Braudel, F. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996 [1949].
Braudel, F., Les ambitions de l'histoire. Paris: Editions de Fallois, 1997.
Bredeloup, S., ‘L'aventurier: une figure de la migration africaine’. Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, 2008/125 (2008), pp. 281–306.
Brentano, F., Psychology From an Empirical Standpoint. New York: Routledge, 1995 [1874].
Brock, L., ‘“Children of men” and “children of women”. Descent, marriage, and residence among the Tamejirt’, in Bernus, S., Bonte, P., Brock, L. and Claudot, H. (eds), Le fils et le neveu. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp. 277–315.
Brock, L., ‘Histoire, tradition orale et résistance: la révolte de 1917 chez les Kel Denneg’. Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 57 (1990), pp. 49–76.
Brooks, G., Landlords and Strangers: Ecology, Society and Trade in Western Africa, 1000–1630. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.
Brooks, N., Chiapello, I., Di Lernia, S., Drake, N., Legrand, M., Moulin, C. and Prospero, J., ‘The environment-society nexus in the Sahara from pre-historic times to the present day’. Journal of North African Studies, 10 (2005), pp. 253–92.
Burnham, P., The Politics of Cultural Difference in Northern Cameroon. Edinburgh: International African Institute, 1996.
Candelori, M., Vanessa, R., Di Vecchia, A. and Radicchi, C., I Programmi di Sviluppo Rurale Integrato nella Regione Saheliana. Roma: Istituto Italo Africano, 1992.
Capot-Rey, R., Le Sahara français. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1953.
Caputo, E., ‘Iniziativa italiana di cooperazione con i paesi del CILSS: una valutazione preliminare a tre anni dall'inizio’. Africa[Italian Journal], 36, 1985, pp. 349–70.
Carney, J. and Watts, M., ‘Manufacturing dissent: Work, gender and the politics of meaning in a peasant society’. Africa, 60/2 (1990), pp. 207–42.
Casey, E., The Fate of Place. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
Chabal, P., The End of Conceit: Western Rationality After Postcolonialism. London : Zed Books, 2012.
Chaffard, G., Histoire secrète de la décolonisation. 2 volumes. Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1967.
Chailley, M., Histoire de l'Afrique Occidentale Française. Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1968.
Chudeau, R., Le Sahara Soudanien. Paris: Armand Colin, 1909.
Clarence-Smith, W., ‘For Braudel: A note on the “Ecole des Annales” and the historiography of Africa’. History in Africa, 4 (1977), pp. 275–81.
Claudot-Hawad, H., ‘Analyse sémantique des termes de la parenté chez les Touaregs de l'Ahaggar’. Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 21 (1976), pp. 67–84.
Claudot-Hawad, H., ‘Les Touareg ou la Résistance d'une Culture Nomade’. Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 48–49 (1989), pp. 63–73.
Claudot-Hawad, H., ‘Nomades et état: l'impensé juridique’. Droit et Société, 15 (1990), pp. 229–42.
Cohen, R. and Middleton, J. (eds), From Tribe to Nation in Africa: Studies in Incorporation Processes. Scranton: Chandler Publishing Company, 1970.
Conklin, A., A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.
Cooper, B., Evangelical Christians in the Muslim Sahel. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006.
Cooper, B., ‘Secular states, Muslim law and Islamic religious culture: Gender implications of legal struggles in hybrid legal systems in contemporary West Africa’. Droits et Cultures, 59 (2010–11), pp. 97–120.
Cooper, F., ‘Africa and the world economy’. African Studies Review, 24 (1981), pp. 1–86.
Cooper, F., ‘Conflict and connection: Rethinking colonial African history.’ The American Historical Review, 99/5 (December 1994), pp. 1516–45.
Cooper, F., Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Cooper, F., ‘Modernizing bureaucrats, backward Africans, and the development concept’, in Cooper, F. and Packard, R. (eds), International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, pp. 64–92.
Cooper, F., Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Cooper, F., Colonialism in Question. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
Cooper, F. and Packard, R., ‘Introduction’, in Cooper, F. and Packard, R. (eds), International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, pp. 1–41.
Copans, J., ‘The Sahelian Drought: Social Sciences and the Political Economy of Underdevelopment’, in Hewitt, K. (ed.), Interpretations of Calamity. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1983.
Cottias, M., ‘Gender and republican citizenship in the French West Indies, 1848–1945’. Slavery and Abolition, 26/2 (2005), pp. 233–45.
Curtin, P., Why People Move: Migration in African History. Waco: Baylor University Press, 1995.
De Benoist, R., L'Afrique Occidentale Française de 1944 à 1960. Dakar: Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1982.
De Bruijn, M., Van Dijk, H., Kaag, M. and Van Til, K., Sahelian Pathways: Climate and Society in Central and South Mali. Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2005.
De Certeau, M., The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.
De Lattre, A. and Fell, A., The Club du Sahel: An Experiment in International Co-operation. Paris: OECD, 1984.
De Moraes Farias, P. F., Arabic Medieval Inscriptions from the Republic of Mali: Epigraphy, Chronicles, and Songhay-Tuareg History. Oxford: Fontes Historiae Africanae New Series, 2003.
Deleuze, G. and Guattari, F., A Thousand Plateaus. London, Athlone Press, 1996 [1980].
De Tessières, H., ‘Un épisode du partage de l'Afrique: la Mission Monteil de 1890–1892’. Revue Française d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer, LIX (1972), pp. 345–410.
Deutsch, J. G., Emancipation without Abolition in German East Africa. Oxford: James Currey, 2006.
Domar, E., ‘The causes of slavery or serfdom: A hypothesis’. The Journal of Economic History, 30/1 (March 1970), pp. 18–32.
Douglas, M., How Institutions Think. London: Routledge and Cregan Paul, 1987.
Duffy, H., ‘Hadijatou Mani Koroua v Niger: Slavery unveiled by the ECOWAS court’. Human Rights Law Review, 9/1 (2009), pp. 151–70.
Duveyrier, H., Les Touareg du Nord. Paris: Challamel Ainé, 1864.
