Abbot, K. L. & Seymour, J. (1998). Conserving rainforest insect species while managing a pest species, Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae). In Zalucki, M. P., Drew, R. A. I. & White, G. G. (eds.). Pest management: Future Challenges, Vol. 2. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland, pp. 209–16
A'Brook, J. (1968). The effect of plant spacing on the numbers of aphids trapped over the groundnut crop. Annals of Applied Biology 61, 289–94
Altieri, M. A. (1991). Increasing biodiversity to improve insect pest management in agroecosystems. In Hawksworth, D. L. (ed.). The Biodiversity of Microorganisms and Invertebrates: Its Role in Sustainable Agriculture. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 165–82
Altieri, M. A. & Nicholls, C. I. (1999). Biodiversity, ecosystem function and pest management in agricultural systems. In Collins, W. W. & Qualset, C. O. (eds.). Biodiversity in Agroecosystems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 69–84
Andersen, A. N. (1990). The use of ant communities to evaluate changes in Australian terrestrial ecosystems: a review and a recipe. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 3, 347–57
Andersen, A. N. (1993). Ants as indicators of restoration success at a uranium mine in tropical Australia. Restoration Ecology 1, 156–67
Andersen, A. N. (1995). Measuring more of biodiversity: genus richness as a surrogate for species richness in Australian ant faunas. Biological Conservation 73, 39–43
Andersen, A. N. (1997). Using ants as bioindicators: multivariate issues in ant ecology. Conservation Ecology 1, 8
Andow, D. A. (1986). Plant diversification and insect population control in agroecosystems. In Pimentel, D. (ed.). Some Aspects of Integrated Pest Management. New York: Cornell University Press, pp. 277–348
Andow, D. A. (1991). Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annual Review of Entomology 36, 561–86
Andrezejevska, L. (1979). Herbivorous fauna and its role in the economics of grassland ecosystems. 1. Herbivores in natural and managed meadows. Polish Ecological Studies 5, 5–44
Asher, J., Warren, M., Fox, R., et al. (2001). The Millenium Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Asquith, A. & Miramontes, E. (2001). Alien parasitoids in native forests: the ichneumonid wasp community in a Hawaiian rainforest. In Lockwood, J. A., Howarth, F. G. & Purcell, M. R. (eds.). Balancing Nature: Assessing the Impact of Importing Non-native Biological Control Agents (an International Perspective). Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America, pp. 54–69
Baldi, A. & Kisbenedek, T. (1997). Orthoptera assemblages as indicators of grassland naturalness in Hungary. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 66, 121–9
Banaszak, J. (1992). Strategy for conservation of wild bees in an agricultural landscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 40, 179–92
Barbosa, P. (ed.) (1998). Conservation Biological Control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
Barbosa, P. & Benrey, B. (1998). The influences of plants on insect parasitoids: implications for conservation biological control. In Barbosa, P. (ed.). Conservation Biological Control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 55–82
Barbosa, P. & Wratten, S. D. (1998). Influence of plants on invertebrate predators: implications to conservation biological control. In Barbosa, P. (ed.). Conservation Biological Control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 83–100
Barker, A. M., Brown, N. J. & Reynolds, C. J. M. (1999). Do host-plant requirements and mortality from soil cultivation determine the distribution of graminivorous sawflies on farmland? Journal of Applied Ecology 36, 271–82
Barnard, P. C. (1999). Identifying British Insects and Arachnids: An Annotated Bibliography of Key Works. Cambridge: cambridge University Press
Barratt, B. I. P., Evans, A. A., Ferguson, C. M., et al. (1998). Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) of agricultural grassland and lucerne as potential nontarget hosts of the parasitoids Microctonus aethiopoides Loan and Microctonus hyperodae Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 25, 47–63
Barratt, B. I. P., Ferguson, C. M., McNeill, M. R. & Goldson, S. L. (1999). Parasitoid host specificity testing to predict field host range. In Withers, T. M., Barton Browne, L. E. & Stanley, J. (eds.). Host Specificity Testing in Australasia: Towards Improved Assays for Biological Control. Brisbane, Australia: Department of Natural Resources, Queensland, pp. 77–83
Bathon, H. (1996). Impact of entomopathogenic nematodes on non-target hosts. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6, 421–34
Bedding, R. A., Tyler, S. & Rochester, N. (1996). Legislation on the introduction of exotic entomopathogenic nematodes into Australia and New Zealand. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6, 465–75
Bedford, S. E. & Usher, M. B. (1994). Distribution of arthropod species across the margins of farm woodland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 48, 295–305
Behan-Pelletier, V. & Walter, D. E. (2000). Biodiversity of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) in tree canopies and litter. In Coleman, D. C. & Hendrix, P. F. (eds.). Invertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosystems. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 187–202
Bennet, F. D. & Habeck, D. H. (1995). Cactoblastis cactorum: a successful weed control agent in the Caribbean, now a pest in Florida? In Delfosse, E. S. & Scott, R. R. (eds.). Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO, pp. 21–6
Bennett, A. F. (1999). Linkages in the Landscape: The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN
Benton, T. G., Vickery, J. A. & Wilson, J. D. (2003). Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18, 182–8
Berggren, A., Birath, B. & Kindvall, O. (2002). Effect of corridors and habitat edges on dispersal behavior, movement rate, and movement angles in Roesel's bush-cricket (Metrioptera roeseli). Conservation Biology 16, 1562–9
Berlocher, S. H. (1989). The complexities of host races and some suggestions for their identification by enzyme electrophoresis. In Loxdale, H. D. & Den Hollander, J. (eds.). Electrophoretic Studies on Agricultural Pests. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 51–68
Berryman, A. A. (1987). The theory and classification of outbreaks. In Barbosa, P. & Schulte, J. C. (eds.). Insect Outbreaks. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 3–29
Blumberg, A. Y. & Crossley, D. A. (1982). Comparison of soil surface: arthropod populations in conventional tillage, no-tillage and old field systems. Agro-Ecosystems 8, 247–53
Boatman, N. D. (1994). Field Margins: Integrating Agriculture and Conservation. Brighton, UK: British Crop Protection Council
Boatman, N. D., Dover, J. W., Wilson, P. J., Thomas, M. B. & Cowgill, S. E. (1989). Modification of farming practices at field margins to encourage wildlife and promote pest biocontrol. In Buckley, G. P. (ed.). Biological Habitat Reconstruction. London: Belhaven Press, pp. 299–311
Boettner, G. H., Elkinton, J. S. & Boettner, C. J. (2000). Effects of a biological control introduction on three non-target native species of saturniid moths. Conservation Biology 14, 1798–806
Bohac, J. (1999). Staphylinid beetles as bioindicators. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74, 357–72
Bohac, J. & Pospisil, J. (1988). Accumulation of heavy metals in invertebrates and its ecological aspects. Presented at the International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Norwich, UK, 2, 354–357
Bongers, T. (1990). The maturity index: an ecological measure of environmental disturbance based on nematode species composition. Oecologia 83, 14–19
Booij, C. J. H. & Noorlander, J. (1992). Farming systems and insect predators. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 40, 125–35
Boswell, G. P., Britton, N. F. & Franks, N. R. (1998). Habitat fragmentation, percolation theory and the conservation of a keystone species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 265, 1921–5
Bottrell, D. G., Barbosa, P. & Gould, F. (1998). Manipulating natural enemies by plant variety selection and modification: a realistic study. Annual Review of Entomology 43, 347–67
Bouché, M. B. (1972). Lombriciens de France: Ecologie et Systematique. Paris: Institut Nationale de Recherche Agronomique
Bouché, M. B. (1977). Strategies lombriciennes. Ecological Bulletin, Stockholm 25, 122–32
Bourchier, R. S. & McCarty, L. S. (1995). Risk assessment of biological control (predators and parasitoids). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Canada 27, 126–38
Bourn, N. A. D., Pearman, G. S., Goodger, B., Thomas, J. A. & Warren, M. S. (2000). Changes in the status of two endangered butterflies over two decades and the influence of grazing management. In Rook, R. D. (ed.). Grazing Management: The Principles and Practice of Grazing, For Profit and Environmental Gain Within Temperate Grassland Systems. Reading, UK: British Grassland Society, pp. 141–6
Briese, D. T. (1999). Open field host-specificity testing: is ‘natural’ good enough for risk assessment? In Withers, T. M., Barton Browne, L. E. & Stanley, J. (eds.). Host Specificity Testing in Australasia: Towards Improved Assays for Biological Control. Brisbane, Australia: Department of Natural Resources, Queensland, pp. 44–59
Brown, R. A. (1989). Pesticides and non-target terrestrial invertebrates: an industrial approach. In Jepson, P. C. (ed.). Pesticides and Non-target Invertebrates. Wimborne, UK: Intercept, pp. 19–42
Brunkhorst, D. J., Thackway, R., Coyne, P. & Cresswell, I. D. (1998). Australian protected areas: toward a representative system. Natural Areas Journal 18, 255–60
Brussaard, L., Veen, J. A., Kooistra, M. J. & Lebbink, G. (1990). The Dutch programme on soil ecology of arable farming systems. I. Objectives, approach and prelimnary results. Ecological Bulletin 39, 35–40
Brust, G. E. (1994). Natural enemies in straw-mulch reduce Colorado potato beetle populations and damage in potatoes. Biological Control 4, 163–9
Buchmann, S. L. & Nabham, G. L. (1996). The Forgotten Pollinators. Washington, DC: Island Press
Buckley, G. P. (1989). Biological Habitat Reconstruction. London: Belhaven Press
Bugg, R. L. & Pickett, C. H. (1998). Enhancing biological control: habitat management to promote natural enemies of agricultural pests. In Pickett, C. H. & Bugg, R. L. (eds.). Enhancing Biological Control. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 3–23
Bugg, R. L. & Waddington, C. (1994). Using cover crops to manage arhropod pests of orchards: a review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 50, 11–28
Bugg, R. L., Anderson, J. H., Thomsen, G. D. & Chandler, J. (1998). Farmscaping in California: managing hedgerows, roadside and wetland planting, and wild plants for biointensive pest management. In Pickett, C. H. & Bugg, R. L. (eds.). Enhancing Biological Control. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 339–74
Bunce, R. G. H. & Hallam, C. J. (1993). The ecological significance of linear features. In Bunce, R. G. H., Ryzkowski, L. & Paoletti, M. G. (eds.). Landscape Ecology and Agroecosystems. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 11–19
Bunce, R. G. H. & Jongman, R. H. G. (1993). An introduction to landscape ecology. In Bunce, R. G. H., Ryzkowski, L. & Paoletti, M. G. (eds.). Landscape Ecology and Agroecosystems. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 1–10
Bunce, R. G. H., Barr, C. J., Howard, D. C. & Hallam, C. J. (1994). The Current Status of Field Margins in the UK. British Crop Protection Council Monograph 58, pp. 13–20
Burel, F. (1989). Landscape structure effects on carabid beetles spatial patterns in western France. Landscape Ecology 2, 215–26
Burel, F. & Baudry, J. (1990). Hedgerow networks as habitats for colonisation of abandoned agricultural land. In Bunce, R. H. G. & Howard, D. C. (eds.). Species Dispersal in Agricultural Environments. Lymington, UK: Belhaven Press, pp. 238–55
Burges, A. (1967). The decomposition of organic matter in the soil. In Burges, A. & Raw, F. (eds.). Soil Biology. New York: Academic Press, pp. 479–92
Burn, A. J. (1988). Assessment of the impacts of pesticides on invertebrate predation in cereal crops. Aspects of Applied Biology 17, 279–88
Burn, A. J. (1989). Long-term effects of pesticides on natural enemies of cereal crop pests. In Jepson, P. C. (ed.). Pesticides and Non-target Invertebrates. Wimborne, UK: Intercept, pp. 177–93
Butler, L., Zivkovich, C. & Sample, B. E. (1995). Richness and abundance of arthropods in the oak canopy of West Virginia's Eastern Ridge and Valley Section during a study of impact of Bacillus thuringiensis with emphasis on macrolepidoptera larvae. Bulletin of the Agriculture and Forestry Experimental Station W. V. University 711, 1–19
BUTT (Butterflies Under Threat Team) (1986). The Management of Chalk Grassland for Butterflies. Peterborough, UK: Nature Conservancy Council
Butterfly Conservation (1995). Lepidoptera restoration: Butterfly Conservation's policy, code of practice and guidelines for action. Butterfly Conservation News 60, 20–21
Caldenasso, M. L., Pickett, S. T. A., Weathers, K. C. & Jones, C. G. (2003). A framework for a theory of ecological boundaries. BioScience 53, 750–58
Carlson, G. & Rodriguez, R. (1984). Farmer adjustment to mandatory pest control. In Conway, G. R. (ed.). Pest and Pathogen Control: Structural, Tactical and Policy Models. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 429–40
Carriere, Y. & Roitberg, B. (1996). Behavioral ecology and qualitative genetics as alternatives for studying evolution in insect herbivores. Evolutionary Ecology 10, 289–305
Carroll, R., Augspurger, C., Dobson, A.et al. (1996). Strengthening the use of science in achieving the goals of the Endangered Species Act: an assessment by the Ecological Society of America. Ecological Applications 6, 1–11
Carruthers, R. L. & Onsager, J. A. (1993). Perspective on the use of exotic natural enemies for biological control of pest grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Environmental Entomology 22, 885–93
Carruthers, G. F., Hooper, G. H. S. & Walker, P. W. (1993). Impact of fenitrothion on the relative abundance and diversity of non-target organisms. In Corey, S. A., Dall, D. J. & Milne, W. M. (eds.). Pest Control and Sustainable Agriculture. Melbourne: CSIRO, pp. 136–9
Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press
Chapman, J. & Sheail, J. (1994). Field Margins: An Historical Perspective. British Crop Protection Council Monograph no. 58, pp. 3–12
