Abulafia, D. (1978). ‘Pisan commercial colonies and consulates in twelfth-century Sicily’, English Historical Review, 93, 68–81.
Abulafia, D. (1986a). ‘The Anconitan privileges in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Levant trade of Ancona’, in I comuni italiani nel regno crociato die Gerusalemme, ed. Airaldi, G. and Kedar, B. Z., Genoa, 525–70.
Abulafia, D. (1986b). ‘The merchants of Messina: Levant trade and domestic economy’, Papers of the British School at Rome, 54, 196–212.
Abulafia, D. (1987a). ‘A Tyrrhenian triangle: Tuscany, Sicily, Tunis, 1276–1300’, in Studi di storia economica toscana nel Medioevo e nel Rinascimento in memoria die Federigo Melis, ed. Violante, C., Pisa, 53–75.
Abulafia, D. (1987b). ‘Asia, Africa, and the trade of medieval Europe’, in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 3: Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages, ed. Postan, M. M. and Miller, E., Cambridge, 402–73.
Abulafia, D. (1988). ‘The Levant trade of the minor cities in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries: strengths and weaknesses’, Asian and African Studies, 22, 183–202.
Abulafia, D. (1990). ‘The crown and the economy under Ferrante I of Naples (1458–94)’, in City and Countryside in Late Medieval and Renaissance Italy: Essays Presented to Philip Jones, ed. Dean, T. and Wickham, C., London, 125–46.
Abulafia, D. (1995). ‘Trade and crusade, 1050–1250’, in Cross Cultural Convergences in the Crusader Period: Essays Presented to Aryeh Grabois on His Sixty-fifth Birthday, ed. Goodich, M., Menache, S. and Schein, S., New York, 1–20.
Abulafia, D. (1997). ‘East and west: comments on the commerce of the city of Ancona in the Middle Ages’, in Città e sistema adriatico alla fine del medioevo. Bilancio degli studi e prospettive di ricerca, ed. Ghezzo, M. P., Padua, 49–66.
Abulafia, D. (1999). ‘Grain traffic out of the Apulian ports on behalf of Lorenzo de'Medici, 1486–7’, in Karissime Gotifride. Historical Essays Presented to Professor Godfrey Wettinger on His Seventieth Birthday, ed. Xuereb, P., Malta, 25–36.
Abulafia, D. (2000a). ‘Introduction’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. V: c. 1198–c. 1300, ed. Abulafia, D., Cambridge, 1–10.
Abulafia, D. (2000b). ‘The rise of Aragon-Catalonia’, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. V: c. 1198–c. 1300, ed. Abulafia, D., Cambridge, 644–67.
Acemoglu, D. (2006). ‘A simple model of inefficient institutions’, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 108(4), 515–46.
Acemoglu, D. (2010). ‘Institutions, factor prices and taxation: virtues of strong states?’, MIT Department of Economics Working Papers, 10–02.
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. and Robinson, J. A. (2005). ‘Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth’, in Handbook of Economic Growth, ed. Aghion, P. and Durlauf, S., Amsterdam / London, Vol. 1A, 385–472.
Adelman, J. (2007). Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic, Princeton.
Alengry, C. (1915). Les foires de Champagne: Etude d'histoire économique, Paris.
Aloisio, M. A. (2003). ‘The Maltese corso in the fifteenth century’, Medieval Encounters 9(2–3), 193–203.
Alsford, S. (2003). The Men Behind the Masque: Office-holding in East Anglian Boroughs, 1272–1460, published online at www.trytel.com/~tristan/towns/mcontent.html#menu.
Alston, R. (1998). ‘Trade and the city in Roman Egypt’, in Trade, Traders, and the Ancient City, ed. Parkins, H. and Smith, C., London / New York, 168–202.
Ames, G. J. (1996). Colbert, Mercantilism, and the French Quest for Asian Trade, DeKalb, IL.
Angermann, N. (1974). ‘Zum Handel der deutschen Kaufleute in Pleskau’, in Rußland und Deutschland, ed. Liszkowski, U., Stuttgart, 73–82.
Angermann, N. (1979). ‘Der Lübecker Hof in Pleskau’, Zeitschrift des Vereins für Lübeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, 59, 227–35.
Angermann, N. (1987). ‘Die Hanse und Rußland’, Nordost-Archiv, 20, 57–92.
Aoki, M. (2001). Toward a Comparative Institutional Analysis, Cambridge, MA.
Arbois de Jubainville, M. H. (1859). Histoire de Bar-sur-Aube sous les comtes de Champagne, Paris / Troyes / Bar-sur-Aube.
Arbois de Jubainville, M. H. and Pigeotte, L. (1859–66). Histoire des ducs et des comtes de Champagne, 7 vols, Paris.
Archer, I. W. (1988). ‘The London lobbies in the later sixteenth century’, Historical Journal, 31(1), 17–44.
Archer, I. W. (1991). The Pursuit of Stability: Social Relations in Elizabethan London, Cambridge.
Arrow, K. J. (2000). ‘Observations on social capital’, in Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective, ed. Dasgupta, P. and Serageldin, I., Washington DC, 3–5.
Arruda, J. J. d. A. (2000). ‘Decadence or crisis in the Luso-Brazilian empire: a new model of colonization in the eighteenth century’, Hispanic American Historical Review, 80(4), 865–78.
Asch, J. (1961). Rat und Bürgerschaft in Lübeck 1598–1669, Lübeck.
Ascheri, M. (2000). ‘Formes du droit dans l'Italie communale: les statuts’, Médiévales, 19(39), 137–52.
Ashley, W. J. (1888). An Introduction to English Economic History and Theory, Vol. 1, Part 1: The Middle Ages, London.
Ashton, R. (1967). ‘The parliamentary agitation for free trade in the opening years of the reign of James I’, Past and Present, 38, 40–55.
Ashtor, E. (1983). The Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages, Princeton.
Aslanian, S. (2004). ‘Trade diaspora versus colonial state: Armenian merchants, the English East India Company, and the High Court of Admiralty in London, 1748–1752’, Diaspora, 13(1), 37–100.
Aslanian, S. (2006). ‘Social capital, “trust” and the role of networks in Julfan trade: informal and semi-formal institutions at work’, Journal of Global History, 1(3), 383–402.
Asmussen, G. (1999). Hansekaufleute in Brügge. Teil 2: Die Lübecker Flandernfahrer in der zweiten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts (1358–1408), Frankfurt am Main.
Attman, A. (1973). The Russian and Polish Markets in International Trade 1500–1650, Gothenburg.
Ausbüttel, F. M. (1982). Untersuchungen zu den Vereinen im Westen des römischen Reiches, Kallmünz.
Ba, S. (2001). ‘Establishing online trust through a community responsibility system’, Decision Support Systems, 31(3), 323–36.
Bahr, K. (1911). Handel und Verkehr der Deutschen Hanse in Flandern während des vierzehnten Jahrhunderts, Leipzig.
Baker, J. H. (1979). ‘The law merchant and the common law before 1700’, Cambridge Law Journal, 38, 295–322.
Baker, J. H. (1986). ‘The law merchant and the common law’, in The Legal Profession and the Common Law: Historical Essays, ed. Baker, J. H.. London, 341–86.
Balard, M. (1966). ‘Les Génois en Romanie entre 1204 et 1261. Recherches dans les minutiers notariaux génois’, Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire, 78(2), 467–502.
Balard, M. (2000). ‘Latins in the Aegean and the Balkans in the fourteenth century’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300–c. 1415, ed. Jones, M., Cambridge, 825–38.
Ball, J. N. (1977). Merchants and Merchandise: The Expansion of Trade in Europe, 1500–1630, London.
Barbour, V. (1911). ‘Privateers and pirates of the West Indies’, American Historical Review, 16(3), 523–66.
Barbour, V. (1963). Capitalism in Amsterdam in the Seventeenth Century, repr. of 1st edn 1950, Baltimore, MD.
Bardhan, P. (1996). ‘The nature of institutional impediments to economic development’, Center for International and Development Economics Research Papers, C96–066.
Barendse, R. (1988). ‘The long road to Livorno: the overland messenger service of the Dutch East India Company in the seventeenth century’, Itinerario: International Journal on the History of European Expansion and Global Interaction, 12, 25–45.
Barnouw, A. J. (1952). ‘Review of Oskar de Smedt, “De Engelse Natie te Antwerpen in de 16e eeuw (1496–1582)”’, American Historical Review, 58, 103–5.
Basile, M. E. et al., eds. (1998). Lex Mercatoria and Legal Pluralism: A Late Thirteenth-century Treatise and Its Afterlife, Cambridge.
Baskin, J. B. (1988). ‘The development of corporate financial markets in Britain and the United States 1600–1914: overcoming asymmetric information’, Business History Review, 62(2), 199–237.
Bassermann, E. (1911). Die Champagnermessen. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kredits, Tübingen.
Basu, K. (1997). Analytical Development Economics: The Less Developed Economy Revisited, Cambridge, MA.
Bateson, M., ed. (1899). Records of the Borough of Leicester, London.
Bateson, M. (1902). ‘A London municipal collection of the reign of John’, English Historical Review, 17, 480–511, 707–30, 1206–16.
Batini, N. et al. (2010). ‘Informal labour and credit markets: a survey’, IMF Working Papers, 10/42.
Baumert, K. A., Herzog, T. and Pershing, J. (2004). Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy, Washington DC.
Bautier, R.-H. (1952). ‘Les principales étapes du développement des foires de Champagne’, Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, 96(2), 314–26.
Bautier, R.-H. (1953). ‘Les foires de Champagne. Recherches sur une évolution historique’, Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin, 5, 97–147.
Bautier, R.-H. (1955). ‘Les Tolomei de Sienne aux foires de Champagne. D'après un compte-rendu de leurs opérations à la foire de mai de Provins en 1279’, in Recueil de travaux offerts à M. Clovis Brunel par ses amis, collègues et élèves, ed. l'École des chartes, Société, Paris, Vol. I: 106–29.
Bautier, R.-H. (1970). ‘The fairs of Champagne’, in Essays in French Economic History, ed. Cameron, R., Homewood, IL, 42–63.
Bautier, R.-H. (1987). ‘Les marchands et banquiers de Plaisance dans l’économie internationale du XIIe au XVe siècle', in Il ‘Registrum magnum’ del comune di Piacenza: Atti del Convegno Internazionale di studio (Piacenza, 1985), Piacenza, 182–237.
Bec, C. (1967). ‘Mentalité et vocabulaire des marchands florentins au début du XVe siècle’, Annales ESC 22(6), 1206–26.
Becker, M. B. (1960a). ‘The Republican city state in Florence: an inquiry into its origin and survival (1280–1434)’, Speculum 35(1), 39–50.
Becker, M. B. (1960b). ‘Some aspects of oligarchical, dictatorial and popular signorie in Florence, 1282–1382’, Comparative Studies in Society and History 2(4), 421–39.
Becker, M. B. (1962). ‘Florentine Popular Government (1343–1348)’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106(4), 360–82.
Becker, M. B. (1966). ‘Economic change and the emerging Florentine territorial state’, Studies in the Renaissance, 13, 7–39.
Benedict, P. (1981). Rouen during the Wars of Religion, Cambridge.
Benson, B. L. (1989). ‘The spontaneous evolution of commercial law’, Southern Economic Journal, 55, 644–61.
Benson, B. L. (1992). ‘Customary law as a social contract: international commercial law’, Constitutional Political Economy, 3(1), 1–27.
Benson, B. L. (1998). ‘Law merchant’, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, ed. Newman, P., London.
Benson, B. L. (2002). ‘Justice without government: the merchant courts of medieval Europe and their modern counterparts’, in The Voluntary City: Choice, Community and Civil Society, ed. Beito, D., Gordon, P. and Tabarrok, A., Ann Arbor, MI, 127–50.
Berman, H. J. (1983). Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition, Cambridge, MA.
Bernard, J. (1972). ‘Trade and finance in the Middle Ages 900–1500’, in The Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. 1: The Middle Ages, ed. Cippola, C., London / Glasgow, 274–338.
Bernstein, L. (2001). ‘Private commercial law in the cotton industry: value creation through rules, norms, and institutions’, Michigan Law Review, 99(7), 1724–90.
Berti, P. (1857). ‘Documenti riguardanti il commercio dei Fiorentini in Francia nel secoli XIII e XIV, e specialmente il loro concorso alle fiere di Sciampagna’, Giornale storico degli archivi di Toscana, 1, 163–95, 247–74.
Bigwood, G. (1906). ‘Gand et la circulation des grains en Flandre du XIVe au XVIIIe siècle’, Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 4, 397–460.
Bird, W. H. B. (1925). The Black Book of Winchester, Winchester.
Bisson, T. N. (1984). Fiscal Accounts of Catalonia under the Early Count-Kings (1151–1213), Berkeley, CA.
Black, A. (1984). Guilds and Civil Society in European Political Thought from the Twelfth Century to the Present, Ithaca, NY.
Blanchard, I. (2004). ‘Foreign merchants in early modern towns and international market intelligence systems’, Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU, 10, 175–9.
Bloch, M. (1930). ‘Review of G. I. Bratianu, “Recherches sur le commerce des Génois dans la mer Noire au XIIIe siècle”’, Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, 2(7), 463–4.
Blockmans, W. (1993). ‘Formale und informelle soziale Strukturen in und zwischen den großen flämischen Städten im Spätmittelalter’, in Einungen und Bruderschaften in der spätmittelalterlichen Stadt, ed. Johanek, P., Cologne / Weimar / Vienna, 1–15.
Blockmans, W. (2000). ‘Flanders’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. V: c. 1198–c. 1300, ed. Abulafia, D., Cambridge, 405–18.
Blockmans, W. and Prevenier, W. (1999). The Promised Lands: The Low Countries under Burgundian Rule, 1369–1530, Philadelphia, PA.
Blom, G. A. (1984). ‘Der Ursprung der Gilden in Norwegen und ihre Entwicklung in den Städten während des Mittelalters’, in Gilde und Korporation in den nordeuropäischen Städten des späten Mittelalters, ed. Friedland, K., Cologne / Vienna, 5–28.
Blomquist, T. W. (1971). ‘The Castracani family of thirteenth-century Lucca’, Speculum, 46(3), 459–76.
Blondé, B., Gelderblom, O. and Stabel, P. (2007). ‘Foreign merchant communities in Bruges, Antwerp and Amsterdam, c. 1350–1650’, Cultural Exchange in Early Modern Europe, Vol. 2: Cities and Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400–1700, ed. Calabi, D. and Christensen, S. T., Cambridge, 154–74.
Boerner, L. and Ritschl, A. (2002). ‘Individual enforcement of collective liability in premodern Europe’, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 158, 205–13.
Boerner, L. and Ritschl, A. (2005). ‘Making financial markets: contract enforcement and the emergence of tradable assets in late medieval Europe’, Humboldt-University Berlin Economics Working Papers.
Boldorf, M. (1999). ‘Institutional barriers to economic development: the Silesian linen proto-industry (17th to 19th century)’, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre und Statistik, Universität Mannheim Working Papers, 566–99.
Boldorf, M. (2006). Europäische Leinenregionen im Wandel. Institutionelle Weichenstellungen in Schlesien und Irland (1750–1850). Cologne / Weimar / Vienna.
Botticini, M. (2000). ‘A tale of “benevolent” governments: private credit markets, public finance, and the role of Jewish lenders in medieval and renaissance Italy’, Journal of Economic History, 60(1), 165–89.
Bottin, J. (1988). ‘Structures et mutations d'un espace protoindustriel à la fin du XVIe siècle’, Annales ESC, 43(4), 975–95.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). ‘The forms of capital’, in Handbook of Theory of Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. Richardson, J. E., Westport, CT, 241–58.
Bourquelot, F. (1839–40). Histoire de Provins, 2 vols, Paris.
Bourquelot, F. (1865). Études sur les foires de Champagne, sur la nature, l'étendue et les règles du commerce qui s'y faisait aux XIIe, XIIIe et XIVe siècles, 2 vols, Paris.
Boutaric, E. P. (1867). Actes du Parlement de Paris, Première série: de l'an 1254 à l'an 1328, 2 vols, Paris.
Bowsky, W. M. (1962). ‘The Buon Governo of Siena (1287–1355): a mediaeval Italian oligarchy’, Speculum, 37(3), 368–81.
