Abrams, P. A. (1983). The theory of limiting similarity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14, 359–376.
Aho, J. M. (1990). Helminth communities of amphibians and reptiles: comparative approaches to understanding patterns and processes. In Esch, G. W., Bush, A. O. and Aho, J. M., eds., Parasite Communities: Patterns and Processes. London, Chapman and Hall, pp. 157–195.
Allen, A. P., Brown, J. H. and Gillooly, J. F. (2002). Global biodiversity, biochemical kinetics, and the energetic-equivalence rule. Science 297, 1545–1548.
Anderson, A. N. (1995). Palaeontology. Adaptation and community ecology: a response to Walter and Patterson (1994). Australian Journal of Ecology 19, 241–250.
Andrewartha, H. G. (1970). Introduction to the Study of Animal Populations, 2nd edn., London, Chapman and Hall.
Andrewartha, H. G. and Birch, L. C. (1954). The Distribution and Abundance of Animals. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Andrewartha, H. G. and Birch, L. C.(1984). The Ecological Web. Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press.
Aoyama, J. and Tsukamoto, K. (1997). Evolution of freshwater eels. Naturwissenschaften 84, 17–21.
Aoyama, J., Nishida, M. and Tsukamoto, K. (2001). Molecular phylogeny and evolution in the freshwater eel, genus Anguilla. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20, 450–459.
Apaloo, J. (2003). Single species evolutionary dynamics. Evolutionary Ecology 17, 33–49.
Arme, C. and Halton, D. W. (1974). Observations on the occurrence of Diclidophora merlangi (Trematoda: Monogenea) on the gills of whiting, Gadus merlangus. Journal of Fish Biology 4, 27–32.
Armonies, W. and Reise, K. (2000). Faunal diversity across a sandy shore. Marine Ecology Progress Series 196, 49–57.
Armstrong, R. A. and McGee, R. (1980). Competitive exclusion. American Naturalist 115, 151–170.
Armsworth, P. R. (2002). Recruitment limitation, population regulation and larval connectivity in reef fish metapopulations. Ecology cit. Doherty (2002).
Arndt, W. (1940). Der prozentuelle Anteil der Parasiten auf und in Tieren im Rahmen des aus Deutschland bisher bekannten Tierartenbestandes. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 121, 684–689.
Arthur, W. (1982). The Evolutionary Consequences of Interspecific Competition. Advances in Ecological Research, London, New York, Academic Press, pp. 127–187.
Bannarescu, P. (1975). Principles and problems of zoogeography. Belgrade, NOLIT.
Barker, J. S. F. (1983). Interspecific competition. In Ashburner, M., Carson, H. L. and Thompson, J. N. Jr., eds., The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila. London, Academic Press, pp. 285–341.
Barker, R. D. (1987). The diet of herbivores in the sheep rangelands. In Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short, J. eds., Kangaroos: Their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 69–83.
Barraclough, T. G., Harvey, P. H. and Nee, S. (1996). Rate of rbcL gene sequence evolution and species diversification in flowering plants (angiosperms). Proceedings of the Royal Society London B 263, 589–591.
Bates, R. M. and Kennedy, C. R. (1990). Interactions between the acanthocephalans Pomporhynchus laevis and Acanthocephalus anguillae in rainbow trout: testing an exclusion hypothesis. Parasitology 100, 435–444.
Bazin, C., Capy, P., Higuet, D. and Langin, T. (1997). Séquences d'AND mobiles et évolution du génome. Pour Sci., Hors. Sér. Janvier 97, 106–109. (cit. Harmelin-Vivien 2002).
Begon, M. and Mortimer, M. (1981). Population Ecology. A Unified Study of Animals and Plants. Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Boston, Melbourne, Blackwell Scientific.
Begon, M. J., Harper, J. L. and Townsend, C. R. (1990). Ecology. Individuals, Populations and Communities, 2nd edn. Boston, Blackwell Scientific.
Begon, M. J., Harper, J. L. and Townsend, C. R.(1996). Ecology. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific.
Ben-Eliahu, M. N. and Safriel, U. N. (1982). A comparison between species diversity of polychaetes from tropical and temperate structurally similar rocky intertidal habitats. Journal of Biogeography 9, 371–390.
Benton, M. J. (1995). Diversification and extinction in the history of life. Science 268, 52–58.
Benton, M. J.(1998). Analyzing diversification through time: reply to Sepkoski and Miller. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13, 201.
Benton, M. J. and Pearson, P. N. (2001). Speciation in the fossil record. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16, 405–411.
Berryman, A. A., (1987). Equilibrium or nonequilibrium: is that the question?Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 68, 500–502.
Beveridge, J., Chilton, N. B. and Spratt, D. M. (2002). The occurrence of species flocks in the nematode genus Cloacina (Strongyloidea: Cloacininae), parasitic in the stomachs of kangaroos and wallabies. Australian Journal of Zoology 50, 597–620.
Bradley, D. J. (1974). Stability in host-parasite systems. In Usher, M. B. and Williamson, M. H., eds., Ecological Stability. London, Chapman and Hall, pp. 71–87.
Bromham, L. and Cardillo, M. (2003). Testing the link between the latitudinal gradient in species richness and rates of molecular evolution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16, 200–207.
Bromham, L. D., Rambaut, A. and Harvey, P. H. (1996). Determinants of rate variation in mammalian DNA sequence evolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution 43, 610–621.
Brown, J. H. (1975). Geographical ecology of desert rodents. In Cody, M. L. and Diamond, J. M., eds., Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Cambridge, Mass. and London, Belknap Press of Harvard University, pp. 315–341.
Brown, J. H.(1995). Macroecology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Brown, J. H.(1999). Macroecology: progress and prospect. Oikos 87, 3–14.
Brown, J. H. and Maurer, B. A. (1989). Macroecology: the division of food and space among species on continents. Science 243, 1145–1150.
Brown, J. H., Reichman, O. J. and Davidson, D. W. (1979). Granivory in desert ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 10, 201–227.
Brown, J. H., Gillooly, J. F., Allen, A. P., Savage, V. M. and West, G. B. (2004). Toward a metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology 85, 1771–1789.
Burr, B. M. and Page, L. M. (1986). Zoogeography of the lower Ohio-upper Mississippi basin. In Hocutt, C. H. and Wiley, E. O., eds., The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes. London, Wiley, pp. 287–324.
Bush, A. O. (1990). Helminth communities in avian hosts: determinants of patterns. In Esch, G. W., Bush, A. O. and Aho, J. M., eds., Parasite Communities: Patterns and Processes. London, Chapman and Hall, pp. 197–232.