Echard, N., Étude socio-économique dans les vallées de l'Ader Doutchi Majiya. Documents des Etudes Nigériennes no. 15. Niamey: IFAN, 1964.
Echard, N., ‘Notes sur les forgerons de l'Ader (Pays Hausa, République du Niger)’. Journal de la Société des Africanistes, 35/2 (1965), pp. 353–72.
Echard, N., Noces de feu. Documentary/VHS. Paris: CNRS Images, 1968.
Echard, N., L'Experience du passé. Histoire de la société paysanne Hausa de l'Ader. Etudes Nigeriennes no. 36. Paris: Copedith, 1975a.
Echard, N., Répertoire historique des communautés rurales de la région de Tawa (République du Niger). Niamey: Institut de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, 1975b.
Echard, N., ‘Note sur l'histoire du peuplement en Ader Hausa’. Cahiers ORSTOM, 21/1 (1985), pp. 13–17.
Echard, N., Bori : Aspects d'un culte de possession Hausa dans l'Ader. Paris: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Document de travail, 1989.
Echard, N. and Raulin, H., Etude socio-économique dans les vallées de l'Ader Doutchi Majiya. Paris: Document des Etudes Nigériennes 15, 1964.
Edelman, M., ‘The political language of the helping professions’. Politics Society, 4 (1974), pp. 295–310.
Elden, S., Terror and Territory: The Spatial Extent of Sovereignty. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009.
Elden, S., ‘Land, terrain, and territory’. Progress in Human Geography, 34 (2010), pp. 799–817.
El Masri, F. H., ‘The life of Shehu Usuman Dan Fodio before the Jihad’. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, II/4 (December 1963), pp. 435–48.
Emmanuel, A., Unequal Exchange: A Study in the Imperialism of Trade. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972.
Engerman, S., ‘Economic change and contract labor in the British Caribbean: the end of slavery and the adjustment to emancipation’. Explorations in Economic History, 21/2 (April 1984), pp. 133–50.
Engerman, S., ‘Slavery and emancipation in comparative perspective: a look at some recent debates’. The Journal of Economic History, 46/2 (June 1986), pp. 317–39.
Escobar, A., Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E., The Sanusi of Cyrenaica. London and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1949.
Fairhead, J. and Leach, M. (eds), Misreading the African Landscape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Fairhead, J. and Leach, M., ‘Webs of power and the construction of environmental policy problems: forest loss in Guinea’, in Grillo, R and Stirrat, R. (eds), Discourses of Development: Anthropological Perspectives. Oxford: Berg, 1997, pp. 35–57.
Fall, B., Le travail forcé en Afrique-Occidentale Française (1900–1946). Paris: Karthala, 1993.
Falola, T. and Jennings, C. (eds), Sources and Methods in African History: Spoken, Written, Unearthed. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2003.
Fenoaltea, S., ‘Europe in the African mirror’. Rivista di Storia Economica, 15/2 (1999), pp. 123–65.
Ferguson, J., The Anti-Politics Machine: ‘Development’, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996 [1990].
Fluchard, C., Le PPN/RDA et la décolonisation du Niger 1946–1960. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995.
Foucault, M., ‘Truth and power: Interview with A. Fontana and P. Pasquino’, in Gordon, C. (ed.), Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings of Michel Foucault, 1972–1977. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984.
Foucault, M., ‘The subject and power’, in Faubion, J. (ed.), Michel Foucault: Power. Essential Works of Foucault 1954–1984, vol. 3. New York: The New Press, 2001.
Foucault, M., ‘Leçon du 25 janvier 1978’, in Senellart, M. (ed.), Sécurité, territoire, population. Cours au Collège de France (1977–1978). Paris: Seuil/Gallimard, 2004, pp. 68–102.
Foucault, M., ‘Leçon du 1er février 1978’, in Ewald, F., Fontana, A. and Senellart, M. (eds), Sécurité, territoire, population. Cours au College de France (1977–1978). Paris: Gallimard/Seuil, 2004, pp. 91–118.
Foucault, M., ‘Lesson of 10 January 1979’, in Senellart, M., The Birth of Biopolitics : Lectures at the College de France, 1978–1979. London : Palgrave MacMillan, 2008, pp. 1–25.
Foucault, M., Fearless Speech. Edited by Pearson, J.. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2005.
Fuglestad, F., ‘Djibo Bakary, the French, and the referendum of 1958 in Niger’. Journal of African History, 14/2 (1973), pp. 313–30.
Fuglestad, F., A History of Niger 1850–1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Furniss, G., ‘Typification and evaluation: A dynamic process in rhetoric’, in Barber, K. and De Moraes Farias, P. F. (eds), Discourse and Its Disguises. Birmingham: Centre of West African Studies Press, 1989, pp. 24–33.
Furnivall, J. S., Colonial Policy and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948.
Furon, R., Geology of Africa. Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd, 1963 [French version first published in 1960].
Gadamer, H. G., Truth and Method. New York: The Seabury Press, 1975.
Gautier, E. F., La conquête du Sahara. Paris: Armand Colin, 1925.
Gervais, R., ‘Creating hunger: Labour and agricultural policies in Southern Mossi, 1919–1940’, in Cordell, D. and Gregory, J. (eds), African Populations and Capitalism: Historical Perspectives. Boulder: Westview Press, 1987, pp. 109–20.
Glenzer, K., ‘La Secheresse: The Social and Institutional Construction of a Development Problem in the Malien (Soudanese) Sahel, 1900–92’. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 36/1 (2002), pp. 1–34.
Gluckman, M., ‘The village headman in British Central Africa’. Africa, 19/2 (1949), pp. 89–106.
Gluckman, M., An Analysis of a Social Situation in Modern Zululand. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958.
Goody, J., ‘Population and polity in the Voltaic Region’, in Friedman, J. and Rowlands, M.J. (eds), The Evolution of Social Systems. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978, pp. 535–45.
Goody, J., Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Gordon, C., ‘Governmental rationality: an introduction’, in Burchell, G., Gordon, C. and Miller, P. (eds), The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991, pp. 1–51.
