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  3. Islamic Schools in Modern Turkey
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    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      05 September 2012
      13 August 2012
      ISBN:
      9781139176026
      9781107024779
      9781107529793
      DOI:
      https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139176026
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.51kg, 256 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (229 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.4kg, 256 Pages
      • Subjects:
      Middle East Studies, Islam, Area Studies, History, Religion, Middle East History, Middle East Government,Politics and Policy
      Series:
      Cambridge Middle East Studies (39)
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    • Selected: Digital
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    Subjects:
    Middle East Studies, Islam, Area Studies, History, Religion, Middle East History, Middle East Government,Politics and Policy
    Series:
    Cambridge Middle East Studies (39)
    Information

    Book description

    In recent years, the Islamization of Turkish politics and public life has been the subject of much debate in Turkey and the West. This book makes an important contribution to those debates by focusing on a group of religious schools, known as Imam-Hatip schools, founded a year after the Turkish Republic, in 1924. At the outset, the main purpose of Imam-Hatip schools was to train religious functionaries. However, in the ensuing years, the curriculum, function and social status of the schools have changed dramatically. Through ethnographic and textual analysis, the book explores how Imam-Hatip school education shapes the political socialization of the schools' students, those students' attitudes and behaviours and the political and civic activities of their graduates. By mapping the schools' connections to Islamist politicians and civic leaders, the book sheds light on the significant, yet often overlooked, role that the schools and their communities play in Turkey's Islamization at the high political and grassroots levels.

    Reviews

    'Islamic Schools in Modern Turkey provides a rich ethnography on an institution that evidently plays a central role in shaping the Islamic movement in Turkey and provides an important venue for discussions over the movement’s interaction with(in)the secular state. The author’s very attempt to understand imam hatips produces an extensive scholarly contribution.'

    Source: Turkish Review

    '… an invaluable source book, one that we will all be quoting and citing in the coming years …'

    Ayşe Öncü Source: Bustan: The Middle East Book Review

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    Contents

    Contents
    References

    Bibliography

    Interviews1

    Aktay, Yasin, March 18, 19, 2007
    Alayoğlu, Nihat, March 27, 2007
    Ateş, Aslan, March 2, 2007
    Aycan, İrfan, April 3, 2006 and March 6, 2007
    Ayhan, Halis, May 2, 2007
    Çoşkun, Ahmet Hakan, January 12, 14, 19, 22, and 26, 2007
    Er, Nevzat, April 24, 2007
    İslamoğlu, Mustafa, May 11, 2007
    Kaplan, Yusuf, March 28, 2007
    Kara, İsmail, March 28 and April 4, 2007
    Kara, Yusuf, April 21, 2007
    Karaman, Hayrettin, February 9, 12, 13, 14, 2007
    Kayadibi, Fahri, November 31, 2006
    Kışla, İsrafil, January 17 and January 30, 2007
    Kıyıklık, Feyzullah, March 7, 2007
    Öner, Fatih, December 15, 2006
    Sadıkoğlu, Necmi, May 11, 2007
    Sula, Yusuf Ziyaettin, January 9, 2007
    Tok, Erdoğan, May 14, 2007
    Tülün, Yusuf, April, 30, 2007
    Yüksel, Emrullah, December 19, 2005
    Zengin, Mahmut, January 13, 2007