Bowsky, W. M. (1981). A Medieval Italian Commune: Siena under the Nine, 1287–1355, Berkeley / Los Angeles.
Brandt, A. v. (1956). ‘Stadtgründung, Grundbesitz und Verfassungsanfänge in Lübeck’, Zeitschrift des Vereins für Lübeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, 36, 79–95.
Bratianu, G. I. (1927). Actes des notaires génois de Péra et de Caffa, Bucharest.
Braudel, F. (1979). Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme, XVe–XVIIIe siècle, 3 vols, Paris.
Braun, R. (1978). ‘Early industrialization and demographic change in the Canton of Zürich’, in Historical Studies of Changing Fertility, ed. Tilly, C., Princeton, NJ, 289–334.
Bredenkamp, F. (1996). The Byzantine Empire of Thessaloniki (1224–1242), Thessaloniki.
Brett, E. A. (1996). ‘The participatory principle in development projects: the costs and benefits of cooperation’, Public Administration and Development, 16, 5–19.
Brewer, J. (1989). The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783, London.
Britnell, R. H. (1991). ‘The towns of England and Northern Italy in the early fourteenth century’, Economic History Review, 44(1), 21–35.
Briys, E. and ter Beerst, D. J. (2006). ‘The Zaccaria deal: contract and options to fund a Genoese shipment of alum to Bruges in 1298’, paper presented at the XIV International Economic History Congress, Helsinki, August 2006.
Brück, T. (1999). ‘Bemerkungen zur Kaufmannschaft Rigas in der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Schwarzhäupter zwischen 1413 und 1424’, in ‘Kopet uns werk by tyden’: Beiträge zur hansischen und preussischen Geschichte. Walter Stark zum 75. Geburtstag, ed. Jörn, N., Kattinger, D. and Wernicke, H., Schwerin, 113–30.
Bruijn, J. R. (1990). ‘Productivity, profitability and costs of private and corporate Dutch shipping in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries’, in The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750, ed. Tracy, J. D., Cambridge, 174–94.
Brulez, W. (1973). ‘Bruges and Antwerp in the 15th and 16th centuries: an antithesis’, Acta Historiae Neerlandicae. Studies on the History of the Netherlands, 6, 1–26.
Brunelle, G. K. (2003). ‘Migration and religious identity: the Portuguese of seventeenth-century Rouen’, Journal of Early Modern History, 7(3–4), 283–311.
Bücher, K. (1922). Die Entstehung der Volkswirtschaft, Leipzig.
Bullard, M. M. et al. (2004). ‘Where history and theory interact: Frederic C. Lane on the emergence of capitalism’, Speculum, 88, 88–119.
Bulst, N. (2002). ‘Fremde in der Stadt. Zur Wahrnehmung und zum Umgang mit “den Anderen” im Spiegel der mittelalterlichen deutschen Stadtrechte’, in Kloster – Stadt – Region. Festschrift für Heinrich Rüthing, Bielefeld, 46–64.
Burckhardt, M. (2005). ‘Die Ordnungen der vier Hansekontore Bergen, Brügge, London und Novgorod’, in Das Hansische Kontor zu Bergen und die Lübecker Bergenfahrer: International Workshop Lübeck 2003, ed. Grassmann, A., Lübeck, 58–77.
Burt, R. S. (2001). ‘Bandwidth and echo: trust, information and gossip in social networks’, in Networks and Markets: Contributions from Economics and Sociology, ed. Casella, A. and Rauch, J. E., New York, 30–74.
Burt, R. S. (2005). Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital, Oxford.
Byrne, E. H. (1916). ‘Commercial contracts of the Genoese in the Syrian trade of the twelfth century’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 31, 128–70.
Caligaris, G. (1998). ‘Trade guilds, manufacturing and economic privilege in the kingdom of Sardinia during the eighteenth century’, in Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy: 16th–19th Centuries, ed. Guenzi, A., Massa, P. and Caselli, F. P., Aldershot, 56–81.
Carlos, A. M. (1991). ‘Agent opportunism and the role of company culture: the Hudson's Bay and Royal African Companies compared’, Business and Economic History, 2nd ser., 9, 142–51.
Carlos, A. M. and Kruse, J. B. (1996). ‘The decline of the Royal African Company: fringe firms and the role of the charter’, Economic History Review, 49(2), 295–317.
Carlos, A. M. and Nicholas, S. (1988). ‘“Giants of an earlier capitalism”: the chartered trading companies as an analogue of the modern multinational’, Business History Review, 26(3), 398–419.
Carlos, A. M. and Nicholas, S. (1990). ‘Agency problems in early chartered companies: the case of the Hudson's Bay Company’, Journal of Economic History, 50(4), 853–75.
Carlos, A. M. and Nicholas, S. (1996). ‘Theory and history: seventeenth-century joint-stock chartered trading companies’, Journal of Economic History, 56(4), 916–24.
Carolus-Barré, L. (1965). ‘Les XVII villes, une hanse vouée au grand commerce de la draperie’, Comptes-rendus des séances de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, 109(1), 20–30.
Carter, F. W. (1971). ‘The commerce of the Dubrovnik Republic, 1500–1700’, Economic History Review, ns, 24(3), 370–94.
Carus, A. W. and Ogilvie, S. C. (2009). ‘Turning qualitative into quantitative evidence: a well-used method made explicit’, Economic History Review, 62(4), 893–925.
Cassandro, G. I. (1938). Le rappresaglie e il fallimento a Venezia nei secoli XIII–XVI: con documenti inediti, Turin.
Casson, M. (1997). Information and Organization: A New Perspective on the Theory of the Firm, New York.
Catoni, G. (1974). ‘La brutta avventura di un mercante senese nel 1309 a una questione di rappresaglia’, Archivio storico italiano, 132, 65–77.
Cauchies, J.-M. and Schepper, H. d. (1997). ‘Legal tools of the public power in the Netherlands, 1200–1600’, in Legislation and Justice, ed. Padoa-Schioppa, A., Oxford, 229–68.
Cave, R. C. and Coulson, H. H. (1936). A Source Book for Medieval Economic History, Milwaukee, WI.
Cerman, M. (1993). ‘Proto-industrialization in an urban environment: Vienna, 1750–1857’, Continuity and Change, 8(2), 281–320.
Chapin, E. (1937). Les villes de foires de Champagne des origines au début du XIVe siècle, Paris.
Chaudhuri, K. N. (1978). The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1600–1760, Cambridge.
Chaudhuri, K. N. (1991). ‘Reflections on the organising principle of pre-modern trade’, in The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750, ed. Tracy, J. D., Cambridge, 421–42.
Cheyette, F. L. (1970). ‘The sovereign and the pirates, 1332’, Speculum, 45(1), 40–68.
Choroškevic, A. L. (1996). ‘Der deutsche Hof in Novgorod und die deutsche Herberge (Fondaco dei Tedeschi) in Venedig im 13./14. Jahrhundert. Eine vergleichende Vorstudie’, in Zwischen Lübeck und Novgorod. Wirtschaft, Politik und Kultur im Ostseeraum vom frühen Mittelalter bis ins 20. Jahrhundert. Norbert Angermann zum 60. Geburtstag, ed. Pelc, O. and Pickhan, G., Lüneburg, 67–87.
Christensen, A. E. (1953). ‘La foire de Scanie’, Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin, 5, 241–66.
Citarella, A. O. (1967). ‘The relations of Amalfi with the Arab world before the Crusades’, Speculum, 42(2), 299–312.
Citarella, A. O. (1968). ‘Patterns in medieval trade: the commerce of Amalfi before the Crusades’, Journal of Economic History, 28(4), 531–55.
Clark, G. (1996). ‘The political foundations of modern economic growth: England, 1540–1800’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 26(4), 563–88.
Coleman, E. (1999). ‘The Italian communes: recent work and current trends’, Journal of Medieval History, 25, 373–97.
Coleman, J. S. (1989). ‘Social capital in the creation of human capital’, American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S120.
Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory, Cambridge, MA.
Congdon, E. A. (2003). ‘Venetian and Aragonese/Catalan relations: protectionist legislation in 1398–1404’, Medieval Encounters, 9(2–3), 214–35.
Constable, O. R. (1994). ‘The problem of jettison in medieval Mediterranean maritime law’, Journal of Medieval History, 20(3), 207–20.
Constable, O. R. (2003). Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Cambridge.
Coornaert, É. (1961). Les Français et le commerce international à Anvers, fin du XVe–XVIe siècle, 2 vols, Paris.
Coornaert, É. (1967). ‘European economic institutions and the New World: the chartered companies’, in The Economy of Expanding Europe in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, ed. Rich, E. E. and Wilson, C. H., Cambridge, 223–75.
Cordes, A. (1999). ‘Einheimische und gemeinrechtliche Elemente im hansischen Gesellschaftsrecht des 15.–17. Jahrhunderts. Eine Projektskizze’, in ‘Kopet uns werk by tyden’: Beiträge zur hansischen und preussischen Geschichte. Walter Stark zum 75. Geburtstag, ed. Jörn, N., Kattinger, D. and Wernicke, H., Schwerin, 67–72.
Cotter, W. (1996). ‘The collegia and Roman law’, in Voluntary Associations in the Graeco-Roman World, ed. Kloppenborg, J. W. and Wilson, S. G., London.
Coureas, N. (2002). ‘Cyprus and Ragusa (Dubrovnik) 1280–1450’, Mediterranean Historical Review, 17(2), 1–13.
Crafts, N. F. R. (1985). British Economic Growth during the Industrial Revolution, Oxford.
Croft, P. (1973a). ‘Introduction: the first Spanish company, 1530–85’, in The Spanish Company, ed. Croft, P., London, London Record Society, [www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63964].
Croft, P. (1973b). ‘Introduction: the revival of the company, 1604–6’, in The Spanish Company, ed. Croft, P., London, London Record Society, [www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63965].
Cunningham, W. (1910). The Growth of English Industry and Commerce during the Early and Middle Ages, 5th edn, Cambridge.
Daenell, E. R. (1905). Die Blütezeit der deutschen Hanse. Hansische Geschichte von der zweiten Hälfte des XIV. bis zum letzten Viertel des XV. Jahrhunderts, Berlin.
Dagron, G. (2002). ‘The urban economy, seventh to twelfth centuries’, in The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, ed. Laiou, A. E., Washington DC, 393–461.
Daileader, P. (2000). True Citizens: Violence, Memory, and Identity in the Medieval Community of Perpignan, 1162–1397, Leiden.
Dam, K. W. (2006). ‘Institutions, history and economic development’, John M. Olin Law & Economics Working Paper, 2nd ser., 271.
D'Amico, S. (2001). ‘Rebirth of a city: immigration and trade in Milan, 1630–59’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 32.
Das Gupta, A. (1979). Indian Merchants and the Decline of Surat, c. 1700–1750, Wiesbaden.
Dasgupta, P. (1988). ‘Trust as a commodity’, in Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, ed. Gambetta, D., Oxford, 49–72.
Dasgupta, P. (2000). ‘Economic progress and the idea of social capital’, in Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective, ed. Dasgupta, P. and Serageldin, I., Washington, 325–424.
Dasgupta, P. (2003). ‘Social capital and economic performance: analytics’, in Social Capital: A Reader, ed. Ostrom, E. and Ahn, T. K., Cheltenham, 309–42.
Dasgupta, P. and Serageldin, I., eds. (2000). Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington.
Davids, K. (2006). ‘Monasteries, economies and states: the dissolution of monasteries in early modern Europe and T'ang China’, paper presented at the Global Economic History Network (GEHN) Conference 10, Washington DC, 8–10 September 2006.
Davidsohn, R. (1896–1901). Forschungen zur Geschichte von Florenz, 3 vols, Berlin.
Davies, K. G. (1957). The Royal African Company, Oxford.
Day, G. W. (1988). Genoa's Response to Byzantium, 1155–1204: Commercial Expansion and Factionalism in a Medieval City, Urbana, IL.
Day, J. (2002). ‘The Levant trade in the Middle Ages’, in The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, ed. Laiou, A. E., Washington DC, 807–14.
Roover, F. E. (1940). ‘The business records of an early Genoese notary, 1190–1192’, Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, 14(3), 41–6.
Roover, F. E. (1945). ‘Early examples of marine insurance’, Journal of Economic History, 5(2), 172–200.
Roover, R. (1948a). Money, Banking and Credit in Mediaeval Bruges: Italian Merchant-bankers, Lombards and Money-changers: A Study in the Origins of Banking, Cambridge, MA.
Roover, R. (1948b). The Medici Bank, New York.
Roover, R. (1958). ‘The story of the Alberti Company of Florence, 1302–1348, as revealed in its account books’, Business History Review, 32(1), 14–59.
Roover, R. (1963). The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397–1494, Cambridge, MA.
Roover, R. (1965). ‘The organization of trade’, in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 3: Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages, ed. Postan, M. M., Rich, E. E. and Miller, E., Cambridge, 42–156.
Roover, R. (1971). ‘Early banking before 1500 and the development of capitalism’, Revue internationale d'histoire de la banque, 4, 1–16.
Smedt, O. (1950–4). De Engelse Natie te Antwerpen in de 16e eeuw (1496–1582), Antwerp.
Soto, H. (1989). The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World, New York.
Vries, J. (1974). The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age, 1500–1700, New Haven, CT.
Vries, J. (1976). The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600–1750, Cambridge.
Vries, J. and Woude, A. (1997). The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815, Cambridge.
Del Punta, I. (2004). ‘Principal Italian banking companies of the XIIIth and XIVth centuries: a comparison between the Ricciardi of Lucca and the Bardi, Peruzzi and Acciaiuoli of Florence’, Journal of European Economic History 33(3), 647–62.
Del Vecchio, A. and Casanova, E. (1894). Le rappresaglie nei comuni medievali e specialmente in Firenze, Bologna.
Demonet, M. and Granasztói, G. (1982). ‘Une ville de Hongrie au milieu du XVIe siècle (analyse factorielle et modèle social)’, Annales ESC, 37(3), 523–51.
Dennison, T. K. (2011). The Institutional Framework of Russian Serfdom, Cambridge.
Dennison, T. K. and Ogilvie, S. C. (2007). ‘Serfdom and social capital in Bohemia and Russia’, Economic History Review, 60(3), 513–44.
Denzel, M. A. (2001). ‘“Wissensmanagement” und “Wissensnetzwerke” der Kaufleute. Aspekte kaufmännischer Kommunikation im späten Mittelalter’, Das Mittelalter, 6(1), 73–90.
Dercon, S. (2004). Insurance Against Poverty, Oxford.
Desroussilles, F. D. (1979). ‘Vénitiens et Génois à Constantinople et en mer Noire en 1431’, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, 20(1), 111–22.
Dessì, R. and Ogilvie, S. C. (2003). ‘Social capital and collusion: the case of merchant guilds’, CESifo Working Papers, 1037.
Dessì, R. and Ogilvie, S. C. (2004). ‘Social capital and collusion: the case of merchant guilds (long version)’, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0417.
Dewey, H. W. (1988). ‘Russia's debt to the Mongols in suretyship and collective responsibility’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 30(2), 249–70.
Dewey, H. W. and Kleimola, A. M. (1970). ‘Suretyship and collective responsibility in pre-Petrine Russia’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 18, 337–54.
Dewey, H. W. and Kleimola, A. M. (1984). ‘Russian collective consciousness: the Kievan roots’, Slavonic and East European Review, 62(2), 180–91.
Di Cosmo, N. (2005). ‘Mongols and merchants on the Black Sea frontier in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries: convergences and conflicts’, in Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World, ed. Amitai, R. and Biran, M., Leiden / Boston, 391–424.
Dijkman, J. (2007). ‘Debt litigation in medieval Holland, c. 1200 – c. 1350’, Paper presented at the Global Economic History Network (GEHN) conference, Utrecht, 20–22 September 2007.
Dilcher, G. (1984). ‘Personale und lokale Strukturen kaufmännischen Rechts als Vorformen genossenschaftlichen Stadtrechts’, in Gilde und Korporation in den nordeuropäischen Städten des späten Mittelalters, ed. Friedland, K., Cologne / Vienna, 65–78.
Dilcher, G. (1985). ‘Die genossenschaftliche Struktur von Gilden und Zünften’, in Gilden und Zünfte. Kaufmännische und gewerbliche Genossenschaften im frühen und hohen Mittelalter, ed. Schwineköper, B., Sigmaringen, 71–112.