Green, H., ‘The perils of comparative history: Belize and the British sugar colonies after slavery’. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 26/1 (1983), pp. 112–19.
Greene, S., West African Narratives of Slavery: Texts from Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Ghana. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
Greenberg, J., The Influence of Islam on a Sudanese Religion. New York: J. J. Augustin, 1946.
Grégoire, E., The Ahalzai of Maradi: Traditional Hausa Merchants in a Changing Sahelian City. London and Boulder: Rienner, 1992.
Grégoire, E., ‘Major Saharan Networks: Past and Present, in Raynaud, C. (ed.), Societies and Nature in the Sahel. London: Routledge, 1997, pp. 90–108.
Greigert, J., Description des formations crétacées et tertiaires du Bassin des Iullemeden. Paris: Editions du Bureau de Recherche Géologique Minière, 1963.
Grémont, C., Les Touaregs Iwellemmedan (1647–1896): un ensemble politique de la Boucle du Niger. Paris: Karthala, 2010.
Grémont, C., ‘Mobility in pastoral societies of Northern Mali: Perspectives on social and political rationales’. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 48/1 (2014), pp. 29–40.
Guyer, J., ‘Wealth in people and self-realization in Equatorial Africa’. Man, 28 (1994), pp. 243–65.
Hahonou, E. K., ‘Slavery and politics: Stigma, decentralisation, and political mobilisation in Niger and Benin’, in Rossi, B. (ed.), Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009, pp. 152–81.
Hahonou, E. K., ‘Past and present African citizenship of slave descent: Lessons from Benin’. Citizenship Studies, 15/1 (2011), pp. 75–92.
Hahonou, E. K. and Pelckmans, L., ‘West African antislavery movements: Citizenship struggles and the legacies of slavery’. Stichproben, Wiener Zeitschrift für kritische Afrikastudien, 20 (2011), pp. 141–62.
Halbwachs, M., ‘The social frameworks of memory’, in Coser, L. (ed.), On Collective Memory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992 [1925], pp. 37–170.
Hall, S., ‘Cultural Identity and Diaspora’, in Rutherford, J. (ed.), Identity: Community, Culture, Difference. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1990, pp. 222–37.
Hamani, D., Contribution à l’étude de l'histoire des états Hausa: l'Adar Précolonial (République du Niger). Niamey: Institut de Recherche en Sciences Humaines, 1975, pp. 392–407.
Hamani, D., ‘Adar, the Touareg and Sokoto: Relations of Sokoto with the Hausa and Tuareg during the 19th century’, in Usman, H.B. (ed.), Studies in the History of the Sokoto Caliphate. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University, 1979.
Hamza, I., ‘Slavery and plantation society at Dorayi in Kano Emirate’, in Lovejoy, P. (ed.), Slavery on the Frontiers of Islam. New Jersey: Markus Wiener, 2004, pp. 139–40.
Haour, A. and Rossi, B., ‘Hausa identity: Language, history, and religion’, in Haour, A. and Rossi, B. (eds), Being and Becoming Hausa: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Leiden: Brill, 2010, pp. 1–33.
Haraway, D., ‘Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective’. Feminist Studies, 14/3 (1988), pp. 575–99.
Hawad, H., ‘Le tashumara: antidote de l’état’. Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 57 (1990), pp. 123–40.
Heath, J., Dictionnaire Touareg du Mali, tamachek-anglais-francais. Paris: Karthala, 2006.
Henige, D., The Chronology of Oral Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.
Henige, D., Oral Historiography. London: Longman, 1982.
Henige, D., ‘Truths yet unborn? Oral tradition as a casualty of culture contact’. The Journal of African History, 23/3 (1982), pp. 395–412.
Henige, D., ‘African history and the rule of evidence. Is declaring victory enough?’, in Jewsiewicki, B. and Newbury, D. (eds), African Historiographies: What History for Which Africa? London: Sage, 1986, pp. 91–104.
Herbst, J., ‘Migration, The Politics of Protest, and State Consolidation in Africa.’ African Affairs, 89/355 (1990), pp. 183–203.
Herbst, J., States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
Higgott, R., ‘Structural dependence and decolonisation in a West African land-locked state: Niger’. Review of African Political Economy, 7/17 (1980), pp. 43–58.
Higgott, R. and Fuglestad, F., ‘The 1974 coup d’état in Niger: Towards an explanation’. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 13/3 (1975), pp. 383–98.
Hill, P., Rural Hausa: A Village and a Setting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
Hirschman, A., Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. Cambridge., MA: Harvard University Press, 1970.
Hiskett, M., ‘Material relating to the state of learning among the Fulani before their jihad’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 19/3 (1957), pp. 550–78.
Hiskett, M., ‘An Islamic tradition of reform in the Western Sudan’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 25/1–3 (1962), pp. 577–96.
Hiskett, M., The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodio. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973.
Hobsbawm, E., Uncommon People. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1998.
Hogben, S. and Kirk-Greene, A. H., The Emirates of Northern Nigeria: A Preliminary Survey of their Historical Traditions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.
Holmes, T. and Scoones, I., ‘Participatory Environmental Policy Processes: Experiences from North and South’. IDS Working Paper 113, 2000.
Hopkins, A. G., An Economic History of West Africa. Harlow: Longman, 1973.
Horden, P. and Purcell, N. The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Hunt, D., Economic Theories of Development: An Analysis of Competing Paradigms. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1989.
Husserl, E., Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999 [1950].
Idrissa, K., ‘La dynamique de la gouvernance: administration, politique et ethnicité au Niger’, in Idrissa, K. (ed.), Le Niger: état et démocratie. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2001, pp. 15–85.
Iliffe, J., ‘The creation of group consciousness: A history of the dockworkers of Dar es Salaam’, in Sandbrook, R. and Cohen, R. (eds), The Development of an African Working Class: Studies in Class Formation and Action. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975, pp. 49–72.
Iliffe, J., Africans: The History of a Continent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Jaggar, P., ‘Kano city blacksmiths: Precolonial distribution, structure and organization’. Review of African Political Economy, 13 (1973), pp. 21–36.