    Journals and Newspapers

    • Aksiyon

    • Akşam

    • Aktüel Bakış

    • Altınoluk

    • Anatolian Agency

    • Anka

    • Anlayış

    • Bilgi ve Hikmet

    • Birikim

    • Business Day

    • Cumhuriyet

    • Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi

    • Economist

    • Ensar Bülteni

    • Freedom in the World

    • Gerçek Hayat

    • Girişim

    • Haksöz

    • Hürriyet

    • İmam Hatipli Nesil

    • İnsani Yardım

    • International Herald Tribune

    • İSAM Bülteni

    • Jerusalem Post

    • Köprü

    • Kur’ani Mücahede

    • Milli Gazete

    • Milliyet

    • Nesil

    • Newsweek

    • New York Times

    • Radikal

    • Referans

    • Resmi Gazete

    • Sabah

    • Star

    • Takvim

    • Tempo

    • Tercüman

    • Tezkire

    • Time

    • Today’s Zaman

    • Turkish Daily News

    • Umran

    • Vakit

    • Vatan

    • Yeni Asya

    • Yeni Soluk

    • Yeni Şafak

    • Zaman

    Monographs

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    Çalmuk, Fehmi, Kod Adı İHL: Bir İmam-Hatip Hikayesi (Ankara: Merdiven Yayın, 2004).
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    Çarkoğlu, Ali and Binnaz Toprak, Türkiye’de Din, Toplum, ve Siyaset (Istanbul: TESEV Yayınları, 2000).
    Çarkoğlu, Ali and Binnaz Toprak, Değişen Türkiye’de Din, Toplum ve Siyaset (Istanbul: TESEV Yayınları, 2007).
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    Unpublished Theses

    Herrera, Linda Ann, The Sanctity of the School: New Islamic Education and Modern Egypt, PhD Thesis, Columbia University, 2000.
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    Sarfati, Yusuf, The Rise of Religious Parties in Israel and Turkey: A Comparative Study, PhD Thesis, Ohio State University, 2009.
    Sarpkaya, Ruhi, Atatürk’ün Eğitim Politikasında Tevhid-i Tedrisatın Yeri ve 1950 Sonrası Uygulamaların Sonuçları, MA Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University, 1998.
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    Walton, Jeremy, Horizons and Histories of Liberal Piety: Civil Islam and Secularism in Contemporary Turkey, PhD Thesis, University of Chicago, 2009.

