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  3. The Imperial Security State
  • Cited by 61
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    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      05 July 2012
      28 June 2012
      ISBN:
      9781139047296
      9780521896085
      9781107519572
      DOI:
      https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139047296
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.61kg, 312 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (229 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.42kg, 314 Pages
      • Series:
      Critical Perspectives on Empire
      Subjects:
      British History after 1450, History, Regional History after 1500
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    Series:
    Critical Perspectives on Empire
    Subjects:
    British History after 1450, History, Regional History after 1500
    Information

    Book description

    The Imperial Security State explores an important but under-explored dimension of British imperialism - its information system and the close links between military knowledge and the maintenance of empire. James Hevia's innovative study focuses on route books and military reports produced by the British Indian Army military intelligence between 1880 and 1940. He shows that together these formed a renewable and authoritative archive that was used to train intelligence officers, to inform civilian policy makers and to provide vital information to commanders as they approached the battlefield. The strategic, geographical, political and ethnographical knowledge that was gathered not only framed imperial strategies towards colonized areas to the east but also produced the very object of intervention: Asia itself. Finally, the book addresses the long-term impact of the security regime, revealing how elements of British colonial knowledge have continued to influence contemporary tactics of counterinsurgency in twenty-first-century Iraq and Afghanistan.

    Reviews

    'This book is a groundbreaking study of the rise of the British imperial security regime in the nineteenth century. James L. Hevia’s mastery of rare military archives demystifies the trope of the Great Game and provides an extraordinarily detailed analysis of how the geopolitical boundaries of Asia were produced through a proliferation of route books, maps and statistics, and other apparati of imperial intelligence networks. His scrutiny of the imperial past makes the contemporary security-obsessed American empire supremely legible.'

    Lydia H. Liu - author of The Clash of Empires

    ‘Clearly written, well researched, and persuasively argued, Hevia's latest book will engage a range of readers. Scholars of diplomatic history will find especially valuable Hevia's insights into the growth and development of military intelligence as the other major component of the developing European security regimes in Europe and in Asia. Historians of Asia will also gain much from his research, linking as it does south, central, and eastern Asia into the British imperial network of intelligence gathering and control.’

    Source: H-Net Review

    '… an elegant, thoughtful and often provocative analysis of how security imperatives dictated the collection, analysis, and dissemination of military information … The Imperial Security State makes a persuasive and passionate argument for the centrality of military intelligence in not only developing strategies to intervene in Asia but more significantly in defining what Asia actually meant then and now. It is a very compelling account, lucidly presented, solidly researched and theoretically sophisticated.'

    Douglas M. Peers Source: Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History

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    Contents

    Contents
    • 1 - Introduction
      pp 1-16
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    References

    Bibliography

    Note on Archival Sources

    The two primary archives drawn on in this study are the National Archives (hereafter, NA) and the India Office Records (IOR) of the British Library, both of which are in London. Sources in the National Archives include Foreign Office (FO) and War Office (WO) records. Those in the India Office Records are designated L/ and are followed by either a Political and Secret (P&S) or a Military (MIL) designation. Also from the India Office are files labeled ORB. Additional sources from the British Library are labelled as such in the bibliography.

    Manuscripts

    Curzon Papers, British Library. Afghan Boundary Commission MSS EU F111/695/ F112/388/1–5.

    Parliamentary Papers

    Central Asia No. 1. Correspondence respecting the Affairs of Central Asia. London: 1887.
    Correspondence with Russia respecting Central Asia. London: 1873.
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    East India: Waziristan. Tribal Disturbances in Waziristan. London: 1937.
    First Report of the Royal Commission appointed to Inquire into the Present State of Military Education and into the Training of Candidates for Commissions in the Army. 1869.
    First Report on the Education of Officers by the Director-General of Military Education. 1873.
    Second Report on the Education of Officers by the Director-General of Military Education. 1876.
    Third Report on the Education of Officers by the Director-General of Military Education. 1883.
    Fourth Report on the Education of Officers by the Director-General of Military Education. 1889.
    Fifth Report on the Education of Officers by the Director-General of Military Education. 1893.
    Military Operations on the North-West Frontier of India. Papers Regarding British Relations with the Neighboring Tribes of the North-West Frontier of India and the Military Operations undertaken against them in 1897–98. 1898.
    Minutes of Evidence Taken before the Royal Commission appointed to Inquire into the State of Military Education and into the Training of Candidates for Commissions in the Army; with Appendix. 1870.
    Papers Relating to the Occupation of Kandahar. Afghanistan No. 2. 1881.
    RCWSA. Report of His Majesty’s Commissioners appointed to Inquire into the Military Preparations and Other Matters connected with the War in South Africa. 1903.

    Report of the Board of Visitors to Inspect the Royal Military Academy Woolwich. Annually 1872–79.

    Report of the Commissioners appointed to consider the Best Mode of Re-organizing the System for Training Officers for the Scientific Corps; together with an Account of Foreign and Other Military Education. 1857. House of Commons Sessional Papers.

    ROOSL. Report of the Committee appointed by the Lord Commissioners of His Majesty’s Treasury to consider the Organization of Oriental Studies in London. 1909.
    RWORC. Report of the War Office (Reconstitution) Committee. Parts 1 and 2. 1904.