Jaggar, P., ‘The role of comparative/historical linguistics in reconstructing the past: What borrowed and inherited words tell us about the early history of Hausa’, in Haour, A. and Rossi, B. (eds), Being and Becoming Hausa: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Leiden: Brill, 2010, pp. 35–58.
Jameson, F., Valences of the Dialectic. London: Verso, 2009.
Jean, C., Les Touareg du Sud-Est, l'Air, leur rôle dans la politique saharienne. Paris: Larose, 1909.
Jewsiewicki, B. and Newbury, D., African Historiographies: What History for Which Africa? Beverly Hills: SAGE, 1986.
Kane, O., ‘Les mouvements religieux et le champ politique au Nigeria Septentrional: le cas du réformisme musulman à Kano’. Islam et Sociétés, 4 (1990), pp. 7–24.
Kanya-Forstner, A., ‘French African policy and the Anglo-French Agreement of 5 August 1890’. The Historical Journal, XII, 4 (1969), pp. 628–50.
Kanya-Forstner, A., ‘French missions to the Central Sudan in the 1890s: The role of Algerian agents and interpreters’. Paideuma, 40 (1994), pp. 15–35.
Kearney, M., Reconceptualizing the Peasantry: Anthropology in Global Perspective. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996.
Klein, M., Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Kogbe, C. A., ‘Cretaceous and Tertiary of the Iullemmeden Basin in Nigeria (West Africa)’. Cretaceous Research, 2/2 (June 1981), pp. 129–86.
Kopytoff, I., The African Frontier. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
Kopytoff, I. and Miers, S., ‘Introduction’, in Kopytoff, I. and Miers, S. (eds) Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1977, pp. 3–84.
Kuper, L. and Smith, M. G. (eds), Pluralism in Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.
Landeroin, M. A., ‘Du Tchad au Niger: notice historique’, in Documents scientifiques de la Mission Tilho, 1906–1909. 3 volumes. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1910–1911.
Landes, D., The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. London: Abacus, 1999.
La Rumeur, G., ‘Les témoins d'une civilisation ancienne dans le Cercle de Tahoua’. Bulletin du Comité d'Etudes Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF, 16/2 (1933), pp. 299–318.
Last, M., The Sokoto Caliphate. London: Longmans, 1967.
Last, M., ‘Some Economic Aspects of Conversion in Hausaland (Nigeria)’, in Levtzion, N. (ed.), Conversion to Islam. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979, pp. 236–46.
Last, M., ‘History as religion: Deconstructing the Maguzawa of Nigerian Hausaland’, in Chretien, J. P. (ed.), L'invention religieuse en Afrique. Paris: Karthala, 1993, pp. 267–96.
Last, M. ‘Ancient labels and categories: exploring the “onomastics” of Kano’, in Haour, A. and Rossi, B. (eds), Being and Becoming Hausa: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Leiden: Brill, 2010, pp. 59–84.
Law, R., ‘How truly traditional is our traditional history? The case of Samuel Johnson and the recording of Yoruba oral tradition’. History in Africa, 11(1984), pp. 195–221.
Law, R., Ouidah: The Social History of a West African Slaving ‘Port,’ 1727–1892. Oxford: James Currey, 2004
Law, R., ‘The Royal African Company of England in West Africa, 1681–99, in Law, R. (ed.), Source Material for Studying the Slave Trade and the African Diaspora. Stirling: University of Stirling Press, 1997, pp. 8–24.
Law, R., ‘Abolition and imperialism: International law and the British suppression of the Atlantic slave trade’, in Peterson, D. (ed.), Abolition and Imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2010, pp. 150–74.
Lawrance, B. and Roberts, R. (eds), Trafficking in Slavery's Wake: Law and the Experience of Women and Children in Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012.
Lawrance, B. and Roberts, R., ‘Contextualizing Trafficking in Women and Children in Africa’, in Lawrance, B. and Roberts, R. (eds), Trafficking in Slavery's Wake: Law and the Experience of Women and Children in Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012, pp. 1–25.
Laya, D., ‘Interviews with farmers and livestock owners in the Sahel’. African Environment, 1, 2 (1975), pp. 49–93.
Leach, M. and Mearns, R. (eds), The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment. Oxford: James Currey, 1996.
Lecocq, B., Disputed Desert: Decolonisation, Competing Nationalisms, and Tuareg Rebellions in Northern Mali. Leiden: Brill, 2010.
Lele, U., The Design of Rural Development: Lessons from Africa. Baltimore: The World Bank, 1975.
Lefebvre, H., La production de l'espace. Paris: Anthropos, 1974.
Leroux, H., ‘Animisme et Islam dans la subdepartment de Maradi’. Bulletin de l'Institut Français de l'Afrique Noire, 10 (1948), pp. 595–697.
Lewis, D. and Mosse, D. (eds), Development Brokers and Translators. London: Kumarian, 2006.
Lhote, H., ‘Les sandales’, Contribution à l’étude des Twareg de l’ Aïr, Mémoires de l'IFAN no. 10. Paris: Larose, 1950, pp. 512–33.
Lhote, H., ‘Le cycle caravanier des Touaregs de l'Ahaggar et la saline d'Amadror. Leurs rapports avec les centres commerciaux du Soudan’. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Serie B (Sciences Humaines), 31/ 4 (1969), pp. 1014–34.
Lhote, H., ‘Découverte des ruines de Tadeliza, ancienne résidence des sultans de l'Air’. Notes Africaines, 137 (1973a), pp. 9–16.
Lhote, H., ‘Pierres dressées à Tadeliza, en Air, et monuments lithiques de la meme région’. Notes Africaines, 138 (1973b), pp. 29–35.
Lhote, H., A la découverte des fresques du Tassili. Paris: Arthaud, 2006[1958].
Lipton, M., Why Poor People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977.
Lockhart, B. and Lovejoy, P., Hugh Clapperton in the Interior of Africa: Records of the Second Expedition, 1825–1827. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
Lovejoy, P., ‘The Kambarin Beriberi: The formation of a specialised group of Hausa kola traders in the 19th century’. Journal of African History, 14/4 (1973), pp. 633–51.