    Book Sections

    Acar, Feride and Ayşe Ayata, “Discipline, Success and Stability: The Reproduction of Gender and Class in Turkish Secondary Education,” in Fragments of Culture: The Everyday of Modern Turkey, eds. Deniz Kandiyoti and Ayşe Saktanber (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002), 90–111.
    Agai, Bekim, “Islam and Education in Secular Turkey: State Policies and the Emergence of the Fethullah Gülen Group,” in Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education, eds. RobertW. Hefner and Muhammad Qasim Zaman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 149–171.
    Akpınar, Aylin, “The Making of a Good Citizen and Conscious Muslim through Public Education,” in Education in ‘Multicultural’ Societies: Turkish and Swedish Perspectives, et al. eds. Marie Carlson (Istanbul: Swedish Research Institute in Turkey, 2007), 161–178.
    Akşit, Bahattin, “Islamic Education in Turkey: Medrese Refom in the Late Ottoman Times and Imam-Hatip Schools in the Republic,” in Islam in Modern Turkey: Religion, Politics, and Literature in a Secular State, ed. Richard Tapper (London: I. B. Tauris, 1991), 145–70.
    Akşit, Bahattin and Mustafa Kemal Coşkun, “Türkiye’nin Modernleşmesi Bağlamında İmam-Hatip Okulları,” in İslamcılık, ed. Yasin Aktay (Istanbul: İletişim, 2004), 394–410.
    Akşit, Bahattin, Ayşe Serdar, and Bahar Tabakoğlu, eds., “İslami Eğilimli Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları,” in İslamcılık, ed. Yasin Aktay (Istanbul: İletişim, 2004), 664–681.
    Aktay, Yasin, “Hayreddin Karaman,” in İslamcılık, ed. Yasin Aktay (Istanbul: İletişim, 2004), 348–373.
    Aktay, Yasin, “Sunuş,” in İslamcılık, ed. Yasin Aktay (Istanbul: İletişim, 2004), 13–25.
    Alkan, Turan, “The National Salvation Party in Turkey,” in Islam and Politics in the Modern Middle East, eds. Metin Heper and Raphael Israeli (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 79–102.
    Allan, Graham, “Community,” in Sociology: Key Concepts, ed. John Scott (London: Routledge, 2006), 35–38.
    Althusser, Louis, “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses,” in The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, ed. Vincent B. Leitch (New York: W.W. Norton& Company, 2001), 1483–1509.
    Ansay, Tuğrul, “Legal Persons, Societies, and Business Associations,” in Introduction to Turkish Law, eds. Tuğrul Ansay and Don Wallace (The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2005), 97–110.
    Ashraf, Syed Ali, “The Religious Approach to Religious Education,” in Priorities in Religious Education, ed. Brenda Watson (London: Falmer Press, 1992), 81–91.
    Aslandoğan, Yüksel and Muhammed Çetin, “Gülen’s Educational Paradigm in Thought and Practice,” in Muslim Citizens of the Globalized World (New Jersey: The Light, Inc., 2007), 34–61.
    Ayata, Sencer, “Traditional Sufi Orders on the Periphery: Kadiri and Nakşibendi Islam in Konya and Trabzon,” in Islam in Modern Turkey: Religion, Politics and Literature in a Secular State, ed. Richard Tapper (London: I.B. Tauris, 1991), 223–253.
    Aydın, Ertan and İbrahim Dalmış, “The Social Bases of the Justice and Development Party,” in Secular and Islamic Politics in Turkey, ed. Ümit Cizre (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), 201–222.
    Azra, Azyumardi, Dina Afrianty, and Robert Hefner, “Pesantren and Madrasa: Muslim Schools and National Ideals in Indonesia,” in Schooling Islam, eds. Robert Hefner and Muhammad Qasim Zaman (Princeton: 2006), 172–198.
    Beck, P. A., “The Role of Agents in Political Socialization,” in Handbook of Political Socialization: Theory and Research, ed. S. A. Renshon (New York: Free Press, 1977), 114–141.
    Berkey, Jonathan, “Madrasas Medieval and Modern: Politics, Education, and the Problem of Muslim Identity,” in Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education, eds. Robert W. Hefner and Muhammad Qasim Zaman (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 40–60.
    Bruinessen, Martin van, “Traditionalist and Islamist Pesantrens in Contemporary Indonesia,” in The Madrasa in Asia: Political Activism and Transnational Linkages, eds. Farish A. Noor, Yoginder Sikand, and Martin van Bruinessen (Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam Press, 2008), 217–246.
    Bulaç, Ali, “İslam’in Üç Siyaset Tarzı veya İslamcıların Üç Nesli,” in İslamcılık, ed. Yasin Aktay (Istanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık, 2004), 48–67.
    Çınar, Menderes, “The Justice and the Development Party and the Kemalist Establishment,” in Secular and Islamic Politics in Turkey, ed. Ümit Cizre (London: Routledge, 2008), 109–131.
    Çınar, Menderes and Burhanettin Duran, “The Specific Evolution of Political Islam in Turkey and its ‘Difference’,” in Secular and Islamic Politics in Turkey, ed. Ümit Cizre (London: Routledge, 2008), 17–40.
    Doğan, Burhanettin, “Islamist Redefinition(s) of European and Islamic Identities in Turkey,” in Turkey and European Integration: Accession Prospects and Issues, eds. Mehmet Uğur and Nergis Canefe (London: Routledge, 2004), 125–146.
    Eberly, Don E., “The Meaning, Origins, and Applications of Civil Society,” in The Essential Civil Society Reader: Classic Essays in the American Civil Society, ed. Don E. Eberly (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 3–32.