Chapman, M. H. & Hoy, M. A. (1991). Relative toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis to the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and its predator Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari, Tetranychidae and Phytoseiidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 111, 147–54
Cherrett, J. M., Ford, J. B., Herbert, I. V. & Probert, A. J. (1971). The Control of Injurious Animals. London: English Universities Press
Chiverton, P. A. (1984). Pitfall-trap catches of the carabid beetle Pterostichus melanarius, in relation to gut contents and prey densities, in insecticide treated and untreated spring barley. Entomologia experimentalis et Applicata 36, 23–30
Claridge, M. F. (1989). Electrophoresis in agricultural pest research: a technique of evolutionary biology. In Lonsdale, H. D. & den Hollander, J. (eds.). Electrophoretic Studies on Agricultural Pests. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 1–6
Clark, L., Geier, P. W., Hughes, R. D. & Morris, R. F. (1967). The Ecology of Insect Populations in Theory and Practice. London: Methuen
Clark, M. S., Gage, S. H. & Spence, J. R. (1997). Habitats and management associated with common ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a Michigan agricultural landscape. Environmental Entomology 26, 519–27
Clarke, B., Murray, J. & Johnson, M. S. (1984). The extinction of endemic species by a program of biological control. Pacific Science 38, 97–104
Clarke, G. M. (2002). Inferring demography from genetics: a case study of the endangered golden sun moth, Synemon plana. In Young, A. G. & Clarke, G. M. (eds.). Genetics, Demography and Viability of Fragmented Populations. Cambridge: cambridge University Press, pp. 213–25
Clarke, G. M. & O'Dwyer, C. (1999). Genetic variability and population structure of the endangered golden sun moth. Biological Conservation 92, 371–81
Clement, S. L. & Cristofaro, M. (1995). Open-field tests in host-specificity determination of insects for biological control of weeds. Biocontrol Science and Technology5, 395–406
CLM-IKC (1994). Achtergronden van de Milieumeetlat voor Bestrijzdingsmiddelen. [Backgrounds of the environmental yardstick for pesticides.] Ede, the Netherlands: IKC-AT, Kerngroep MJP-G
Coll, M. (1998). Parasitoid activity and plant species composition in intercropped systems. In Pickett, C. H. & Bugg, R. L. (eds.). Enhancing Biological Control: Habitat Management to Promote Natural Enemies of Agricultural Pests. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 85–119
Coll, M. & Bottrell, D. G. (1996). Movement of an insect parasitoid in simple and diverse plant assemblages. Ecological Entomology 9, 217–35
Collins, W. W. & Qualset, C. O. (1999). Biodiversity in Agroecosystems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
Colloff, M., Fokstuen, G. & Boland, T. (2003). Toward the Triple Bottom Line in Sustainable Agriculture: Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and an Environmental Management System for Citrus Orchards in the Riverland of South Australia. Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Entomology
Coombes, D. S. & Sotherton, N. W. (1986). The dispersal and distribution of polyphagous predatory Coleoptera in cereals. Annals of Applied Biology 108, 461–74
Corbet, S. A. (1995). Insects, plants and succession: advantages of long-term set-aside. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 53, 201–17
Corbett, A. (1998). The importance of movement in response to natural enemies to habitat management. In Pickett, C. H. & Bugg, R. L. (eds.). Enhancing Biological Control: Habitat Management to Promote Natural Enemies of Agricultural Pests. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 25–48
Cortesero, A. M., Stapel, J. O. & Lewis, W. J. (2000). Understanding and manipulating plant attributes to enhance biological control. Biological Control 17, 35–49
Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., Groot, P.et al. (1998). The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253–60
Coulson, J. R., Soper, R. S. & Wiliams, D. W. (1991). Biological Control Quarantine: Needs and Procedures. Beltsville, MD: USDA-ARS
Cowie, R. H. (1992). Evolution and extinction of Partulidae, endemic Pacific land snails. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 335, 167–91
Crickmore, N., Zeigler, D. R., Feitelson, J.et al. (1998). Revision of the nomenclature for the Bacillus thuringiensis pesticidal crystal proteins. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 62, 807–13
Crickmore, N., Zeigler, D. R., Schnepf, E., et al. (2000). Bacillus thuringiensis toxin nomenclature. www.biols.susx.ac.uk/home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/index.html
Crossley, D. A., Coleman, D. C. & Hendrix, P. F. (1989). The importance of the fauna in agricultural soils: research approaches and perspectives. Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment 27, 47–55
Culver, J. J. (1919). A Study of Compsilura concinnata, an Imported Tachinid Parasite of the Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture, bulletin no. 66
Cuperus, G. W., Mulder, P. G. & Royer, T. A. (2000). Implementation of ecologically-based IPM. In Rechcigl, J. E. & Rechcigl, N. A. (eds.). Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 171–204
Curry, J. P. (1994). Grassland Invertebrates. London: Chapman & Hall
Dafni, A. & Shmida, A. (1996). The possible ecological implications of the invasion of Bombus terrestris (L.) (Apidae) at Mt. Carmel, Israel. In Matheson, A., Buchmann, S. L., O'Toole, C., Westrich, P. & Williams, I. H. (eds.). The Conservation of Bees. London: Academic Press, pp. 183–201
Dahlsten, D. L., Garcia, R. & Lorraine, H. (1989). Eradication as a pest management tool: concepts and contexts. In Dahlsten, D. L. & Garcia, R. (eds.). Eradication of Exotic Pests. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, pp. 3–15
Dash, M. C. (1990). Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae. In Dindal, D. L. (ed.). Soil Biology Guide. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 311–40
Davies, K. F. & Margules, C. R. (1998). Effects of habitat fragmentation on carabid beetles: experimental evidence. Journal of Animal Ecology 67, 460–71
Davies, K. F. & Margules, C. R. (2000). The beetles at Wog Wog: a contribution of Coleoptera systematics to an ecological field experiment. Invertebrate Taxonomy 14, 953–6
Davis, B. N. K., Lakhani, K. H. & Yates, T. J. (1991). The hazards of insecticides to butterflies of field margins. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 36, 151–61
Day, M. D. (1999). Continuation trials: their use in assessing the host range of a potential biological control agent. In Withers, T. M., Barton Browne, L. & Stanley, J. (eds.). Host Specificity Testing in Australasia: Towards Improved Assays for Biological Control. Brisbane, Australia: Department of Natural Resources, Queensland, pp. 11–20
Day, W. H. (1996). Evaluation of biological control of the tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) in alfalfa by the introduced parasite Peristenus digoneutis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environmental Entomology 25, 512–18
DeBach, P. (1974). Biological Control by Natural Enemies. New York: cambridge University Press
DeBach, P. & Hagen, K. S. (1964). Manipulation of entomophagous species. In DeBach, P. (ed.). Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. New York: Reinhold Publishing, pp. 283–304
De Jong, F. M. W. & van der Nagel, M. C. (1994). A field bioassay for wider effects of insecticides with larvae of the large white butterfly Pieris brassicae (L.). Announcement 59/2a. Ghent: Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Ghent
Dempster, J. P. (1991). Fragmentation, isolation and mobility of insect populations. In Collins, N. M. & Thomas, J. A. (eds.). The Conservation of Insects and their Habitats. London: Academic Press, pp. 143–53
Dempster, J. P., King, M. L. & Lakhani, K. H. (1976). The status of the swallowtail butterfly in Britain. Ecological Entomology 1, 71–84
Dennis, P. & Fry, G. L. A. (1992). Field margins: can they enhance natural enemy population densities and general arthropod diversity on farmland? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 29, 471–504
Dennis, R. L. H. (1986). Motorways and cross-movements: an insect's ‘mental map’ of the M56 in Cheshire. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society 44, 77–82
Dent, D. R. (1991). Insect Pest Management, Wallingford, UK: CAB International
Dent, D. R. (1995). Integrated Pest Management. London: Chapman & Hall
Ruiter, P. C., Bloem, J., Bouwman, L. A.et al. (1994). Simulation of dynamics of nitrogen mineralisation in below-ground food webs of two arable farming systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 51, 199–208
Snoo, G. R. & Chaney, K. (1999). Unsprayed field margins: what are we trying to achieve? Aspects of Applied Biology 54, 1–12
Snoo, G. R. & Wit, P. R. (1998). Buffer zones for reducing pesticide drift to ditches and risks to aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 41, 112–18
Didham, R. K. (1997). An overview of invertebrate responses to forest fragmentation. In Watt, A. D., Stork, N. E. & Hunter, M. D. (eds.). Forests and Insects. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 303–20
Diehl, S. R. & Bush, G. L. (1984). An evolutionary and applied perspective of insect biotypes. Annual Review of Entomology 29, 471–504
Di Giulio, M., Edwards, P. J. & Meister, E. (2001). Enhancing insect diversity in agricultural grasslands: the roles of management and landscape structure. Journal of Applied Ecology 38, 310–19
Dodd, A. P. (1940). The Biological Campaign against Prickly Pear. Brisbane, Australia: Government Printer
Dohmen, G. P. (1998). Testing side-effects of pesticides on carabid beetles: a standardised method for testing ground-dwelling predators in the laboratory for regulation purposes. In Haskell, P. T. & McEwen, P. (eds.). Ecotoxicology: Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 98–106
Doubleday, O. P., Clark, A. & McLaughlin, B. (1994). Hedges: A Farmer's view. British Crop Protection Council Monograph no. 58, pp. 377–84
Douglas, F. (2000). Sun moths in the back paddock. In Barlow, T. & Thorburn, R. (eds.). Balancing Conservation and Production in Grassy Landscapes. Canberra, Australia: Environment Australia, pp. 56–57
Douthwaite, R. J. & Fry, C. H. (1982). Food and feeding behaviour of the little bee-eater, Merops pusillus, in relation to tsetse fly control by insecticides. Biological Conservation 23, 71–8
Dover, J. W. (1990a). Butterflies and wildlife corridors. In The Game Conservancy Review of 1989. Fordingbridge, UK: The Game Conservancy, pp. 62–4
Dover, J. W. (1990b). Butterfly Ecology on Arable Farmland, with Special Reference to Agricultural practices. Fordingbridge, UK: The Game Conservancy
Dover, J. W. (1991). The conservation of insects on arable farmland. In Collins. N. M. & Thomas, J. A. (eds.). The Conservation of Insects and their Habitats. London: Academic Press, pp. 294–318
Dover, J. W. (1994). Arable field margins: factors affecting butterfly distribution and abundance. British Crop Protection Council Monograph no. 58, pp. 59–66
Dover, J. W. (1999). Butterflies and field margins. Aspects of Applied Biology 54, 117–24
Dover, J. W., Clarke, S. A. & Rew, L. (1992). Habitats and movement patterns of satyrid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) on arable farmland. Entomologist's Gazette 43, 29–44
Dover, J. W., Sparks, T. H. & Greatorex-Davies, J. N. (1997). The importance of shelter for butterflies in open landscapes. Journal of Insect Conservation 1, 89–97
Dover, J., Sparks, T., Clarke, S., Gobbett, K. & Glossop, S. (2000). Linear features and butterflies: the importance of green lanes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 80, 227–42
Duan, J. J. & Messing, R. H. (2000). Evaluating nontarget effects of classical biological control: fruit fly parasitoids in Hawaii as a case study. In Follett, P. A. & Duan, J. J. (eds.). Nontarget effects of Biological Control. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 95–109
Duelli, P. (1990). Population movements of arthropods between natural and cultivated areas. Biological Conservation 54, 193–207
Duelli, P. (1992). Mosaikkonzept und Inseltheorie in der Kulturlandschaft. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur Okologie 21, 379–83
Duelli, P. & Obrist, M. K. (1998). In search of the best correlates for local organismal biodiversity in cultivated areas. Biodiversity and Conservation 7, 297–309
Duelli, P., Studer, M., Marchand, I. & Jakob, S. (1990). Population movements of arthropods between natural and cultivated areas. Biological Conservation 54, 193–207
Duelli, P., Obrist, M. K. & Schmatz, D. R. (1999). Biodiversity evaluation in agricultural landscapes: above ground insects. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74, 33–64
Edwards, C. A. (1991). The assessment of populations of soil-inhabiting invertebrates. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 34, 145–76
Edwards, C. A. (2000a). Ecologically based use of insecticides. In Rechcigl, J. E. & Rechcigl, N. A. (eds.). Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 103–30
Edwards, C. A. (2000b). Soil invertebrate controls and microbial interactions in nutrient and organic matter dynamics in natural and agroecosystems. In Coleman, D. C. & Hendrix, P. F. (eds.). Invertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosystems. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 141–59
Edwards, C. A. & Bohlen, P. J. (1991). The effect of toxic chemicals on earthworms. Review of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 125, 23–99
Edwards, C. A. & Lofty, J. R. (1977). Biology of Earthworms. London: Chapman & Hall
Edwards, E. D. (1994). Survey of Lowland Grassland Sites in the ACT for the Golden Sun Moth, Synemon plana. Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Division of Entomology
Edwards, P. J., Kollmann, J. & Wood, D. (1999). Determinants of agrobiodiversity in the agricultural landscape. In Wood, D. & Lenné, J. M. (eds.). Agrobiodiversity. Wallingford: CAB International, pp. 183–210
Ehler, L. E. (1990). Environmental impact of introduced biological control agents: implications for agricultural biotechnology. In Marois, J. J. & Bruening, G. (eds.). Risk Assessment in Agricultural Biotechnology. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, publication no. 1928, pp. 85–96
Ehler, L. E. (1998). Conservation biological control: past, present and future. In Barbosa, P. (ed.). Conservation Biological Control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 1–8