Dodd, G. (2002). ‘The Calais staple and the parliament of May 1382’, English Historical Review, 117(470), 94–103.
Doehaerd, R. (1941). Les relations commerciales entre Gênes, la Belgique, et l'Outremont d'après les archives notariales gênoises aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles, Brussels / Rome.
Dollinger, P. (1964). La Hanse: XIIe–XVIIe siècles, Paris.
Dollinger, P. (1970). The German Hansa, Stanford.
Donahue, C. (2004). ‘Medieval and early modern lex mercatoria: an attempt at the probation diabolica’, Chicago Journal of International Law, 5(1), 21–38.
Donahue, C. (2005). ‘Benvenuto Stracca's De Mercatura: was there a Lex mercatoria in sixteenth-century Italy?’, in From Lex Mercatoria to Commercial Law, ed. Piergiovanni, V., Berlin, 69–120.
Dotson, J. E. (1999). ‘Fleet operations in the first Genoese-Venetian war, 1264–1266’, Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 30, 165–80.
Dotson, J. E. (2003). ‘Commercial law in fourteenth-century merchant manuals’, Medieval Encounters, 9(2–3), 204–13.
Doumerc, B. (1987). ‘Les Vénitiens à La Tana (Azov) au XVe siècle’, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, 28(1), 5–19.
Dursteler, E. R. (2006). Venetians in Constantinople: Nation, Identity, and Coexistence in the Early Modern Mediterranean, Baltimore / London.
Ebel, W. (1957). Lübisches Kaufmannsrecht vornehmlich nach Lübecker Ratsurteilen des 15./16. Jahrhunderts, Göttingen.
Edler, F. (1938). ‘The Van der Molen commission merchants of Antwerp: trade with Italy, 1538–44’, Medieval and Historiographical Essays in Honor of James Westfall Thompson, ed. Cate, J. L. and Anderson, E., Chicago, 78–145.
Edwards, J. S. S. and Ogilvie, S. C. (2009). ‘Contract enforcement, institutions and social capital: the Maghribi traders reappraised’, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0928.
Ehbrecht, W. (1985). ‘Beiträge und Überlegungen zu Gilden im nordwestlichen Deutschland (vornehmlich im 13. Jahrhundert)’, in Gilden und Zünfte. Kaufmännische und gewerbliche Genossenschaften im frühen und hohen Mittelalter, ed. Schwineköper, B., Sigmaringen, 413–50.
Ehrenberg, R. (1995). ‘Makler, Hosteliers und Börse in Brügge vom 13. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert’, Zeitschrift für das gesamte Handelsrecht, 3, 403–68.
Elton, G. R. (1975). ‘Taxation for war and peace in early Tudor England’, in War and Economic Development: Essays in Memory of David Joslin, ed. Winter, J. M., Cambridge.
Ennen, E. (1979). The Medieval Town, Amsterdam.
Epstein, S. A. (1994). ‘Secrecy and Genoese commercial practice’, Journal of Medieval History, 20(4), 313–25.
Epstein, S. A. (1996). Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528, Chapel Hill, NC.
Epstein, S. R. (1992). An Island for Itself: Economic Development and Social Change in Late Medieval Sicily, Cambridge.
Epstein, S. R. (2000). Freedom and Growth: The Rise of States and Markets in Europe, 1300–1750, London.
Epstein, S. R. (2004). ‘Craft guilds’, in Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, ed. Mokyr, J., Oxford, 35–9.
Epstein, S. R. and Prak, M. (2008). ‘Introduction: guilds, innovation and the European economy, 1400–1800’, in Guilds, Innovation and the European Economy, 1400–1800, ed. Epstein, S. R. and Prak, M., London, 1–24.
Esch, A. (1992). ‘Viele Loyalitäten, eine Identität. Italienische Kaufmannskolonien im spätmittelalterlichen Europa’, Historische Zeitschrift, 254, 581–608.
Ewert, U.-C. and Selzer, S. (2005). ‘The commercial networks of Hanseatic merchants: a “modern” organization of trade at work already during the late Middle Ages?’, Paper presented at the Workshop on Mercantile Organization in Pre-Industrial Europe, Antwerp, 18–19 November.
Face, R. D. (1958). ‘Techniques of business in the trade between the fairs of Champagne and the south of Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 10(3), 427–38.
Fafchamps, M. (2003). Rural Poverty, Risk and Development, Cheltenham, UK / Northampton, MA.
Fairchilds, C. (1988). ‘Three views on the guilds’, French Historical Studies, 15(4), 688–92.
Farolfi, B. (1998). ‘Brokers and brokerage in Bologna from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries’, in Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th–19th centuries, ed. Guenzi, A., Massa, P. and Caselli, F. Piola, Aldershot, 306–22.
Federowicz, J. K. (1979). ‘The history of the Elbing staple: an episode in the history of commercial monopolies’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 27, 220–30.
Feenstra, R. (1953). ‘Les foires aux Pays-Bas Septentrionaux’, Receuils de la Société Jean Bodin, 5, 209–39.
Fehr, N.-H. v. d. and Harbord, D. (2007). ‘Coordination, Commitment and Enforcement: The Merchant Guild Revisited’, Munich Personal Repec Archive Working Paper.
Fender, A. (2004). ‘The Hudson's Bay Company's institutional adaptation to economic conditions’, Paper presented at the Fifth European Social Science History Conference, Berlin, 24–27 March.
Flambard, J. M. (1987). ‘Éléments pour une approche financière de la mort dans les classes populaires du Haut-Empire. Analyse du budget de quelques collèges funéraires de Rome et d'Italie’, in La mort, les morts et l'au delà dans le monde romain. Actes du colloque de Caen (20–22 novembre 1985), ed. Hinard, F., Caen, 209–44.
Flik, R. (1990). Die Textilindustrie in Calw und in Heidenheim 1705–1870. Eine regional vergleichende Untersuchung zur Geschichte der Frühindustrialisierung und Industriepolitik in Württemberg, Stuttgart.
Flórez, G. C. (2003). ‘Vicissitudes of commercial trading: Castile and Flanders at the end of the fifteenth century (1474–94)’, Medieval History Journal, 6(1), 33–53.
Fortunati, M. (2005). ‘The fairs between lex mercatoria and ius mercatorum’, in From Lex Mercatoria to Commercial Law, ed. Piergiovanni, V., Berlin, 143–64.
Francotte, H. (1900–1). L'industrie dans la Grèce ancienne, Brussels.
Frankopan, P. (2004). ‘Byzantine trade privileges to Venice in the eleventh century: the chrysobull of 1092’, Journal of Medieval History, 30, 135–60.
Frensdorff, F. (1901). ‘Der Makler im Hansagebiete’, in Festgabe der Göttinger Juristenfakultät für Ferdinand Regelsberger zum 70. Geburtstag, ed. Juristenfakultät, Göttinger, Leipzig, 255–316.
Freshfield, E. H. (1938). Roman Law in the Later Roman Empire: Byzantine Guilds, Professional and Commercial. Ordinances of Leo VI c. 895 from the Book of the Eparch, Cambridge.
Freudenberger, H. (1966). ‘Three mercantilist protofactories’, Business History Review, 40(2), 167–89.
Freudenberger, H. (1979). ‘Zur Linzer Wollzeugfabrik’, in Wirtschafts- und sozialhistorische Beiträge. Festschrift für Alfred Hoffmann zum 75. Geburtstag, ed. Knittler, H., Vienna, 220–35.
Fritschy, W. (2003). ‘A “financial revolution” reconsidered: public finance in Holland during the Dutch Revolt, 1568–1648’, Economic History Review, 56(1), 57–89.
Frölich, K. (1972). ‘Kaufmannsgilden und Stadtverfassung im Mittelalter’, in Die Stadt des Mittelalters, Vol. 2: Recht und Verfassung, ed. Haase, C., Darmstadt, 11–54; originally published 1934.
Fryde, E. B. (1959). ‘The English farmers of the Customs, 1343–51’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser. (9), 1–18.
Fryde, E. B. and Fryde, M. M. (1965). ‘Public credit, with special reference to north-western Europe’, in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 3: Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages, ed. Postan, M. M., Rich, E. E. and Miller, E., Cambridge, 430–553.
Fryde, N. (1985). ‘Gilds in England before the Black Death’, in Gilden und Zünfte. Kaufmännische und gewerbliche Genossenschaften im frühen und hohen Mittelalter, ed. Schwineköper, B., Sigmaringen: 215–30.
Fullana Ferré, G. d. E. et al. (1998). ‘Foreign merchants in medieval Barcelona’, Paper presented to the conference ‘La ville en Europe’, Paris, 23–29 April.
Furber, H. (1976). Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600–1800, Minneapolis, MN.
Fusaro, M. (2002). ‘Coping with transition. Greek merchants and ship owners between Venice and England in the sixteenth century’, paper presented at the XIII Economic History Congress, Buenos Aires, 22–26 July.
Galenson, D. W. (1986). Traders, Planters, and Slaves: Market Behavior in Early English America, Cambridge.
Gambetta, D. (1988a). ‘Can we trust trust?’, in Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, ed. Gambetta, D., Oxford, 213–37.
Gambetta, D. (1988b). ‘Mafia: the price of distrust’, in Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, ed. Gambetta, D., Oxford, 159–75.
Gauci, P. (2002). ‘Informality and influence: the overseas merchant and the livery companies, 1660–1702’, in Guilds, Society, and Economy in London, 1450–1800, ed. Gadd, I. A. and Wallis, P., London, 127–39.
Gayot, G. (1981). ‘La longue insolence des tondeurs de draps dans la manufacture de Sedan au XVIIIème siècle’, Revue du Nord, 63, 105–134.
Gecsényi, L. (2007). ‘“Turkish goods” and “Greek merchants” in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 16th and 17th centuries’, Acta Orientalia, 60(1), 55–71.
Gelderblom, O. (2003). ‘The governance of early modern trade: the case of Hans Thijs (1556–1611)’, Enterprise and Society, 4(4), 606–39.
Gelderblom, O. (2005a). ‘The decline of fairs and merchant guilds in the Low Countries, 1250–1650’, Economy and Society of the Low Countries Working Papers 2005–1.
Gelderblom, O. (2005b). ‘The resolution of commercial conflicts in Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam, 1250–1650’, Economy and Society of the Low Countries Working Papers 2005–2.
Gelderblom, O. and Grafe, R. (2004). ‘The costs and benefits of merchant guilds, 1300–1800: position paper’, Paper presented at the Fifth European Social Science History Conference, Berlin, 24–27 March.
Gelderblom, O. and Jonker, J. (2005). ‘Amsterdam as the cradle of modern futures trading and options trading, 1550–1650’, in The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations That Created Modern Capital Markets, ed. Goetzmann, W. N. and Rouwenhorst, K. G., Oxford, 189–206.
Germain, A. (1861). Histoire du commerce de Montpellier. Montpellier.
Gies, J. and Gies, F. (1972). Merchants and Moneymen: The Commercial Revolution, 1000–1500, New York.
Gieysztor, A. (1987). ‘Trade and industry in eastern Europe before 1200’, in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 3: Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages, ed. Postan, M. M. and Miller, E., Cambridge, 474–524.
Gil, M. (2003). ‘The Jewish merchants in the light of eleventh-century Geniza documents’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 46(3), 273–319.
Gilliodts-van Severen, L. (1874–5). Coutumes des Pays et Comté de Flandre. Quartier de Bruges, Brussels.
Gilliodts-van Severen, L. (1901–2). Cartulaire de l'ancien Consulat d'Espagne à Bruges. Recueil de documents concernant le commerce maritime et interieur, le droit des gens public et privé, et l'historie économique de la Flandre, 2 vols, Bruges.
Giuseppi, M. S. (1895). ‘Alien merchants in England in the fifteenth century’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, ns, 9, 75–98.
Glaeser, E. L., Laibson, D. and Sacerdote, B. (2002). ‘An economic approach to social capital’, Economic Journal, 112(483), 437–58.
Glamann, K. (1958). Dutch-Asiatic Trade, 1620–1740, Copenhagen / The Hague.
Goetz, L. K. (1916). Deutsch-russische Handelsverträge des Mittelalters, Hamburg.
Goldberg, J. (2005). ‘Geographies of Trade and Traders in the Eleventh-century Mediterranean: A Study Based on Documents from the Cairo Geniza’, Columbia University Ph.D. dissertation.
Goldberg, J. (2008). ‘Merchants and merchant work in the eleventh century’, Pre-circulated paper for the Social Norms Workshop, Princeton University, December.
Goldschmidt, L. (1891). Universalgeschichte des Handelsrechts, Vol. 1: Geschichtlich-literärische Einleitung und die Grundlehren, Stuttgart.
González de Lara, Y. (2008). ‘The secret of Venetian success: a public-order, reputation-based institution’, European Review of Economic History, 12(3), 247–85.
Goris, J. A. (1925). Étude sur les colonies marchandes méridionales (Portugais, Espagnols, Italiens) à Anvers de 1488 à 1567. Contribution à l'histoire des débuts du capitalisme moderne, Louvain.
Götz, B. (1976). ‘Über das Zunftwesen im Weinbau’, Der badische Winzer, 2, 17–18.
Grafe, R. (2001). ‘Atlantic trade and regional specialisation in northern Spain 1550–1650: an integrated trade theory-institutional organisation approach’, Serie de Historia Económica e Instituciones Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Working Paper, 01–65.
Grafe, R. and Gelderblom, O. (2010a). ‘The rise and fall of the merchant guilds: re-thinking the comparative study of commercial institutions in pre-modern Europe’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 40(4), 477–511.
Grafe, R. and Gelderblom, O. (2010b). ‘Appendix to Gelderblom & Grafe, “The rise, persistence and decline of merchant guilds”’, [www.history.northwestern.edu/people/docs/AppendixtoGelderblomandGrafe.pdf].
Grassmann, A., ed. (1988). Lübeckische Geschichte, Lübeck.
Green, L. (2000). ‘Florence’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. V: c. 1198–c. 1300, ed. Abulafia, D., Cambridge: 479–96.
Greif, A. (1989). ‘Reputation and coalitions in medieval trade: evidence on the Maghribi traders’, Journal of Economic History, 49(4), 857–82.
Greif, A. (1992). ‘Institutions and international trade: lessons from the Commercial Revolution’, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 82(2), 128–33.
Greif, A. (1997). ‘On the social foundations and historical development of institutions that facilitate impersonal exchange: from the community responsibility system to individual legal responsibility in pre-modern Europe’, Stanford University Working Papers, 97–016.
Greif, A. (2002a). ‘Institutions and impersonal exchange: from communal to individual responsibility’, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 158(1): 168–204.
Greif, A. (2002b). ‘Economic history and game theory’, in Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications, ed. R. J. Aumann and S. Hart, Amsterdam / New York, Vol. 3, 1989–2024.
Greif, A. (2004). ‘Impersonal exchange without impartial law: the community responsibility system’, Chicago Journal of International Law, 5(1), 109–38.
Greif, A. (2006a). Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade, Cambridge.
Greif, A. (2006b). ‘History lessons: the birth of impersonal exchange: the community responsibility system and impartial justice’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(2), 221–36.
Greif, A. (2006c). ‘Family structure, institutions, and growth: the origins and implications of western corporations’, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 96(2), 308–12.
Greif, A., Milgrom, P. and Weingast, B. (1994). ‘Coordination, commitment, and enforcement: the case of the merchant guild’, Journal of Political Economy, 102(4), 912–50.
Greve, A. (1994). ‘Gast und Gastgeber: Hansekaufleute und Hosteliers in Brügge im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert’, in Norwegen und die Hanse. Wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Aspekte im europäischen Vergleich, ed. Henn, V. and Nedkvitne, A., Frankfurt am Main, 95–107.
Greve, A. (2000). ‘Brokerage and trade in medieval Bruges: regulation and reality’, in International Trade in the Low Countries 14th–16th centuries, ed. Stabel, P., Blondé, B. and Greve, A., Leuven / Apeldoorn, 37–44.
Greve, A. (2001). ‘Die Bedeutung der Brügger Hosteliers für hansische Kaufleute im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert’, Jaarboek voor middeleeuwse geschiedenis, 4, 259–96.