Butterworth, E. W. and Holmes, J. C. (1984). Character divergence in two species of trematodes (Pharyngostomoides: Strigeoidea). Journal of Parasitology 70, 315–316.
Byrnes, T. and Rohde, K. (1992). Geographical distribution and host specificity of ectoparasites of Australian bream, Acanthopagrus spp. (Sparidae). Folia Parasitologica 39, 249–264.
Cairns, S. C. and Grigg, G. C. (1993). Population dynamics of red kangaroos (Macropus rufus) in relation to rainfall in the South Australian pastoral zone. Journal of Applied Ecology 30, 444–458.
Cannon, L. R. G. (1979). Ecological observations on Cerithium moniliferum Kiener (Gastropoda: Cerithiidae) and its trematode parasites at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 30, 365–374.
Cappucino, N. (1995). Novel approaches to the study of population dynamics. In Cappucino, N. and Price, P. W., eds., Population Dynamics. New Approaches and Synthesis. San Diego, Academic Press, pp. 3–16.
Cardillo, M. (1999). Latitude and rates of diversification in birds and butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society London 266, 1221–1225.
Caswell, H. (1978). Predator-mediated coexistence: a non-equilibrium model. American Naturalist 112, 127–154.
Caswell, H. and Cohen, J. E. (1993). Local and regional regulation of species-area relations: a patch-occupancy model. In Ricklefs, R. E. and Schluter, D., eds., Species Diversity in Ecological Communities. Historical and Geographical Perspectives. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. 99–107.
Caughley, G. (1987a). Introduction to the sheep rangelands. In Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short, J., eds., Kangaroos: Their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–13.
Caughley, G.(1987b). Ecological relationships. In Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short, J., eds., Kangaroos: Their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 159–187.
Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short, J., eds. (1987). Kangaroos: Their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Chesson, P. L. (1978). Predator-prey theory and variability. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 9, 288–325.
Chesson, P. L.(1981). Models for spatially distributed populations: the effect of within-patch variability. Theoretical Population Biology 19, 288–323.
Chesson, P. L.(1982). The stabilizing effect of a random environment. Journal of Mathematical Ecology 15, 1–36.
Chesson, P. L.(1986). Environmental variation and the coexistence of species. In Diamond, J. and Case, T., eds., Community Ecology. New York, Harper and Row, pp. 240–256.
Chesson, P. L. and Case, T. J. (1986). Overview: nonequilibrium community theories: chance, variability, history, and coexistence. In Diamond, J. and Case, T., eds., Community Ecology. New York, Harper and Row, pp. 229–239.
Chittaro, P. M. and Sale, P. F. (2003). Structure of patch-reef fish assemblages at St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, and One Tree Reef, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 249, 277–287.
Chowdhury, D. and Stauffer, D. (2004). Computer simulations of history of life: speciation, emergence of complex species from simple organisms, and extinctions. Physica A- Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 340, 685–696.
Christiansen, F. B. and Fenchel, T. M. (1977). Theories of Populations in Biological Communities. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer-Verlag.
Clutton-Brock, T. H. and Pemberton, J., eds., (2004). Soay Sheep. Dynamics and Selection in an Island Population. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Clutton-Brock, T. H., Price, O. F., Albon, S. D. and Jewell, F. A. (1991). Persistent instability and population regulation in Soay sheep. Journal of Animal Ecology 60, 593–608.
Cody, M. L. (1974). Competition and the Structure of Bird Communities. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.
Cody, M. L. and Diamond, J. M., eds., (1975). Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Cambridge, Mass. and London, Belknap Press of Harvard University.
Colwell, R. K. (1984). What's new? Community ecology discovers biology. In Price, P. W., Slobodchikoff, C. N. and Gaud, W. S., eds., (1984). A New Ecology. Novel Approaches to Interactive Systems. New York, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 387–396.
Coman, B. J. (1996). A short history of the rabbit in Australia. Quadrant 4, 21–26.
Combes, C. (2001). Parasitism. The Ecology and Evolution of Intimate Interactions. Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press.
Compton, S. G., Lawton, J. H. and Rashbrook, V. K. (1989). Regional diversity, local community structure and vacant niches: the herbivorous arthropods of bracken in South Africa. Ecological Entomology 14, 365–373.
Connell, J. H. (1975). Some mechanisms producing structure in natural communities: a model and evidence from field experiments. In Cody, M. L. and Diamond, J. M., eds., Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, pp. 460–490.
Connell, J. H.(1978). Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199, 1302–1309.
Connell, J. H.(1979). Tropical rain forests and coral reefs as open non-equilibrium systems. Symposia of the British Ecological Society 20, 141–163.
Connell, J. H.(1980). Diversity and the coevolution of competitors, or the ghost of competition past. Oikos 35, 131–138.
Connell, J. H.(1983). On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific competition: evidence from field experiments. American Naturalist 122, 661–696.
Connell, J. H. and Green, P. T. (2000). Seedling dynamics over thirty-two years in a tropical rain forest tree. Ecology 81, 568–584.
Connell, J. H., Tracey, J. G. and Webb, L. J. (1984). Compensatory recruitment, growth, and mortality as factors maintaining rain forest tree diversity. Ecological Monographs 54, 141–184.
Connor, E. F. and Simberloff, D. S. (1978). Species number and compositional similarity of the Galapagos flora and avifauna. Ecological Monographs 48, 219–248.
Connor, E. F. and Simberloff, D. S.(1986). Competition, scientific method, and null models in ecology. American Scientist 74, 155–162.
Cooper, G. (1993). The competition controversy in community ecology. Biology and Philosophy 8, 359–384.
Cooper, G.(2001). Must there be a balance in nature?Biology and Philosophy 16, 481–506.
Cornell, H. V. (1985a). Local and regional richness of cynipine gall wasps on California oaks. Ecology 66, 1247–1260.
Cornell, H. V.(1985b). Species assemblages of cynipid gall wasps are not saturated. American Naturalist 126, 565–569.
Cornell, H. V.(1999). Unsaturation and regional influences on species richness in ecological communities: a review of the evidence. Ecoscience 6, 303–315.
Cornell, H. V.(2001). Diversity, community/regional level. In Levin, S., ed., Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, vol. 32. New York, Academic Press, pp. 161–177.
Cornell, H. V. and Karlson, R. H. (1997). Local and regional processes as controls of species richness. In Tilman, D. and Kareiva, P., eds., Spatial Ecology. The Role of Space in Population Dynamics and Interspecific Interactions. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, pp. 250–268.
Cornell, H. V. and Lawton, J. H. (1992). Species interactions, local and regional processes, and limits to the richness of ecological communities: a theoretical perspective. Journal of Animal Ecology 61, 1–12.