Ehler, L. E. (1999). Critical isues related to nontarget effects in classical biological control of insects. In Follet, P. A. & Duan, J. J. (eds.). Nontarget Effects of Biological control. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 3–13
Ehrlich, P. R. & Murphy, D. D. (1987). Conservation lessons from long-term studies of checkerspot butterflies. Conservation Biology 1, 122–31
Ellis, D. V. (1985). Quality control of biological surveys. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19, 506–12
Elzen, G. W. (1989). Sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial parasitoids. In Jepson, P. C. (ed.). Pesticides and Non-target Invertebrates. Wimborne, UK: Intercept, pp. 129–50
Erhardt, A. & Thomas, J. A. (1991). Lepidoptera as indicators of change in the semi-natural grasslands of lowland and upland Europe. In Collins, N. M. & Thomas, J. A. (eds.). The Conservation of Insects and their Habitats. London: Academic Press, pp. 213–37
Erwin, T. L. (1982). Tropical forests, their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species. Coleopterists' Bulletin 36, 74–5
Erwin, T. L. (1983). Tropical forest canopies: the last biotic frontier. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 29, 14–19
Erwin, T. L. (1998). Biodiversity at its utmost: tropical forest beetles. In Reaka-Kudla, M. L., Wilson, D. E. & Wilson, E. O. (eds.). Biodiversity II. Understanding and Protecting our Biological Resources. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, pp. 27–40
Everts, J. W. (1990). Why are field trials necessary? In Somerville, L. & Walker, C. H. (eds.). Pesticide Effects on Terrestrial Wildlife. London: Taylor & Francis, pp. 5–10
Everts, J. W. & Ba, L. (1997). Environmental effects of locust control: state of the art and perspectives. In Krall, S., Peveling, R. & Ba Diallo, D. (eds.). New Strategies in Locust Control. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhauser-Verlag, pp. 331–6
Fauvel, G. (1999). Diversity of Heteroptera in agroecosystems: roles of sustainability and bioindication. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74, 275–303
Feber, R. E. & Smith, H. (1995). Butterfly conservation on arable farmland. In Pullin, A. S. (ed.). Ecology and Conservation of Butterflies. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 84–97
Feber, R. E., Smith, H. & Macdonald, D. W. (1999). The importance of spatially variable field margin management for two butterfly species. Aspects of Applied Biology 54, 155–62
Ferro, D. N. & McNeil, J. N. (1998). Habitat enhancement and conservation of natural enemies of insects. In Barbosa, P. (ed.). Conservation Biological Control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 123–32
Fielding, D. J. & Brusven, M. A. (1993). Grasshopper (Orthoptera, Acrididae) community composition and ecological disturbance on southern Idaho rangeland. Environmental Entomology 22, 71–81
Finck, P., Riecken, U. & Schroder, E. (2002). Pasture landscapes and nature conservation: new strategies for preservation of open landscapes in Europe. In Redecker, B., Finck, P., Hardtle, W., Reicken, U. & Schroder, E. (eds.). Pasture Landscapes and Nature Conservatiuon. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 1–13
Flexner, J. L., Lighthart, B. & Croft, B. A. (1986). The effects of microbial pesticides on non-target beneficial arthropods. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 16, 203–54
Follett, M. A., Johnson, M. T. & Jones, V. P. (1999). Parasitoid drift in Hawaiian pentatomids. In Follett, P. A. & Duan, J. J. (eds.). Nontarget Effects of Biological Control. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 77–93
Forcella, F. Buhler, D. D. & McGiffen, M. E. (1994). Pest management and crop residues. In Hatfield, J. L. & Stewart, B. A. (eds.). Crops Residue Management. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 173–89
Forman, R. T. T. (1995). Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge: cambridge University Press
Forman, R. T. T. & Godron, M. (1986). Landscape Ecology. New York: John Wiley & Sons
Fourcat, A. & Lecoq, M. 1998. Major threats to a protected grasshopper, Prionotropis hystrix rhodanica (Orthoptera: Pamphagidae: Akicerinae), endemic to southern France. Journal of Insect Conservation 2, 187–93
Fournier, E. & Loreau, M. 1999. Effects of newly planted hedges on ground-beetle diversity (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in an agricultural landscape. Ecography 22, 87–97
Frampton, G. K., Cilgi, T., Fry, G. L. A. & Wratten, S. D. (1995). Effects of grassy banks on the dispersal of some carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on farmland. Biological Conservation 71, 347–55
Freckman, D. W. & Baldwin, J. G. (1990). Nematoda. In Dindal, D. L. (ed.). Soil Biology Guide. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 155–200
Freitag, R. & Poulter, F. (1970). The effects of the insecticides Sumithion and Phosphamidon on populations of five carabid beetle and two species of lycosid spiders in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist 102, 1307–11
Fry, G. L. A. (1991). Conservation in agricultural ecosystems. In Spellerberg, I. F., Goldsmith, F. B. & Morris, M. G. (eds.). The Scientific Management of Temperate Communities for Conservation. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 415–43
Fry, G. L. A. (1994). The role of field margins in the landscape. British Crop Protection Council Monograph no. 58, pp. 31–40
Fry, G. L. A. & Main, A. R. (1993). Restoring seemingly natural communities on agricultural land. In Saunders, D. A., Hobbs, R. J. & Ehrlich, P. R. (eds.). Nature Conservation, Vol. 3: Reconstruction of fragmented ecosystems. Chipping Norton: Surrey Beatty & Sons, pp. 225–41
Fry, G. L. A. & Robson, W. J. (1994). The effects of field margins on butterfly movement. British Crop Protection Council Monograph no. 58, pp. 111–16
Fry, G., Robson, W. & Banham, A. 1992. Corridors and Barriers to Butterfly Movements in Contrasting Landscapes. NINA research report. Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Institute for Nature Preservation
Funasaki, G. Y., Lai, P. Y., Nakahara, L. M., Beardsley, J. W. & Ota, A. K. (1988a). A review of biological control introductions in Hawaii, 1890–1985. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 28, 105–60
Funasaki, G. Y., Nakahara, L. M. & Kumashiro, B. R. (1988b). Introductions for biological control in Hawaii: 1985 and 1986. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 28, 101–4
Fye, R. E. & Carranza, R. L. (1972). Movement of insect predators from grain sorghum to cotton. Environmental Entomology 1, 790–91
Gagné, W. C. & Howarth, F. G. (1985). Conservation status of endemic Hawaiian Lepidoptera. In Heath, J. (ed.). Proceedings of the 3rd Congress of European Lepidopterology, Cambridge, 1982. Karlsruhe, Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica, pp. 74–84
Gall, G. A. E. & Orians, G. H. (1992). Agriculture and biological conservation. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 42, 1–8
Gatehouse, A. M. R., Boulter, D. & Hilder, V. A. (1992). Potential of plant-derived genes in the genetic manipulation of crops for insect resistance. In Gatehouse, A. M. R., Hilder, V. A. & Boulter, D. (eds.). Plant Genetic Manipulation for Crop Protection. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 155–81
Gates, G. E. (1961). Ecology of some earthworms with special reference to seasonal activity. American Midland Naturalist 66, 61–86
Georgis, R., Kaya, H. K. & Gaugler, R. (1991). Effect of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) on nontarget arthropods. Environmental Entomology 20, 815–22
Gerard, P. W. (1995). Agricultural Practices, Farm Policy and the Conservation of Biological Diversity. USDI Biological Sciences report no. 4. Washington, DC
Gillespie, R. G. & New, T. R. (1998). Compatability of conservation and pest management strategies. In Zalucki, M. P., Drew, R. A. I. & White, G. G. (eds.). Pest Management: Future Challenges, Vol. 2. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland, pp. 195–208
Glare, T. R. & O'Callaghan, M. (2000). Bacillus thuringiensis: Biology, Ecology and Safety. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons
Gliessman, S. R. (1990). Agroecology: Researching the Ecological Basis for Sustainable Agriculture. New York: Springer-Verlag
Gliessman, S. R. (1997). Agroecology: Ecological Processes in Sustainable Agriculture. Chelsea, MI: Sleeping Bear Press
Goodwin, S. & Steiner, M. (1997). Introduction of Bombus terrestris for pollination of horticultural crops in Australia: A submission to AQIS and Environment Australia. www.tmag.tas.gov.au/workshop/append2.html
Gould, J. R., Elkinton, J. S. & Wallner, W. E. (1990). Density-dependent suppression of experimentally created gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations by natural enemies. Journal of Animal Ecology 59, 213–33
Grant, I. F. (1989). Monitoring insecticide side-effects in large-scale treatment programmes: tsetse spraying in Africa. In Jepson, P. C. (ed.). Pesticides and Non-target Invertebrates. Wimborne, UK: Intercept, pp. 43–69
Greaves, M. P. & Marshall, E. J. P. (1987). Field margins: definitions and statistics. British Crop Protection Council Monograph no. 35, pp. 85–94
Greenslade, P. (1997). Are Collembola useful as indicators of the conservation value of native grasslands? Pedobiologia 41, 215–20
Greenslade, P. J. M. (1978). Ants. in Low, W. A. (ed.). The Physical and Biological Features of Kunoth Paddock in Central Australia. Technical paper no. 4. Adelaide, Australia: CSIRO Division of Land Resources, pp. 114–23
Greig-Smith, P. W. (1992). Risk assessment approaches in the UK for the side-effects of pesticides on earthworms. In Greig-Smith, P. W., Becker, H., Edwards, P. J. & Heimbach, F. (eds.). Ecotoxicology of Earthworms. Andover, UK: Intercept, pp. 159–68
Groenendijk, D., Mannekes, M., Vaal, M. & Berg, M. (2002). Butterflies and insecticides: a review and risk analysis of modern Dutch practice. Proceedings in Experimental and Applied Entomology 13, 29–34
Groffman, P. M. & Jones, C. G. (2000). Soil processes and global change: will invertebrates make a difference? In Coleman, D. C. & Hendrix, P. F. (eds.). Invertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosystems. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 313–66
Gross, H. R. (1987). Conservation and enhancement of entomophagous insects: a perspective. Journal of Entomological Science 22, 97–105
Gurr, G. & Wratten, S. (eds.) (2000). Biological control: measures of success. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Gurr, G. M., Balou, N. D., Memmott, J., Wratten, S. D. & Greathead, D. J. (2000). A history of methodological, theoretical and empirical approaches to biological control. In Gurr, G. & Wratten, S. (eds.). Biological Control: Measures of Success. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 3–37
Hadfield, M. G., Miller, S. E. & Carwilo, A. H. (1993). The decimation of Hawai'ian rain tree snails by alien predators. American Zoologist 33, 610–22
Hamilton, J. G. (1998). Forecasting and locust management, or why some insects aren't locusts. In Zalucki, M. P., Drew, R. A. I. & White, G. G. (eds.). Pest Management: Future Challenges, Vol. 2. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland, pp. 82–6
Hammond, P. E. (1992). Species inventory. In Groombridge, B. (ed.). Global Biodiversity: Status of Earth's Living Resources. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 17–39
Hammond, P. E. (1994). Practical approaches to the estimation of the extent of biodiversity in speciose groups. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 345, 119–36
Hance, T. (2002). Impact of cultivation and crop husbandry practices. In Holland, J. M. (ed.). The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles. Andover, UK: Intercept, pp. 231–49
Hance, T., Gegoire-Wibo, C. & Lebrun, P. (1990). Agriculture and ground-beetle populations. Pedobiologia 34, 337–46
Hani, F. J., Boller, E. F. & Keller, S. (1998). Natural regulation at the farm level. In Pickett, C. H. & Bugg, R. L. (eds.). Enhancing Biological Control. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 161–209
Hansen, R. A. (2000). Diversity in the decomposing landscape. In Coleman, D. C. & Hendrix, D. F. (eds.). Invertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosystems. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 203–15
Hanski, I. & Simberloff, D. (1997). The metapopulation approach, its history, conceptual domain and application to conservation. In Hanski, I. & Gilpin, M. E. (eds.). Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics and Evolution. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 5–26
Harley, K. L. S. & Forno, I. W. (1992). Biological Control of Weeds: A Handbook for Practitioners and Students. Melbourne, Australia: Inkata Press
Harrison, S., Murphy, D. D. & Ehrlich, P. R. (1988). Distribution of the Bay checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha bayensis: evidence for a metapopulation model. American Naturalist 132, 360–82
Hart, B. J., Manley, W. J., Limb, T. M. & Davies, W. P. (1994). Habitat creation in large fields for natural pest regulation. British Crop Protection Council Monograph no. 58, pp. 319–22
Harwood, R. W. J., Hickman, J. M., Macleod, A. & Sherratt, T. N. (1994). Managing field margins for hoverflies. British Crop Protection Council Monograph no. 58, pp. 147–52
Hassall, M., Hawthorne, A., Maudsley, M., White, O. & Cardwell, C. (1992). Effects of headland management on invertebrate communities in cereal fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 40, 155–78
Hassan, S. A. (1989). Testing methodology and the concept of IOBC/WPRS Working Group. In Jepson, P. C. (ed.). Pesticides and Non-target Invertebrates. Wimborne, UK: Intercept, pp. 1–18
Haughton, A. J., Bell, J. R., Johnson, P. J.et al. (1999). Methods of increasing invertebrate abundance within field margins. Aspects of Applied Biology 54, 163–70
Hawkins, B. & Marino, P. (1997). The colonisation of native phytophagous insects in North America by exotic parasitoids. Oecologia 112, 566–71
Heatwole, H. & Lowman, M. (1986). Dieback: Death of an Australian Landscape. Sydney: Reed
Heinz, K. M., McCutcheon, B. M., Herrmann, R., Parella, M. P. & Hammock, B. D. (1995). Direct effects of recombinant nuclear polyhedrosis virus on selected non-target organisms. Journal of Economic Entomology 88, 259–64
Helps, M. B. (1994). Field margins: an agricultural perspective. British Crop Protection Council Monograph no. 58, pp. 21–30