    Esposito, John, “Islam and Secularism in the Twenty-First Century,” in Islam and Secularism in the Middle East, eds. John Esposito and Azzam Tamimi (New York: New York University Press, 2000), 1–12.
    Gaffney, Patrick D., “Authority and the Mosque in Upper Egypt: The Islamic Preacher as Image and Actor,” in Arab Society: Class, Gender, Power, and Development, eds. N.S. Hopkins and Saad Eddin Ibrahim (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1997), 551–574.
    Gökalp, Ziya, “Asker Duası,” in Ziya Gökalp Külliyatı 1 – Şiirler ve Halk Masalları, ed. Fevziye Abdullah Tansel (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1952), 63.
    Göle, Nilüfer, “Toward an Automization of Politics and Civil Society in Turkey,” in Politics in the Third Turkish Republic, eds. Metin Heper and Ahmet Evin (Boulder: Westview, 1994), 213–222.
    Hefner, Robert W., “Introduction,” in Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern Muslim Education (Princeton: Princeton University Press 2007), 5.
    Herrera, Linda, “Islamization and Education: Between Politics, Profit, and Pluralism,” in Cultures of Arab Schooling: Critical Ethnographies from Egypt, eds. Linda Herrera and Carlos Alberto Torres (Albany: The State University of New York, 2006), 25–52.
    Hill, Dave, “The National Curriculum, the Hidden Curriculum and Equality,” in Schooling and Equality: Fact, Concept, and Policy, eds. Dave Hill and Mike Cole (London: Kogan Page, 2001), 95–116.
    Kamalkhani, Zahra, “Gendered Islam and Female Preachers in Contemporary Iran,” in Discourse on Gender: Gendered Discourse in the Middle East, ed. Boaz Shoshan (Westport: Praeger, 2000), 29–36.
    Kentel, Ferhat, “1990’ların Islami Düşünce Dergileri ve Yeni Müslüman Entellektüeller,” in İslamcılık, ed. Yasin Aktay (Istanbul: İletişim, 2004), 721–798.
    Khilnani, Sunil, “The Development of Civil Society,” in Civil Society: History and Possibilities, eds. Sudipta Kaviraj and Sunil Khilnani (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 11–32.
    Kneller, George, “Education and Cultural Change,” in Basic Readings in the Sociology of Education, ed. D.F. Swift (London: Routledge, 1970), 248–259.
    Kroissenbrunner, Sabine, “Turkish Imams in Vienna,” in Intercultural Relations and Religious Authorities: Muslims in the European Union, eds. W.A.R. Shadid and P. S. van Koningsveld (Leuven: Peeters, 2002), 181–207.
    Lindenberg, Siegwart, “James Coleman,” in The Blackwell Companion to Major Social Theorists, ed. George Ritzer (Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2000), 513–544.
    Mardin, Şerif, “Cultural Change and the Intellectual: A Study of the Effects of Secularization in Modern Turkey,” Cultural Transitions in the Middle East, ed. Şerif Mardin (Leiden: Brill, 1994), 189–213.
    Mardin, Şerif, “The Nakşibendi Order in Turkish History,” in Islam in Modern Turkey: Religion, Politics, and Literature in a Secular State, ed. Richard Tapper (London: I.B. Tauris, 1991), 121–142.
    Meeker, Michael, “The Muslim Intellectual and His Audience: A New Configuration of Writer and Reader among Believers in the Republic of Turkey,” in Cultural Transitions in the Middle East, ed. Şerif Mardin (Leiden: Brill, 1994), 153–188.
    Meeker, Michael, “Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Yeni Müslüman Aydınlar,” in Çağdaş Türkiye’de İslam, ed. Richard Tapper (Istanbul: Sarmal Yayınevi, 1993), 261–299.
    Michel, Thomas, “Fethullah Gülen as Educator,” in Turkish Islam and the Secular State: The Gülen Movement, eds. Hakan Yavuz and John Esposito (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2003), 69–84.
    Narlı, Nilüfer, “The Türban: The Symbol of Radicalism, Islamic Identity, Piety, or Modernity,” in Islam et Laïcité: Approches Globales et Régionales, ed. Michel Bozdemir (Paris: Harmattan, 1996), 361–382.
    Onay, Ahmet, “İmam-Hatip Liselerindeki Din Eğitimi ve Dindarlık Yansımaları,” in İmam-Hatip Liselerinde Eğitim ve Öğretim, ed. Mahmut Zengin (Istanbul: DEM Yayınları, 2005), 97–112.
    Öcal, Mustafa, “Türk Hukuk Mevzuatında Din Eğitim ve Öğretiminin Yeri ve Uygulama Biçimi,” in Avrupa Birliği Sürecinde Dini Kurumlar ve Din Eğitimi (Istanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2007), 511–559.
    Özbudun, Ergun, “Constitutional Law,” in Introduction to Turkish Law, eds. Tuğrul Ansay and Don Wallace (Frederick: Aspen Publishers, 2005), 19–33.
    Özbudun, Ergun, “Constitution Making and Democratic Consolidation in Turkey,” in Institutions and Democratic Statecraft, et al. eds. Metin Heper (Boulder: Westview, 1998), 227–244.
    Özbudun, Ergun, “Islam and Politics in Modern Turkey: The Case of the National Salvation Party,” in The Islamic Impulse, ed. Barbara F. Stowasser (London: Croom Helm, 1987), 142–156.
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    Saktanber, Ayşe, “Performance, Politics, and Visceral Transformation: Post-Islamist Youth in Turkey,” in Being Young and Muslim: New Cultural Politics in the Global South and North, eds. Asef Bayat and Linda Herrera (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 259–271.
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    Torab, Azam, “The Politicization of Women’s Religious Circles in Post-Revolutionary Iran,” in Women, Religion, and Culture in Iran, eds. Sarah Ansari and Vanessa Martin (Richmond: Curson, 2002), 143–168.
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    Journal Articles