Courtillot, V. and Gaudemer, Y. (1996). Effects of mass extinctions on biodiversity. Nature 381, 146–148.
Crame, J. A. (2001). Taxonomic diversity gradients through geological time. Diversity and Distributions 7, 175–189.
Crawley, M. J., ed., (1986). Plant Ecology. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publishing.
Crawley, M. J. (1990). The population dynamics of plants. In Hassell, M. P. and May, R. M., eds., Population, Regulation and Dynamics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B330, 125–140.
Criddle, R. S., Church, J. N., Smith, B. N. and Hansen, L. D. (2003). Fundamental causes of the global patterns of species range and richness. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 50, 192–199.
Currie, D. J. (1991). Energy and large-scale patterns of animal and plant-species richness. American Naturalist 137, 27–49.
Currie, D. J. and Paquin, V. (1987). Large scale biogeographical patterns of species richness of trees. Nature 329, 326–327.
Curtis, L. A. and Hubbard, K. M. K. (1993). Species relationships in a marine gastropod-trematode ecological system. Biological Bulletin 184, 25–35.
Darwin, C. (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Facsimile 1964, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.
Dayton, P. K. (1971). Competition, disturbance, and community organization: The provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 41, 351–389.
DeAngelis, D. L. and Waterhouse, J. C. (1987). Equilibrium and nonequilibrium concepts in ecological models. Ecological Monographs 57, 1–21.
Boer, P. J. and Reddingius, J. (1996). Regulation and Stabilization Paradigms in Population Ecology. London, Chapman and Hall.
Dennis, B. and Taper, B. (1994). Density dependence in time series observations of natural populations: estimation and testing. Ecological Monographs 64, 205–224.
Diamond, J. (1973). Distributional ecology of New Guinea birds. Science 179, 759–769.
Diamond, J.(1975). Assembly of species communities. In Cody, M. and Diamond, J., eds., Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, pp. 342–344.
Diamond, J. and Case, T. J., eds., (1986). Community Ecology. New York, Harper and Row.
Dickman, C. R., Pressey, R. L., Lim, L. and Parnaby, H. E. (1993). Mammals of particular conservation concern in the Western Division of New South Wales. Biological Conservation 65, 219–248.
Dobshansky, T. (1957). Discussion, from Andrewartha, H. G.: the use of conceptual models in population ecology. Cold Spring Harbour Symposia on Quantitative Biology, p. 235.
Dobson, S. I., Arnott, S. E. and Cottingham, K. L. (2000). The relationship in lake communities between primary productivity and species richness. Ecology 81, 2662–2679.
Doherty P. J. (2002). Variable replenishment and the dynamics of reef fish populations. In Sale, P. F., ed., Coral Reef Fishes. Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. Amsterdam, Academic Press, pp. 327–355.
Doherty, P. J. and Williams, D. M. (1988). The replenishment of coral reef fish populations. Oceanography and Marine Biology 26, 487–551.
Dunham, A. E. (1980). An experimental study of interspecific competition between the iguanid lizards Sceloporus merriami and Urosaurus ornatus. Ecological Monographs 50, 309–330.
Eadie, J. M. (1987). Size ratios and artifacts: Hutchinson's rule revisited. American Naturalist 129, 1–17.
Edmunds, J., Cushing, J. M., Constantino, R. F., Henson, S. M., Dennis, B. and Desharnais, R. A. (2003). Park's Tribolium competition experiments: a non-equilibrium species coexistence hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology 72, 703–712.
Egerton, F. N. (1973). Changing concepts of the balance of nature. The Quarterly Review of Biology 48, 322–350.
Ehrlich, P. R., Ehrlich, A. H. and Holdren, J. P. (1977). Ecoscience. Population, Resources, Environment. San Francisco, W. H. Freeman.
Elder, H. Y. (1979). Studies on the host-parasite relationship of the parasitic prosobranch Thyca cristallina and the asteroid starfish Linckia laevigata. Journal of Zoology 187, 369–391.
Elton, C. (1933). The Ecology of Animals. New York, MacMillan.
Elton, C. S. (1946). Competition and the structure of ecological communities. Journal of Animal Ecology 15, 54–68.
Emison, W. B., Beardsell, C. M. and Temby, I. D. (1994). The biology and status of the long-billed Corella in Australia. Proceedings of the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology 5, 211–247.
Esch, G. E. and Fernandez, J. C. (1993). A Functional Biology of Parasitism. London, Chapman and Hall.
Esch, G. E., Bush, A. and Aho, J. (1990). Parasite Communities: Patterns and Processes. London, New York, Chapman and Hall.
Farrell, E. J. (1998). Fasciola hepatica in the New England Region of New South Wales. BSc. Honours thesis, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
Fauth, J. E., Bernardo, J., Camara, M., Resetarits, J. Jr., Buskirk, J. and McCollum, S. A. (1996). Simplifying the jargon of community ecology: a conceptual approach. American Naturalist 147, 282–286.
Fenchel, T., ed., (1999). Ecology 1999 and Tomorrow. Copenhagen, Nordic Ecological Society Oikos.
Flessa, K. W. (1975). Area, continental drift and mammalian diversity. Paleobiology 1, 189–194.
Forrester, C. E., Vance, R. R. and Steele, M. A. (2002). Simulating large-scale population dynamics using small-scale data. In Sale, P. F., ed., (2002). Coral Reef Fishes. Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. Amsterdam, Academic Press, pp. 275–301.
Francis, A. P. and Currie, D. J. (1998). Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests: another look. Oikos 81, 598–602.
Francis, A. P. and Currie, D. J.(2003). A globally consistent richness-climate relationship for angiosperms. American Naturalist 161, 523–536.
Freeman, S. and Herron, J. C. (2004). Evolutionary Analysis. 3rd edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Fried, B. and Diaz, V. (1987). Site-finding and pairing of Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda) on the chick chorioallantois. Journal of Parasitology 73, 546–548.
Fried, B., Tancer, R. B. and Fleming, S. J. (1980). In vitro pairing of Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda) metacercariae and adults, and characterisation of worm products involved in chemoattraction. Journal of Parasitology 66, 1014–1018.
Gaston, K. J. and Blackburn, T. M. (1999). A critique of macroecology. Oikos 84, 353–368.
Gause, G. F. (1935). The Struggle for Existence. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins.
Geets, A., Coene, H. and Ollevier, F. (1997). Ectoparasites of the whitespotted rabbitfish, Siganus sutor (Valenciennes, 1835) off the Kenyan coast: distribution within the host population and site selection on the gills. Parasitology 115, 69–79.