Henry, C. S., Brooks, S. J., Thierry, D., Duelli, P. & Johnson, J. B. (2001). The common green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea s.lat.) and the sibling species problem. In McEwen, P., New, T. R. & Whittington, A. E. (eds.). Lacewings in the Crop Environment. Cambridge: cambridge University Press, pp. 29–42
Henry, C. S., Brooks, S. J., Duelli, P. & Johnson, J. B. (2002). Discovering the true Chrysoperla carnea (Insecta: Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) using song analysis, morphology and ecology. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95, 172–91
Herms, C. P., McCullough, D. G., Baue, L. S.et al. (1997). Susceptibility of the endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki used for gypsy moth suppression in Michigan. Great Lakes Entomologist 30, 125–41
Higley, L. G. & Wintersteen, W. K. (1992). A novel approach to environmental risk assessment of pesticides as a basis for incorporating environmental costs into economic injury level. American Entomologist 38, 34–9
Hill, R. J. (1999). Minimising uncertainty: in support of no-choice tests. In Withers, T. M., Barton Browne, L. E. & Stanley, J. (eds.). Host Specificity Testing in Australasia: Towards Improved Assays for Biological Control. Brisbane, Australia: Department of Natural Resources, Queensland, pp. 1–10
Hingston, A. B. & McQuillan, P. B. (1999). Displacement of Tasmanian native megachilid bees by the recently introduced bumblebee Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 47, 59–65
Hingston, A. B., Marsden-Smedley, J., Driscoll, D. A.et al. (2002). Extent of invasion of Tasmanian native vegetation by the exotic bumblebee Bombus terrestris (Apoidea: Apidae). Austral Ecology 27, 162–72
Hirose, Y. (1998). Conservation biological control of mobile pests: problems and tactics. In Barbosa, P. (ed.). Conservation Biological Control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 221–34
Hobbs, R. J. & Saunders, D. A. (eds.) (1993). Reintegrating Fragmented Landscapes: Towards Sustainable Production and Nature Conservation. New York: Springer-Verlag
Hochberg, M. E. (2000). What, conserve parasitoids? In Hochberg, M. E. & Ives, A. R. (eds.). Parasitoid Population Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 266–77
Hockey, P. A. S. & Bosman, A. C. (1986). Man as an intertidal predator in Transkei: disturbance, community consequences and management of a natural food species. Oikos 46, 3–14
Hokkanen, H. M. T. (1991). Trap cropping in pest management. Annual Review of Entomology 36, 119–38
Hokkanen, H. M. T. (1997). Role of biological control and transgenic crops in reducing use of chemical pesticides for crop protection. In Pimentel, D. (ed.). Techniques for Reducing Pesticide Use. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 103–27
Hokkanen, H. M. T. & Pimentel, D. (1984). New approaches for selecting biological control agents. Canadian Entomologist 116, 1109–21
Hokkanen, H. M. T. & Pimentel, D. (1989). New associations in biological control: theory and practice. Canadian Entomologist 121, 828–40
Holland, J. M. (2002). Carabid beetles, their ecology, survival and use in agroecosystems. In Holland, J. M. (ed.). The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles. Andover, UK: Intercept, pp. 1–40
Holland, J. M. & Luff, M. L. (2000). The effects of agricultural practices on Carabidae in temperate agroecosystems. Integrated Pest Management Reviews 5, 109–29
Holland, J. M., Thomas, S. R. & Courts, S. (1994). Phacelia tanacetifolia flower strips as a component of integrated farming. British Crop Protection Council Monograph no. 58, pp. 215–20
Holland, J. M., Frampton, G. K. & Van der Brink, P. J. (2002). Carabids as indicators within temperate arable farming systems: implications from SCARAB and LINK integrated farming systems projects. In Holland, J. M. (ed.). The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles. Andover: Intercept, pp. 251–77
Holt, R. D. & Hochberg, M. E. (2001). Indirect interactions, community modules and biological control: a theoretical perspective. In Wajnberg, E., Scott, J. K. & Quimby, P. C. (eds.). Evaluating Indirect Effects of Biological Control. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 13–38
Holt, S. J. (1987). Categorisation of threats to and status of wild populations. In Fitter, R. & Fitter, M. (eds.). The Road to Extinction. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/UNEP, pp. 19–30
Hopper, K. R. (1998). Assessing and improving the safety of introductions for biological control. In Zalucki, M. P., Drew, R. A. I. & White, G. G. (eds.). Pest Management: Future Challenges, Vol. 1. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland, pp. 501–10
Hopper, K. R. (2001). Research needs concerning non-target impacts of biological control introductions. In Wajnberg, E., Scott, J. K. & Quimby, P. C. (eds.). Evaluating Indirect Effects of Biological Control. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 39–56
Hopper, K. R., Roush, R. T. & Powell, W. (1993). Management of genetics of biological control introductions. Annual Review of Entomology 38, 27–51
Hopper, K. R., Coutinot, D., Chen, K., et al. (1998). Exploration for natural enemies to control Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae) in the United States. In Quisenberry, S. S. & Peairs, F. B. (eds.). Response Model for an Introduced Pest: The Russian Wheat Aphid. Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America, pp. 166–82
Horn, D. J. (1991). Potential impact of Coccinella septempunctata on endangered Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) in Northeastern Ohio. In: Polagar, L., Chambers, R. J., Dixon, A. F. G. & Hodek, I. (eds.). Behaviour and Impact of Aphidophaga. The Hague: Academic Publishing, pp. 159–62
Horne, P. A. & Edward, C. L. (1997). Preliminary observations on awareness, management and impact of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 56, 281–5
Hornsby, A. C. (1992). Site-specific pesticide recommendations: the final step in environmental impact prevention. Weed Technology 6, 736–42
Houlding, B., Ridsdill-Smith, T. J. & Bailey, W. J. (1991). Injectable abamectin causes a delay in scarabaeine dung beetle egg-laying in cattle dung. Australian Veterinary Journal 68, 185–6
House, G. J. & All, J. N. (1981). Carabid beetles in soybean agroecosystems. Environmental Entomology 10, 194–6
Howarth, F. G. (1983). Classical biocontrol: panacea or Pandora's box? Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 24, 239–44
Howarth, F. G. (1985). Impacts of alien land arthropods and molluscs on native plants and animals in Hawaii. In Stone, C. P. & Scott, J. W. (eds.). Hawaii's Terrestrial Ecosystems: Preservation and Management. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 149–79
Howarth, F. G. (1991). Environmental impacts of classical biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 36, 485–509
Howarth, F. G. (2000). Non-target effects of biological control agents. In Gurr, G. & Wratten, S. (eds.). Biological Control: Measures of Success. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 369–403
Howarth, F. G. (2001). Environmental issues concerning the importation of non-indigenous biological control agents. In Lockwood, J. A., Howarth, F. G. & Purcell, M. F. (eds.). Balancing Nature: Assessing the Impact of Non-native Biological Control Agents (an International Perspective). Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America, pp. 70–99
Hoy, C. W., Feldman, J., Gould, F., et al. (1998). Naturally occurring biological controls in genetically engineered crops. In Barbosa, P. (ed.). Conservation Biological Control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 185–205
Hughes, R. D., Hughes, M. A., Aeschlimann, J.-P., Woolcock, L. T. & Carver, M. (1994). An attempt to anticipate biological control of Diuraphis noxia (Hom., Aphididae). Entomophaga 39, 211–23
Hunter, D. M., Milner, R. J. & Spurgin, P. A. (2001). Aerial treatment of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Bulletin of Entomological Research 91, 93–9
Hunter, M. L. (1996). Fundamentals of Conservation Biology. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Science
Hutcheson, J. (1990). Characterisation of terrestrial insect communities using quantified, Malaise-trapped Coleoptera. Ecological Entomology 15, 143–51
Hutchings, T. R. (1993). An integrated approach to pasture management. In Delfosse, E. S. (ed.). Pests of pastures: Weed, Invertebrate and Disease Pests of Australian Sheep Pastures. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO, pp. 381–5
Hutchins, S. (1995). Free enterprise: the only sustainable solution to IPM implementation. Journal of Agricultural Entomology 12, 211–17
Huxley, J. S. (1963). Preface. In Carson, R. Silent Spring. London: Hamish Hamilton, pp. ⅹⅺ–ⅹⅻ
Huxley, P. A. (1990). Experimental agroforestry. In MacDicken, K. G. & Vergara, N. T. (eds.). Agroforestry: Classification and Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 332–53
Insley, H. (1988). Farm Woodland Planning. Forestry Commission Bulletin no. 80. London: HMSO
IUCN (1993). Guidelines for Protected Areas Management Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN
IUCN (1994). IUCN Red List Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN
IUCN (2002). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Animal Species. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN
IUCN et al. (1991). Caring for the World. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN
Jackson, T. A., Pearson, J. F., O'Callaghan, M., et al. (1993). Development of Invade, a bacterial product for control of grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) in New Zealand pastures. In Corey, S. A., Dall, D. J. & Milne, W. M. (eds.). Pest Control and Sustainable Agriculture. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO, pp. 259–60
Janzen, D. H. (1983). No park is an island: increase in interference from outside as park size decreases. Oikos 41, 402–10
Janzen, D. H. (1988). Tropical ecological and biocultural restoration. Science 239, 243–4
Jepson, P. C. (1982). Ecology of Myzus persicae and its predators in sugar beet. Ph. D. thesis. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge
Jepson, P. C. (1989). The temporal and spatial dynamics of pesticide side-effects on non-target invertebrates. In Jepson, P. C. (ed.). Pesticides and Non-target Invertebrates. Andover, UK: Intercept, pp. 95–127
Jepson, P. C. (1994). Field margins as habitats, refuges and barriers of variable permeability to Carabidae. British Crop Protection Council Monograph no. 58, pp. 67–76
Jesse, L. C. H. & Obrycki, J. J. (2003). Occurrence of Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) on milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) in transgenic Bt corn agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 97, 225–33
Johansen, C. A. (1977). Pesticides and pollination. Annual Review of Entomology 22, 177–92
Johnson, D. M. & Stiling, P. D. (1996). Host specificity of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), an exotic Opuntia-feeding moth in Florida. Environmental Entomology 25, 743–8
Jones, D. T., Susilo, F. X., Bignell, D. E.et al. (2003). Termite assemblage collapse along a land-use intensification gradient in lowland central Sumatra, Indonesia. Journal of Applied Ecology 40, 380–91
Jones, R. E. & Kitching, R. L. (1981). Why an ecology of pests? In Kitching, R. L. & Jones, R. E. (eds.). The Ecology of Pests: Some Australian Case Histories. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO, pp. 1–5
Jones, S. (1991). Hedgerows. In Fry, R. & Lonsdale, D. (eds.). Habitat Conservation for Insects: A Neglected Green Issue. Middlesex, UK: Amateur Entomologists' Society, pp. 117–28
Kalkhoven, J. T. R. (1993). Survival of populations and the scale of the fragmented agricultural landscape. In Bunce, R. G. H., Ryszkowski, L. & Paoletti, M. G. (eds.). Landscape Ecology and Agroecosystems. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 83–90
Kampf, H. (2002). Nature conservation in pastoral landscapes: challenges, choices and controls. In Redecker, B., Finck, P., Hardtle, W., Reicken, U. & Schroder, E. (eds.). Pasture Landscapes and Nature Conservation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 15–38
Kaule, G. & Krebs, S. (1989). Creating new habitats in intensively used agricultural land. In Buckley, G. P. (ed.). Biological Habitat Reconstruction. London: Belhaven Press, pp. 161–9
Keesing, V. & Wratten, S. D. (1997). Integrating plant and insect conservation. In Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B. V. & Hawkes, J. G. (eds.). Plant Genetic Conservation. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 220–35
Kells, A. R., Holland, J. M. & Goulson, D. (2001). The value of uncropped field margins for foraging bumblebees. Journal of Insect Conservation 5, 283–91
Kelly, G. C. & Park, G. N. (1986). The New Zealand Protected Natural Areas Programme: A Scientific Focus. New Zealand Biological Resources Centre Publication No. 4. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
Kemp, J. C. & Barrett, G. W. (1989). Spatial patterning: impact of uncultivated corridors on arthropod populations within soybean agroecosystems. Ecology 70, 114–28
Kerry, B. (1995). The potential impact of natural enemies on the survival and efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes. In Griffin, C. T., Gwynn, R. L. & Masson, J. P. (eds.). Ecology and Transmission Strategies of Entomopathogenic Nematodes. Luxembourg: European Commission, pp. 7–13
Kevan, P. G. (1977). Blueberry crops in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick: pesticides and crop reductions. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 25, 64
Key, K. H. L. (1978). The Conservation Status of Australia's Insect Fauna. Canberra, Australia: Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service
King, E. G., Hopper, K. R. & Powell, J. E. (1985). Analysis of systems for biological control of crop arthropod pests in the United States by augmentation of predators and parasites. In Hoy, M. A. & Herzog, R. C. (eds.). Biological Control in Agricultural IPM Systems. New York: Academic Press, pp. 210–27
Kirkham, F. W., Sherwood, A. J., Oakley, J. N. & Fielder, A. G. (1999). Botanical composition and invertebrate populations in sown grass and wildflower margins. Aspects of Applied Biology 54, 291–8
Kirkpatrick, J., McDougall, K., & Hyde, M. (1995). Australia's most Threatened Ecosystems: The Southeastern Lowland Native Grasslands. Chipping Norton, UK: Surrey Beatty & Sons