Greve, A. (2007). Hansen, Hosteliers und Herbergen: Studien zum Aufenthalt hansischer Kaufleute in Brügge im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert, Turnhout.
Grimm, C. M., Lee, H. and Smith, K. G. (2006). Strategy as Action, Oxford.
Gross, C. (1890). The Gild Merchant: A Contribution to British Municipal History, 2 vols, Oxford.
Grüll, G. (1974). ‘The Poneggen hosiery enterprise, 1763–1818: a study of Austrian mercantilism’, Textile History, 5, 38–79.
Guignet, P. (1979). ‘Adaptations, mutations et survivances proto-industrielles dans le textile du Cambrésis et du Valenciennois du XVIIIe au debut du XXe siècle’, Revue du Nord, 61, 27–59.
Gullickson, G. L. (1986). Spinners and Weavers of Auffay. Rural Industry and the Sexual Division of Labor in a French Village, 1750–1850, Cambridge.
Gutkas, K. (1983). ‘Österreichs Städte zwischen Türkenkriegen und staatlichem Absolutismus’, in Städtewesen und Merkantilismus in Mitteleuropa, ed. Press, V., Cologne, 82–110.
Guttkuhn, P. (1999). Die Geschichte der Juden in Moisling und Lübeck von den Anfängen 1656 bis zur Emanzipation 1852, Lübeck.
Guzman, G. G. (1996). ‘European clerical envoys to the Mongols: reports of Western merchants in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 1231–1255’, Journal of Medieval History, 22(1), 53–67.
Habib, I. (1990). ‘Merchant communities in pre-colonial India’, in The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750, ed. Tracy, J. D., Cambridge, 371–99.
Häpke, R. (1908). Brügges Entwicklung zum mittelalterlichen Weltmarkt, Berlin.
Harreld, D. J. (2004a). High Germans in the Low Countries: German Merchants and Commerce in Golden Age Antwerp, Leiden.
Harreld, D. J. (2004b). ‘Merchant and guild: the shift from privileged group to individual entrepreneur in sixteenth-century Antwerp’, Paper delivered at the Fifth European Social Science History Conference, Berlin, 24–27 March.
Harris, R. (2000). Industrializing English Law: Entrepreneurship and Business Organization, 1720–1844, Cambridge.
Hasselberg, Y., Müller, L. and Stenlås, N. (1997). ‘History from a network perspective’, CTS Working Paper, 1997-01.
Heers, J. (1971). ‘La mode et les marchés des draps de laine: Gênes et la Montagne à la fin du moyen âge’, Annales ESC, 27(5), 1093–117.
Hegel, K. V. (1862). ‘Ulman Stromeier's “Püchel von meim geslecht und von abentewr” (1349 bis 1407)’, Die Chroniken der fränkischen Städte. Nürnberg, ed. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Leipzig, Vol. 1, 1–312.
Hejeebu, S. (2005). ‘Contract enforcement in the English East India Company’, Journal of Economic History, 65(2), 496–523.
Helle, K. (2005). ‘The emergence of the town of Bergen in the light of the latest research results’, in Das Hansische Kontor zu Bergen und die Lübecker Bergenfahrer: International Workshop Lübeck 2003, ed. Grassmann, A., Lübeck, 12–27.
Henn, V. (1999). ‘Der “dudesche kopman” zu Brügge und seine Beziehungen zu den “nationes” der übrigen Fremden im späten Mittelalter’, in ‘Kopet uns werk by tyden’: Beiträge zur hansischen und preussischen Geschichte. Walter Stark zum 75. Geburtstag, ed. Jörn, N., Kattinger, D. and Wernicke, H., Schwerin, 131–42.
Henn, V. (2005). ‘Die Bergenfahrer und die süderseeischen Städte. Ein “Werkstattbericht”’, in Das Hansische Kontor zu Bergen und die Lübecker Bergenfahrer: International Workshop Lübeck 2003, ed. Grassmann, A., Lübeck, 231–44.
Henneman, J. B. (1995). ‘Bourgeoisie’, in Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, ed. Kibler, W. W., London, 139.
Henry, R. L. (1926). Contracts in the Local Courts of Medieval England, New York.
Heyd, W. (1874). ‘Das Haus der deutschen Kaufleute in Venedig’, Historische Zeitschrift, 32, 193–220.
Heymann, F. G. (1955). ‘The role of the town in the Bohemia of the later Middle Ages’, Journal of World History / Cahiers d'histoire mondiale, 2, 326–46.
Hibbert, A. B. (1949). ‘Catalan consulates in the thirteenth century’, Cambridge Historical Journal, 9, 352–8.
Hibbert, A. B. (1963). ‘The economic policies of towns’, The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 3: Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages, ed. Postan, M. M., Rich, E. E. and Miller, E., Cambridge, 157–229.
Hicks, J. R. (1935). ‘Annual survey of economic theory: the theory of monopoly’, Econometrica, 3(1), 1–20.
Hicks, J. R. (1969). A Theory of Economic History, Oxford.
Hilton, R. H. (1984). ‘Women traders in medieval England’, Women's Studies, 11, 139–55.
Hlavácek, I. (2000). ‘The Luxemburgs and Rupert of the Palatinate, 1347–1410’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300–c. 1415, ed. Jones, M., Cambridge, 551–69.
Hoffman, E. (1980). ‘Beiträge zur Geschichte der Stadt Schleswig und des westlichen Ostseeraums im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert’, Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte, 105, 27–76.
Hoffman, P. T. and Norberg, K. (1994). ‘Conclusion’, in Fiscal Crises, Liberty, and Representative Government, 1450–1789, ed. Hoffman, P. T. and Norberg, K., Stanford, 299–310.
Hoffmann, J. W. (1932). ‘The Fondaco dei Tedeschi: the medium of Venetian-German trade’, Journal of Political Economy, 40(2), 244–52.
Hofmann, V. (1920). ‘Beiträge zur neueren Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Die Wollenzeugfabrik zu Linz an der Donau’, Archiv für österreichische Geschichte, 108, 345–778.
Höhlbaum, K., ed. (1876). Hansisches Urkundenbuch, Bd. 1: Urkunden von 975 bis 1300, Halle an der Saale.
Holbach, R. (2001). ‘Zum Austausch von Personen und Wissen im Handwerk des niederländischen und norddeutschen Raumes im Mittelalter und zu Beginn der Neuzeit.’ ‘… in guete freuntlichen nachbarlichen verwantnus und hantierung …’: Wanderung von Personen, Verbreitung von Ideen, Austausch von Waren in den niederländischen und deutschen Küstenregionen vom 13.–18. Jahrhundert, ed. Boer, D. E. H. d., Gleba, G. and Holbach, R., Oldenburg, 361–82.
Holmes, G. A. (1960). ‘Florentine merchants in England, 1346–1436’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 13, 193–208.
Hopcroft, R. L. (1999). ‘Maintaining the balance of power: taxation and democracy in England and France, 1340–1688’, Sociological Perspectives, 42(1), 69–95.
Hørby, K. (1984). ‘Königliche-dänische Kaufleute. Dänische Wanderkaufleute des frühen Mittelalters, ihre korporative Organisation und ihre Beziehungen zu dänischen Städten, Handelszentren und Märkten’, in Gilde und Korporation in den nordeuropäischen Städten des späten Mittelalters, ed. Friedland, K., Cologne / Vienna, 41–50.
Hoyle, R. W. (1994). ‘Parliament and taxation in sixteenth-century England’, English Historical Review, 109(434), 1174–96.
Hunt, E. S. (1994). The Medieval Super-companies: A Study of the Peruzzi Company of Florence, Cambridge.
Hunt, E. S. and Murray, J. M. (1999). A History of Business in Medieval Europe, 1200–1550, Cambridge.
Hussey, R. D. (1929). ‘Antecedents of the Spanish monopolistic overseas trading companies (1624–1728)’, Hispanic American Historical Review, 9(1), 1–30.
Huvelin, P. (1897). Essai historique sur le droit des foires et des marchés, Paris.
Huvelin, P. (1898). ‘Les courriers des foires de Champagne’, Annales de droit commercial français, étranger et international, 10, 376–92.
Hyde, J. K. (1979). ‘Some uses of literacy in Venice and Florence in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 29, 109–28.
Infelise, M. (2007). ‘From merchants’ letters to handwritten political avvisi: notes on the origins of public information', in Cultural Exchange in Early Modern Europe, Vol. 3: Correspondence, 1400–1700, ed. Bethencourt, F. and Egmond, F., Cambridge, 33–52.
,ILO (International Labour Organization) (1989). ‘The informal sector’, in Leading Issues in Economic Development, ed. Meier, G. M., Oxford, 147–51.
Ingersoll, R. (2005). ‘Medieval cities, Bruges and Florence’, Rice University unpublished lecture [www.owlnet.rice.edu/~arch343/lecture9.html].
Irsigler, F. (1985a). ‘Zur Problematik der Gilde- und Zunftterminologie’, in Gilden und Zünfte. Kaufmännische und gewerbliche Genossenschaften im frühen und hohen Mittelalter, ed. Schwineköper, B., Sigmaringen, 53–70.
Irsigler, F. (1985b). ‘Der Alltag einer hansischen Kaufmannsfamilie im Spiegel der Veckinchusen-Briefe’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 103, 75–100.
Irsigler, F. (2002). ‘Messehandel – Hansehandel’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 120, 33–50.
Israel, J. I. (1989). Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740, Oxford.
Jacks, D. S. (2004). ‘Market integration in the North and Baltic seas, 1500–1800’, Journal of European Economic History, 33(2), 285–330.
Jacks, D. S., O'Rourke, K. H. and Williamson, J. G. (2009). ‘Commodity price volatility and world market integration since 1700’, NBER Working Paper, w14748.
Jacobsen, G. (1993). ‘Review of Müller-Boysen, Kaufmannsschutz und Handelsrecht im frühmittelalterlichen Nordeuropa’, Speculum, 68(2), 540–2.
Jacoby, D. (2003). ‘Foreigners and the urban economy in Thessalonike, ca. 1150-ca. 1450’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 57, 85–132.
Jacoby, H. G. and Skoufias, E. (1997). ‘Risk, financial markets, and human capital in a developing country’, Review of Economic Studies, 64, 311–35.
Jahnke, C. (1997). ‘“Und ist der fisch- und Heringsfangh das erste beneficium …”. Städtische und freie Markt-Fischerei im mittelalterlichen Ostseeraum’, Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte, 122, 289–321.
Jahnke, C. (2000). Das Silber des Meeres. Fang und Vertrieb von Ostseehering zwischen Norwegen und Italien (12.–16. Jahrhundert), Cologne / Weimar / Vienna.
Jahnke, C. (2008). ‘Handelsstrukturen im Ostseeraum im 12. und beginnenden 13. Jahrhundert: Ansätze einer Auswertung’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 126, 145–85.
Jehel, G. (1978). ‘Januensis ergo mercator ou le petit monde d'un homme d'affaires génois, le juge Guarnerius (1210–1221)’, Journal of Medieval History, 4(3), 243–66.
Jenks, S. (1982). ‘War die Hanse kreditfeindlich?’, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 69, 305–38.
Jenks, S. (1996). ‘Zum hansischen Gästerecht’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 114, 3–60.
Jenks, S. (2005). ‘Transaktionskostentheorie und die mittelalterliche Hanse’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 123, 31–42.
Jensen, R. (2000). ‘Agricultural volatility and investments in children’, American Economic Review, 90, 399–404.
Johanek, P. (1999). ‘Merchants, markets and towns’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 3: c. 900–c. 1024, ed. Reuter, T., Cambridge, 64–94.
Johansen, P. (1940). ‘Die Bedeutung der Hanse für Livland’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 65/66, 1–55.
Johnson, C. H. (1982). ‘De-industrialization: the case of the Languedoc woolens industry’, in VIII Congrès Internationale d'Histoire Economique, Budapest 16–22 août 1982, Section A2: La protoindustrialisation: Théorie et réalité, Rapports, ed. Deyon, P. and Mendels, F. F., Lille, Vol. I.
Jones, S. R. H. and Ville, S. P. (1996). ‘Efficient transactors or rent-seeking monopolist? The rationale for early chartered trading companies’, Journal of Economic History, 56(4), 898–916.
Jones, W. J. (1979). ‘The foundations of English bankruptcy: statutes and commissions in the early modern period’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, ns, 69(3), 1–63.
Kadens, E. (2004). ‘Order within law, variety within custom: the character of the medieval merchant law’, Chicago Journal of International Law, 5(1), 39–66.
Kagan, R. L. (1981). Lawsuits and Litigants in Castile 1500–1700, Chapel Hill, NC.
Kahl, H. D. (1978). ‘Einige Beobachtungen zum Sprachgebrauch von natio im mittelalterlichen Latein mit Ausblicken auf das neuhochdeutsche Fremdwort Nation’, in Aspekte der Nationenbildung im Mittelalter: Ergebnisse der Marburger Rundgespräche 1972–1975, ed. Beumann, H. and Schröder, W., Sigmaringen, 63–108.
Kallioinen, M. (1998). ‘Town council and the transaction costs in medieval foreign trade’, Finnish Economic History Association Yearbook, [www.cc.jyu.fi/~pete/yearbook/TCOSTS.htm, consulted on 26 April 2004].
Karr, G. (1930). Die Uracher Leinenweberei und die Leinwandhandlungskompagnie. Ein Beitrag zu Wirtschaftsgeschichte Alt-Württembergs, Stuttgart.
Katele, I. B. (1986). ‘Captains and corsairs: Venice and piracy, 1261–1381’, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Ph.D. dissertation.
Katele, I. B. (1988). ‘Piracy and the Venetian state: the dilemma of maritime defense in the fourteenth century’, Speculum, 63, 865–89.
Katz, E. D. (2000). ‘Private order and public institutions: comments on McMillan and Woodruff's “Private order under dysfunctional public order”’, Michigan Law Review, 98(8), 2481–93.
Kedar, B. Z. (1976). Merchants in Crisis: Genoese and Venetian Men of Affairs and the Fourteenth-century Depression, New Haven, CT.
Kedar, B. Z. (1977). ‘The Genoese notaries of 1382: the anatomy of an urban occupational group’, in The Medieval City, ed. Miskimin, H. A., Herlihy, D. and Udovitch, A. L., New Haven / London, 73–94.
Kedar, B. Z. (1985). ‘L'Officium Robarie di Genova: un tentativo di coesistere con la violenza’, Archivio storico italiano, 143(525), 331–72.
Kellenbenz, H. (1958). Sephardim an der unteren Elbe. Ihre wirtschaftliche und politische Bedeutung vom Ende des 16. bis zum Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden.
Kellett, J. R. (1958). ‘The breakdown of guild and corporation control of the handicraft and retail trades in London’, Economic History Review, ns, 10(3), 381–94.
Kemble, J. M. (1876). The Saxons in England: A History of the English Commonwealth till the Period of the Norman Conquest, London.
Kermode, J. (1998). Medieval Merchants: York, Beverley, and Hull in the Later Middle Ages, Cambridge.
Kisch, H. (1964). ‘The growth deterrents of a medieval heritage: the Aachen-area woollen trades before 1790’, Journal of Economic History, 24, 518–37.
Kisch, H. (1972). ‘From monopoly to laissez-faire: the early growth of the Wupper Valley textile trades’, Journal of European Economic History, 1(2), 298–407.
Klarwill, V. v. (1923). Fugger-Zeitungen. Ungedruckte Briefe an das Haus Fugger aus den Jahren 1568–1605, Vienna.
Klarwill, V. v. (1924). The Fugger Newsletter, Being a Selection of Unpublished Letters from the Correspondents of the House of Fugger During the Years 1568–1605, London.
Klarwill, V. v. (1926). The Fugger News-letters: Second Series, Being a Further Selection from the Fugger Papers, London.
Klein, P. W. (1965). De Trippen in de 17e Eeuw. Een studie over het Ondernemersgedrag op de Hollandse Stapelmarkt, Assen.
Klein, P. W. (1982). ‘Dutch capitalism and the European world-economy’, in Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism, ed. Aymard, M., Cambridge, 75–92.
Knight, J. (1995). ‘Models, interpretations, and theories: constructing explanations of institutional emergence and change’, in Explaining Social Institutions, ed. Knight, J. and Sened, I., Ann Arbor, MI, 95–119.