    Archival Documents

    Anon., 1905. “Statement of Fanatical Outrages in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan,” Simla, 1 December. L/P&S/20/203.
    Alison, Maj-Gen. A. 1878. “Memorandum on Major-General Hamley’s Lecture.” WO32/33
    Alison, A. 1879. “Memorandum on the Choice of a Military Frontier for India on the North-West.” WO33/32
    Brackenbury, Charles B. 1874. “Report on the Departments of Foreign Staffs corresponding to the Intelligence Branch of the Quarter-Master-General’s Department.” WO33/28.
    Brackenbury, Henry. 1887. Secret. “Russian Advances in Asia.” L/P&S/18/657
    Brackenbury, Henry and O. R. Newmarch. 1889. Secret. “Memorandum by Lieutenant-General Brackenbury, Director of Military Intelligence, War Office, and Major-General Newmarch, Military Secretary, India Office. WO33/49.
    Browne, Col. 1900. “Short military report on Shanghai.” L/P&S/20/177–2.
    Brownlow, C. H. 1889. Secret. “Memorandum on Report of the Indian Mobilization Committee regarding the Strategical Situation in Central Asia.” WO33/49.
    Cameron, Col A. S. 1885. “The Defence of India. By Major-General Sir C. M. Macgregor. K.C.B., K.C.S.I., &c., Quarter-Master-General in India.” WO33/43.
    Clarke, George. 1904–7. “Memoranda & Notes by Sir George Clarke while Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defense.” British Library, BS 2001/2.
    Director of Military Operations, General Staff, War Office. 1905. “Records of a Strategic War Game.” WO33/364.
    DuBoulay, Capt. N. W. H. and Lt. M. Ray 1894. “Report on the Country Round Peking.” L/P&S/20/18
    East, Maj. C. J. 1878a. “Memorandum on the North-Western Frontier of India.” WO33/32.
    East, Maj. C. J. 1878b “Memorandum on Major-General Hemley’s Lecture.” WO32/33.
    General Staff, India. 1925. Military Report on Afghanistan. Delhi: Government of India Press.
    General Staff, War Office. 1904. “Defence of India. Observations on a War Game played at Simla, 1903.” NA CAB 38/5/43.
    Grierson, James. 1886. “Analysis of General Kuropatkin’s Scheme for the Invasion of India, 1886.” WO106/6208.
    Grierson, James. 1904. “Defence of India: Observations on the Records of a War Game played at Simla,” 1903. NA CAB 38/5/43.
    Grierson, James and Captain. B. T. Bell 1901. “Miscellaneous reports regarding the China Expeditionary Force (Foreign Contingents).” L/MIL/17/20/14.
    House of Parliament. 1887. Central Asia No. 2.
    House of Parliament. 1888. Central Asia No. 1.
    House of Parliament. 1888. Central Asia No. 2.
    Isaac, William. 1957. “The History of the Development of the Intelligence Directorate of Military Intelligence, the War Office 1855–1939.” WO106/6083.
    Lebedeff, Capt. W. 1898. “To India: A Military Statistical and Strategical Sketch.” Robert Michell, trans. L/P&S/18/A141.
    Lysons, Daniel. 1878 “Memorandum on Major-General Hamley’s Lecture.” WO32/33.
    Memoranda on the Boundaries of Afghanistan in the Upper Oxus: The Pamir Question. c. 1891. L/P&S/20/Memo 16.
    Memoranda on the Central Asia Question. c. 1875. L/P&S/20/Memo 21.
    Memoranda related to Central Asia. c. 1882. L/P&S/20/Memo 22.
    Memoranda related to the Frontiers of Afghanistan. c. 1885. L/P&S/20/Memo 12.

    Memorandum. Negotiations with the Russian Government for the Demarcation of the Boundary of Afghanistan since the Annexation of Merr, March 27, 1885. FO881/5086.

    Michell, Robert. 1884. “Skobelef’s Project of an Invasion of India.” FO65/1202.
    Rawlinson, Henry. 1868. “Memorandum on the Central Asian Question.” L/P&S/18/C4.
    Wolseley, Garnet. 1889. Secret, untitled memorandum. WO33/49.
    Younghusband, F. E. 1887a. “Notes on the Chinese army and the Shanghai arsenal.” L/P&S/20/287.
    Younghusband, F. E. 1887b. “Notes on the Coastal Defenses of China.” L/P&S/20/269.
    Younghusband, F. E. and Mark Bell 1886. “Observations on N.E. China as a recruiting ground for transport and on the Chinese as foreign levies, transport attendants, hospital bearers and labourers.” L/P&S/20/271.

    Official Printed Sources

    Army Headquarters, India. 1925. Manual of Operations on the North-West frontier of India. Calcutta: Government of India. [L/MIL/17/13/13].
    Barrow, Maj. E. G. 1888. Gazetteer of the Eastern Hindu Kush. Simla: Printed at the Government Central Press.
    Barrow, Maj. E. G. 1893. The Military Geography of Afghanistan. 2 vols. Simla: Government Printing Office. [Curzon Papers, MSS EU F111/690].
    Barstow, Maj. A. E. 1928. Sikhs. Calcutta: Government of India Central Publications Branch. [L/MIL/17/5/2168].
    Bell, Mark S. 1884. China: Being a Military Report on the North-eastern portions of the Provinces of Chih-li and Shan-tung; Nanking and Its Approaches; Canton and Its Approaches; together with an account of the Chinese Civil, Naval, and Military Administration, etc., etc. and a Narrative of the Wars between Great Britain and China. Simla: Government Central Branch Press. [L/P&S/20/D28/1–3].
    Bell, Mark S. 1888. China. Reconnaissance Journey through the Central and Western Provinces from Peking through Shansi, Shensi, Kansuh, and Sinkiang to Ladakh and India. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing.
    Bell, Mark S. 1889. Turkey in Asia. Reconnaissance in Mesopotamia, Armenia, Kurdistan, and Azarbaijan in 1885–86. Routes in Central Asia. Simla: Superintendent of Government Printing.
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