Knight, R. L. & Landres, P. B. (2002). Central concepts and issues of biological conservation. In Gutzwiller, K. J. (ed.). Applying Landscape Ecology in Biological Conservation. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 22–3
Kobel-Lamparski, A., Gack, C. & Lamparski, F. (1993). Influence of mulching treatment on epigeic spiders in vineyards of the Kaiserstuhl area (SW Germany). Arachnological Mitteilungen 5, 15–32
Kogan, M. (1982). Plant resistance in pest management. In Metcalf, R. L. & Luckmann, W. L. (eds.). Introduction to Insect Pest Management, 2nd edn. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 93–134
Kogan, M. (1988). Integrated pest management theory and practice. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49, 59–70
Kogan, M. (1998). Integrated pest management: historical perspective and categorising developments. Annual Review of Entomology 43, 243–70
Kovach, J., Petzoidt, C., Degni, J. & Tette, J. (1992). A method to measure the environmental impact of pesticides. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station Food and Life Sciences Bulletin 139
Kremen, C., Colwell, R. K., Erwin, T. L.et al. (1993). Terrestrial arthropod assemblages: their use in conservation planning. Conservation Biology 7, 796–805
Kreutzweiser, D. P., Holmes, S. B., Capell, S. S. & Eichenberg, D. C. (1992). Lethal and sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki on aquatic insects in laboratory bioassays and outdoor stream channels. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 49, 252–8
Kreutzweiser, D. P., Capell, S. S. & Thomas, D. R. (1994) Aquatic insect responses to Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki in a forest stream. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, 2041–9
Kromp, B. (1999). Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture: a review on pest control efficiency, cultivation impacts and enhancement. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Ecology 74, 187–228
Kruess, A. & Tscharntke, T. (2000). Effects of habitat fragmentation on plant-insect communities. In Ekbom, B., Irwin, M. E. & Robert, Y. (eds.). Interchanges of Insects between Agricultural and Surrounding Landscapes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, pp. 53–70
Kruger, K. & Scholtz, C. H. (1997). Lethal and sublethal effects of ivermectin on the dung-breeding beetles Euonoticellus intermedius (Reiche) and Onitis alexis Klug (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 61, 123–31
Kuhbauch, W. (1998). Loss of biodiversity in European agriculture during the twentieth century. In Barthlott, W. & Winiger, M. (eds.). Biodiversity: A Challenge for Development Research and Policy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 145–55
Lagerlof, J., Starck, J. & Svenson, B. (1992). Margins of agricultural fields as habitats for pollinating insects. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 40, 117–24
Lambeck, R. J. (1999). Landscape Planning for Biodiversity Conservation in Agricultural Regions: A Case Study from the Wheatbelt of Western Australia. Biodiversity Technical Paper No. 2. Canberra, Australia: Environment Australia
Landis, D. A. & Menalled, F. D. (1998). Ecological considerations in the conservation of effective parasitoid communities in agricultural systems. In Barbosa, P. (ed.). Conservation Biological Control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 101–21
Landis, D. A., Wratten, S. D. & Gurr, G. M. (2000). Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology 45, 175–201
Landy, J. (1993). Foreword. Pest control: the key to pasture productivity. In Delfosse, E. (ed.). Pests of Pasture: Weed, Invertebrate and Disease Pests of Australian Sheep Pastures. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO, p. ⅸ
Latchininsky, A. V. (1998). Moroccan Locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus) (Thunberg 1815): a faunistic rarity or an important economic pest? Journal of Insect Conservation 2, 167–78
Launer, A. E. & Murphy, D. D. (1994). Umbrella species and the conservation of habitat fragments: a case of a threatened butterfly and a vanishing grassland ecosystem. Biological Conservation 69, 145–53
Laurance, W. F. & Yensen, E. (1991). Predicting the impacts of edge effects in fragmented habitats. Biological Conservation 55, 77–92
Lee, J. C., Menalled, F. D. & Landis, D. A. (2001). Refuge habitats modify impact of insecticide disturbance on carabid beetle communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 38, 472–83
Lee, M. S. Y. (2000). A worrying systematic decline. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15, 346
Leong, K. L. H., Yoshimura, M. A. & Kaya, H. K. (1992). Low susceptibility of overwintering monarch butterflies to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. Pan Pacific Entomologist 68, 66–8
Letourneau, D. K. & Altieri, M. A. (1999). Environmental management to enhance biological control in agroecosystems. In Bellows, T. S. & Fisher, T. W. (eds.). Handbook of Biological Control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 319–54
Levins, R. 1970. Extinction. Some mathematical questions in biology. In Gerstenhaberr, M. (ed.). Lectures on Mathematics in Life Sciences. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, pp. 77–107
Levitan, L., Merwin, I., & Kovach, J. (1995). Assessing the relative environmental impacts of agricultural practices: the quest for a holistic method. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 55, 153–68
Lipton, J., Galbraith, H., Berger, J. & Wartenberg, D. (1996). A paradigm for ecological risk assessment. Environmental Management 17, 1–5
Lockwood, J. A. (1993a). Environmental issues involved in the biological control of rangeland grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with exotic agents. Environmental Entomology 22, 503–18
Lockwood, J. A. (1993b). The benefits and costs of controlling rangeland grasshoppers with exotic organisms: the search for a null hypothesis and regulatory compromise. Environmental Entomology 22, 904–14
Lockwood, J. A. (1996). The ethics of biological control: understanding the moral implications of our most powerful ecological technology. Agriculture and Human Values 13, 2–19
Lockwood, J. A. (1998). Management of orthopteran pests: a conservation perspective. Journal of Insect Conservation 2, 253–61
Lockwood, J. A. & DeBrey, L. D. (1990). A solution for the sudden and unexplained extinction of the Rocky Mountain grasshopper (Orthoptera. Acrididae). Environmental Entomology 19, 1194–205
Lockwood, J. A. & Ewen, A. B. (1997). Biological control of rangeland grasshoppers and locusts. In Gangwere, S. K., Muralirangan, M. C. & Muralirangam, M. (eds.). Bionomics of Grasshoppers, Katydids and their Kin. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 421–42
Longley, M. & Sotherton, N. W. (1997). Factors determining the effects of pesticides upon butterflies inhabiting arable farmland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 61, 1–12
Lonsdale, W. M., Briese, D. T. & Cullen, J. M. (2001). Risk analysis and weed biological control. In Wajnberg, E., Scott, J. K. & Quimby, P. C. (eds.). Indirect Effects of Biological Control. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 185–210
Loope, L. L., Medeiras, A. C. & Cole, F. R. (1988). Effects of the Argentine ant on the endemic biota of subalpine shrubland, Haleakala National Park. pp. 52–62. In Thomas, L. K. (ed.). Management of exotic species in Natural Communities. Fort Collins, CO: United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Losey, J. E., Rayor, L. S. & Carter, M. E. (1999). Transgenic pollen harms monarch larvae. Nature 399, 214
Louda, S. M., Kendall, D., Connor, J. & Simberloff, D. (1997). Ecological effects of an insect introduced for the biological control of weeds. Science 277, 1088–90
Louda, S. M., Simberlof, D., Boettner, G.et al. (1998). Insights from data on the nontarget effects of the flowerhead weevil. Biocontrol News and Information 19, 70–71N
Louda, S. M., Arnett, A. E., Rand, T. A. & Rusell, F. L. (2003a). Invasiveness of some biological control insects and adequacy of their ecological risk assessment and regulation. Conservation Biology 17, 73–82
Louda, S. M., Pemberton, R. W., Johnson, M. T. & Follett, P. A. (2003b). Nontarget effects: the Achilles' heel of biological control? Retrospective analyses to reduce risk associated with biocontrol introductions. Annual Review of Entomology 48, 365–96
Loxdale, H. D. & Den Hollander, J. (1989). Electrophoretic Studies on Agricultural Pests. Oxford: Clarendon Press
Lubbe, E. (1988). National report on environmental management in agriculture: W. Germany. In Park, J. R. (ed.). Environmental Management and Agriculture: European Perspectives. London: Belhaven Press, pp. 83–94
Lumaret, J. P., Galante, E., Lumbreras, C.et al. (1993). Field effects of ivermectin residues on dung beetles. Journal of Applied Ecology 30, 428–36
Lynch, L. D., Ives, A. R., Waage, J. K., Hochberg, M. E. & Thomas, M. B. (2002). The risks of biocontrol: transient impacts and minimum non-target densities. Ecological Applications 12, 1872–82
Lys, J.-A. & Nentwig, W. (1991). Surface activity of carabid beetles inhabiting cereal fields. Seasonal phenology and the influence of farming operations on five abundant species. Pedobiologia 35, 129–38
Lys, J.-A. & Nentwig, W. (1992). Augmentation of beneficial arthropods by strip-management. 4. Surface activity, movements and activity density of abundant carabid beetles in a cereal field. Oecologia 92, 373–82
MacDicken, K. G. & Vergara, N. T. (1990). Introduction to agroforestry. In MacDicken, K. G. & Vergara, N. T. (eds.). Agroforestry: Classification and Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1–30
Macdonald, D. W. & Smith, H. (1990). New perspectives on agroecology. In Firbank, L. G., Carter, N., Darbyshire, J. F. & Potts, G. R. (eds.). The Ecology of Temperate Cereal Fields. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publishers, pp. 413–48
Mader, H. J. (1984). Animal habitat isolation by roads and agricultural fields. Biological Conservation 29, 81–96
Mader, H. J., Schell, C. & Kornacken, P. (1990). Linear barriers to arthropod movements in the landscape. Biological Conservation 54, 209–22
Madsen, M., Nielsen, Overgaard B., Holter, P.et al. (1990). Treating cattle with ivermectin: effects on the fauna and decomposition of dung pads. Journal of Applied Ecology 27, 1–5
Maelfait, J.-P. & Keer, R. (1990). The border-zone of an intensively grazed pasture as a corridor for spiders Araneae. Biological Conservation 54, 223–38
Main, A. R. (1993). Landscape reintegration: problem definition. In Hobbs, R. J. & Saunders, D. A. (eds.). Reintegrating Fragmented Landscapes: Towards Sustainable Production and Nature Conservation. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 189–208
Majer, J. D. & Beeston, G. (1996). The biodiversity integrity index: an illustration using ants in Western Australia. Conservation Biology 10, 65–73
Majer, J. D., Recher, H. F., Wellington, A. B., Woinarski, J. C. Z. & Yen, A. L. (1998). Invertebrates of eucalypt formations. In Williams, J. & Woinarski, J. (eds.). Eucalypt Ecology: Individuals to Ecosystems. Cambridge: cambridge University Press, pp. 278–302
Malden, W. J. (1899). Hedges and hedge-making. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 6, 87–115
Mannion, A. M. (1995). Agriculture and Environmental Change. Temporal and Spatial Dimensions. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons
Marc, P., Canard, A. & Ysnel, F. (1999). Spiders (Araneae) useful for pest limitation and bioindication. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74, 229–73
Margules, C. R. (1992). The Wog Wog habitat fragmentation experiment. Environmental Conservation 19, 316–25
Marino, P. C. & Landis, D. A. (1996). Effects of landscape structure on parasitoid diversity and parasitism in agroecosystems. Ecological Applications 6, 276–84
Marohasy, J. J. (1998). The design and interpretation of host-specificity tests for weed biological control with particular reference to insect behaviour. Biocontrol News and Information 19, 13–20N
Marrs, R. H., Frost, A. J., Plant, R. A. & Lunnis, P. (1993). Determination of buffer zones to protect seedlings of non target plants from the effects of glyphosphate spray drift. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 45, 283–93
Mauremooto, J. R., Wratten, S. D., Worner, S. P. & Fry, G. L. (1995). Permeability of hedgerows to predatory carabid beetles. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 52, 141–8
McEvoy, P. B. & Coombs, E. M. (1999). Why things bite back: unintended consequences of biological weed control. In Follett, P. A. & Duan, J. J. (eds.). Nontarget Effects of Biological Control. Boston, MA: Kluwer, pp. 167–94
McEvoy, P. B. & Coombs, E. M. (2000). A parsimonious approach to biological control of plant invaders. Ecological Applications 9, 387–401
McFadyen, R. E. C. (1998). Biological control of weeds. Annual Review of Entomology 43, 369–93
McGeoch, M. A. (1998). The selection, testing and application of terrestrial insects as bioindicators. Biological Reviews 73, 181–201
McIntyre, S., Barrett, G. W., Kitching, R. L. & Recher, H. F. (1992). Species triage: seeing beyond wounded rhinos. Conservation Biology 6, 604–6
McLaughlin, A. & Mineau, P. (1995). The impact of agricultural practices on biodiversity. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 55, 201–12
McLeod, A. H., McGugar, B. M. & Coppel, H. C. (1962). A Review of the Biological Control Attempts Against Insects and Weeds in Canada. Technical communication of the Commonwealth Institute for Biological Control 2
McNeely, J. A. (1988). Economics and Biological Diversity. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN
McQuillan, P. B. (1999). The effect of changes in Tasmanian grasslands on the geometrid moth tribe Xanthorhoini (Geometridae: Larentiinae). In Ponder, W. & Lunney, D. (eds.). The Other 99%: The conservation and biodiversity of invertebrates. Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, 121–8
Meinzingen, W. F. (1997). Overview and challenges of new control agents. In Krall, S., Peveling, R. & Ba Diallo, D. (eds.). New Strategies in Locust Control. Switzerland: Birkhauser-Verlag, Basel, pp. 105–15
Messing, R. H. (2000). The impact of nontarget concerns on the practice of biological control. In Follett, P. A. & Duan, J. J. (eds.). Nontarget Effects of Biological Control. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic publishers, pp. 45–55
Metcalf, R. L. (1980). Changing roles of insecticides in crop protection. Annual Review of Entomology 25, 219–56
