This intellectual history of Islamic international thought in Turkey challenges the categories of 'Western' and 'non-Western' that, increasingly, are permeating the International Relations discipline. By centring on Turkish Islamic thinkers and their engagement with wider post-nineteenth-century concepts and intellectual developments, Katerina Dalacoura offers an historicist, contextualist approach to the study of International Relations. Her theoretical argument is supported by an empirical analysis of discussions about the international realm, on history and historiography, civilisation and culture, and nation and state. Specifically, on where history 'begins', where its centre lies and where it is heading; how civilisations, particularly Islamic civilisations, relate to culture; and the relationship between nation, the state, Muslim unity and the umma. By showing that Islamic international thought in Turkey used modern concepts and engaged with global intellectual debates, the book debunks the West-non-West binary and its associated definition of Western-centrism.