    Adam, Hüdaverdi, “The Profile of Imam-Hatip Schools in Contemporary Turkey,” Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi 19 (2003–2004): 163–182.
    Agai, Bekim, “Fethullah Gülen and His Movement’s Islamic Ethic of Education,” Middle East Critique 11.1 (2002): 27–47.
    Agrama, Hussein Ali, “Secularism, Sovereignty, Indeterminacy: Is Egypt a Secular or Religious State,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 52.3 (2010): 495–523.
    Ahmad, Feroz, “The Islamic Assertion in Turkey: Pressures and State Response,” Arab Studies Quarterly 4.1–2 (1982): 94–109.
    Ahmad, Feroz, “Politics and Islam in Modern Turkey,” Middle Eastern Studies 27.1 (1991): 3–21.
    Ahmad, Iftikhar, “Islam, Democracy, and Citizenship Education: An Examination of the Social Studies Curriculum in Pakistan,” Current Issues in Comparative Education 7.1 (2004): 1–11.
    Akşit, Bahattin, “İmam-Hatip and Other Secondary Schools in the Context of Political Cultural Modernization of Turkey,” Journal of Human Sciences 5.1 (1986): 25–41.
    Altan, Mehmet, “Kemalizm Ordunun Resmi İdeolojisidir,” Türkiye Günlüğü 28 (1994): 61–64.
    Anyon, Jean, “Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work,” Journal of Education 162.1 (1980): 67–92.
    Aras, Bülent, “Turkish Islam’s Moderate Face,” Middle East Quarterly 5.3 (1998): 23–29.
    Ashraf, Syed Ali, “The Role of Religious Education in Curriculum Designing,” International Journal of Research and Method in Education 16.1 (1993): 15–18.
    Atkinson, Rowland and John Flint, “Accessing Hidden and Hard-to-Reach Populations: Snowball Research Techniques,” Social Research Update 33 (2001) available at: http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU33.html, last accessed October 2008.
    Ayalon, Hanna and Abraham Yogev, “The Alternative Worldview of State Religious High Schools in Israel,” Comparative Education Review 40.1 (1996): 7–27.
    Ayan, Sezer, “Siyasi Yapılanma Sürecinde 1961 ve 1982 Anayasası,” C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 8.2 (2007): 1–24.
    Ayata, Sencer, “Patronage, Party, and State: The Politicization of Islam in Turkey,” The Middle East Journal 50.1 (1996): 41–57.
    Balcı, Bayram, “Fethullah Gülen’s Missionary Schools in Central Asia and their Role in the Spreading of Turkism and Islam,” Religion, State, and Society 31.2 (2003): 151–177.
    Bano, Masooda, “Beyond Politics: The Reality of a Deobandi Madrasa in Pakistan,” Journal of Islamic Studies 18:1 (2007): 43–68.
    Basow, S.A. and K.G. Howe, “Role Model Influence,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 4 (1980): 558–572.
    Bearman, P., et el., “Madhhab,” Encyclopedia of Islam, eds. P. Bearman et al. (The Netherlands: 2008).
    Bosworth, C. E., “al-Khulafa al Rashidun,” Encyclopedia of Islam, eds. P. Bearman et al. (The Netherlands: 2008).
    Broadfoot, Tricia, “Reproduction in Education, Society, and Culture,” Comparative Education 14.1 (1978): 75–82.
    Brown, B. Bradford, “The Extent and Effects of Peer Pressure among High School Students,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 11.2 (1982): 121–133.
    Bruinessen, Martin van, “Turkey’s Death Squads,” Middle East Report 199 (1996): 20–23.
    Buğra, Ayşe, “Class, Culture, and State: An Analysis of Interest Representation by Two Turkish Business Associations,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 30.4 (1998): 521–539.
    Bulaç, Ali, “İmam-Hatip Okulu’na Nasıl Gittim?,” İzlenim 38 (1996): 24–25.
    Burns, Allan F., “On The Ethnographic Process in Anthropology and Education,” Anthropology & Education Quarterly 7.3 (1976): 25–33.
    Christlieb, Pablo Fernandez, “Political Psychology and Social Aesthetics,” Political Psychology 22.2 (2001): 357–366.