Geller, W. and Gude, H. (1989). Lake Constance – the largest German lake. In Lampert, W. and Rothaupt, K. O., eds., Limnology in the FRG. 24th Congress of the International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology.
Gilbert, F. S. (1980). The equilibrium theory of island geography: fact or fiction. Journal of Biogeography 7, 209–235.
Giller, P. S. and Gee, J. H. R. (1987). The analysis of community organization: the influence of equilibrium, scale and terminology. In Gee, J. H. R. and Giller, P. S., eds., Organization of Communities Past and Present. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific, pp. 519–542.
Gillooly, J. F., Charnov, E. L., West, G. B., Savage, V. M. and Brown, J. H. (2002). Effects of size and temperature on developmental time. Nature 417, 70–73.
Gleason, H. A. (1926). The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 53, 7–26.
Goater, T. M., Esch, G. W. and Bush, A. O. (1987). Helminth parasites of sympatric salamanders: ecological concepts at infracommunity, component and compound community levels. American Midland Naturalist 118, 289–300.
Godfray, H. C. J. (1994). Parasitoids: Behavioural and Evolutionary Ecology. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.
Godfray, H. C. J. and Lawton, J. H. (2001). Scale and species numbers. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16, 400–404.
Gosper D. M. (1992) The ecology of parasites of Anguilla reinhardtii (long-finned eel) and Anguilla australis (short-finned eel). BSc Honours thesis, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
Gotelli, N. J. and Graven, G. R. (1996). Null Models in Ecology. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press.
Gotelli, N. J. and McCabe, D. J. (2002). Species co-occurrence: a meta-analysis of J. M. Diamond's assembly rules model. Ecology 83, 2091–2096.
Gotelli, N. J., and Rohde, K. (2002). Co-occurrence of ectoparasites of marine fishes: null model analysis. Ecology Letters 5, 86–94.
Grant, P. R. (1972). Convergent and divergent character displacement. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 4, 39–68.
Grant, P. R.(1975). The classical case of character displacement. Evolution Biologica 8, 237–337.
Grant, P. R. and Schluter, D. (1984). Interspecific competition inferred from patterns of guild structure. In Strong, D. R. Jr., Simberloff, D., Abele, L. G. and Thistle, A. B., eds., Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, pp. 201–231.
Grime, J. P. (1979). Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. London, Wiley.
Grinnell, J. (1904). The origin and distribution of the chestnut-backed chickadee. Auk 21, 364–382.
Hanski, I. (1997). Predictive and practical metapopulation models: the incidence function approach. In Tilman, D. and Kareiva, P. (1997). Spatial Ecology: the Role of Space in Population Dynamics and Interspecific Interactions. Princeton N.J., Monographs in Population Biology, no. 30. Princeton University Press, pp. 21–45.
Hanski, I.(1999). Metapopulation Ecology. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Hanski, I. and Gilpin, M. E. (1991). Metapopulation dynamics: a brief history and conceptual domain. In Gilpin, M. and Hanski, I., eds., Metapopulation Dynamics: Empirical and Theoretical Investigations. London, Academic Press, pp. 3–16.
Hanski, I. and Kuussaari, M. (1995). Butterfly metapopulation dynamics. In Cappucino, N. and Price, P. W., eds., Population Dynamics. New Approaches and Synthesis. San Diego, Academic Press, pp. 149–171.
Hanski, I. and Ovaskainen, O. (2002). Extinction debt at extinction threshold. Conservation Biology 16, 666–673.
Hanski, I. I., Woiwod, I. and Perry, J. (1993). Density dependence, population persistence, and largely futile arguments. Oecologia 95, 595–598.
Harmelin-Vivien, M. L. (2002). Energetics and fish diversity on coral reefs. In Sale, P. F., ed., Coral Reef Fishes. Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. Amsterdam, Academic Press, pp. 265–274.
Harris, G. P. (1986). Phytoplankton Ecology. Structure, Function and Fluctuation. London, Chapman and Hall.
Hassell, M. P. and May, R. M., eds., (1990). Population, Regulation and Dynamics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 330, 121–304.
Haukisalmi, V. and Henttonen, H. (1993a). Coexistence in helminths of the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus. I. Patterns of co-occurrence. Journal of Animal Ecology 62, 221–229.
Haukisalmi, V. and Henttonen, H.(1993b). Coexistence in helminths of the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus. II. Intestinal distribution and interspecific interactions. Journal of Animal Ecology 62, 230–238.
Hawkins, A. (1993). Complex interactions between dispersal and dynamics: lessons from coupled logistic equations. Ecology 74, 1362–1372.
Hawkins, B. A. and Compton, S. G. (1992). African fig wasp communities: undersaturation and latitudinal gradients in species richness. Journal of Animal Ecology 61, 361–372.
Hawkins, B. A., Field, R., Cornell, H. V.et al. (2003). Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology 84, 3105–3117.
Hayward, C. J., Perera, K. M. L. and Rohde, K. (1998). Assemblages of ectoparasites of a pelagic fish, slimy mackerel (Scomber australasicus) from Southeastern Australia. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 263–273.
Hendrickson, H. T. (1978). Sympatric speciation: evidence?Science 200, 345–346.
Hengeveld, R. (1994). Biodiversity – the diversification of life in a non-equilibrium world. Biodiversity Letters 2, 1–10.
Hengeveld, R. and Walter, G. H. (1999). The two coexisting ecological paradigms. Acta Biotheoretica 47, 141–170.
Hillebrand, H. (2004). On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient. American Naturalist 163, 192–211.
Hine, P. M. (1978) Distribution of some parasites of freshwater eels in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 12, 179–187.
Hine, P. M.(1980a) Distribution of helminths in the digestive tracts of New Zealand freshwater eels. 1. Distribution of digeneans. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 14, 329–338.
Hine, P. M.(1980b) Distribution of helminths in the digestive tracts of New Zealand freshwater eels. 2. Distribution of nematodes. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 14, 339–347.
Hine, P. M., Francis, R. I. C. C. (1980) Distribution of helminths in the digestive tracts of New Zealand freshwater eels. 3. Interspecific associations and conclusions. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 14, 349–356.
Hixon, M. A. and Webster, M. S. (2002). Density dependence in reef fish populations. In Sale, P. F., ed., Coral Reef Fishes. Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. Amsterdam, Academic Press, pp. 303–325.
Holbrook, S. J. and Schmitt, R. J. (2002). Competition for shelter space causes density-dependent predation mortality in damselfishes. Ecology 83, 2855–2868.