Miller, J. C. (1990). Field assessment of the effects of a microbial pest control agent on nontarget Lepidoptera. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 36, 135–9
Miller, L. K. (1995). Genetically engineered insect virus pesticides: present and future. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 65, 211–16
Moen, J. & Jonsson, B. G. (2003). Edge effects on liverworts and lichens in forest patches in a mosaic of boreal forest and wetland. Conservation Biology 17, 380–88
Moldenke, A., Shaw, C. & Boyle, J. R. (1991). Computer-driven image-based soil fauna taxonomy. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 34, 177–85
Moreby, S. J., Sotherton, N. W. & Jepson, P. W. (1997). The effects of pesticides on species of non-target Heteroptera inhabiting cereal fields in southern England. Pesticide Science 51, 39–48
Morris, M. G. (1969). Populations of invertebrate animals and the management of chalk grasslands in Britain. Biological Conservation 1, 225–31
Morris, M. G. (1971a). Differences between the invertebrate fauna of grazed and ungrazed chalk grassland. IV. Abundance and diversity of Homoptera – Auchenorhyncha. Journal of Applied Ecology 8, 37–52
Morris, M. G. (1971b). The management of grassland for the conservation of invertebrate animals. In Duffey, E, & Watt, A. S. (eds.). The Scientific Management of Animal and Plant Communities for Conservation. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 527–52
Morris, M. G. & Webb, N. R. (1987). The importance of field margins for the conservation of insects. British Crop Protection Council Monograph no. 33, pp. 53–65
Munguira, M. L. & Thomas, J. A. (1992). Use of road verges by butterfly and burnet populations, and the effects of roads on adult dispersal and mortality. Journal of Applied Ecology 29, 316–29
Murcia, C. (1995). Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10, 58–62
Murdoch, W. W., Chesson, J. & Chesson, P. L. (1995). Biological control in theory and practice. American Naturalist 125, 344–66
Murray, J., Murray, E., Johnson, M. S. & Clarke, B. (1988). The extinction of Partula on Moorea. Pacific Science 42, 150–53
Nafus, D. R. (1992). Impact of intentionally and accidentally introduced biological control agents on Hypolimnas anomala and H. bolina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Pacific Science 46, 394–5
Nafus, D. R. (1993). Movement of introduced biological control agents onto non-target butterflies, Hypolimnas spp. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Environmental Entomology 22, 265–72
Nafus, D. R. (1994). Extinction, biological control and insect conservation on islands. In Gaston, K. J., New, T. R. & Samways, M. J. (eds.). Perspectives on Insect Conservation. Andover, UK: Intercept, pp. 139–54
Nafus, D. R. & Schreiner, I. (1986). Intercropped maize and sweet potatoes. Effects on parasitisation of Ostrinia furnacalis by Trichogramma chilonis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 15, 189–200
Nair, P. K. R. (1990). Classification of agroforestry systems. In MacDicken, K. G. & Vergara, N. T. (eds.). Agroforestry: Classification and Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 31–57
NAS (National Academy of Sciences) (1993). Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
Neale, C., Smith, D., Beattie, G. A. C. & Miles, M. (1995). Importation, host specificity testing, rearing and release of three parasitoids of Phyllocnistis citrella (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in eastern Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 34, 343–8
Nentwig, W. (1995). Ackerkrautstreifen als Systemansatz fur eine umweltfreundliche Landwirtschaft. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 9, 679–83
Nentwig, W., Frank, T. & Lethmayer, C. (1998). Sown weed strips: artificial ecological compensation areas as an important tool in conservation biological control. In Barbosa, P. (ed.). Conservation Biological Control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 133–53
Neville, P. J. & New, T. R. (1999). Ant genus to species ratios: a practical trial for surrogacy value in Victorian forests. In Ponder, W. & Lunney, D. (eds.). The Other 99%: The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates. Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. Mosman, 133–7
New, T. R. (1983). Systematics and ecology: reflections from the interface. In Highley, E. & Taylor, R. W. (eds.). Australian Systematic Entomology: A Bicentenary Perspective. Melbourne: CSIRO, pp. 50–79
New, T. R. (1984). Insect Conservation: An Australian Perspective. The Hague: W. Junk
New, T. R. (1991). Insects as Predators. Kensington, NSW: New South Wales University Press
New, T. R. (1993). Angels on a pin: dimensions of the crisis in invertebrate conservation. American Zoologist 33, 623–30
New, T. R. (1994). Exotic Insects in Australia. Adelaide, Australia: Gleneagles Press
New, T. R. (1995). Introduction to Invertebrate Conservation Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press
New, T. R. (1998). Invertebrate Surveys for Conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press
New, T. R. (1999a). Limits to species focusing in insect conservation. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 92, 853–60
New, T. R. (1999b). Entomology and nature conservation. European Journal of Entomology 96, 11–17
New, T. R. (2000a). The conservation of a discipline: traditional taxonomic skills in insect conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation 4, 211–13
New, T. R. (2000b). How to conserve the ‘meek inheritors’. Journal of Insect Conservation 4, 151–2
New, T. R. (2002). Insects and Pest Management in Australian Agriculture. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press
Newsom, L. D. (1967). Consequences of insecticide use on non-target organisms. Annual Review of Entomology 12, 257–86
Noss, R. F. (1990). Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology 4, 355–64
NRC (National Research Council) (1989). Problems in U.S. agriculture. In Alternative Agriculture. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 89–134
Oades, J. M. & Walters, L. J. (1994). Indicators for sustainable agriculture: policies to paddock. In Pankhurst, C. E., Doube, B. M., Gupta, V. V. S. R. & Grace, P. R. (eds.). Soil Biota: Management in Sustainable Farming Systems. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO, pp. 219–23
Obrycki, J. J., Elliott, N. C. & Giles, K. L. (1999). Coccinellid introductions: potential for and evaluation of nontarget effects. In Follet, P. A. & Duan, J. J. (eds.). Nontarget Effects of Biological Control. Boston, MA: Kluwer, pp. 127– 45
Odum, E. P. (1969). The strategy of ecosystem development. Science 164, 262–70
O'Dwyer, C. (1999). The g-habitat of the golden sun moth. In Ponder, W. & Lunney, D. (eds.). The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates. Mosman, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, pp. 322–40
O'Dwyer, C. & Attiwill, P. M. (1999). A comparative study of habitats of the golden sun moth Synemon plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Castniidae): implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 89, 131–41
Oliver, I. & Beattie, A. J. (1993). A possible method for the rapid assessment of biodiversity. Conservation Biology 7, 562–8
Olkowski, W. & Zhang, A. (1998). Habitat management for biological control: examples from China. In Pickett, C. H. & Bugg, R. L. (eds.). Enhancing Biological Control. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 255–70
O'Neill, K. M., Olson, B. E., Rolston, M. G.et al. (2003). Effects of livestock grazing on rangeland grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) abundance. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 97, 51–64
O'Neill, R. J., Giles, K. L., Obrycki, J. J.et al. (1998). Evaluation of the quality of four commercially available natural enemies. Biological Control 11, 1–8
Ovenden, G. N., Swash, A. R. H. & Smallshire, D. (1998). Agri-environment schemes and their contribution to conservation of biodiversity in England. Journal of Applied Ecology 35, 955–60
Paine, R. W. (1994). Recollections of a Pacific entomologist, 1925–1966. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research
Pankhurst, C. E. & Lynch, J. M. (1994). The role of soil biota in sustainable agriculture. In Pankhurst, C. E., Doube, B. M., Gupta, V. V. S. R. & Grace, P. R. (eds.). Soil Biota and Management in Sustainable Farming Systems. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO, pp. 3–9
Paoletti, M. G. (1999). Invertebrate biodiversity bioindicators of sustainable landscapes. Practical use of invertebrates to assess sustainable land use. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74, 1–444
Paoletti, M. G. & Hassall, M. (1999). Woodlice (Isopoda: Oniscoidea): their potential for assessing sustainability and use as bioindicators. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74, 157–65
Parkman, J. P., Frank, J. H., Nguyen, K. B. & Smart, G. C. Jr (1994). Inoculative release of Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) to suppress pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) on golf courses. Environmental Entomology 23, 1331–7
Paton, D. C. (1996). Overview of the Impacts of Feral and Managed Honeybees in Australia. Canberra, Australia: Australian Nature Conservation Agency
Pearce, D. & Tinch, R. (1998). The base price of pesticides. In Vorley, W. & Keeney, D. (eds.). Bugs in the System: Redesigning the Pesticide Industry for Sustainable Agriculture. London: Earthscan, pp. 50–93
Pearson, D. L. (1994). Selecting indicator taxa for the quantitative assessment of biodiversity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 345, 75–9
Pedigo, L. P. (1996). Entomology and Pest Management, 2nd edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
Pedigo, L. P. (1999). Entomology and Pest Management, 3rd edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
Pedigo, L. P., Hutchins, S. H. & Higley, L. G. (1986). Economic injury levels in theory and practice. Annual Review of Entomology 31, 341–68
Pekar, S. (1999). Effect of IPM practices and conventional spraying on spider population dynamics in an apple orchard. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 73, 155–66
Penrose, L. J., Thwaite, W. G. & Bower, C. C. (1994). Rating index as a basis for decision making on pesticide use reduction and for accreditation of fruit produced under integrated orchard management. Crop Protection13, 146–52
Perfecto, I. & Snelling, R. (1995). Biodiversity and the transformation of a tropical agroecosystem: ants in coffee plantations. Ecological Applications 5, 1084–97
Perkins, J. H. & Patterson, B. R. (1997). Pests, pesticides and the environment: a historical perspective on the prospects for pesticide reduction. In Pimentel, D. (ed.). Techniques for Reducing Pesticide Use: Economic and Environmental Benefits. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 13–34
Pesek, J. (1993). Historical perspective. In Hatfield, J. L. & Karlen, D. L. (eds.). Sustainable Agricultural Systems. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 1–19
Pickett, S. T. A. & White, P. (1985). The Ecology of Natural Disturbances and Patch Dynamics. Orlando, FL: Academic Press
Pik, A. J., Oliver, I. & Beattie, A. J. (1999). Taxonomic sufficiency in ecological studies of terrestrial invertebrates. Australian Journal of Ecology 24, 555–62
Pimentel, D. (1995). Amounts of pesticides reaching target pests: environmental impacts and ethics. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 8, 17–29
Poehling, H. M. (1996). Agricultural practices which enhance numbers of beneficial arthropods. Acta Jutlandica 71, 269–75
Pollard, E. (1968). The effect of the removal of the bottom flora of a hawthorn hedgerow on the Carabidae of the hedge bottom. Journal of Applied Ecology 5, 125–39
Pollard, E. & Yates, T. J. (1993). Monitoring Butterflies for Ecology and Conservation. London: Chapman & Hall
Pollard, E., Hooper, M. D. & Moore, N. W. (1974). Hedges. London: Collins
Powell, W. (1986). Enhancing parasitoid activity in crops. In Waage, J. & Greathead, D. (eds.). Insect parasitoids. London: Academic Press, pp. 319–40
Pretty, J. N. (1998). The Living Land: Agriculture, Food and Community Regeneration in Rural Europe. London: Earthscan
Prinsloo, G. L. & Neser, O. C. (1994). The Aphytis fauna of the Afrotropical region. In Rosen, D. (ed.). Advances in the Study of Aphytis. Andover, UK: Intercept, pp. 279–302
Prinsloo, G. & Samways, M. J. (2001). Host specificity among introduced chalcidoid biological control agents in South Africa. In Lockwood, J. A., Howarth, F. G. & Purcell, M. F. (eds.). Balancing Nature: Assessing the Impact of Importing Non-native Biological Control Agents (An International Perspective). Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America, pp. 31–40
Prokopy, R. J. (1977). Integration in orchard pest and habitat management: a review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 50, 1–10
Pschorn-Walcher, H. (1977). Biological control of forest insects. Annual Review of Entomology 22, 1–22
Qualset, C. O., McGuire, P. E. & Warburton, M. L. (1995). ‘Agrobiodiversity’: key to agricultural productivity. California Agriculture 49, 45–9
Quinn, M. A., Kepner, R. L., Walgenbach, D. D.et al. (1993). Grasshopper stages of development as indicators of nontarget arthropod activity: implications for grasshopper management programs on mixed-grass rangeland. Environmental Entomology 22, 532–40
Quisenberry, S. S. & Peairs, F. B. (1998). Response Model for an Introduced Pest: The Russian Wheat Aphid. Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America
Rabb, R. L. (1972). Principles and contexts of pest management. In Implementing Practical Pest Management Studies. Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, pp. 6–29
Radford, B. J., Wilson-Rummenie, A. C., Simpson, G. B., Bell, K. L. & Ferguson, M. A. (2001). Compacted soil affects soil macrofauna populations in a semiarid environment in central Queensland. Soil Biology & Biodiversity 33, 1869–72
Rands, M. R. & Sotherton, N. W. (1986). Pesticide use on cereal crops and changes in the abundance of butterflies on arable farmland. Biological Conservation 36, 71–82
Ranney, J. W., Brunner, M. C. & Levenson, J. B. (1981). The importance of edge in the structure and dynamics of forest islands. In Burgess, R. L. & Sharpe, D. M. (eds.). Forest Island Dynamics in Man-dominated Landscapes. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 67–96
Raymond, F. & Waltham, R. (1996). Forage Conservation and Feeding, 5th edn. Ipswich, UK: Farming Press