    Cizre, Ümit, “Turkey 2002: Kemalism, Islamism, and Politics in the Light of the February 28 Process,” The South Atlantic Quarterly 102. 2/3 (2003): 323.
    Clarke, David F., “The Negotiated Syllabus: What is it and How is it Likely to Work,” Applied Linguistics 12.1 (1991): 13–28.
    Collins, C., “Turkey Orders Sermons on Women’s Rights,” Chicago Tribune, May 9, 2004.
    Connor, Michael, “Peer Relations and Peer Pressure,” Educational Psychology in Practice 9.4 (1994): 207–215.
    Cook, Bradley James, “Egypt’s National Education Debate,” Comparative Education 36.4 (2000): 477–490.
    Correa, Hector, “The Psychological and Social Variables Determining Education,” Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 2.4 (1969): 439–454.
    Cullingford, Cedric and Jenny Morrison, “Peer Group Pressure within and outside Schools,” British Educational Research Journal 23.1 (1997): 61–80.
    Çakmak, Diren, “Pro-Islamic Public Education in Turkey: The Imam-Hatip Schools,” Middle Eastern Studies 45.5 (2009): 825–846.
    Çetinsaya, Gökhan, “Rethinking Nationalism and Islam: Some Preliminary Notes on the Roots of Turkish-Islamic Synthesis in Modern Turkish Political Thought,” The Muslim World 89.3–4 (1999): 350–376.
    Çınar, A., “İmam-Hatip Dergisi,” İmam-Hatipli Nesil 5 (1996): 25.
    Dağı, İhsan, “Turkey’s AKP in Power,” Journal of Democracy 19.3 (2008): 25–30.
    Dağı, İhsan, “Rethinking Human Rights, Democracy, and the West: Post-Islamist Intellectuals in Turkey,” Critique 13.2 (2004): 135–151.
    Da Silva, Tomaz Tadeu, “Distribution of Knowledge and Social Reproduction in a Brazilian Urban Setting,” British Journal of Sociology of Education 9.1 (1988): 55–79.
    Davies, James C., “The Family’s Role in Political Socialization,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 361.1 (1965): 10–19.
    Demirel, Tanel, “The Turkish Military’s Decision to Intervene: 12 September 1980,” Armed Forces and Society 29.2 (2003): 253–280.
    Diktaş, Mehtap, “Özlenen Nesil,” İmam-Hatipli Nesil, 1 (December 1995): 18.
    Doğan, Erhan, “The Historical and Discursive Roots of the Justice and Development Party’s EU Stance,” Turkish Studies 6.3 (2005): 421–437.
    Dorian, J., “Higher Education in Turkey,” Times Higher Education Supplement 1277 (1997): 6.
    Dreeben, Robert, “The Contribution of Schooling to the Learning of Norms,” Harvard Educational Review 37.2 (1967): 211–237.
    Eickelman, Dale F. and Jon W. Anderson, “Print, Islam, and the Prospects for Civic Pluralism,” Journal of Islamic Studies 8.1 (1997): 43–62.
    El-Moudder, Abderrahmane, “The Idea of the Caliphate between Moroccans and Ottomans: Political and Symbolic Stakes in the 16th and 17th Century Maghrib,” Studia Islamica 82 (1995): 103–112.
    Epstein, Joyce L., “School, Family, Community Partnerships: Caring for Children We Care,” Phi Delta Kappa 76.9 (1995): 701–712.
    Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, “İmam-Hatiplilerin Kalitesinden Eminim,” İzlenim 38 (1996): 7.
    Fend, H., “Educational Institutions and Society,” in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, eds. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes (New York: Elsevier, 2001).
    Fortna, Benjamin, “Islamic Morality in Late Ottoman ‘Secular’ Schools,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 32 (2000): 369–393.
    Gaffney, Patrick D., “The Changing Voices of Islam: The Emergence of Professional Preachers in Contemporary Egypt,” The Muslim World 81.1 (1991): 27–47.
    Gardet, L., “Ilm al-Kalam,” Encyclopedia of Islam, eds. P. Bearman et al. (The Netherlands: 2008).
    Ghosh, Bobby, “Erdoğan’s Moment,” Time, December 12, 2011, 38–43.
    Giroux, Henry, “Ideology and Agency in the Process of Schooling,” Journal of Education 165.1 (1983): 12–34.