Holmes, J. C. (1973). Site selection by parasitic helminths: interspecific interactions, site segregation, and their importance to the development of helminth communities. Canadian Journal of Zoology 51, 333–347.
Holmes, J. C.(1987). The structure of helminth communities. International Journal for Parasitology 17, 203–208.
Holmes, J. C.(1990). Helminth communities in marine fishes. In Esch, G., Bush, A. and Aho, J., eds., Parasite Communities: Patterns and Processes. London, New York, Chapman and Hall, pp. 101–130.
Holmes, J. C. and Price, P. W. (1986). Communities of parasites. In Kikkawa, J. and Anderson, D. J., eds., Community Ecology: Pattern and Process. Melbourne, Blackwell Scientific Publishing, pp. 187–213.
Holyoak, M. and Lawton, J. H. (1993). Comment arising from a paper by Wolda and Dennis: using and interpreting the results of tests for density dependence. Oecologia 95, 592–594.
Hubbell, S. P. (1980). Seed predation and the coexistence of tree species in tropical forests. Oikos 35, 214–229.
Hubbell, S. P.(2001). The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.
Hubbell, S. P. and Foster, R. B. (1986). Biology, chance, and history and the structure of tropical rain forest tree communities. In Diamond, J. and Case, T. J., eds., Community Ecology. New York, Harper and Row, pp. 314–329.
Hubbell, S. P., Condit, R. and Foster, R. B. (1990). Presence and absence of density dependence in a neotropical tree community. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London Series B330, 269–281.
Hubbell, S. P., Foster, R. B., O‘Brien, S. T., Harms, K. E., Condit, R., Weschler, B., Wright, S. J. and Loo de Lao, S. (1999). Light gap disturbances, recruitment limitation, and tree diversity in a neotropical forest. Science 283, 554–557.
Huffaker, C. B. (1958). Experimental studies on predation: dispersion factors and predator–prey oscillations. Hilgardia 27, 343–383.
Hughes, L. (2003). Climate change and Australia: trends, projections and impacts. Australian Ecology 28, 423–443.
Hughes, T. P., Bellwood, D. R. and Connolly, S. R. (2002). Biodiversity hotspots, centres of endemicity, and the conservation of coral reefs. Ecology Letters 5, 775–784.
Hutchinson, G. E. (1948). Circular causal systems in ecology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 50, 221–246.
Hutchinson, G. E.(1957). Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbour Symposium on Quantitative Biology 22, 415–427.
Hutchinson, G. E.(1959). Homage to Santa Rosalia, or why are there so many kinds of animals?American Naturalist 93, 145–159.
Hutchinson, G. E.(1961). The paradox of the plankton. American Naturalist 95, 137–145.
Jablonski, D. (1991). Extinctions: a paleontological perspective. Science 253, 754–757.
Jablonski, D.(1993). The tropics as a source of evolutionary novelty through geological time. Nature 364, 142–144.
Jablonski, D.(1999). The future of the fossil record. Science 284, 2114–2116.
Jablonski, D. and Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. (1996). Paleobiology, community ecology, and scales of ecological pattern. Ecology 77, 1367–1378.
Jablonski, D., Roy, K., Valentine, J. W., Price, R. M. and Anderson, P. S. (2003). The impact of the pull of the Recent on the history of marine diversity. Science 300, 1133–1135.
Jackson, J. B. C. and Johnson, K. G. (2001). Measuring past biodiversity. Science 293, 2401–2404.
Janovy, J. Jr., Clopton, R. E. and Percival, T. J. (1992). The roles of ecological and evolutionary influences in providing structure to parasite species assemblages. Journal of Parasitology 78, 630–640.
Janovy, J. Jr., Clopton, R. E., Clopton, D. A., Snyder, S. D., Efting, A. and Krebs, L. (1995). Species density distributions as null models for ecologically significant interactions of parasite species in an assemblage. Ecological Modelling 77, 189–196.
Jarkovsky, J., Morand, S. and Simková, A. (2004). Reproductive barriers between congeneric monogenean parasites (Dactylogyrus: Monogenea): attachment apparatus morphology or copulatory organ incompatibility?Parasitology Research 92, 95–105.
Källander, H. (1981). The effects of provision of food in winter on a population of the Great Tit Parus major and the Blue Tit P. caeruleus. Ornis Scandinaviae 12, 244–248.
Kamegai, S. (1986). Studies on Diplozoon nipponicum Goto, 1891. The gathering phenomenon of diporpae and the effect of cortisone acetate on the union of diporpae. In Howell, M. J., ed., Parasitology-Quo Vadit 2. Handbook, program and abstracts. 6th International Congress of Parasitology, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, p. 161.
Kareiva, P. (1994). Diversity begets productivity. Nature 368, 686–687.
Kaspari, M., Ward, P. S. and Yuan, M. (2004). Energy gradients and the geographical distribution of local ant diversity. Oecologia 140, 407–413.
Kauffman, S. A. (1993). The Origins of Order. Self-organization and Selection in Evolution. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Kawano, K. (2002). Character displacement in giant rhinoceros beetles. American Naturalist 159, 255–271.
Kearn, G. C. (1970). The production, transfer and assimilation of spermatophores by Entobdella soleae, a monogenean kin parasite of the common sole. Parasitology 60, 301–311.
Kearn, G. C.(1988). The monogenean skin parasite Entobdella soleae: movement of adults and juveniles from host to host (Solea solea). International Journal for Parasitology 18, 313–319.
Kennedy, C. R. (1985). Site segregation by species of Acanthocephala in fish, with special reference to eels, Anguilla anguilla. Parasitology 90, 375–390.
Kennedy, C. R.(1990). Helminth communities in freshwater fish: structured communities or stochastic assemblages. In Esch, G., Bush, A. O. and Aho, J. M., eds., Parasite Communities: Patterns and Processes. London, New York, Chapman and Hall, pp. 131–156.
Kennedy, C. R.(1992). Field evidence for interactions between the acanthocephalans Acanthocephalus anguillus and A. luci in eels Anguilla anguilla. Ecological Parasitology 11, 122–134.
Kennedy, C. R.(1995). Richness and diversity of macroparasite communities in tropical eels Anguilla reinhardtii in Queensland, Australia. Parasitology 111, 233–245.
Kennedy, C. R. and Guégan, J. F., (1994). Regional versus local helminth parasite richness in British freshwater fish: saturated or unsaturated parasite communities?Parasitology 109, 175–185.
Kennedy, C. R. and Guégan, J. F.(1996). The number of niches in intestinal helminth communities of Anguilla anguilla: are there enough spaces for parasites?Parasitology 113, 293–302.