Read, J. L. & Andersen, A. N. (2000). The value of ants as early warning indicators: responses to pulsed cattle grazing at an Australian arid zone locality. Journal of Arid Environments 45, 231–51
Reid, R. S., Kruska, R. L., Deichmann, U. & Thornton, P. K. (2000). Human population growth and the extinction of the tsetse fly. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 77, 227–36
Resh, V. H. & McElravy, E. P. (1993). Contemporary quantitative approaches to biomonitoring using benthic macroinvertebrates. In Rosenberg, D. M. & Resh, V. H. (eds.). Freshwater Biomonitoring and Benthic Macroinvertebrates. New York: Chapman & Hall, pp. 159–94
Reus, J. A. W. & Pak, G. A. (1993). An environmental yardstick for pesticides. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent 58/2a, 249–55
Reynolds, H. T., Adkisson, P. L., Smith, R. F. & Fisbie, R. E. (1982). Cotton insect pest management. In Metcalf, R. L. & Luckmann, W. L. (eds.). Introduction to Insect Pest Management, 2nd edn. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 375–441
Richards, A., Matthews, M. & Christian, P. (1998). Ecological considerations for the impact evaluation of recombinant baculovirus insecticides. Annual Review of Entomology 43, 493–517
Riechert, S. E. (1998). The role of spiders and their conservation in the agroecosystem. In Pickett, C. H. & Bugg, R. L. (eds.). Enhancing Biological Control. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 211–37
Riechert, S. E. & Bishop, L. (1990). Prey control by an assemblage of generalist predators: spiders in garden test systems. Ecology 71, 1441–50
Riegert, P. W., Ewen, A. B. & Lockwood, J. A. (1997). A history of chemical control of grasshoppers and locusts 1940–1990. In Gangwere, S. K., Muralirangan, M. C. & Muralirangan, M. (eds.). Bionomics of Grashoppers, Katydids and their Kin. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 385–406
Robinson, J., Tuden, D. & Pease, S. (1995). Taxing Pesticides to Fund Environmental Protection and Integrated Pest Management. University of California, Berkeley, CA: Center for Occupational and Environmental Health
Robinson, R. A. & Sutherland, W. J. (2002). Post-war changes in arable farming and biodiversity in Great Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology 39, 157–76
Robson, W. J. (1992). Landscape permeability to butterfly movement at an abandoned meadow in southern Norway. B. Sc. thesis. Southampton, UK: University of Southampton
Rochester, W. A. & Zalucki, M. P. (1998). Measuring the impacts of Helicoverpa armigera migration on pest management during summer and autumn. In Zalucki, M. P., Drew, R. A. I. & White, G. G. (eds.). Pest Management: Future Challenges, Vol. 2. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland, pp. 94–8
Roitberg, B. D. (2000). Threats, flies and protocol gaps: can evolutionary biology save biological control? In Hochberg, M. E. & Ivey, A. R. (eds.). Parasitoid Population Biology. Princeton, MA: Princeton University Press, pp. 254–65
Root, R. B. (1973). Organisation of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: the fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea). Ecological Monographs 43, 95–124
Rosen, D. & DeBach, P. (1979). Species of Aphytis of the world. The Hague: W. Junk
Rosenheim, J. A. (2001). Source-sink dynamics for a generalist insect predator in habitats with strong higher-order predation. Ecological Monographs 71, 93–116
Rothschild, G. H. (1998). Applied entomology: prospects and challenges for the next millennium. In Zalucki, M. P., Drew, R. A. I. and White, G. G. (eds.). Pest Management: Future Challenges. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland, pp. 1–10
Roush, R. T. & Tabashnik, B. E. (1990). Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods. London: Chapman & Hall
Roy, H. E. & Pell, J. K. (2000). Interactions between entomopathogenic fungi and other natural enemies: implications for biological control. Biocontrol Science and Technology 10, 737–52
Ruberson, J. R., Nemeto, H, & Hirose, Y. (1998). Pesticides and conservation of natural enemies in pest management. In Barbosa, P. (ed.). Conservation Biological Control. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 207–33
Rudd, R. L. (1964). Pesticides in the Living Landscape. London: Faber & Faber
Russell, E. P. (1989). Enemies hypothesis: a review of the effect of vegetation diversity on predatory insects and parasitoids. Environmental Entomology 18, 590–99
Rykiel, E. J. (1985). Towards a definition of ecological disturbance. Australian Journal of Ecology 10, 361–5
Samways, M. J. (1994). Insect Conservation Biology. London: Chapman & Hall
Samways, M. J. (1997). Classical biological control and biodiversity conservation: what risks are we prepared to accept? Biodiversity and Conservation 6, 1309–16
Samways, M. J. & Lockwood, J. A. (1998). Orthoptera conservation: pests and paradoxes. Journal of Insect Conservation 2, 143–9
Sands, D. P. A. (1997). The ‘safety’ of biological control agents: assessing their impact on beneficial and other non-target arthropods. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 56, 611–16
Sands, D. P. A. & New, T. R. (2002). The Action Plan for Australian Butterflies. Canberra, Australia: Environment Australia
Sands, D. P. A. & van Driesche, R. G. (2000). Evaluating the host range of agents for biological control of arthropods: rationale, methodology and interpretation. In van Driesche, R., Heard, T., McClay, A. & Reardon, R. (eds.). Host Specificity Testing of Exotic Arthropod Biological Control Agents: The Biological Basis for Improvement in Safety. Morgantown, WV: USDA Forest Service, pp. 69–83
Saunders, D. A. (2000). Biodiversity does matter. In Barlow, T. & Thorburn, R. (eds.). Balancing Conservation and Production in Grassy Landscapes. Canberra, Australia: Environment Australia, pp. 14–18
Saville, N. M., Dramstad, W. E., Fry, G. L. A. & Corbet, S. A. (1997). Bumblebee movement in a fragmented agricultural landscape. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 61, 145–54
Schellhorn, N. A., Harmon, J. H. & Andow, D. A. (2000). Using cultural practice to enhance insect pest control by natural enemies. In Rechcigl, J. (ed.). Environmentally Sound Approaches to Insect Pest Management. Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press, pp. 147–70
Schonrogge, K., Stone, G. N. & Crawley, M. J. (1996). Alien herbivores and native parasitoids: rapid developments and structure of the parasitoid and inquiline complex in an invading gall wasp, Andricus quercuscalicis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Ecological Entomology 21, 71–80
Schwartz, M. W., Brigham, C. A., Hoeksema, J. P.et al. (2000). Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: implications for conservation biology. Oecologia 122, 297–305
Seastedt, T. R. (2000). Soil fauna and control of carbon dynamics: comparisons of rangelands and forests across latitudinal gradients. In Coleman, D. C. & Hendrix, P. F. (eds.). Invertebrates as Webmasters in ecosystems. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 293–312
Sewall, D. K. & Croft, B. A. (1987). Chemotherapeutic and non-target side effects of benomyl to orange tortrix, Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its braconid endoparasite Apanteles aristoteliae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environmental Entomology 16, 507–12
Sgardelkis, S. P. & Usher, M. B. (1994). Responses of soil Cryptostigmata across the boundary between a farm woodland and an arable field. Pedobiologia 38, 36–49
Shattuck, S. O. (1999). Australian Ants: Their Biology and Identification. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO
Shaw, M. W. & Hochberg, M. E. (2001). The neglect of parasitic Hymenoptera in insect conservation strategies: the British fauna as a prime example. Journal of Insect Conservation 5, 253–63
Sheppard, A. W. (1999). Which test? A mini-review of test usage in host specificity testing. In Withers, T. M., Barton-Browne, L. & Stanley, J. (eds.). Host Specificity Testing in Australasia: Towards Improved Assays for Biological Control. Brisbane, Australia: Department of Natural Resources, Queensland, pp. 60–69
Simberloff, D. (1992). Conservation of pristine habitats and unintended effects of biological control. In Kaufman, W. C. & Nechols, J. E. (eds.). Thomas Say Proceedings of the Entomological Society of America, Vol. 1. Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America, pp. 103–17
Simberloff, D. & Stiling, P. (1996). How risky is biological control? Ecology 77, 1965–74
Smallshire, D. & Cooke, A. I. (1999). Field margins in the UK agri-environment schemes. Aspects of Applied Biology 54, 19–28
Smith, R. F. (1969). The new and the old in pest control. Proceedings, Academia Nazionale de Lincei (Rome) 366, 21–30
Smith, S. M. (1996). Biological control with Trichogramma: advances, successes, and potential of their use. Annual Review of Entomology 41, 375–406
Sohlenius, B. (1980). Abundance, biomass and contribution to energy flow by soil nematodes in terrestial ecosystems. Oikos 34, 186–94
Sommaggio, D. (1999). Syrphidae: can they be used as environmental bioindicators? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74, 343–56
Sotherton, N. W. (1989). Farming practices to reduce the exposure of non-target invertebrates to pesticides. In Jepson, P. C. (ed.). Pesticides and Non-target Invertebrates. Wimborne, UK: Intercept, pp. 195–212
Sotherton, N. W. (1990). The effects of six insecticides used in UK cereal fields on sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). In Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests and Diseases. Alton, UK: British Crop Protection Council, pp. 999–1004
Sotherton, N. W. (1995). Beetle banks: helping nature to control pests. Pest Outlook 6, 13–17
Sotherton, N. W., Boatman, N. D. & Rands, M. R. W. (1989). The conservation headlands experiment in cereal ecosystems. Entomologist 108, 135–143
Southwood, T. R. E. (1962). Migration of terrestrial arthropods in relation to habitat. Biological Reviews 37, 171–214
Southwood, T. R. E. & Henderson, P. A. (2000). Ecological Methods, 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science
Southwood, T. R. E. & Way, M. J. (1970). Ecological background to pest management. In Rabb, R. L. & Guthrie, F. E. (eds.). Concepts of Pest Management. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, pp. 6–29
Speight, M. R. (1997). Forest insects in the tropics: current status and future threats. In Watt, A. D., Stork, N. E. & Hunter, M. D. (eds.). Forests and Insects. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 207–27
Spellerberg, I. F. (1993). Monitoring Ecological Change. Cambridge: cambridge University Press
Spencer, J. (2002). Managing wood pasture landscapes in England: the New Forest and other more recent examples. In Redecker, B., Finck, P., Hardtle, W., Reicken, U. & Schroder, E. (eds.). Pasture Landscapes and Nature Conservation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 123–36
Stanisic, J. (1999). Land snails and dry vine thickets in Queensland: using museum invertebrate collections in conservation. pp. 257–63. In Ponder, W. & Lunney, D. (eds.). The Other 99%: The Conservation and biodiversity of invertebrates. Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman
Stary, P. & Pike, K. S. (1999). Uses of beneficial insect diversity in agroecosystem management. In Collins, W. W. & Qualset, C. O. (eds.). Biodiversity in Agroecosystems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 49–67
Stavola, A. M. & Craven, H. (1992). Terrestrial ecological risk assessment of pesticides in the United States. In Greig-Smith, P. W., Becker, H., Edwards, P. J.& Heimbach, F. (eds.). Ecotoxicology of Earthworms. Andover, UK: Intercept, pp. 177–84
Stern, V. M. (1981). Environmental control of insects using trap crops, sanitation, prevention and harvesting. In Pimentel, D. (ed.). CRC Handbook for Pest Management in Agriculture, Vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 199– 207
Stiling, P. & Simberloff, D. (2000). The frequency and strength of nontarget effects of invertebrate biological control agents of plant pests and weeds. In Follett, P. A. & Duan, J. J. (eds.). Nontarget Effects of Biological Control. Boston, MA: Kluwer, pp. 31–43
Stinner, G. E. & House, G. J. (1990). Arthropods and other invertebrates in conservation tillage agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology 35, 299–318
Stork, N. E. (1998). Insect diversity: facts, fiction and speculation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 35, 321–37
Story, P. & Cox, M. (2001). Review of the effects of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides on vertebrates. Are there implications for locust management in Australia? Wildlife Research 28, 179–93
Strong, D. R. & Pemberton, R. W. (2001). Food webs, risks of alien enemies, and reform of biological control. In Wajnberg, E., Scott, J. K. & Quimby, P. C. (eds.). Evaluating Indirect Effects of Biological Control. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 57–79
Strong, L. (1992a). Avermectins: a review of their impact on insects of cattle dung. Bulletin of Entomological Research 82, 265–74
Strong, L. (1992b). The use and abuse of feed-through compounds in cattle treatments. Bulletin of Entomological Research 82, 1–4
Strong, L. (1993). Overview: the impact of avermectins on pastureland ecology. Veterinary Parasitology 48, 3–17
Sunderland, K. D. & Chambers, R. J. (1983). Invertebrate polyphagous predators as pest control agents: some criteria and methods. In Cavalloro, R. (ed.). Aphid Antagonists. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, pp. 100–108
Sunderland, K. D., Axelsen, J. A., Dromph, K.et al. (1997). Pest control by a community of natural enemies. Acta Jutlandica 72, 271–326
Swift, M. J. & Anderson, J. M. (1993). Biodiversity and ecosystem function in agroecosystems. In Schultze, E. & Mooney, H. A. (eds.). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 57–83
Talekar, N. S. & Shelton, A. M. (1993). Biology, ecology and management of diamondback moth. Annual Review of Entomology 38, 275–301
Taylor, R. W. (1983). Descriptive taxonomy: past, present and future. In Highley, E. & Taylor, R. W. (eds.). Australian Systematic Entomology: A Bicentenary Perspective. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO, pp. 93–134
Teetes, G. L. (1981). The environmental control of insects using planting times and plant spacing. In Pimentel, D. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture, Vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 209–21
Thiele, H. V. (1977). Carabid Beetles in their Environment. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