    Giroux, Henry A. and Roger Simon, “Curriculum Study and Cultural Politics,” Journal of Education 166.3 (1984): 226–238.
    Goodlad, J. I., “Curriculum as a Field of Educational Study,” International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, eds. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes (New York: Elsevier, 2001), 3187–3191.
    Goodman, Roger, “Education: Anthropological Aspects,” International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, eds. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes (New York: Elsevier, 2001), 4192–4196.
    Gordon, Liz, “Paul Willis: Education, Cultural Production and Social Reproduction,” British Journal of Sociology of Education 5.2 (1984): 105–115.
    Göle, Nilüfer, “Islam in Public: New Visibilities and New Imaginaries,” Public Culture 14.1 (2002): 174.
    Graham, William A., “Traditionalism in Islam: An Essay in Interpretation,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 23.3 (1993): 495–522.
    Güngör, Fethi, “Düzenlemeler, Sivil Toplumun Önünü Tıkayıcı ve Hareket Alanını Kısıtlayıcı Nitelikler Taşımaktadır,” TGTV Gönüllü Bülteni 1 (2002): 16–20.
    Günlü, Ramazan, “AKP ve Eğitimin Siyasal Sosyolojisi,” Mülkiye 3.252 (2006): 237–257.
    Hackett, Gail, “The Relationship of Role Model Influences to the Career Salience and Educational and Career Plans of College Women,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 35.2 (1989): 164–180.
    Hallinan, Maureen T. and Richard A. Williams, “Students’ Characteristics and the Peer-Influence Process,” Sociology of Education 63 (1990): 122–132.
    Halstead, Mark, “An Islamic Concept of Education,” Comparative Education 40.4 (2004): 517–529.
    Hanioğlu, Şükrü, “Garbcılar: Their Attitudes toward Religion and Their Impact on the Official Ideology of the Turkish Republic,” Studia Islamica 86 (1997): 133–158.
    Hanks, Michael, “Youth, Voluntary Associations and Political Socialization,” Social Forces 60.1 (1981): 211–223.
    Hawting, G. R., “Umayyads,” Encyclopedia of Islam, eds. P. Bearman et al. (The Netherlands: 2008).
    Heffening, W., “Hanafiyya,” Encyclopedia of Islam, eds. P. Bearman et al. (The Netherlands: 2008).
    Henkel, Heiko, “The Location of Islam: Inhabiting Istanbul in a Muslim Way,” American Ethnologist 34.1 (2007): 57–70.
    Heper, Metin and Şule Toktaş, “Islam, Modernity, and Democracy in Contemporary Turkey: The Case of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan,” The Muslim World 93 (2003): 157–185.
    Humphreys, R. S., et al., “Tarika,” Encyclopedia of Islam, eds. P. Bearman et al. (The Netherlands: 2008).
    Janowitz, Morris, “Sociological Theory and Social Control,” American Journal of Sociology 81.1 (1975): 82–108.
    Jennings, M. Kent and Richard G. Niemi, “The Transmission of Political Values from Parent to Child,” The American Political Science Review 62.1 (1968): 169–84.
    Kadıoğlu, Ayşe, “Civil Society, Islam, and Democracy in Turkey,” The Muslim World 95.1 (2005): 23–41.
    Kadıoğlu, Ayşe, “Republican Epistemology and Islamic Discourses in Turkey in the 1990s,” The Muslim World 84.1 (1998): 1–21.
    Kanra, Bora, “Democracy, Islam, and Dialogue: The Case of Turkey,” Government and Opposition 40.4 (2005): 515–539.
    Karaca, Yusuf, “İmam-Hatipli Günler,” İzlenim 38 (1996): 17–20.
    Karakaş, Cemal, “Turkey: Islam and Laicism between the Interests of State, Politics, and Society,” PRIF Reports, 78 (2007): 1–41.
    Kaymakcan, Recep, “Learning Our Religion is Our Duty,” Muslim Education Quarterly 15.1 (1997): 60–70.
    Kedem, Peri and Mordechai Bar-Lev, “Does Political Socialization in Adolescence Have a Lasting Influence?,” Political Psychology 10.3 (1989): 391–416.