Kohn, M. (2003a). ‘Merchant associations in pre-industrial Europe’, Dartmouth College Department of Economics Working Paper, #03–11.
Kohn, M. (2003b). ‘Organized markets in pre-industrial Europe’, Dartmouth College Department of Economics Working Paper, #03–12.
Kotilaine, J. T. (2009). ‘Russian merchant colonies in 17th-century Sweden’, Paper presented at the XV World Economic History Congress, Utrecht, 3–7 August.
Kowaleski, M. (1995). Local Markets and Regional Trade in Medieval Exeter, Cambridge.
Kriedte, P. (1982). ‘Die Stadt im Prozeß der europäischen Proto-Industrialisierung’, Die alte Stadt, 9, 19–51.
Kriedte, P. (1996). ‘Trade’, in Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. II: 1630–1800, ed. Ogilvie, S., London, 100–33.
Krueger, H. C. (1933). ‘Genoese trade with northwest Africa in the twelfth century’, Speculum, 3, 377–95.
Kuehn, T. (2006). ‘The Renaissance consilium as justice’, Renaissance Quarterly, 59(4), 1058–88.
Kümin, B. (1999). ‘Useful to have, but impossible to govern: inns and taverns in early modern Bern and Vaud’, Journal of Early Modern History, 3, 153–75.
Kuran, T. (2003). ‘The Islamic commercial crisis: institutional roots of economic underdevelopment in the Middle East’, Journal of Economic History, 63(2), 414–46.
Kuran, T. (2004). ‘Why the Middle East is economically underdeveloped: historical mechanisms of institutional stagnation’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(3), 71–90.
Kuske, B. (1939). ‘Der Kölner Stapel und seine Zusammenhänge als wirtschaftspolitisches Beispiel’, Jahrbuch des Kölnischen Geschichtsvereins, 21, 1–46.
Kuske, B., ed. (1978). Quellen zur Geschichte des Kölner Handels und Verkehrs im Mittelalter, Vol. I: 12. Jahrhundert bis 1448, Berlin.
Laiou, A. E. (2000). ‘The Byzantine empire in the fourteenth century’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300–c. 1415, ed. Jones, M., Cambridge, 795–824.
Laiou, A. E. (2001). ‘Byzantine trade with Christians and Muslims and the Crusades’, in The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, ed. Laiou, A. E. and Mottahedeh, R. P., Washington DC, 157–96.
Laiou, A. E. (2002). ‘Exchange and trade, seventh–twelfth centuries’, in The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, ed. Laiou, A. E., Washington DC, 697–770.
Laiou-Thomadakis, A. E. (1980–1). ‘The Byzantine economy in the Mediterranean trade system: thirteenth–fifteenth centuries’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 34, 177–222.
Lambert, B. and Stabel, P. (2005). ‘Squaring the circle: merchant firms, merchant guilds, urban infrastructure and political authority in late medieval Bruges’, Paper presented at the Workshop on Mercantile Organization in Pre-Industrial Europe, Antwerp, 18–19 November.
Landman, J. H. (1998). ‘The laws of community, Margery Kempe, and the “Canon's Yeoman's Tale”’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 28(2), 389–426.
Lane, F. C. (1944). ‘Family partnerships and joint ventures in the Venetian Republic’, Journal of Economic History, 4(2), 178–96.
Lane, F. C. (1963). ‘Venetian merchant galleys, 1300–1334: private and communal operation’, Speculum, 38, 179–205.
Lane, F. C. (1973). Venice and History, Baltimore, MD.
Lapeyre, H. (1955). Une famille de marchands: les Ruiz, Paris.
Larson, L. M., ed. (1917). The King's Mirror (Speculum regale – Konungs skuggsjá), Translated from the Old Norwegian with Introduction and Notes, New York / London / Oxford.
Laurent, H. (1935a). ‘Nouvelles recherches sur la Hanse des XVII villes’, Le Moyen Âge, 3rd ser., 6(2), 81–94.
Laurent, H. (1935b). Un grand commerce d'exportation au moyen âge: la draperie des Pays-Bas en France et dans les pays méditerranéens (XIIe–XVe siècles), Paris.
Lefebvre, E. (1997). ‘A historical profile of Belgium: from urban to modern Belgian citizenship’, ZERP Discussion Paper 3.
Leguay, J.-P. (2000). ‘Urban life’, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300–c. 1415, ed. Jones, M., Cambridge, 102–25.
Lesger, C. M. (2006). The Rise of the Amsterdam Market and Information Exchange: Merchants, Commercial Expansion and Change in the Spatial Economy of the Low Countries, c. 1550–1630, Aldershot / Burlington.
Lesnikov, M. P. (1973). Die Handelsbücher des Hansischen Kaufmannes Veckinchusen, Berlin.
Lewis, A. R. and Runyan, T. (1985). European Naval and Maritime History, 300–1500, Bloomington, IN.
Lewis, G. (1993). The Advent of Modern Capitalism in France, 1770–1840: The Contribution of Pierre François Tubeuf, Oxford.
Liebenam, W. (1890). Zur Geschichte und Organisation des römischen Vereinswesens, Leipzig.
Lieber, A. E. (1968). ‘Eastern business practices and medieval European commerce’, Economic History Review, 21, 230–43.
Limberger, M. (2001). ‘No town in the world provides more advantages: economies of agglomeration and the golden age of Antwerp’, in Urban Achievement in Early Modern Europe: Golden Ages in Antwerp, Amsterdam and London, ed. O'Brien, P. et al., Cambridge, 39–69.
Limor, O. (1991). ‘Missionary merchants: three medieval anti-Jewish works from Genoa’, Journal of Medieval History, 17(1), 35–51.
Lin, N. (2001). Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action, Cambridge.
Lindberg, E. (2004). ‘The revival of guilds: a preface to a study of institutions and trade in the Baltic area, c. 1650–1880’, Paper delivered at the Fifth European Social Science History Conference, Berlin, 24–27 March.
Lindberg, E. (2007). ‘Mercantilism and urban inequalities in eighteenth-century Sweden’, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 55(1), 1–19.
Lindberg, E. (2008). ‘The rise of Hamburg as a global marketplace in the seventeenth century: a comparative political economy perspective’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 50(3), 641–62.
Lindberg, E. (2009). ‘Club goods and inefficient institutions: why the important medieval trading cities of Danzig and Lübeck failed in the early modern period’, Economic History Review, 62(3), 604–28.
Link, C. and Kapfenberger, D. (2005). ‘Transaktionskostentheorie und hansische Geschichte: Danzigs Seehandel im 15. Jahrhundert im Licht einer volkswirtschaftlichen Theorie’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 123, 153–69.
Lis, C. and Soly, H. (1996). ‘Ambachtsgilden in vergelijkend perspectief: de Noordelijke en de Zuidelijke Nederlanden, 15de–18de eeuw’, in Werelden van verschil: ambachtsgilden in de Lage Landen, ed. Lis, C. and Soly, H., Brussels, 11–42.
Litchfield, R. B. (1969). ‘Les investissements commerciaux des patriciens florentins au XVIIIe siècle’, Annales ESC, 24(3), 685–721.
Liu, S. S. (1925). Extraterritoriality: Its Rise and Its Decline, New York.
Lloyd, T. H. (1977). The English Wool Trade in the Middle Ages, Cambridge.
Lloyd, T. H. (1982). Alien Merchants in England in the High Middle Ages, Brighton.
Lloyd, T. H. (1991). England and the German Hanse, 1157–1611: A Study of Their Trade and Commercial Diplomacy, Cambridge.
Lopez, R. S. (1943). ‘European merchants in the medieval Indies: the evidence of commercial documents’, Journal of Economic History, 3(2), 164–84.
Lopez, R. S. (1945). ‘Silk industry in the Byzantine empire’, Speculum, 20(1), 1–42.
Lopez, R. S. (1958). ‘Le marchand génois: un profil collectif’, Annales ESC, 13(3), 501–15.
Lopez, R. S. (1969). ‘Stars and spices: the earliest Italian manual of commercial practice’, Explorations in Economic History, 7(1), 35–42.
Lopez, R. S. (1987). ‘The trade of medieval Europe: the south’, in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 3: Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages, ed. Postan, M. M. and Miller, E., Cambridge, 306–401.
Lopez, R. S. and Raymond, I. W. (1955). Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World, New York.
Lucassen, J. (2004). ‘A multinational and its labor force: the Dutch East India Company, 1595–1795’, International Labor and Working-class History, 66, 12–39.
Lydon, G. (2009). ‘A paper economy of faith without faith in paper: a reflection on Islamic institutional history’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 71, 647–59.
MacKay, D. (1937). The Honourable Company: A History of the Hudson's Bay Company, London / Toronto.
Madden, T. F. (2002). ‘The chrysobull of Alexius I Comnenus to the Venetians: the date and the debate’, Journal of Medieval History, 28, 23–41.
Maddison, A. (1995). Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, Paris.
Maitland, F. W. and Baildon, W. P., eds. (1891). The Court Baron: Being Precedents for Use in Seignorial and Other Local Courts, London.
Malausséna, P.-L. (1969). La vie en Provence orientale aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Un exemple: Grasse à travers les actes notariés, Paris.
Mallett, M. E. (1959). ‘The Sea Consuls of Florence in the fifteenth century’, Papers of the British School at Rome, 27, 156–68.
Mallett, M. E. (1962). ‘Anglo-Florentine commercial relations, 1465–1491’, Economic History Review, 15(2), 250–65.
Malynes, G. d. (1622). Consuetudo, vel lex mercatoria, or the Ancient Law, London.
Maréchal, J. (1951). ‘Le départ de Bruges des marchands étrangers (XVe et XVIe siècle)’, Annales de la Société d'Emulation de Bruges / Handelingen van het Genootschap voor Geschiedenis te Brugge (Emulatie), 88, 16–74.
Maréchal, J. (1953). ‘La colonie espagnole de Bruges du XIVe au XVIe siècle’, Revue du nord, 35(137), 5–40.
Marsh, D. (2006). ‘A fellowship on the fringes: the Gardeners’ Company of London in the seventeenth century', in Guilds and Association in Europe, 900–1900, ed. Gadd, I. A. and Wallis, P., London: 123–46.
Marshall, P. J. (1976). East Indian Fortunes, Oxford.
Martin, J. (1975). ‘Les uškujniki de Novgorod: marchands ou pirates?’, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, 16(1), 5–18.
Mas-Latrie, L. d. (1892). ‘L'officium robarie ou l'office de la piraterie à Gênes au Moyen Âge’, Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, 53, 264–72.
Mas-Latrie, R. d. (1866). ‘Du droit de marque ou droit de représailles au Moyen Âge [premier article]’, Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, 27, 529–77.
Masschaele, J. (1997). Peasants, Merchants, and Markets: Inland Trade in Medieval England, 1150–1350, New York.
Mathers, C. J. (1988). ‘Family partnerships and international trade in early modern Europe: merchants from Burgos in England and France, 1470–1570’, Business History Review, 62, 367–97.
Mathias, P. (1995). ‘Strategies for reducing risk by entrepreneurs in the early modern period’, in Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship in Early Modern Times: Merchants and Industrialists within the Orbit of the Dutch Staple Market, ed. Lesger, C. and Noordegraaf, L., Den Haag, 5–24.
Mattingley, G. (1954). Renaissance Diplomacy, Boston.
Mauro, F. (1990). ‘Merchant communities, 1350–1750’, in The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750, ed. Tracy, J. D., Cambridge, 255–86.
Maxwell, K. (2001). ‘The spark: Pombal, the Amazon and the Jesuits’, Portuguese Studies, 17(1), 168–83.
Mayer, T. (1956). ‘Die Anfänge von Lübeck. Die Entstehung und Auflösung eines Schlagwortes’, Westfälische Forschungen, 9, 244–54.
Mazzaoui, M. F. (1981). The Italian Cotton Industry in the Later Middle Ages, 1100–1600, Cambridge.
McCusker, J. J. and Gravesteijn, C. (1991). The Beginnings of Commercial and Financial Journalism: The Commodity Price Currents, Exchange Rate Currents, and Money Currents of Early Modern Europe, Amsterdam.
McManamon, J. M. (2003). ‘Maltese seafaring in mediaeval and post-mediaeval times’, Mediterranean Historical Review, 18(1), 32–58.
McMillan, J. and Woodruff, C. (2000). ‘Private order under dysfunctional public order’, Michigan Law Review, 98(8), 2421–58.
Medick, H. (1996). Weben und Überleben in Laichingen 1650–1900. Untersuchungen zur Sozial-, Kultur- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte aus der Perspektive einer lokalen Gesellschaft im frühneuzeitlichen Württemberg, Göttingen.
Meiggs, R. (1960). Roman Ostia, Oxford.
Melis, F. (1954). ‘Il commercio transatlantico di una compagnia florentina stabilita a Siviglia a pochi anni dalle imprese di Cortes e Pizarro’, in Ferdinando el Católico y la cultura de su tiempo, V Congreso de Historia de la Corona de Aragón, ed. Bóscolo, A. et al., Zaragoza, Vol. III: 129–206.
Mézin, A. (2006). ‘La fonction consulaire dans la France d'Ancien Régime: origine, principes, prérogatives’, in La fonction consulaire à l'époque moderne: l'affirmation d'une institution économique et politique, 1500–1700, ed. Ulbert, J. and Bouëdec, G., Rennes, 37–50.
Michaud-Quantin, P. (1970). Universitas. Expressions du mouvement communautaire dans le Moyen-Age latin, Paris.
Mickwitz, G. (1937). ‘Neues zur Funktion der hansischen Handelsgesellschaften’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 62, 24–39.
Middleton, N. (2005). ‘Early medieval port customs, tolls and controls on foreign trade’, Early Medieval Europe, 13(4), 313–58.
Milgrom, P. R., North, D. C. and Weingast, B. R. (1990). ‘The role of institutions in the revival of trade: the medieval law merchant, private judges and the Champagne fairs’, Economics and Politics, 2, 1–23.
Militzer, K. (1997). ‘Der Handel rheinischer Kaufleute in Reval bis zum 16. Jahrhundert’, in Reval. Handel und Wandel vom 13. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert, ed. Angermann, N. and Lenz, W., Lüneburg, 111–34.
Miller, E. (1965). ‘Economic policies of governments II: France and England’, in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 3: Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages, ed. Postan, M. M., Rich, E. E. and Miller, E., Cambridge, 290–339.
Mirot, L. (1927). ‘Études lucquoises’, Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, 88, 50–86.
Misāns, I. (2008). ‘Deutsche und ihre Nachbarn in den Hansestädten des östlichen Ostseeraums’, in Kontinuitäten und Brüche: Zuwanderer und Alteingesessene von 500 bis 1500, ed. Kaser, K. et al., Klagenfurt, 465–74.
Mitchell, W. (1904). Essay on the Early History of the Law Merchant, New York.
Molho, A., ed. (1969). Social and Economic Foundations of the Italian Renaissance, New York.
Mollat, M. (1970). ‘Le rôle international des marchands espagnoles dans les ports de l'Europe occidental à l’époque des Rois Catholiques', Anuario de Historia Económica y Social, 3, 41–55.
Molnár, A. (2007). ‘Struggle for the chapel of Belgrade (1612–1643). Trade and Catholic church in Ottoman Hungary’, Acta Orientalia, 60(1), 73–134.
Moodie, D. W. and Lehr, J. C. (1981). ‘Macro-historical geography and the great chartered companies: the case of the Hudson's Bay Company’, Canadian Geographer, 25(2), 267–71.
Moore, E. W. (1985). The Fairs of Medieval England: An Introductory Study, Toronto.
Mueller, R. C. (1996). ‘Foreign investment in Venetian government bonds and the case of Paolo Guinigi, lord of Lucca, early 15th century’, in Cities of Finance, ed. Diederiks, H. and Reeder, D., Amsterdam, 69–90.
Mueller, R. C. (1997). The Venetian Money Market: Banks, Panics, and the Public Debt, 1200–1500, Baltimore, MD.
Muldrew, C. (1998). The Economy of Obligation: The Culture of Credit and Social Relations in Early Modern England, New York.
Müller, L. (1998). The Merchant Houses of Stockholm, c. 1640–1800: A Comparative Study of Early-modern Entrepreneurial Behaviour, Uppsala.