Thomas, C. D. (1994). Ecology and conservation of butterfly metapopulations in the fragmented British landscape. In Pullin, A. S. (ed.). Ecology and Conservation of Butterflies. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 46–63
Thomas, C. D. & Hanski, I. (1997). Butterfly metapopulations. In Hanski, I. & Gilpin, M. E. (eds.). Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics and Evolution. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 359–86
Thomas, C. D. & Harrison, S. (1992). Spatial dynamics of a patchily-distributed butterfly species. Journal of Animal Ecology 61, 437–46
Thomas, C. D. & Jones, T. M. (1993). Partial recovery of a skipper butterfly (Hesperia comma) from population refuges: lessons for conservation in a fragmented landscape. Journal of Animal Ecology 62, 472–81
Thomas, C. F. G., Parkinson, L., Griffiths, G. J. K., Garcia, Fernandez A. & Maskell, E. J. P. (2001). Aggregation and temporal stabilty of carabid beetle distributions in field and hedgerow habitats. Journal of Applied Ecology 38, 100–116
Thomas, C. F. G., Holland, J. M. & Brown, J. M. (2002). The spatial distribution of carabid beetles in agricultural landscapes. In Holland, J. M. (ed.). The Agroecology of Carabid Beetles. Andover, UK: Intercept, pp. 305–44
Thomas, J. A. (1983a). The ecology and conservation of Lysandra bellargus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology 20, 59–83
Thomas, J. A. (1983b). The ecology and status of Thymelicus acteon (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in Britain. Ecological Entomology 8, 427–35
Thomas, J. A. (1984). The conservation of butterflies in temperate countries: past efforts and lessons for the future. In Vane-Wright, R. I. & Ackery, P. R. (eds.). The Biology of Butterflies. London: Academic Press, pp. 333–53
Thomas, J. A., Thomas, C. D., Simcox, D. J. & Clarke, R. T. (1986). The ecology and declining status of the Silver-spotted Skipper butterfly (Hesperia comma) in Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology 23, 365–380
Thomas, M. B. & Willis, A. J. (1998). Biocontrol: risky but necessary? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13, 325–9
Thomas, M. B., Wratten, S. D. & Sotherton, N. W. (1991). Creation of ‘island’ habitats in farmland to manipulate populations of beneficial arthropods: predator densities and emigration. Journal of Applied Ecology 28, 906–17
Thomas, M. B., Wratten, S. D. & Sotherton, N. W. (1992a). Creation of ‘island’ habitats in farmland to manipulate populations of beneficial arthropods: predator densities and species composition. Journal of Applied Ecology 29, 524–31
Thomas, M. B., Sotherton, N. W., Coombes, D. S. & Wratten, S. D. (1992b). Habitat factors influencing the distribution of polyphagous predatory insects between field boundaries. Annals of Applied Biology 120, 197–202
Tothill, J. D., Taylor, T. H. C.& Paine, R. W. (1930). The Coconut Moth in Fiji: A History of its Control by Means of Parasites. London: Imperial Institute of Entomology
Tscharntke, T. 2000. Parasitoid populations in the agricultural landscape. In Hochberg, M. E. & Ives, A. R. (eds.). Parasitoid Population Biology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 235–53
Tscharntke, T. & Kruess, A. (1999). Habitat fragmentation and biological control. In Hawkins, B. A. & Cornell, H. V. (eds.). Theoretical Approaches to Biological Control. Cambridge: cambridge University Press, pp. 190–205
Turner, C. E. (1985). Conflicting interests and biological control of weeds. In Delfosse, E. S. (ed.). Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, Vancouver. Ottawa: Agriculture Canada
UNCED (1992). Agenda 21: The United Nations Programme of Action from Rio. New York: United Nations
Usher, M. B. (1986). Wildlife conservation evaluation: attributes, criteria and values. In Usher, M. B. (ed.). Wildlife Conservation Evaluation. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 3–44
Usher, M. B. (1995). A world of change: land-use patterns and arthropod communities. In Harrington, R. Q., Stork, N. E. (eds.). Insects in a Changing Environment. London: Academic Press, pp. 372–97
Usher, M. B. & Keiller, S. W. J. (1998). The macrolepidoptera of farm woodlands: determinants of diversity and community structure. Biodiversity and Conservation 7, 725–48
Vandermeer, J. & Perfecto, I. 1995). Breakfast of Biodiversity: The Truth about Rainforest Destruction. Oakland: CA: Food First Books
Vandermeer, J., Noordwijk, M., Anderson, J., Ong, C. & Perfecto, I. (1998). Global change and multi-species agroecosystems: concepts and issues. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 67, 1–22
van der Meijden, E. & van der Ven-van Wijk, C. A. M. (1997). Tritrophic metapopulation dynamics. A case study of ragwort, the cinnabar moth and the parasite Cotesia popularis. In Hanski, I. & Gilpin, M. E. (eds.). Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics and Evolution. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 387– 405
Werf, H. M. G. (1996). Assessing the impacts of pesticides in the environment. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 60, 81–96
Vanderwoude, C., Andersen, A. N., & House, A. P. N. (1997). Ant communities as bio-indicators in relation to fire management of spotted gum (Eucalyptus maculata Hook.) forests in south east Queensland. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 56, 671–5
Driesche, R. G. & Hoddle, M. (1997). Should arthropod parasitoids and predators be subject to host range testing when used as biological control agents? Agriculture and Human Values 14, 211–26
van Driesche, R. G. & Hoddle, M. S. (2000). Classical arthropod biological control: measuring success, step by step. In Gurr, G. & Wratten, S. (eds.). Biological Control: Measures of Success. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 39–75
van Driesche, R., Heard, T., McClay, A. & Reardon, R. (2000). Host Specificity Testing of Exotic Arthropod Biological Control Agents: The Biological Basis for Improvement in Safety. Morgantown, WV: USDA Forest Service
van Emden, H. F. (1983). The anatomy of a pest management programme. In Cavalloro, R. (ed.). Statistical and Mathematical Methods in Population Dynamics and Pest Control. Rotterdam and Boston: A. A. Balkema, pp. 127– 35
Emden, H. F. & Williams, G. F. (1974). Insect stability and diversity in agroecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology 19, 455–75
Hook, T. (1994). The conservation challenge in agriculture and the role of entomologists. Florida Entomologist 77, 42–73
van Lenteren, J. C. (1986). Evaluation, mass production, quality control and release of entomophagous insects. In Franz, J. M. (ed.). Biological Plant and Health Protection. Stuttgart: Fischer-Verlag, pp. 31–56
Nouhuys, S. & Hanski, I. (2000). Apparent competition between parasitoids mediated by a shared hyperparasitoid. Ecological Letters 3, 82–4
van Swaay, C. & Warren, M. (1999). Red Data Book of European Butterflies (Rhopalocera). Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing
Vereijken, P. (1989). From integrated control and integrated farming, an experimental approach. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 26, 37–43
Vereijken, P., Wijnand, F. & Stol, W. (1995). Progress Report 2. Designing and Testing Prototypes. Progress Reports of the Research Network on Integrated and Ecological Arable Farming Systems for EU and Associated Countries. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Research Institute for Agroecology and Soil Fertility
VFRAC (Victorian Recreational Fishermen's Advisory Committee) (1987). Spraying of Agricultural Chemicals from Aircraft and for Insecticidal and Other Purposes. Report to Minister for Conservation. Melbourne, Australia: VFRAC
Vickerman, G. P. & Sunderland, K. D. (1977). Some effects of dimethoate on arthropods in winter wheat. Journal of Applied Ecology 14, 767–77
Volkl, W., Zwolfer, H., Romstock-Volkl, M. & Schmelzer, C. (1993). Habitat management in calcareous grassland: effects on the insect community developing in flower heads of Cynareae. Journal of Applied Ecology 30, 307–15
Waage, J. 1989. The population ecology of pest-pesticide-natural enemy interactions. In Jepson, P. C. (ed.). Pesticides and Non-target Invertebrates Wimborne, UK: Intercept, pp. 81–93
Waage, J. 1997. ‘Yes, but does it work in the field?’ The challenge of transferring biological control technology. Entomophaga 41, 315–32
Walker, B. H. (1992). Biodiversity and ecological redundancy. Conservation Biology 6, 18–23
Walker, G. P., Zarech, N., Bayoun, I. M. & Triapitsyn, S. V. (1997). Introduction of western Asian egg parasitoids into California for biological control of beet leafhoppers, Circulifer tenellus. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 73, 236–42
Walter, D. E. & Proctor, H. C. (1999). Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. Wallingford, UK: CAB International
Wapshere, A. J. (1974). A strategy for evaluating the safety of organisms for the biological control of weeds. Annals of Applied Biology 77, 201–11
Wapshere, A. J. (1989). A testing sequence for reducing rejection of potential biological control agents for weeds. Annals of Applied Biology 114, 515–26
Wapshere, A. J. (1992). Comparing methods for selecting effective biological agents for weeds. pp. 557–60. In Proceedings of the First International Weed Control Congress, Melbourne. Melbourne, Australia: Weed Science Society of Victoria
Wardhaugh, K. G. & Rodriguez-Menendez, H. (1988). The effects of the antiparasitic drug, ivermectin, on the development and survival of the dung-breeding fly, Orthelia cornicina (F.) and the scarabaeine dung beetles, Copris hispanus L., Bubas bubalus (Olivier) and Onitis belial F. Journal of Applied Entomology 106, 381–9
Watt, A. D., Stork, N. E., Eggleton, P., et al. (1997). Impact of forest loss and regeneration on insect abundance and diversity. In Watt, A. D., Stork, N. E. & Hunter, M. D. (eds.). Forests and Insects. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 273–86
Wells, S. M., Pyle, R. M. & Collins, N. M. (1983). The IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN
Western, D. (1989). Conservation without parks: wildlife in the rural landscape. In Western, D. & Pearl, M. C. (eds.). Conservation for the Twenty First Century. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 158–65
Whaley, W. H., Anhold, J. & Schaalje, G. B. (1998). Canyon drift and dispersion of Bacillus thuringiensis and its effects on select nontarget lepidopterans in Utah. Environmental Entomology 27, 539–48
Whitcomb, W. H. & Bell, K. (1964). Predaceous insects, spiders and mites of Arkansas cotton fields. Bulletin of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station 690, 1–84
White, E. G. (2002). New Zealand Tussock Grassland Moths. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press
Whitford, W. G. (2000). Keystone arthropods as webmasters in desert ecosystems. In Coleman, D. C. & Hendrix, P. F. (eds.). Invertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosystems. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 25–41
Wiens, J. A. (1997). Metapopulation dynamics and landscape ecology. In Hanski, I. & Gilpin, M. E. (eds.). Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics and Evolution. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 43–62
Wiens, J. A. (2002). Central concepts and issues of landscape ecology. In Gutzwiller, K. J. (ed.). Applying Landscape Ecology in Biological Conservation. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 3–21
Wilson, E. O. (1987). The little things that run the world (the importance and conservation of invertebrates). Conservation Biology 1, 344–6
Wise, D. H. (1993). Spiders in Ecological Food Webs. Cambridge: cambridge University Press
With, K. A. (2002). Using percolation theory to assess landscape connectivity and effects of habitat fragmentation. In Gutzwiller, K. J. (ed.). Applying Landscape Ecology in Biological Conservation. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 195–30
Withers, T. M., Barton-Browne, L. & Stanley, J. (1999). Host Specificity Testing in Australasia. Towards Improved Assays for Biological Control. Brisbane, Australia: Department of Natural Resources Queensland
Withers, T., Barton-Browne, L. & Stanley, S. (2000). How time-dependent processes can affect the outcome of assays. In van Driesche, R., Heard, T., McClay, A. & Reardon, R. (eds.). Host Specificity Testing of Exotic Arthropod Biological Control Agents: The Biological Basis for Improvement in Safety. Morgantown, WV: USDA Forest Service, pp. 27–41
Wolt, J. D., Peterson, R. K. D., Bystrak, P. & Meade, T. (2003). A screening level approach for nontarget insect risk assessment: transgenic Bt corn pollen and the monarch butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Environmental Entomology 32, 237–46
Wood, D. & Lenné, J. M. (1999). Why agrobiodiversity?. In Wood, D. & Lenné, J. M. (eds.). Agrobiodiversity: Characterisation, Utilisation and Management. Wallingford: CAB International, pp. 1–13
Wratten, S. D. & Thomas, C. H. (1990). Farm-scale spatial dynamics of predators and parasitoids in agricultural landscapes. In Bunce, R. G. H. & Howard, D. C. (eds.). Species Dispersal in Agricultural Habitats. London: Belhaven Press, pp. 219–37
Wratten, S. D., van Emden, H. F. & Thomas, M. B. (1998). Within-field and border refugia for the enhancement of natural enemies. In Pickett, C. H. & Bugg, R. L. (eds.). Enhancing Biological Control. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 375–403
Yeates, G. W. (1979). Soil nematodes in terrestrial ecosystems. Journal of Nematology 11, 213–29
Yeates, G. W. (1994). Modification and quantification of the nematode maturity index. Pedobiologia 38, 97–101
Yeates, G. W. & Bongers, T. (1999). Nematode diversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74, 113–35
Yeates, G. W., Bongers, T., Goede, R. G. M., Freckman, D. W. & Georgieou, S. S. (1993). Feeding habit in soil nematode families and genera: an outline for ecologists. Journal of Nematology 25, 315–31
Yen, A. L. & New, T. R. (eds.) (1997). Proceedings of the conference ‘Invertebrate biodiversity and conservation’. Memoirs of Museum Victoria56, 261–675
Young, O. P. & Edwards, J. P. (1990). Spiders in United States field crops, and their potential effect on crop pests. Journal of Arachnology 18, 1–27
Zalucki, M. P., Rochester, W. A., Norton, G. A., et al.(1998). IPM and Heliothis: what we have to do to make it work. In Zalucki, M. P., Drew, R. A. I. & White, G. G. (eds.). Pest Management: Future Challenges, Vol. 2. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland, pp. 107–14