Lovejoy, P., Caravans of kola: The Hausa kola trade 1700–1900. Zaria: Ahmado Bello University Press, 1980.
Lovejoy, P., Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Lovejoy, P., ‘Background to rebellion: The origins of Muslim slaves in Bahia’. Slavery and Abolition, 15 (1994), pp. 151–80.
Lovejoy, P., ‘Slavery, the Bilad al-Sudan, and the Frontiers of the African Diaspora’, in Lovejoy, P. (ed.), Slavery on the Frontiers of Islam. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 2004, pp. 1–30.
Lovejoy, P., Ecology and Ethnography of Muslim Trade in West Africa. Trenton: Africa World Press, 2005.
Lovejoy, P., ‘“Freedom Narratives” of Transatlantic Slavery’. Slavery and Abolition, 32/1 (March 2011), pp. 91–107.
Lovejoy, P. and Hogendorn, J., Slow Death for Slavery: The Course of Abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897–1936. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Lovejoy, P. and Kanya-Forstner, A., Slavery and Its Abolition in French West Africa: The Official Reports of G. Poulet, E. Roume, and G. Deherme. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994.
Lovejoy, P. and Law, R., The Biography of Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua: His Passage From Slavery to Freedom in Africa and America. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, 2001.
Lundborg, G., ‘A Keita, au Niger, sur le site d'un projet de développement rural intégré’, Afrique Agriculture, 139 (March 1987), pp. 20–1.
Lydon, G., On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth Century Western Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Mack, B. and Boyd, J., One Woman's Jihad: Nana Asma'u, Scholar and Scribe. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2000.
Main, H., ‘Workers, retrenchment, and urban-rural linkages in Kano, Nigeria’, in Swindell, K., Baba, J. and Mortimore, M. (eds), Inequality and Development: Case Studies from the Third World. London: MacMillan, 1989, pp. 223–42.
Manchuelle, F., Willing migrants: Soninke Labor Diasporas, 1848–1960. London, James Currey, 1997.
Mann, G., ‘What was the indigénat? The “empire of law” in French West Africa’. Journal of African History, 50 (2009), pp. 331–53.
Martin, F., Le Niger du Président Diori, 1960–1974. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1991.
Masquelier, A., ‘Road mythographies: Space, mobility, and the historical imagination in postcolonial Niger’. American Ethnologist, 29/4 (2002), pp. 829–56.
Masquelier, A., Prayer Has Spoiled Everything. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001.
Masquelier, A., ‘Of headhunters and cannibals: Migrancy, labor, and consumption in the Mawri imagination’. Cultural Anthropology, 15/1 (2000), pp. 84–126.
Massa, G., ‘Le développement économique’, in Clauzel, J. (ed.), La France d'Outre-Mer (1930–1960): témoignages d'administrateurs et de magistrats. Paris: Karthala, 2003, pp. 165–210.
Massey, D., ‘Power-geometry and a progressive sense of place’, in Bird, J., Curtis, B., Putnam, T., Robertson, G. and Tickner, L. (eds), Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change. London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 59–69.
Macdonald, L., Natural Resources Development in the Sahel: The Role of the United Nations System. Tokyo: United Nations University, 1986.
Mbembe, A., On the Postcolony. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
Mbembe, A., ‘Provisional notes on the postcolony.’ Africa, 62/1 (1992), pp. 3–37.
McCall, D., ‘The heritage of the ears’, in McCall, D. (ed.), Africa in Time Perspective: A Discussion of Historical Reconstruction from Unwritten Sources. Boston: Boston University Press, 1964, pp. 3–61.
McCann, J., ‘Climate and Causation in African History.’ The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 32/2–3 (1999), pp. 261–79.
McCaskie, T., ‘Asantesem: Reflections on discourse and text in Africa’, in Barber, K. and De Moraes Farias, P. F. (eds), Discourse and Its Disguises. Birmingham: Centre of West African Studies Press, 1989, pp. 70–86.
McCaskie, T., State and Society in Pre-Colonial Asante. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
McCaskie, T., Asante Identities: History and Modernity in an African Village, 1850–1950. London: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute, 2000.
McDougall, J. and Scheele, J., (eds) Saharan Frontiers: Space and Mobility in Northwest Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012.
McEwan, P. (ed.), Africa from Early Times. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.
Merivale, H., Lectures on Colonization and Colonies. 2nd Edition. London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, 1861.
Miers, S., Slavery in the Twentieth Century. Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, 2003.
Miers, S. and Roberts, R., ‘Introduction: The end of slavery in Africa’, in Miers, S. and Roberts, R. (eds), The End of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 3–68.
Miles, W., Hausaland Divided: Colonialism and Independence in Nigeria and Niger. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994.
Miller, J., The African Past Speaks: Essays on Oral Tradition as History. Kent: Dawson and Archon, 1980.
Mitchell, J. C., Tribalism and the Plural Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960.
Mitchell, T., Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-politics, Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
Monimart, M., Femmes du Sahel. La désertification au quotidien. Paris: OECD/Club du Sahel, Karthala, 1989.
Moody, R., ‘The Iullemmeden Basin’, in Selley, R. C. (ed.), African Basins (Vol. 3 of Sedimentary Basins of the World, series ed. Hsu, K.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1997, pp. 89–103.
Moore, S. F., ‘Law and social change: The semi-autonomous social field as an appropriate subject of study’. Law and Society Review, 7 (1973), pp. 719–46.
Mortimer, E., France and the Africans, 1944–1960. London: Faber and Faber, 1969.
Mortimore, M., ‘Settlement evolution and land use’, in Mortimore, M. (ed.), Zaria and Its Region: A Nigerian Savanna City and Its Environs. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1970, pp. 102–22.
Mortimore, M., ‘The changing resources of sedentary communities in Air, Southern Sahara’.Geographical Review, 62/1 (1972), pp. 71–91.
Mosse, D., ‘Authority, gender and knowledge: Theoretical reflections on the practice of participatory rural appraisal’. Development and Change, 25 (1994), pp. 497–526.