Müller, L. (2001). ‘Institutional change and entrepreneurial behaviour in Sweden 1600–1800’, Paper presented at the ‘Workshop on entrepreneurship and institutional context in a comparative perspective’, Utrecht, 23 November.
Müller, L. (2005). ‘The Dutch entrepreneurial networks and Sweden in the Age of Greatness’, in Trade, Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange: Continuity and Change in the North Sea Area and the Baltic, c. 1350 – 1750, ed. Brand, H., Hilversum, 59–74.
Müller-Boysen, C. (1990). Kaufmannsschutz und Handelsrecht im frühmittelalterlichen Nordeuropa, Neumünster.
Munro, J. H. (2001). ‘The “new institutional economics” and the changing fortunes of fairs in medieval and early modern Europe: the textile trades, warfare, and transaction costs’, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 88(1), 1–47.
Munzinger, M. R. (2006). ‘The profits of the Cross: merchant involvement in the Baltic Crusade (c. 1180–1230)’, Journal of Medieval History, 32(2), 163–85.
Murray, J. M. (1983). ‘Notaries public in Flanders in the late Middle Ages’, Northwestern University Ph.D. dissertation.
Murray, J. M. (2000). ‘Of nodes and networks: Bruges and the infrastructure of trade in fourteenth-century Europe’, in International Trade in the Low Countries 14th–16th centuries, ed. Stabel, P., Blondé, B. and Greve, A., Leuven / Apeldoorn, 1–14.
Murray, J. M. (2004). Bruges, Cradle of Capitalism, 1280–1390, Cambridge.
Murray, K. M. E. (1935). The Constitutional History of the Cinque Ports, Manchester.
Murrell, P. (2009). ‘Design and evolution in institutional development: the insignificance of the English Bill of Rights’, University of Maryland Department of Economics Working Paper, 13 December.
Nachbar, T. B. (2005). ‘Monopoly, mercantilism, and the politics of regulation’, Virginia Law Review, 91(6), 1313–79.
Narayan, D. and Pritchett, L. (2000). ‘Social capital: evidence and implications’, in Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective, ed. Dasgupta, P. and Serageldin, I., Washington DC, 269–95.
Neal, L. (1990). ‘The Dutch and English East India Companies compared: evidence from the stock and foreign exchange markets’, in The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750, ed. Tracy, J. D., Cambridge, 195–223.
Nelson, L. H., ed. (1996). Liber de restauratione Monasterii Sancti Martini Tornacensis: the restoration of the Monastery of Saint Martin of Tournai, by Herman of Tournai, Washington DC.
Neumann, G. (1977). ‘Vom Lübecker Botenwesen in 15. Jahrhundert’, Zeitschrift des Vereins für Lübeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, 57, 128–37.
Newbery, D. M. G. and Stiglitz, J. E. (1981). The Theory of Commodity Price Stabilization: A Study in the Economics of Risk, Oxford.
Nicholas, D. (1979). ‘The English trade at Bruges in the last years of Edward III’, Journal of Medieval History, 5, 23–61.
Nicholas, D. (1997a). The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century, London.
Nicholas, D. (1997b). The Later Medieval City, 1300–1500, London / New York.
Nitzsch, K. W. (1892). ‘Die niederdeutsche Kaufgilde’, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, germanistische Abteilung, 13, 1–95.
Nivet, J.-F. (2004). ‘Corporate and public governances in transition: the limits of property rights and the significance of legal institutions’, European Journal of Comparative Economics, 1(2), 3–21.
Nörr, K. W. (1987). ‘Procedure in mercantile matters: some comparative aspects’, in The Courts and the Development of Commercial Law, ed. Piergiovanni, V., Berlin, 195–202.
North, D. C. (1981). Structure and Change in Economic History, New York / London.
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge.
North, D. C. (1991). ‘Institutions, transaction costs, and the rise of merchant empires’, in The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750, ed. Tracy, J. D., Cambridge, 22–40.
North, D. C. and Thomas, R. P. (1971), ‘The rise and fall of the manorial system: a theoretical model’, Journal of Economic History, 31(4), 777–803.
North, D. C. and Weingast, B. R. (1989). ‘Constitutions and commitment: the evolution of institutions governing public choice in seventeenth-century England’, Journal of Economic History, 49(4), 803–32.
Northrup, L. S. (1998). ‘The Bahrī Mamlūk sultanate, 1250–1390’, in The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. I: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517, ed. Petry, C. F., Cambridge, 242–89.
Nye, J. S. (2003). Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History, New York / Harlow.
O'Brien, J. G. (2002). ‘In defense of the mystical body: Giovanni da Legnano's theory of reprisals’, Roman Legal Tradition, 1, 25–55.
O'Brien, P. K. (1982). ‘European economic development: the contribution of the periphery’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 35, 1–18.
O'Brien, P. K. (1990). ‘European industrialization: from the voyages of discovery to the Industrial Revolution’, in The European Discovery of the World and Its Economic Effects on Pre-industrial Society, 1500–1800, ed. Pohl, H., Stuttgart, 154–77.
Ogilvie, S. C. (1992). ‘Germany and the seventeenth-century crisis’, Historical Journal, 35, 417–41.
Ogilvie, S. C. (1993). ‘Proto-industrialization in Europe’, Continuity and Change, 8, 159–79.
Ogilvie, S. C. (1996a). ‘Social institutions and proto-industrialization’, in European Proto-industrialization, ed. Ogilvie, S. C. and Cerman, M., Cambridge, 23–37.
Ogilvie, S. C. (1996b). ‘The beginnings of industrialization’, in Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. II: 1630–1800, ed. Ogilvie, S. C., London, 263–308.
Ogilvie, S. C. (1997). State Corporatism and Proto-industry: The Württemberg Black Forest, 1580–1797, Cambridge.
Ogilvie, S. C. (1999). ‘The German state: a non-Prussian view’, in Rethinking Leviathan: The Eighteenth-century State in Britain and Germany, ed. Hellmuth, E. and Brewer, J., Oxford, 167–202.
Ogilvie, S. C. (2000a). ‘The European economy in the eighteenth century’, in The Short Oxford History of Europe, Vol. XII: The Eighteenth Century: Europe 1688–1815, ed. Blanning, T. W. C., Oxford, 91–130.
Ogilvie, S. C. (2000b). ‘Social Capital, Social Networks, and History’, Working paper, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge (12 June 2000) [www.econ.cam.ac.uk/faculty/ogilvie/social-capital-and-history.pdf].
Ogilvie, S. C. (2001). ‘The economic world of the Bohemian serf: economic concepts, preferences and constraints on the estate of Friedland, 1583–1692’, Economic History Review, 54, 430–53.
Ogilvie, S. C. (2003). A Bitter Living: Women, Markets, and Social Capital in Early Modern Germany, Oxford.
Ogilvie, S. C. (2004a). ‘How does social capital affect women? Guilds and communities in early modern Germany’, American Historical Review, 109(2), 325–59.
Ogilvie, S. C. (2004b). ‘Women and labour markets in early modern Germany’, Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 2, 25–60.
Ogilvie, S. C. (2004c). ‘Guilds, efficiency and social capital: evidence from German proto-industry’, Economic History Review, 57, 286–333.
Ogilvie, S. C. (2005). ‘The use and abuse of trust: the deployment of social capital by early modern guilds’, Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 1, 15–52.
Ogilvie, S. C. (2007a). ‘Can we rehabilitate the guilds? A sceptical re-appraisal’, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0745.
Ogilvie, S. C. (2007b). ‘“Whatever is, is right”? Economic institutions in pre-industrial Europe’, Economic History Review, 60(4), 649–84.
Ogilvie, S. C. and Cerman, M. (1996). ‘The theories of proto-industrialization’, in European Proto-industrialization, ed. Ogilvie, S. C. and Cerman, M., Cambridge, 1–11.
Ogris, A. (2004). ‘Die Linzer Wollzeugfabrik und die Orientalische Kompanie: Reaktionen in Kärnten (1725/26) auf eine Privilegierung’, in Stadtarchiv und Stadtgeschichte. Forschungen und Innovationen. Festschrift für Fritz Mayrhofer zur Vollendung seines 60. Lebensjahres, ed. Schuster, W., Schimböck, M. and Schweiger, A., Linz, 375–86.
Ojala, J. (1997). ‘Approaching Europe: the merchant networks between Finland and Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries’, European Review of Economic History, 1(3), 323–52.
Olesen, J. E. (1999). ‘Die preußischen Hansestädte in der nordischen Politik 1434–1450’, in ‘Kopet uns werk by tyden’: Beiträge zur hansischen und preussischen Geschichte. Walter Stark zum 75. Geburtstag, ed. Jörn, N., Kattinger, D. and Wernicke, H., Schwerin, 215–22.
Origo, I. (1986). The Merchant of Prato, Francesco di Marco Datini, 1335–1410, Boston.
Ormrod, W. M. (2000). ‘England: Edward II and Edward III’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300–c. 1415, ed. Jones, M., Cambridge, 273–96.
Oxford English Dictionary, OED Online, 2nd edn 1989, [www.dictionary.oed.com/entrance.dtl].
Pach, Z. P. (2007). ‘Hungary and the Levantine trade in the 14th–17th centuries’, Acta Orientalia, 60(1), 9–31.
Padgett, J. F. and McLean, P. D. (2006). ‘Organizational invention and elite transformation: the birth of partnership systems in Renaissance Florence’, American Journal of Sociology, 111(5), 1463–1568.
Pakucs, M. (2003). ‘“Greek” merchants in the Saxon towns of Transylvania in the late Middle Ages’, Paper presented at the Interdisciplinary Workshop on Segregation, Integration, and Assimilation in Medieval Towns, Central European University, Budapest, 20–22 February.
Palais, H. (1959). ‘England's first attempt to break the commercial monopoly of the Hanseatic League, 1377–1380’, American Historical Review, 64(4), 852–65.
Paquette, G. B. (2007). ‘State-civil society cooperation and conflict in the Spanish Empire: the intellectual and political activities of the ultramarine Consulados and economic societies, c. 1780–1810’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 39, 263–98.
Paravicini, W. (1992). ‘Bruges and Germany’, in Bruges and Europe, ed. Vermeersch, V., Antwerp, 99–128.
Pearson, M. N. (1991). ‘Merchants and states’, in The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750, ed. Tracy, J. D., Cambridge, 41–116.
Pedersen, F. (2006). ‘Trade and politics in the medieval Baltic: English merchants and England's relations to the Hanseatic League 1370–1437’, in Public Power in Europe: Studies in Historical Transformations, ed. Amelang, J. S. and Beer, S., Pisa, 161–80.
Pegolotti, F. B. (1936). La Pratica della Mercatura, repr. of 1st edn 1340, Cambridge, MA.
Pelling, M. (2006). ‘Corporatism or individualism: parliament, the navy, and the splitting of the London Barber-Surgeons’ Company in 1745', in Guilds and Association in Europe, 900–1900, ed. Gadd, I. A. and Wallis, P., London, 57–82.
Pelus-Kaplan, M.-L. (2007). ‘Merchants and immigrants in Hanseatic cities, c. 1500–1700’, in Cultural Exchange in Early Modern Europe, Vol. 2: Cities and Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400–1700, ed. Calabi, D. and Christensen, S. T., Cambridge, 132–53.
Pérotin-Dumon, A. (1991). ‘The pirate and the emperor: power and the law on the seas’, in The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750, ed. Tracy, J. D., Cambridge, 196–227.
Persson, K. G. (1999). Grain Markets in Europe, 1500–1900: Integration and Deregulation, Cambridge.
Pertz, G. H., ed. (1925). Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum Tomus IV, Hanover.
Petty, W. (1690). Political Arithmetick, London.
Peyer, H. C. (1982). ‘Gastfreundschaft und kommerzielle Gastlichkeit im Mittelalter’, Historische Zeitschrift, 235(2), 265–88.
Peyer, H. C. (1983). ‘Einführung’, in Gastfreundschaft, Taverne und Gasthaus im Mittelalter, ed. Peyer, H. C. and Müller-Luckner, E., Munich / Vienna, vii–xiii.
Pfister, U. (1992). Die Zürcher Fabriques: protoindustrielles Wachstum vom 16. zum 18. Jahrhundert, Zürich.
Phillips, C. R. (1983). ‘Spanish merchants and the wool trade in the sixteenth century’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 14(3), 259–82.
Phillips, C. R. (1990). ‘The growth and composition of trade in the Iberian empires, 1450–1750’, in The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750, ed. Tracy, J. D., Cambridge, 34–101.
Phillips, W. D. (1986). ‘Local integration and long-distance ties: the Castilian community in sixteenth-century Bruges’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 17(1), 33–49.
Pike, R. (1965). ‘The Sevillian nobility and trade with the New World in the sixteenth century’, Business History Review, 39(4), 439–65.
Caselli, F. Piola (1998). ‘The regulation of the Roman market in the seventeenth century’, in Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th–19th centuries, ed. Alberto, G., Paola, M. and Piola, C. Fausto, Aldershot, 132–49.
Pirenne, H. (1925). Medieval cities, Princeton.
Planitz, H. (1919). ‘Studien zur Geschichte des deutschen Arrestprozesses, II. Kapital: Der Fremdenarrest’, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, germanistische Abteilung, 40, 87–198.
Planitz, H. (1940). ‘Kaufmannsgilde und städtische Eidgenossenschaft in niederfränkischen Städten im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert’, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, germanistische Abteilung, 60, 1–116.
Poni, C. (1982a). ‘A proto-industrial city: Bologna sixteenth–eighteenth century’, in VIII Congrès Internationale d'Histoire Economique, Budapest 16–22 août 1982, Section A2: La protoindustrialisation: Théorie et réalité, Rapports, ed. Deyon, P. and Mendels, F. F., Lille., Vol. 1.
Poni, C. (1982b). ‘Maß gegen Maß: wie der Seidenfaden lang und dünn wurde’, in Klassen und Kultur. Sozialanthropologische Perspektiven in der Geschichtsschreibung, ed. Berdahl, R. M. et al., Frankfurt am Main, 21–53.
Poni, C. (1985). ‘Proto-industrialization, rural and urban’, Review (Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems and Civilizations), 9, 305–14.
Postan, M. M. (1972). The Medieval Economy and Society: Economic History of Britain, 1100–1500, London.
Postan, M. M. (1973). Medieval Trade and Finance, Cambridge.
Postan, M. M. (1987). ‘The trade of medieval Europe: the North’, in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 2: Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages, ed. Postan, M. M. and Miller, E., Cambridge, 168–305.
Powell, E. (1983). ‘Arbitration and the law in England in the late Middle Ages’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 33, 49–67.
Powell, E. (1984). ‘Settlement of disputes by arbitration in fifteenth-century England’, Law and History Review, 2(1), 21–43.
Power, E. (1926). ‘The wool trade in the reign of Edward IV’, Cambridge Historical Journal, 2(1), 17–35.
Power, E. (1933). ‘The wool trade in the fifteenth century’, in Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century, ed. Power, E. and Postan, M. M., London.
Power, E. (1941). The Wool Trade in English Medieval History, Oxford.
Prakash, O. (1985). The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630–1720, Princeton.
Prevenier, W. (2000). ‘The Low Countries, 1290–1415’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300–c. 1415, ed. Jones, M., Cambridge, 570–94.
Price, J. M. (1991). ‘Transaction costs: a note on merchant credit and the organization of private trade’, in The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750, ed. Tracy, J. D., Cambridge, 276–97.
Price, W. H. (2006). The English Patents of Monopoly, repr. of 1st edn 1906, Cambridge, MA.
Priks, M. (2005). ‘Optimal rent extraction in pre-industrial England and France: default risk and monitoring costs’, CESifo Working Papers, 1464.
Pryor, J. H. (2000). ‘The Maritime republics’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. V: c. 1198–c. 1300, ed. David, A., Cambridge, 419–46.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York.
Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R. and Nanetti, R. Y. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton.
Queller, D. E. (1973). ‘The development of the ambassadorial relazione’, in Renaissance Venice, ed. Hale, J. R., Totowa, NJ, 174–96.
Queller, D. E. and Day, G. W. (1976). ‘Some arguments in defense of the Venetians on the Fourth Crusade’, American Historical Review, 81(4), 717–37.
Rabb, T. K. (1964). ‘Sir Edwyn Sandys and the Parliament of 1604’, American Historical Review, 69(3), 646–70.