    Kennedy, Chris and Judith Kennedy, “Teacher Attitudes and Change Implementation,” System 24.3 (1996): 351–360.
    Kılıçbay, Barış and Muta Binark, “Consumer Culture, Islam, and the Politics of Lifestyle,” European Journal of Communication 17.4 (2002): 495–511.
    Kinzer, Stephen, “A Triumphant Turkey?,” New York Review of Books 58.13 (2011): 37–40.
    Koçak, Kıvanç, “Kasımpaşalı Haylaz: Merkez Sağda Yeni Umut,” Birikim 147 (2001): 53–59.
    Kuru, Ahmet, “Passive and Assertive Secularism: Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles, and State Policies toward Religion,” World Politics 59.4 (2007): 568–594.
    Landau, Jacob M., “The National Salvation Party in Turkey,” Asian and African Studies 11.1 (1976): 1–56.
    LeCompte, Margaret, “Learning to Work: The Hidden Curriculum of the Classroom,” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 9.1 (1978): 22–37.
    LeCompte, Margaret and Judith Preissle Goetz, “Problems of Reliability and Validity in Ethnographic Research,” Review of Educational Research 52.1 (1982): 31–60.
    Levin, Martin L., “Social Climates and Political Socialization,” The Public Opinion Quarterly 25.4 (1961): 596–606.
    Lewis, Bernard, “Abbasids,” Encyclopedia of Islam, eds. P. Bearman et al. (The Netherlands: 2008).
    Lewis, Jeff, “Spiritual Education as the Cultivation of Qualities of the Heart and Mind,” Oxford Review of Education 26.2 (2000): 263–282.
    Lukens-Bull, Robert, “Two Sides of the Same Coin: Modernity and Tradition in Islamic Education in Indonesia,” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 32.3 (2001): 350–372.
    MacDougall, David, “Social Aesthetics and the Doon School,” Visual Anthropology Review 15.1 (1999): 3–20.
    Mahmood, Saba, “Religious Reason and Secular Affect: An Incommensurable Divide,” Critical Inquiry 35 (Summer 2009): 836–862.
    Mahmood, Saba, “Secularism, Hermeneutics, and Empire: The Politics of Islamic Reformation,” Public Culture 18.2 (2006): 323–347.
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    Massialas, Byron G., “Hidden Curriculum in the Classroom,” International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, eds. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes (New York: Elsevier, 2001), 6683–6685.
    Mecham, R. Quinn, “From the Ashes of Virtue, A Promise of Light,” Third World Quarterly 25.2 (2004): 339–358.
    Moroney, Siobhan, “Latin, Greek, and the American Schoolboy,” The Classical Journal 96.3 (2001): 295–307.
    Nalbant, Şehri, “İmam-Hatiplim,” İmam-Hatip Nesli 8 (December 1996): 13.
    Otyakmaz, Hikmet Hayati, “Muhtaç Olduğumuz İslam Nesli,” İmam-Hatipli Nesil, 7 (November 1996): 22.
    Öcal, Mustafa, “From the Past to the Present: Imam and Preacher Schools in Turkey – An Ongoing Quarrel,” Religious Education 102.2 (2007): 191–205.
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    Özbudun, Ergun, “Democratization Reforms in Turkey,” Turkish Studies 8.2 (2007): 179–196.
    Özdalga, Elizabeth, “Secularizing Trends in Fethullah Gülen’s Movement: Impasse or Opportunity for Further Renewal?,” Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 12.1 (2003): 61–73.
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    Paçacı, Mehmet and Yasin Aktay, “75 Years of Higher Religious Education in Modern Turkey,” The Muslim World 89.3–4 (1999): 389–413.
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    Selected Web sites

    Television Programs

    CNN Türk, Tarafsız Bölge, October 17, 2006
    NTV, Lider Portreleri: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, August 14, 2007
    NTV, Yakın Plan, September 2007

    1 This list includes only interlocutors who were willing to be named.

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