Mosse, D., Cultivating Development: An Ethnography of Aid Policy and Practice. London: Pluto, 2005.
Mudimbe, V., The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988.
Müller, J., ‘Herbaceous vegetation of seasonally wet habitats on inselbergs and lateritic crusts in West and Central Africa’. Folia Geobotanica, 42/1 (2007), pp. 29–61.
Murphy, R., ‘Tuareg kinship’. American Anthropologist, 69 (1967), pp. 163–70.
Nast, H., Concubines and Power: Five Hundred Years in a Northern Nigerian Palace. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005.
Neubert, D., ‘Le rôle des courtiers locaux dans le système du développement’, in Bierschenk, T., Chauveau, J.P. and Olivier de Sardan, J.P. (eds), Courtiers en développement: les villages africains en quête de projets. Paris: Karthala, 2000, pp. 243–59.
Nicolaisen, J., Structures politiques et sociales des Touareg de l'Air et de l'Ahaggar. Copenhagen: Nationalmuseets Skrifter, 1963.
Nicolaisen, J., Ecology and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg, with Particular Reference to the Tuareg of Ahaggar and Ayr. Copenhagen: National Museum of Copenhagen, 1963.
Nicolaisen, J., ‘The structural study of kinship behaviour with particular reference to Tuareg concept’. Folk, 13 (1971), pp. 167–94.
Nicolaisen, J., ‘The historical change of Tuareg social organization: A contribution to the concept of social structure’. Ethnos, 1, 4 (1975), pp. 290–9.
Nicolas, F., ‘Notes sur la société et l’état chez les Twareg du Denneg (Iullemmeden de l'Est)’. Bulletin IFAN, 15 (1939), pp. 579–86.
Nicolas, F., ‘Poèmes Touareg’. En Terre d'Islam (1st trimester 1942), pp. 47–52.
Nicolas, F., Tamesna: Les Ioullemeden de l'Est ou Tuareg Kel Denneg. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1950a.
Nicolas, F., ‘Contribution à l’étude des Twareg de l’ Aïr’. Contribution à l’étude des Twareg de l’ Aïr, Mémoires de l'IFAN no. 10. Paris: Larose, 1950b, pp. 459–79.
Nicolas, F., ‘Etude sur l'Islam, les confréries et les centres maraboutiques, chez les Twareg du sud’. Contribution à l’étude des Twareg de l’ Aïr, Mémoires de l'IFAN no. 10. Paris: Larose, 1950c, pp. 479–91.
Nicolas, F., ‘Etude sur la coutume et la tradition: matriarcat et patriarcat’. Contribution à l’étude des Twareg de l’ Aïr, Mémoires de l'IFAN no. 10. Paris: Larose, 1950d, pp. 491–6.
Nicolas, F., ‘Le voilement des Twareg (anagad)’. Contribution à l’étude des Twareg de l’ Aïr, Mémoires de l'IFAN no. 10. Paris: Larose, 1950e, pp. 497–503.
Nicolas, F., ‘Textes ethnographiques de la Tamajeq des Iullemmeden de l'est, (troisième partie)’. Anthropos, 50 (1955), pp. 635–58.
Nicolas, F., ‘Textes ethnographiques de la Tamajeq des Iullemmeden de l'est, (quatrième partie)’. Anthropos, 51 (1956), pp. 129–56.
Nicolas, G., ‘Fondaments magico-réligieux de pouvoir politique au sein de la principauté Hausa du Gobir’. Journal de la Société des Africanistes, 39/2 (1969), pp. 199–252.
Nicolas, G., Dynamique sociale et appréhension du monde au sein d'une société Hausa. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie, 1975.
Nicolas, G., Dynamique de l'Islam au sud du Sahara. Paris: Publications Orientalistes de France, 1981.
Nicolas, G., Don rituel et échange marchand dans une société sahélienne. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie, 1986.
Nieboer, H. J., Slavery as an Industrial System. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1910.
Noma, A., Tahoua, d'hier à aujourd'hui. Niamey: Nouvelle Imprimerie du Niger, 2002.
Norris, H. T., ‘Tuareg nomadism in the modern world’. African Affairs, 51 (1952), pp. 152–5.
Norris, H. T., The Tuaregs. Their Islamic Legacy and Its Diffusion in the Sahel. Warminster: Aris and Phillips, 1975.
Olivier de Sardan, J. P., ‘A moral economy of corruption in Africa?’ The Journal of Modern African Studies, 37/1 (1999), pp. 25–52.
Olivier de Sardan, J. P., ‘Le cheval et l'arc’, in Bazin, J. and Terray, E. (eds), Guerres de lignages et guerres d’états en Afrique. Paris: Editions des Archives Contemporaines, 1982, pp. 189–234.
Paden, J., ‘Urban pluralism, integration, and adaptation of communal identity in Kano, Nigeria’, in Cohen, R. and Middleton, J. (eds), From Tribe to Nation in Africa: Studies in Incorporation Processes. Scranton: Chandler, 1970, pp. 242–70.
Painter, T., Migrations, Social Reproduction and Development in Africa. Notes from a Case Study in the West African Sahel. Development Policy and Practice Research Group Working Paper No. 7. London: Open University Press, 1987.
Palmer, H. R., ‘History of Katsina’. Journal of the Royal African Society, 26, 103 (Apr. 1927), pp. 216–36.
Paoletti, P. and Taliani, E., Realtà Territoriale e Politica di Sviluppo. Roma: Istituto Italo-Africano, 1984.
Patterson, O., ‘The structural origins of slavery: A critique of the Nieboer-Domar Hypothesis from a comparative perspective’, in Rubin, V. and Tuden, A. (eds), Comparative Perspectives on Slavery in New World Plantation Societies, New York: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 292, 1977, pp. 12–34.
Patterson, O., Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Peel, J. D. Y., ‘Making history: The past in the Ijesha present’. Man (New Series), 19 (1984), pp. 111–32.
Pelckmans, L., Travelling Hierarchies: Roads In and Out of Slave Status in a Central Malian Fulbe Network. Leiden: Brill, 2011.