Kennedy, C. R., Di Cave, D., Berrilli, F. and Orecchia, P. (1997). Composition and structure of helminth communities in eels Anguilla anguilla from Italian lagoons. Journal of Helminthology 71, 35–40.
Keymer, A. E. (1982). Density-dependent mechanisms in the regulation of intestinal helminth populations. Parasitology 84, 573–587.
Kiener, A. and Richard-Vindard, G. (1972). Fishes of the continental waters of Madagascar. In Battistini, R. and Richard-Vindard, G., eds., Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar. The Hague, W. Junk B.V. Publishing, pp. 477–499.
Kimura, M. (1983). The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. New York, Cambridge University Press.
Kingsland, S. (1995). Modeling Nature, 2nd edn. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Koch, M. (2003). Faunal survey. II. The distribution of digenean trematodes within the New England Tablelands. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum.
Kormondy, E. J. (1969). Concepts of Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall.
Körner, C. (2000). Why are there global gradients in species richness? Mountains might hold the answer. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15, 513–514.
Koszowski, J. (1999). Adaptation: a life history perspective. Oikos 86, 185–194.
Krebs, C. J. (1985). Ecology. The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. New York, Harper and Row.
Krebs, C. J.(1991). The experimental paradigm and long-term population studies. Ibis 133, 3–8.
Krebs, C. J.(2001). Ecology: the Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. 5th edn. San Francisco, Addison Wesley.
Kube, J., Kube, S. and Dierschke, V. (2002). Spatial and temporal variations in the trematode component community of the mudsnail Hydrobia ventrosa in relation to the occurrence of waterfowl as definitive hosts. Journal of Parasitology 88, 1075–1086.
Kuris, A. M. (1990). Guild structure of larval trematodes in molluscan hosts: prevalence, dominance and significance of competition. In Esch, G., Bush, A. and Aho, J., eds., Parasite Communities: Patterns and Processes. London, Chapman and Hall, pp. 69–100.
Kuris, A. M. and Lafferty, K. D. (1994). Community structure: larval trematodes in snail hosts. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25, 189–217.
Lafferty, K. D., Sammond, D. T. and Kuris, A. M. (1994). Analysis of larval trematode communities. Ecology 75, 2275–2285.
Lambert, A. and Maillard, C. (1974). Parasitisme branchial simultane par deux especies de Diplectanum Diesing, 1858 (Monogenea, Monopisthocotylea) chez Dicentrarchus labrax (L., 1758) (Teleosteen). Comptes Rendus Academie de Sciences, Paris, 279 (D), 1345–1347.
Lambert, A. and Maillard, C.(1975). Repartition branchiale de deux monogenes: Diplectanum aequans (Wagener 1857) Diesing, 1858 et Diplectanum laubieri Lambert et Maillard, 1974 (Monogenea, Monopisthocotylea) parasites simultanes de Dicentrarchus labrax (teleosteen). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee50, 691–699.
Latham, R. E. and Ricklefs, R. E. (1993). Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests: energy-diversity theory does not account for variation in tree species richness. Oikos 67, 325–333.
Lawton, J. H. (1982). Vacant niches and unsaturated communities: a comparison of bracken herbivores at sites on two continents. Journal of Animal Ecology 51, 573–595.
Lawton, J. H.(1984a). Herbivore community organization: general models and specific tests with phytophagous insects. In Price, P. W., Slobodchikoff, C. N. and Gaud, W. S., eds., A New Ecology. Novel Approaches to Interactive Systems. New York, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 329–352.
Lawton, J. H.(1984b). Non-competitive populations, non-convergent communities, and vacant niches: the herbivores of bracken. In Strong, D. R. Jr., Simberloff, D., Abele, L. G. and Thistle, A. B., eds., Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, pp. 67–101.
Lawton, J. H.(1999). Are there general laws in ecology?Oikos 84, 177–192.
Lawton, J. H.(2000). Community Ecology in a Changing World. Nordbünte, Oldendorf, Ecology Institute.
Lawton, J. H., and MacGarvin, M. (1986). The organization of herbivore communities. In Kikkawa, J. and Anderson, D. J., eds., Community Ecology: Pattern and Process. Melbourne, Blackwell Scientific Publishing, pp. 163–186.
Lawton, J. H. and Strong, D. R. (1981). Community patterns and competition in folivorous insects. American Naturalist 118, 317–338.
Lawton, J. H., Lewinsohn, T. M. and Compton, S. G. (1993). Patterns of diversity for insect herbivores on bracken. In Ricklefs, R. E. and Schluter, D., eds., Species Diversity in Ecological Communities. Historical and Geographical Perspectives. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. 178–184.
Lello, J., Boag, B., Fenton, A., Stevenson, I. R. and Hudson, P. J. (2004). Competition and mutualism among the gut helminths of a mammalian host. Nature 428, 840–845.
Leslie, P. H., Park, T. and Mertz, D. B. (1968). The effect of varying the initial numbers on the outcome of competition between two Tribolium species. Journal of Animal Ecology 37, 9–23.
Lester, R. J. G. and Adams, J. R. (1974). Gyrodactylus alexanderi: reproduction, mortality, and effect on its host Gasterosteus aculeatus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 52, 827– 833.
Levin, S. A. (1970). Community equilibria and stability, and an extension of the competitive exclusion principle. American Naturalist 104, 413–423.
Levin, S. A.(1992). The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73, 1943–1967.
Levin, S. A.(1998). Ecosystems and the biosphere as complex adaptive systems. Ecosystems 1, 431–436.
Levin, S. A.(2000). Multiple scales and the maintenance of biodiversity. Ecosystems 3, 498–506.
Levin, S. A. and Paine, R. T. (1974). Disturbance, patch formation, and community structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 71, 2744–2747.
Levin, S. A. and Pimentel, D. (1981). Selection of intermediate rates of increase in parasite–host systems. American Naturalist 117, 308–315.
Likens, G. E. (1975). Primary production of inland ecosystems. In Lieth, H. and Whittaker, R. H., eds., Primary Productivity in the Biosphere. Berlin, Springer Verlag, pp. 185–202.
Lindström, J., Lundberg, P., Ranta, E. and Kaitala, V. (1999). Oikos, 50 years of ecology. Oikos 87, 462–475.
Littlewood, D. T. J., Rohde, K., Bray, R. A. and Herniou, E. A. (1999). Phylogeny of the Platyhelminthes and the evolution of parasitism. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 68, 257–287.
Loveridge, A. J. and Macdonald, D. W. (2003). Niche separation in sympatric jackals (Canis mesomelas and Canis adustus). Journal of Zoology (London) 259, 143–153.