Rabinowitz, L. I. (1938a). ‘The medieval Jewish counterpart of the gild merchant’, Economic History Review, 8, 180–5.
Rabinowitz, L. I. (1938b). ‘The Talmudic basis of the Herem Ha-Yishub’, Jewish Quarterly Review, ns, 28, 217–23.
Racine, P. (1985). ‘Associations de marchands et associations de métiers en Italie de 600 à 1200’, in Gilden und Zünfte. Kaufmännische und gewerbliche Genossenschaften im frühen und hohen Mittelalter, ed. Schwineköper, B., Sigmaringen, 127–50.
Raiser, M. (2001). ‘Informal institutions, social capital and economic transition’, in Transition and Institutions: The Experience of Gradual and Late Reformers, eds. Cornia, G. A. and Popov, V., Oxford, 218–39.
Ramsey, P. (1994). ‘Thomas Gresham: a sixteenth-century English entrepreneur?’, in Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th–20th Centuries): Essays in Honor of Herman Van der Wee, ed. Klep, P. and Cauwenberghe, E. v., Leuven, 487–96.
Redlich, F. A. (1934). Sitte und Brauch des livländischen Kaufmanns, Riga.
Rei, C. (2007). ‘The organisation of merchant empires: a case study of Portugal and England’, Paper presented at the Economic History Society Annual Conference, Exeter, 30 March–1 April, draft of 14 March.
Reitemeier, A. (2002). ‘Sprache, Dolmetscher und Sprachpolitik im Rußlandhandel während des Mittelalters’, in Novgorod. Markt und Kontor der Hanse, ed. Angermann, N. and Friedland, K., Cologne / Weimar / Vienna, 157–76.
Renouard, Y. (1949). Les hommes d'affaires italiens du moyen âge, Paris.
Reyerson, K. L. (1982). ‘Commercial fraud in the Middle Ages: the case of the dissembling pepperer’, Journal of Modern History, 8, 63–74.
Reyerson, K. L. (1985). Business, Banking and Finance in Medieval Montpellier, Toronto.
Reyerson, K. L. (1994). ‘Montpellier and Genoa: The dilemma of dominance’, Journal of Medieval History, 20(4), 359–72.
Reyerson, K. L. (2000). ‘Commerce and communications’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. V: c. 1198–c. 1300, ed. David, A., Cambridge, 50–70.
Reyerson, K. L. (2002). The Art of the Deal: Intermediaries of Trade in Medieval Montpellier, Leiden / Boston.
Reyerson, K. L. (2003). ‘Commercial law and merchant disputes: Jacques Coeur and the law of Marque’, Medieval Encounters, 9(2–3), 244–55.
Reynolds, R. L. (1945). ‘In search of a business class in thirteenth-century Genoa’, Journal of Economic History, 5, S1–S19.
Reynolds, R. L. (1952). ‘Origins of modern business enterprise: medieval Italy’, Journal of Economic History, 12, 350–65.
Reynolds, S. (1997). Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900–1300, Oxford.
Rich, E. E., ed. (1942). Minutes of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1671–74, London.
Rich, E. E. ed. (1957). The Hudson's Bay Copy Booke of Letters, Commissions, Instructions Outward (1688–1696), London.
Riemersma, J. C. (1950). ‘Oceanic expansion: government influence on company organization in Holland and England (1550–1650)’, Journal of Economic History 10(Supplement), 31–9.
Riesenberg, P. (1992). Citizenship in the Western Tradition, Chapel Hill, NC.
Riis, T. (2005). ‘Der Einfluß des hansischen Handels auf die Entwicklung der norwegischen Wirtschaft’, in Das Hansische Kontor zu Bergen und die Lübecker Bergenfahrer: International Workshop Lübeck 2003, ed. Grassmann, A., Lübeck28–40.
Robbert, L. B. (1983). ‘Twelfth-century Italian prices: food and clothing in Pisa and Venice’, Social Science History, 7(4), 381–403.
Robinson, E. A. G. (1932). The Structure of Competitive Industry, New York.
Romano, R. (1960). ‘Marchands toscans et vénitiens au XIVe siècle’, Annales: économies, sociétés, civilisations, 15(2), 392–7.
Rörig, F. (1922). Der Markt von Lübeck. Topographisch-statistische Untersuchungen zur deutschen Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Leipzig.
Rörig, F. (1928). Hansische Beiträge zur deutschen Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Breslau.
Rösch, G. (2000). ‘The Serrata and Venetian society, 1286–1323’, in Venice Reconsidered: The History and Civilization of an Italian City-state, 1297–1797, ed. Martin, J. and Romana, D., Baltimore / London, 76–87.
Rothman, E.-N. (2006). ‘Between Venice and Istanbul: trans-imperial subjects and cultural mediation in the early modern Mediterranean’, University of Michigan Ph.D. dissertation.
Rowell, S. C. (2000). ‘Baltic Europe’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300–c. 1415, ed. Jones, M., Cambridge, 699–734.
Rucellai, G. (1960). Giovanni Rucellai ed il suo Zibaldone, Vol. 1: Il Zibaldone Quaresimale, repr. of 1st edn 1473, ed. Perosa, A., Warburg Institute, London.
Runciman, S. (1987). ‘Byzantine trade and industry’, in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 3: Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages, ed. Postan, M. M. and Miller, E., Cambridge, 132–67.
Sachs, S. E. (2006). ‘From St. Ives to cyberspace: the modern distortion of the medieval “Law Merchant”’, American University International Law Review, 21(5), 685–812.
Salicrú i Lluch, R. (2001). ‘The Catalano-Aragonese commercial presence in the sultanate of Granada during the reign of Alfonso the Magnanimous’, Journal of Medieval History, 27(3), 289–312.
Samsonowicz, H. (1999). ‘Time is money. Der Austausch von Informationen zwischen den Hansestädten im 15. Jahrhundert’, in ‘Kopet uns werk by tyden’: Beiträge zur hansischen und preussischen Geschichte. Walter Stark zum 75. Geburtstag, ed. Jörn, N., Kattinger, D. and Wernicke, H., Schwerin, 211–13.
Sanudo, M. (1306). Conditiones Terrae Sanctae, Venice.
Sarnowsky, J. (1999). ‘Das Thorner Patriziat und der Fernhandel’, in ‘Kopet uns werk by tyden’: Beiträge zur hansischen und preussischen Geschichte. Walter Stark zum 75. Geburtstag, ed. Jörn, N., Kattinger, D. and Wernicke, H., Schwerin, 223–32.
Sarnowsky, J. (2002). ‘Märkte im mittelalterlichen Preußen’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 120, 51–72.
Savary, J. (1675). Le parfait négociant ou Instruction générale pour ce qui regarde le commerce des marchandises de France et des pays étrangers, Paris.
Schaube, A. (1897). ‘Ein italienischer Coursbericht von der Messe von Troyes aus dem 13. Jahrhundert’, Zeitschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 5(3), 248–308.
Schechter, R. (2005). ‘Market welfare in the early-modern Ottoman economy: a historiographic overview with many questions’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 48(2), 253–76.
Schevill, F. (1909). Siena: The History of a Medieval Commune, New York.
Schlüter, W. (1911). Die Nowgoroder Schra in sieben Fassungen vom XIII. bis XVII. Jahrhundert, Dorpat.
Schmitter, M. (2004). ‘“Virtuous Riches”: The Bricolage of Cittadini Identities in Early-Sixteenth-Century Venice’, Renaissance Quarterly, 57(3), 908–69.
Schneider, F. (2006). ‘Shadow economies and corruption all over the world: what do we really know?’, IZA Discussion Paper, 2315.
Schnurmann, C. (2003). ‘“Wherever profit leads us, to every sea and shore …”: the VOC, the WIC, and Dutch methods of globalization in the seventeenth century’, Renaissance Studies, 17, 474–93.
Schofield, R. (1963). ‘Parliamentary lay taxation, I485–1547’, University of Cambridge Ph.D. dissertation.
Scholz, C. (2001). ‘In fremden Landen Handel treiben – ausländische Händler in Byzanz’, Das Mittelalter, 6, 91–107.
Schönfelder, A. (1988). Handelsmessen und Kreditwirtschaft im Hochmittelalter. Die Champagnermessen, Saarbrücken-Scheidt.
Schreiner, P., ed. (1991). Texte zur spätbyzantinischen Finanz- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte in Handschriften der Biblioteca Vaticana, Città del Vaticano.
Schulte, A. (1900). Geschichte des mittelalterlichen Handels zwischen Westdeutschland und Italien mit Ausschluss von Venedig, Leipzig.
Schultze, A. (1908). ‘Über Gästerecht und Gastgerichte in den deutschen Städten des Mittelalters’, Historische Zeitschrift, 101, 473–528.
Schulz, K. (1985). ‘Patriziergesellschaften und Zünfte in den mittel- und oberrheinischen Bischofsstädten’, in Gilden und Zünfte. Kaufmännische und gewerbliche Genossenschaften im frühen und hohen Mittelalter, ed. Schwineköper, B., Sigmaringen, 311–36.
Schulze, H. K. (1985). ‘Kaufmannsgilde und Stadtentstehung im mitteldeutschen Raum’, in Gilden und Zünfte. Kaufmännische und gewerbliche Genossenschaften im frühen und hohen Mittelalter, ed. Schwineköper, B., Sigmaringen, 377–412.
Schuster, P. (1913). ‘Die Schäferstadt Wildberg’, Aus dem Schwarzwald. Blätter des Württembergischen Schwarzwaldvereins, 21, 201–4.
Schütt, H.-F. (1980). ‘Gilde und Stadt’, Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte, 105, 77–136.
Schütt, H.-F. (1985). ‘Die dänischen St. Knudsgilden – mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Gilden in Schleswig und Flensburg’, in Gilden und Zünfte. Kaufmännische und gewerbliche Genossenschaften im frühen und hohen Mittelalter, ed. Schwineköper, B., Sigmaringen, 231–80.
Schweichel, R. (2001). ‘Kaufmännische Kontakte und Warenaustausch zwischen Köln und Brügge. Die Handelsgesellschaft von Hildebrand Veckinchusen, Werner Scherer und Reinhard Noiltgin’, in ‘… in guete freuntlichen nachbarlichen verwantnus und hantierung …’: Wanderung von Personen, Verbreitung von Ideen, Austausch von Waren in den niederländischen und deutschen Küstenregionen vom 13.–18. Jahrhundert, ed. Boer, D. E. H. d., Gleba, G. and Holbach, R., Oldenburg, 341–61.
Seabright, P. (2004). The Company of Strangers: A Natural History of Economic Life, Princeton, NJ.
Seider, H. (2005). ‘Die Wormser Stadtverfassung im Zeitalter des Investiturstreites’, University of Frankfurt-am-Main Ph.D. dissertation.
Seifert, D. (1995). ‘Der Hollandhandel und seine Träger im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 113, 71–92.
Seland, T. (1996). ‘Philo and the clubs and associations of Alexandria’, in Voluntary Associations in the Graeco-Roman World, ed. Kloppenborg, J. W. and Wilson, S. G., London, 110–27.
Sellers, M., ed. (1918). The York Mercers and Merchant Adventurers 1356–1917, Durham.
Selzer, S. (2003). ‘Trinkstuben als Orte der Kommunikation. Das Beispiel der Artushöfe im Preußenland (ca. 1350–1550)’, in Geschlechtergesellschaften, Zunft-Trinkstuben und Bruderschaften in spätmittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitlichen Städten, ed. Fouquet, G., Steinbrink, M. and Zeilinger, G., Stuttgart, 73–98.
Selzer, S. and Ewert, U.-C. (2001). ‘Verhandeln und Verkaufen, Vernetzen und Vertrauen. Über die Netzwerkstruktur des hansischen Handels’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 119, 135–62.
Selzer, S. and Ewert, U.-C. (2005). ‘Die Neue Institutionenökonomik als Herausforderung an die Hanseforschung’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 123, 7–29.
Shephard, J. W. (2005). ‘The Rôles d'Oléron: a lex mercatoria of the sea?’, in From Lex Mercatoria to Commercial Law, ed. Piergiovanni, V., Berlin, 207–54.
Sibalis, M. D. (1988). ‘Corporatism after the corporations: the debate on restoring the guilds under Napoleon I and the Restoration’, French Historical Studies, 15(4), 718–30.
Sicking, L. (1999). ‘Die offensive Lösung. Militärische Aspekte des holländischen Ostseehandels im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 117, 39–51.
Simonsfeld, H. (1887). Der Fondaco dei Tedeschi in Venedig und die deutsch-venezianischen Handelsbeziehungen, Stuttgart.
Slessarev, V. (1967). ‘Ecclesiae Mercatorum and the rise of merchant colonies’, Business History Review, 41(2), 177–97.
Slessarev, V. (1969). ‘The pound-value of Genoa's maritime trade in 1161’, Explorations in Economic History, 7(1), 95–111.
Small, C. (1982). The Printed World, Aberdeen.
Smith, A. (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, London.
Smith, R. M. (1974). ‘English peasant life-cycles and socio-economic networks: a quantitative geographical case study’, University of Cambridge Ph.D. dissertation.
Smith, R. S. (1940). The Spanish Guild Merchant: A History of the Consulado, 1250–1700, Durham, NC.
Smith, W. D. (1984). ‘The function of commercial centers in the modernization of European capitalism: Amsterdam as an information exchange in the seventeenth century’, Journal of Economic History, 44, 985–1005.
Sobel, J. (2002). ‘Can we trust social capital?’, Journal of Economic Literature, 40(1), 139–54.
Söderberg, J. (2004). ‘Prices in the medieval Near East and Europe’, Paper presented at the conference ‘Toward a global history of prices and wages’, Utrecht, 19–21 August.
Söderberg, J. (2007). ‘Prices and economic change in medieval Sweden’, Scandinavian Economic History Review, 55(2), 128–52.
Solow, R. M. (2000). ‘Notes on social capital and economic performance’, in Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective, ed. Dasgupta, P. and Serageldin, I., Washington DC, 6–10.
Sprandel, R. (1984). ‘Die Konkurrenzfähigkeit der Hanse im Spätmittelalter’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 102, 21–38.
Sprandel, R. (1985). ‘Handel und Gewerbe vom 6.-11. Jahrhundert’, in Gilden und Zünfte. Kaufmännische und gewerbliche Genossenschaften im frühen und hohen Mittelalter, ed. Schwineköper, B., Sigmaringen, 9–30.
Spruyt, H. (1994). The Sovereign State and Its Competitors: An Analysis of Systems Change, Princeton.
Spufford, P. (1988). Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe, Cambridge.
Spufford, P. (1991). ‘Spätmittelalterliche Kaufmannsnotizbücher als Quelle zur Bankengeschichte. Ein Projektbericht’, in Kredit im spätmittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitlichen Europa, ed. North, M., Cologne / Vienna, 103–20.
Spufford, P. (2000). ‘Trade in fourteenth-century Europe’, in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. VI: c. 1300–c. 1415, ed. Jones, M., Cambridge, 155–208.
Stabel, P. (1997). Dwarfs among Giants: The Flemish Urban Network in the Late Middle Ages, Leuven / Apeldoorn.
Stabel, P. (1999). ‘Venice and the Low Countries: commercial contacts and intellectual inspirations’, in Renaissance Venice and the North: Crosscurrents in the Time of Bellini, Dürer and Titian, ed. Aikema, B. and Brown, B. L., London, 31–43.
Stabel, P. (2004). ‘Profiting from collectivity: the costs and benefits of merchant guilds at the Bruges market (13th–15th centuries)’, Paper presented at the Fifth European Social Science History Conference, Berlin, 24–27 March.
Staley, E. (1906). The Guilds of Florence, London.
Stark, W. (1984). ‘Über Platz- und Kommissionshändlergewinne im Hansehandel des 15. Jahrhunderts’, in Autonomie, Wirtschaft und Kultur der Hansestädte, ed. Fritze, K., Müller-Mertens, E. and J. Schildhauer, 130–46.
Stark, W. (1993). ‘Über Techniken und Organisationsformen des hansischen Handels im Spätmittelalter’, in Der hansische Sonderweg? Beiträge zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Hanse, ed. Jenks, S. and North, M., Cologne/Weimar/Vienna, 191–201.