Petersen, B., ‘Slave emancipation, trans-local social processes and the spread of Islam in French colonial Buguni (Southern Mali), 1893–1914’. Journal of African History, 45 (2004), pp. 421–44.
Piault, M. H., Histoire Mawri. Introduction à l’étude des processus constitutifs d'un état. Paris: CNRS, 1970.
Poggi, G., The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978.
Portelli, A., ‘Uchronic dreams: Working class memory and possible worlds’. Oral History Journal, 16/2 (1988), pp. 46–56.
Prebisch, R., ‘Commercial policy in the underdeveloped countries’. American Economic Review, 251 (1959), pp. 251–73.
Prebisch, R., ‘The system and the social structure of Latin America’, in Horowitz, I., De Castro, J. and Gerassi, J. (eds), Latin American Radicalism: A Documentary Report on Left and Nationalist Movements. New York: Vintage Books, 1969, pp. 29–52.
Prothero, M., ‘Migratory labour from North Western Nigeria’, Africa, 27 (1957), pp. 251–61.
Prothero, M., Migrant Labour from Sokoto Province, Northern Nigeria. Northern Region of Nigeria: The Government Printer, 1958.
Pryor, F., ‘A comparative study of slave societies’. Journal of Comparative Economics, 1 (1977), pp. 25–49.
Quirk, J., The Anti-Slavery Project. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
Raffer, K. and Singer, H., The Foreign Aid Business: Economic Assistance and Development Cooperation. Cheltenham: Elgar, 1996.
Raulin, H., Techniques et bases socio-économiques des sociétés rurales nigériennes. Documents des Études Nigériennes 12, Niamey, CNRS-IFAN, 1963.
Raynaut, C., ‘Le cas de la région de Maradi (Niger)’, in Copans, J. (ed.), Sècheresses et famines du Sahel II. Paris: Maspero, 1975, pp. 30–1.
Reid, R., ‘Past and presentism: The “precolonial” and the foreshortening of African history’. Journal of African History, 52(2011), pp. 135–55.
Reis, J. J., Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1993.
Retaillé, D. ‘De l'espace nomade à l'espace mobile en passant par l'espace du contrat: une expérience théorique’. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 48/1 (2014), pp. 13–28.
Retaillé, D. and Walther, O., ‘Spaces of Uncertainty: A Model of Mobile Space in the Sahel’. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 32 (2011), pp. 85–101.
Richer, A., Les Oullimminden. Paris: Larose, 1925.
Roberts, R., Warriors, Merchants, and Slaves: The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987.
Robertson, A., People and the State: An Anthropology of Planned Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Robinson, P. T., ‘Grassroots legitimation of military governance in Burkina Faso and Niger: The core contradictions’, in Hyden, G. and Bratton, M. (eds), Governance and Politics in Africa. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 1992, pp. 143–65.
Robinson Waldman, M., ‘The Fulani jihad: A reassessment’. The Journal of African History, 6/3 (1965), pp. 333–55.
Rochette, R., Le Sahel en lutte contre la désertification: leçons d'expériences. Weikersheim: Verlag Josef Margraf, 1989.
Rodd, F. Rennell, People of the Veil. London: Macmillan and co., 1926.
Rossi, B., ‘Revisiting Foucauldian approaches: Power dynamics in development projects’. The Journal of Development Studies, 40/6 (2004), pp. 1–29.
Rossi, B., ‘Governmentality’, in Forsyth, T. (general editor), Encyclopedia of International Development. London: Routledge, 2005, pp. 293–4.
Rossi, B., ‘Aid policies and recipient strategies in Niger’, in Lewis, D. and Mosse, D. (eds), Development Brokers and Translators: The Ethnography of Aid and Development. Bloomfield: Kumarian, 2006, pp. 27–49.
Rossi, B., ‘Slavery and migration: Social and physical mobility in Ader (Niger)’, in Rossi, B. (ed.), Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009a, pp. 182–206.
Rossi, B., ‘The paradox of chronic aid’, in Crombé, X. and Jézéquel, J. H. (eds), A Not-so-natural Disaster: Niger 2005. London: Hurst, 2009b, pp. 105–24.
Rossi, B., ‘Being and becoming Hausa in Ader’, in Haour, A. and Rossi, B. (eds), Being and Becoming Hausa: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Leiden: Brill, 2010a, pp. 113–40.
Rossi, B., ‘Tuareg trajectories of slavery: Preliminary reflections on a changing field’, in Fischer, A. and Kohl, I. (eds), Tuareg Society Within a Globalized World. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2010b, pp. 89–108.
Rossi, B., ‘Without history? Interrogating “slave” memories in Ader (Niger)’, in Bellagamba, A., Greene, S. and Klein, M. (eds), African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 536–55.
Rossi, B. ‘Migration and emancipation in West Africa's labour history: The missing links’, Slavery and Abolition, 35/1 (2014a), pp. 23–46.
Rossi, B., ‘Tubali's Trip: Rethinking Ethnicity, Informality, and Class in the Study of West African Labour Migrations’. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 48, 1 (2014b), pp. 77–100.
Rossi, B., ‘Kinetocracy: The government of mobility in Ader, 1875–1946’, in Quirk, J. and Vigneswaran, D. (eds), Theorising the State and Mobility in Africa. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, pp. 223–56.
Rostow, W., The Stages of Economic Growth: A non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960.
Sahlins, P., Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
Salifou, A., Le Damagaram ou Sultanat de Zinder au 19e Siècle. Etudes Nigériens 27. Niamey (Niger) : Centre nigérien de recherches en sciences humaines, 1971.
Sarró, R., The Politics of Religious Change on the Upper Guinea Coast. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009.
Sen, A., Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.
Scheele, J., Smugglers and Saints of the Sahara: Regional Connectivity in the Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Schmitz, J., ‘Islamic Patronage and Republican Emancipation: The Slaves of the Almaami in the Senegal River Valley’, in Rossi, B. (ed.), Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009, pp. 85–115.
Scott, J., Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.
Scott, J., Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
Searing, J., ‘God alone is king’: Islam and emancipation in Senegal: The Wolof Kingdoms of Kajoor and Bawol, 1859–1914. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2002.