Lowman, M. D. (1985). Temporal and spatial variability in insect grazing of the canopies of five Australian rainforest species. Australian Journal of Ecology 10, 7–24.
Lozano, S. and Zapata, F. A. (2003). Short-term temporal patterns of early recruitment of coral reef fishes in the tropical eastern Pacific. Marine Biology 142, 399–409.
MacArthur, R. H. (1972). Geographic Ecology: Patterns in the Distribution of Species. New York, Harper and Row.
MacArthur, R. H. and Levins, R. (1967). The limiting similarity, convergence and divergence of coexisting species. American Naturalist 101, 377–385.
MacArthur, R. H. and Wilson, E. O. (1963). An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution 17, 373–387.
MacArthur, R. H. and Wilson, E. O.(1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.
Mahon, R. (1984). Divergent structure in fish taxocenes of north temperate streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 41, 330–350.
Marcogliese, D. J. and Cone, D. K. (1993) What metazoan parasites tell us about the evolution of American and European eels. Evolution 47, 1632–1635.
Marcogliese, D. J. and Cone, D. K.(1996) On the distribution and abundance of eel parasites in Nova Scotia: influence of pH. Journal of Parasitology 82, 389–399.
Marcogliese, D. J. and Cone, D. K.(1998). Comparison of richness and diversity of macroparasite communities among eels from Nova Scotia, the United Kingdom and Australia. Parasitology 116, 73–83.
Martin, P. R. and McKay, J. K. (2004). Latitudinal variation in genetic divergence of populations and the potential for future speciation. Evolution 58, 938–945.
Martin, A. P and Palumbi, S. R. (1993). Body size, metabolic rate, generation time, and the molecular clock. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 90, 4087–4091.
Martins, R. P., Lewinsohn, T. M. and Lawton, J. H. (1995). First survey of insects feeding on Pteridium aquilinum in Brazil. Rev. Bras. Entomol. 39, 151–156.
May, R. M. (1973). Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.
May, R. M.(1975). Deterministic models with chaotic dynamics. Nature 261, 165–166.
May, R. M.(1981). The role of theory in ecology. American Zoologist 21, 903–910.
May, R. M.(1986). The search for patterns in the balance of nature: advances and retreats. Ecology 67, 1115–1126.
May, R. M. and Anderson, R. M. (1978). Regulation and stability of host-parasite population interactions. II. Destabilizing processes. Journal of Animal Ecology 47, 249–267.
May, R. M. and MacArthur, R. H. (1972). Niche overlap as a function of environmental variability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 69, 1109–1113.
Smith, Maynard J. (1974). Models in Ecology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Mayr, E. (1976). Bird speciation in the tropics. In Mayr, E., ed., Evolution and the Diversity of Life. Cambridge Mass. and London, Belknap Press, pp. 176–187.
McGill, B. J. (2003). A test of the unified neutral theory of biodiversity. Nature 422, 881–885.
McGlone, M. S. (1996). When history matters: scale, time, climate and tree diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 5, 309–314.
McIntosh, R. P. (1987). Pluralism in ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18, 321–341.
Middleton, D. (1993). Persistence of managed populations: simple models and an application to the Islay Barnacle Goose population. Dissertation. Department of Statistics and Modelling Science. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland (cit. Murdock 1994).
Miller, R. S. (1967). Pattern and Process in Competition. Advances in Ecological Research 4, London, Academic Press, pp. 1–74.
Molofsky, J. and Bever, J. D. (2004). A new kind of ecology?BioScience 54, 440–446.
Moloney, K. A. and Levin, S. A. (1996). The effects of disturbance architecture on landscape-level population dynamics. Ecology 77, 375–394.
Mooers, A. O. and Harvey, P. H. (1994). Metabolic rate, generation time and the rate of molecular evolution in birds. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 3, 344–350.
Mora, C., Chittaro, P. M., Sale, P. F., Kritzer, J. P. and Ludsin, S. A. (2003). Patterns and processes in reef fish diversity. Nature 42, 933–936.
Morand, S., Poulin, R., Rohde, K. and Hayward, C. J. (1999). Aggregation and species coexistence of ectoparasites of marine fishes. International Journal for Parasitology 29, 663–672.
Morand, S., Rohde, K. and Hayward, C. J. (2002). Order in parasite communities of marine fish is explained by epidemiological processes. Parasitology 124, S57–S63.
Mouillot, D., George-Nascimento, M. and Poulin, R. (2003), How parasites divide resources: a test of the niche apportionment hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology 72, 757–764.
Moulton, M. P. and Pimm, S. L. (1987). Morphological assortment in introduced Hawaiian passerines. Evolutionary Ecology 1, 113–124.
Moyle, P. B. and Herbold, B. (1987). Life-history patterns and community structure in stream fishes of western North America: comparisons with eastern North America and Europe. In Matthews, W. J, and Heins, D. C., eds., Community and Evolutionary Ecology of North American Stream Fishes. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, pp. 25–32.
Murdoch, W. W. (1994). Population regulation in theory and practice. Ecology 75, 271–287.
Myers, N. (1997). The niche diversity of biodiversity issues. In Reaka-Kudla, M. L., Wilson, D. E. and Wilson, E. U., eds., Biodiversity II. Understanding and Perfecting our Biological Resources. Washington, Joseph Henry Press, pp. 125–138.
Neubert, M. G. (1997). A simple population model with qualitatively uncertain dynamics. Journal of Theoretical Biology 189, 399–411
Nichols, S. P. (1996). Nematodes of rabbits and hares of eastern Australia. BSc. Honours thesis, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
Nicholson, A. J. (1933). The balance of animal populations. Journal of Animal Ecology 2, 132–178.
Nicholson, A. J.(1954). An outline of the dynamics of animal populations. Australian Journal of Zoology 2, 9–65.
Nisbet, R. M. and Gurney, W. S. C. (1982). Modelling Fluctuating Populations. Chichester, Wiley.
Nollen, P. M. (1993). Echinostoma trivolvis: mating behavior of adults raised in hamsters. Parasitology Research 79, 130–132.
Norton, J., Lewis, J. W. and Rollinson, D. (2003). Parasite infracommunity diversity in eels: a reflection of local component community diversity. Parasitology 127, 475–482.
Novotny, V., Basset, Y., Miller, S. E.et al. (2002). Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest. Nature 416, 841–844.
Nowak, M. A. and May, R. M. (1994). Superinfection, metapopulation dynamics, and the evolution of diversity. Journal of Theoretical Biology 170, 95–114.
Oberdorff, T. B., Hugueny, A., Compin, A. and Belkessam, D. (1998). Non-interactive fish communities in the coastal streams of North-western France. Journal of Animal Ecology 67, 472–484.