Stasavage, D. (2002). ‘Credible commitment in early modern Europe: North and Weingast revisited’, Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 18(1), 155–86.
Steensgaard, N. (1973). The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century: The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade, Chicago / London.
Steensgaard, N. (1990). ‘The growth and composition of the long-distance trade of England and the Dutch Republic before 1750’, in The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750, ed. Tracy, J. D., Cambridge, 102–52.
Stein, S. J. and Stein, B. H. (2000). Silver, Trade, and War: Spain and America in the Making of Early Modern Europe, Baltimore.
Stein, W. (1902). ‘Über die ältesten Privilegien der Deutschen Hanse in Flandern und die ältere Handelspolitik Lübecks’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 30, 51–136.
Stephenson, C. (1933). Borough and Town: A Study of Urban Origins in England, Cambridge, MA.
Stieda, W. (1921). Hildebrand Veckinchusen. Briefwechsel eines deutschen Kaufmanns im 15. Jahrhundert, Leipzig.
Stigler, G. J. (1942). The Theory of Competitive Price, New York.
Stigler, G. J. (1968). The Organization of Industry. Homewood, IL.
Stiglitz, J. (1999). ‘New bridges across the chasm: institutional strategies for the transition economies’, Speech delivered at the World Bank in December 1999, [lnweb90.worldbank.org/eca/eca.nsf/0/0ac8adc7b03aca0885256847004e2b82?OpenDocument&Click-].
Stiglitz, J. and Ellerman, D. (2000). ‘New bridges across the chasm: macro- and micro-strategies for Russia and other transitional economies’, Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business, 3(1), 41–72.
Stöckle, A. (1894). ‘Berufsvereine (griechische)’, in Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, ed. Pauly, A. F. v. et al., Stuttgart, Vol. 4, cols. 155–211.
Stöckly, D. (1995). Le système de l'Incanto des galées du marché à Venise (fin XIIIe–milieu XVe siècle), Leiden / Boston.
Stolle, D. and Hooghe, M. (2003). ‘Conclusion’, in Generating Social Capital: Civil Society and Institutions in Comparative Perspective, ed. Hooghe, M. and Stolle, D., New York, 231–48.
Stoob, H. (1995). Die Hanse, Graz.
Störmer, W. (1985). ‘Vergesellschaftungsformen des Meliorats und des Handwerks in den Städten des bayerisch-österriechischen Raums’, in Gilden und Zünfte. Kaufmännische und gewerbliche Genossenschaften im frühen und hohen Mittelalter, ed. Schwineköper, B., Sigmaringen, 337–76.
Strayer, J. R. (1969). ‘Italian bankers and Philip the fair’, in Economy, Society and Government in Medieval Italy: Essays in Memory of Robert L. Reynolds, ed. Herlihy, D., Lopez, R. S. and Slessarev, V., Kent, OH, 239–47.
Stromer, W. v. (1976). ‘Der innovatorische Rückstand der hansischen Wirtschaft’, in Beiträge zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Mittelalters. Festschrift für Herbert Helbig zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. Schulz, K., Cologne / Vienna, 204–17.
Stützel, P. (1998). ‘Die Privilegien des Deutschen Kaufmanns in Brügge im 13. und 14. Jahrhundert’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 116, 23–63.
Subacchi, P. (1995). ‘Italians in Antwerp in the second half of the sixteenth century’, in Minderheden in Westeuropese steden 16de–20ste eeuw. Minorities in Western European Cities Sixteenth-Twentieth Centuries, ed. Soly, H. and Alfons, K. L., Brussels / Rome, 73–90.
Süberkrüb, H. (1951). ‘Der deutsche Kaufmann als Gast in den dänischen Städten im 13. Jahrhundert’, University of Kiel Ph.D. dissertation.
Sutton, A. F. (2002). ‘The Merchant Adventurers of England: their origins and the Mercers’ Company of London', Historical Research, 75, 25–46.
Szabó, T. (1983). ‘Xenodochia, Hospitäler und Herbergen – kirchliche und kommerzielle Gastung im mittelalterlichen Italien (7. bis 14. Jahrhundert)’, in Gastfreundschaft, Taverne und Gasthaus im Mittelalter, ed. Peyer, H. C. and Müller-Luckner, E., Munich / Vienna, 61–92.
Tai, E. S. (1996). ‘Honor among thieves: piracy, restitution, and reprisal in Genoa, Venice, and the Crown of Catalonia-Aragon, 1339–1417’, Harvard University Ph.D. dissertation.
Tai, E. S. (2003a). ‘Marking water: piracy and property in the pre-modern West’, Paper presented at the conference on ‘Seascapes, Littoral Cultures, and Trans-Oceanic Exchanges’, Library of Congress, Washington DC, 12–15 February.
Tai, E. S. (2003b). ‘Piracy and law in medieval Genoa: the consilia of Bartolomeo Bosco’, Medieval Encounters, 9(2–3), 256–82.
Talarico, K., ed. (2007). The ORB: Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies [www.the-orb.net/textbooks/westciv/medievalsoc.html].
Terrier, D. (1983). ‘Mulquiniers et gaziers: les deux phases de la proto-industrie textile dans la région de Saint-Quentin (1730–1850)’, Revue du Nord, 65, 535–53.
't Hart, M. C. (1989). ‘Cities and statemaking in the Dutch Republic, 1580–1680’, Theory and Society, 18(5), 663–87.
't Hart, M. C. (1993). The Making of a Bourgeois State: War, Politics and Finance during the Dutch Revolt, Manchester.
Theuerkauf, G. (1996). ‘Binnen- und Seehandel zur Hansezeit an mecklenburgischen Beispielen’, in Zwischen Lübeck und Novgorod. Wirtschaft, Politik und Kultur im Ostseeraum vom frühen Mittelalter bis ins 20. Jahrhundert. Norbert Angermann zum 60. Geburtstag, ed. Pelc, O. and Pickhan, G., Lüneburg, 179–89.
Thirsk, J. and Cooper, J. P., eds. (1972). Seventeenth-century Economic Documents, Oxford.
Thomson, E. (1994). Die Compagnie der Schwarzhäupter zu Riga und ihr Silberschatz, Lüneburg.
Thomson, J. K. J. (1982). Clermont-de-Lodève 1633–1789: Fluctuations in the Prosperity of a Languedocian Cloth-making Town, Cambridge.
Thomson, J. K. J. (1996). ‘Proto-industrialization in Spain’, in European Proto-industrialization, ed. Ogilvie, S. C. and Cerman, M., Cambridge, 85–101.
Todaro, M. P. (1989). Economic Development in the Third World, Harlow.
Torras, J. (1986). ‘From masters to fabricants. Guild organization and economic growth in eighteenth-century Catalonia: a case-study’, European University Institute Colloquium Papers, 30.
Torras, J. (1991). ‘The old and the new: marketing networks and textile growth in eighteenth-century Spain’, in Markets and Manufacture in Early Industrial Europe, ed. Berg, M., Cambridge, 93–113.
Tracy, J. D. (1990a). ‘Introduction’, in The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750, ed. J. D. Tracy, Cambridge, 1–13.
Tracy, J. D. (1990b). Holland under Habsburg rule, 1506–1566: The Formation of a Body Politic, Berkeley.
Tracy, J. D. (1991). ‘Introduction’, in The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750, ed. Tracy, J. D., Cambridge, 1–21.
Trakman, L. (1983). The Law Merchant: The Evolution of Commercial Law, Littleton, CO.
Trivellato, F. (2007). ‘Merchants’ letters across geographical and social boundaries', in Cultural Exchange in Early Modern Europe, Vol. 3: Correspondence, 1400–1700, ed. Bethencourt, F. and Egmond, F., Cambridge, 80–103.
Troeltsch, W. (1897). Die Calwer Zeughandlungskompagnie und ihre Arbeiter. Studien zur Gewerbe- und Sozialgeschichte Altwürttembergs, Jena.
Truitt, W. B. (2006). The Corporation, Westport, CT.
Tyerman, C. J. (1982). ‘Marino Sanudo Torsello and the Lost Crusade: lobbying in the fourteenth century’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th ser., 32, 57–73.
Udovitch, A. L. (1962). ‘At the origins of the western commenda: Islam, Israel, Byzantium?’, Speculum, 37(2), 198–207.
,United Nations Development Program, ed. (1993). Human Development Report, Oxford / New York.
Unwin, G., ed. (1918). Finance and Trade under Edward III: The London Lay Subsidy of 1332, Manchester / London / New York.
Bavel, B. and Zanden, J.-L. (2004). ‘The jump-start of the Holland economy during the late-medieval crisis, c. 1350 – c. 1500’, Economic History Review, 57, 503–32.
Heuvel, D. (2007). Women and Entrepreneurship: Female Traders in the Northern Netherlands, c. 1580–1815, Amsterdam.
Kooy, T. P. (1931). Hollands Stapelmarkt en haar Verval, Amsterdam.
Kooy, T. P. (1970). ‘Holland als centrale Stapelmarkt in de Zeventiende en Achtiende Eeuw’, in Van Stapelmarkt tot Welvaartsstaat, ed. Klein, P. W., Rotterdam.
Wee, H. (1990). ‘European long-distance trade, and particularly in the re-export trade from south to north, 1350–1750’, in The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750, ed. Tracy, J. D., Cambridge, 14–33.
Doorslaer, G. (1907). ‘La navigation, l'industrie & le commerce Malinois aux XIIIe, XIVe, & XVe siècles’, Bulletin du cercle archéologique, litteraire & artistique de Malines, 17, 29–52.
Doosselaere, Q. (2009). Commercial Agreements and Social Dynamics in Medieval Genoa, Cambridge.
Houtte, J. A. (1953). ‘Les foires dans la Belgique Ancienne’, Receuils de la Société Jean Bodin, 5.
Houtte, J. A. (1961). ‘Anvers aux XVe et XVIe siècles: expansion et apogée’, Annales ESC, 16, 248–78.
Houtte, J. A. (1966). ‘The rise and decline of the market of Bruges’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 19, 29–47.
Houtte, J. A. (1983). ‘Herbergwesen und Gastlichkeit im mittelalterlichen Brügge’, in Gastfreundschaft, Taverne und Gasthaus im Mittelalter, ed. Peyer, H. C. and Müller-Luckner, E., Munich / Vienna, 177–88.
Nijf, O. M. (1997). The Civic World of Professional Associations in the Roman East, Amsterdam.
Tielhof, M. (2002). The ‘Mother of All Trades’: The Baltic Grain Trade in Amsterdam from the Late Sixteenth to the Early Nineteenth Century, Amsterdam.
Zanden, J.-L. and Prak, M. (2006). ‘Towards an economic interpretation of citizenship: the Dutch Republic between medieval communes and modern nation-states’, European Review of Economic History, 10(2), 11–147.
Vander Linden, H. (1896). Les Gildes marchandes dans les Pays-Bas au moyen âge, Ghent.
Vassallo, C. (2002). ‘The Maltese entrepreneurial networks from the seventeenth century onwards. A review of the work done so far’, Paper presented at the XIII Economic History Congress, Buenos Aires, 22–26 July.
Vázquez de Prada, V. (1960). Lettres marchandes d'Anvers, Paris.
Veluwenkamp, J. W. (1981). Ondernemersgedrag op de Hollandse stapelmarkt in de tijd van de Republiek. De Amsterdamse handelsfirma Jan Isaac de Neufville & Comp., 1730–1764, Meppel.
,Verein für Lübeckische Geschichte (1843). Urkundenbuch der Stadt Lübeck, Erster Theil, Lübeck.
Verlinden, C. (1965). ‘Markets and fairs’, in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. 3: Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages, ed. Postan, M. M., Rich, E. E. and Miller, E., Cambridge, 119–53.
Vitale, V. (1955). Breviario della storia di Genova, Genoa.
Volckart, O. and Mangels, A. (1999). ‘Are the roots of the modern lex mercatoria really medieval?’, Southern Economic Journal, 65(3), 427–50.
Wach, A. (1868). Der Arrestprozess in seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung. 1. Teil: Der italienischen Arrestprozess, Leipzig.
Waley, D. (1969). The Italian City Republics, New York.
Waltzing, J.-P. (1895–1900). Étude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les romains, 4 vols, Louvain.
Wase, D. (2000). ‘Die früheste deutsche Ansiedlung auf dem “gotischen Ufer” in Visby’, Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 118, 9–33.
Watson, I. B. (1980). Foundations for Empire, New Delhi.
Weber, F. M. (1955). Ehingen. Geschichte einer oberschwäbischen Donaustadt, Ehingen.
Weber, K. (2002). ‘The Atlantic coast of German trade: German rural industry and trade in the Atlantic, 1680–1840’, Itinerario: European Journal of Overseas History, 26(2), 99–119.
Weber, K. (2004). Deutsche Kaufleute im Atlantikhandel 1680–1830. Unternehmen und Familien in Hamburg, Cádiz und Bordeaux, Munich.
Weinryb, B. D. (1945). ‘Studies in the Communal History of Polish Jewry II’, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, 15, 93–129.
Weinryb, B. D. (1950). ‘Texts and studies in the communal history of Polish Jewry’, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, 19, iii–v, vii–xii, 3–16, 19–73, 77–92, 95–110; Hebrew version: 3–174, 177–218, 221–64.
Wernicke, H. (1999). ‘Der preußische Kaufmann und seine Städte in der Hanse’, in ‘Kopet uns werk by tyden’: Beiträge zur hansischen und preussischen Geschichte. Walter Stark zum 75. Geburtstag, ed. Jörn, N., Kattinger, D. and Wernicke, H., Schwerin, 195–200.
White, S. D. (1978). ‘“Pactum … legem vincit et amor judicium.” The settlement of disputes by compromise in eleventh-century western France’, American Journal of Legal History, 22(4), 281–303.
Wiarda, H. J. (1997). Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great ‘ism’, Armonk, NY.
Wilflingseder, F. (1969). ‘Der Gewandausschnitt. Ein Beitrag zur Linzer Handelsgeschichte vom 15. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert’, Historisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Linz (1968), 297–319.
Willan, T. S. (1959). Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade, Manchester.
Williams, D. T. (1931). ‘The maritime relations of Bordeaux and Southampton in the thirteenth century’, Scottish Geographical Journal, 47(5), 270–5.
Winius, G. D. and Vink, M. P. M. (1991). The Merchant-warrior Pacified: The VOC (the Dutch East India Company) and Its Changing Political Economy in India, Delhi / Oxford.
Winterfeld, L. v. (1955). ‘Gründung, Markt und Ratsbildung deutscher Fernhandelsstädte’, in Westfalen, Hanse, Ostseeraum, ed. Winterfeld, L. v. et al., Münster.
Wolff, K. H. (1979). ‘Guildmaster into millhand: the industrialization of linen and cotton in Germany to 1850’, Textile History, 10, 7–74.
Wolff, P. (1954). Commerces et marchands de Toulouse (vers 1350–vers 1450), Paris.
Woodward, R. L. (2005). ‘Merchant guilds’, in Encyclopedia of World Trade from Ancient Times to the Present, ed. Northrup, C. C., New York, Vol. 3, 631–8.
Woodward, R. L. (2007). ‘Merchant guilds (Consulados de Comercio) in the Spanish world’, History Compass, 5(5), 1576–84.
,World Bank, ed. (1994). The World Bank and Participation, Washington DC.
,World Bank, ed. (2005), World Development Indicators 2005, [www.devdata.worldbank.org/wdi2005/cover.htm].
Wrightson, K. (1982). English Society 1580–1680, London.
Wubs-Mrozewicz, J. (2004). ‘Interplay of identities: German settlers in late medieval Stockholm’, Scandinavian Journal of History, 29, 53–67.
Wubs-Mrozewicz, J. (2005). ‘The Bergenfahrer and the Bergenvaarders: Lübeck and Amsterdam in a Study of Rivalry c. 1440–1560’, in Das Hansische Kontor zu Bergen und die Lübecker Bergenfahrer: International Workshop Lübeck 2003, ed. Grassmann, A., Lübeck, 206–30.
Zakharov, V. (2009). ‘The communities of foreign merchants in Russia during the 18th century’, Paper presented at the XV World Economic History Congress, Utrecht, 3–7 August.
Ziebarth, E. G. L. (1896). Das griechische Vereinswesen, Wiesbaden / Leipzig.