Séré de Rivières, E., Histoire du Niger. Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1965.
Severino, E., Discussioni Intorno al Senso della Verità. Pisa: Edizioni ETS, 2009.
Skinner, E., ‘Labour migration and its relationship to socio-cultural change in Mossi society’. Africa, 30, 3 (1960), pp. 375–401.
Smith, A., ‘Some considerations relating to the formation of states in Hausaland’. Journal of African History, 5/3(1970), pp. 329–46.
Smith, A., ‘The Early States of the Central Sudan’, in Ajayi, J. and Crowder, M. (eds), History of West Africa. New York: Longman, 1976. Vol. 1, pp. 152–95.
Smith, M. G., ‘Pluralism in precolonial African societies’, in Kuper, L. and Smith, M.G. (eds), Pluralism in Africa, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969, pp. 91–51.
Smith, M. G., Government in Zazzau 1800–1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960.
Smith, N., Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell, 1984.
Snyder, F., ‘Law and development in the light of dependency theory’. Law and Society Review, 14/3 (Spring 1980), pp. 732–804.
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Life of Eminent Persons. London: Baldwin and Cradock, 1833.
Stewart, C., ‘Southern Saharan scholarship and the Bilad al-Sudan’. The Journal of African History, 17/1 (1976), pp. 73–93.
Stilwell, S., Paradoxes of Power: The Kano ‘Mamluks’ and Male Royal Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, 1804–1903. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2004.
Sutton, J., ‘Towards a less orthodox history of Hausaland’. The Journal of African History, 20/2 (1979), pp. 179–201.
Swift, J., ‘“Desertification”: Narrative, winners and losers’, in Leach, M. and Mearns, R. (eds), The Lie of the Land. Oxford: James Currey, 1996, pp. 73–90.
Swindell, K., ‘Farmers, traders, and labourers: Dry season migration from North-West Nigeria 1900–33’. Africa, 54 (1984), pp. 3–19.
Swindell, K. and Jeng, A., Migrants, Credit and Climate: The Gambian Groundnut Trade, 1834–1934. Leiden: Brill, 2006.
Thaite, B., The Killer Trail: A Colonial Scandal in the Heart of Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009
Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class. London: Penguin, 1963.
Thompson, E. P., ‘The poverty of theory: an orrery of errors’, in Thompson, E. P. (ed.), The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays. London: Merlin Press, 1978, pp. 193–397.
Tidjani-Alou, M., ‘Courtiers malgré eux’, in Bierschenk, T., Olivier de Sardan, J.P. and Chaveau, J.P. (eds), Courtiers en développement: les villages africaines en quête de projets. Paris: Karthala, pp. 279–304.
Tilho, J. A. M., Documents scientifiques de la Mission Tilho. 3 volumes. Paris, 1910–14. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1926.
Tonkin, E., Narrating our Pasts: The Social Construction of Oral History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Torres, G., The Force of Irony. Power in the Everyday Life of Mexican Tomato Workers. Oxford: Berg, 1997.
Tremearne, A., ‘Bori beliefs and ceremonies’. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 45 (1915), pp. 23–68.
Triaud, J. L., La légende noire de la Sanûsiyya: une confrérie musulmane saharienne sous le regard français (1840–1930). Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1995.
Urvoy, Y., ‘Histoire des Oulliminden de l'Est’. Bulletin du Comité d'Etudes Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF, 16/1(1933), pp. 66–97.
Urvoy, Y., ‘Chroniques d'Agades’. Journal de la Société des Africanistes, 4/2 (1934), pp. 145–78.
Urvoy, Y., Histoire des populations du Soudan Central (Colonie du Niger). Paris: Larose, 1936.
Urvoy, Y., Histoire de l'Empire du Bornu. Paris: Larousse, 1949.
Van Beusekom, M., Negotiating Development: African Farmers and Colonial Experts at the Office du Niger, 1920–1960. Oxford: James Currey, 2002.
Van Beusekom, M. and Hodgson, D., ‘Lessons learned? Development experiences in the late colonial period’. The Journal of African History, 41/1 (2000), pp. 29–33.
Vansina, J., ‘For oral tradition (but not against Braudel)’. History in Africa, 5 (1978), pp. 351–6.
Van Walraven, K., ‘Decolonization by referendum: The anomaly of Niger and the fall of Sawaba, 1958–1959’. Journal of African History, 50 (2009), pp. 269–92.
Van Walraven, K., The Yearning for Relief: A History of the Sawaba Movement in Niger. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
Vignes, K., ‘Etude sur les relations franco-britanniques qui conduisirent à la convention du 14 juin 1898’. Revue Française d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer, 52/ 3–4 (1965), pp. 352–403.
Voll, S., A Plough in Field Arable. Western Agribuseness in Third World Agriculture. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1980.
Wagner, K., ‘“In unrestrained conversation”: Approvers and the colonial ethnography of crime in nineteenth-century India’, in Wagner, K. A. and Roque, R. (eds), Engaging Colonial Knowledge: Reading European Archives in World History, Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011), pp. 135–62.
Wallerstein, I., ‘Migration in West Africa: The political perspective’, in Kuper, H. (ed.), Urbanization and Migration in West Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965.
Wallerstein, I., The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press, 1974.
Wallerstein, I., The Capitalist World-Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, and Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1979.
Watson, J., Asian and African Systems of Slavery. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1979.
Watts, M., Silent Violence: Food, Famine, and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
Weber, M., Economy and Society, edited by Roth, G. and Wittich, C., 2 volumes. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
Weber, M., ‘Politics as a Vocation’, in Gerth, H. and Wright Mills, C. (eds), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Oxford: Routledge, 1991 [1948], pp. 77–129.
Webb, J., Desert Frontier: Ecological and Economic Change along the Western Sahel, 1600–1850. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.
Whitaker, C., The Politics of Tradition: Continuity and Change in Northern Nigeria, 1946–1966. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970.
White, L., Meischer, S. and Cohen, D. (eds), African Words, African Voices: Critical Practices in Oral History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001.
Young, C., Ideology and Development in Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983.