Orians, G. H. (1962). Natural selection and ecological theory. American Naturalist 46, 257–263.
Ovaskainen, O. and Hanski, I. (2002). Transient dynamics in metapopulation response to perturbation. Theoretical Population Biology 61, 285–295.
Paine, R. T. (2002). Advances in ecological understanding: by Kuhnian revolution or conceptual evolution?Ecology 83, 1553–1559.
Palmer, M. W. (2001). Extending the quasi-neutral concept. Folia Geobotanica 36, 25–33.
Pandian, T. J. and Vivekanadan, E. (1985). Energetics of feeding and digestion. In Tyler, P. and Calow, P., eds., Fish Energetics – New Perspectives. London, Croom Helm, pp. 99–124.
Park, T. (1954). Experimental studies of interspecies competition. II. Temperature, humidity, and competition in two species of Tribolium. Physiological Zoology 27, 177–238.
Pence, D. B. (1990). Helminth communities of mammalian hosts: concepts at the infracommunity, component and compound community. In Esch, G., Bush, A. and Aho, J., eds., Parasite Communities: Patterns and Processes. London, New York, Chapman and Hall, pp. 233–260.
Petraitis, P. S., Latham, R. E. and Niesenbaum, R. A. (1989). The maintenance of species diversity by disturbance. Quarterly Review of Biology 64, 393–418.
Pianka, E. R. (1973). The structure of lizard communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4, 53–74.
Pianka, E. R.(1974). Evolutionary Ecology. 2nd edn. New York, Harper and Row.
Pianka, E. R.(1983). Evolutionary Ecology. 3rd edn. New York, Harper and Row.
Pickett, S. T. A. (1980). Non-equilibrium coexistence of plants. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 107, 238–248.
Pielou, E. C. (1969). An Introduction to Mathematical Ecology. New York, Wiley-Interscience.
Pielou, E. C.(1975). Ecological Diversity. New York, Wiley-Interscience.
Pielou, E. C.(1979). Biogeography. New York, Wiley-Interscience.
Pimm, S. L. (1978). An experimental approach to the effects of predictability on community structure. American Zoologist 18, 797–808.
Pimm, S. L.(1991). The Balance of Nature?Chicago and London, The University of Chicago Press.
Poulin, R. (1998). Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites. London, Chapman and Hall.
Poulin, R. and Mouillot, D. (2003). Host introductions and the geography of parasite taxonomic diversity. Journal of Biogeography 30, 1–9.
Poulin, R. and Rohde, K. (1997). Comparing the richness of metazoan ectoparasite communities of marine fishes: controlling for host phylogeny. Oecologia 110, 278–283.
Poulin, R., Mouillot, D. and George-Nascimento, M. (2003). The relationship between species richness and productivity in parasite communities. Oecologia 137, 277–285.
Price, P. W. (1977). General concepts of the evolutionary biology of parasites. Evolution 31, 405–420.
Price, P. W.(1980). Evolutionary Biology of Parasites. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.
Price, P. W.(1983). Communities of specialists: Vacant niches in ecological and evolutionary time. In Strong, D., Simberloff, D. and Abele, L., eds., Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.
Price, P. W.(1984). Alternative paradigms in community ecology. In Price, P. W., Slobodchikoff, C. N. and Gaud, W. S., eds., A New Ecology. Novel Approaches to Interactive Systems. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 353–383.
Price, P. W., Gaud, W. S, and Slobodchikoff, C. N. (1984). Introduction: is there a new ecology? In Price, P. W., Slobodchikoff, C. N. and Gaud, W. S., eds., A New Ecology. Novel Approaches to Interactive Systems. New York, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 1–11.
Price, P. W., Slobodchikoff, C. N. and Gaud, W. S., eds., (1984). A New Ecology. Novel Approaches to Interactive Systems. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
Priddle, D. (1987). The mobility and habitat utilisation of kangaroos. In Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short, J., eds., Kangaroos: Their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 100–118.
Pulliam, H. R. and Enders, F. A. (1971). The feeding ecology of five sympatric finch species. Ecology 52, 557–566.
Rahbeck, C. (1993). Captive breeding – a useful tool in the preservation of biodiversity?Biodiversity and Conservation 2, 428–437.
Rahbeck, C. and Graves, G. R. (2001). Multiscale assessment of patterns of avian species richness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 98, 4534–4539.
Ramasamy, P., Ramalingam, K., Hanna, R. E. B. and Halton, D. W. (1985). Microhabitats of gill parasites (Monogenea and Copepoda of teleosts (Scomberoides spp.)). International Journal for Parasitology 15, 385–397.
Ramensky, L. G. (1926). Die Grundgesetzmässigkeiten im Aufbau der Vegetationsdecke. Botanisches Centralblatt, N.F. 7, 453–455.
Rathcke, B. J. (1976a). Insect plant patterns and relationships in the stem-boring guild. American Midland Naturalist 99, 98–117.
Rathcke, B. J.(1976b). Competition and coexistence within a guild of herbivorous insects. Ecology 57, 76–87.
Rensch, B. (1954). Neuere Probleme der Abstammungslehre. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart.
Ricklefs, R. E. (2004). A comprehensive framework for global patterns in biodiversity. Ecology Letters 7, 11–15.
Ricklefs, R. E. and Miller, G. L. (1999). Ecology. 4th edn. New York, W. H. Freeman and Company.
Ritchie, M. E. and Olff, H. (1999). Spatial scaling laws yield a synthetic theory of biodiversity. Nature 400, 557–562.
Robertson, D. R. (1991). Increases in surgeonfish populations after mass mortality of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum in Panama indicate food limitation. Marine Biology 11, 437–444.
Robertson, D. R.(1995). Competitive ability and the potential for lotteries among territorial reef fishes. Oecologia 103, 180–190.
Robertson, D. R.(1996). Interspecific competition controls abundance and habitat use of territorial Caribbean damselfishes. Ecology 77, 885–899.
Robertson, D. R.(2001). Population maintenance among tropical reef fishes: inferences from small-island endemics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, 5667–5670.
Robertson, D. R. and Gaines, S. D. (1986). Interference competition structures habitat use in a local assemblage of coral reef surgeonfishes. Ecology 67, 1372–1383.
Robertson, G., Short, J. and Wellard, G. (1987). The environment of the Australian sheep rangelands. In Kangaroos: Their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 14–34.
Rohde, K. (1968). Die Entwicklung von Multicotyle purvisi. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 30, 278–280.
Rohde, K.(1972). The Aspidogastrea, especially Multicotyle purvisi Dawes 1941. Advances in Parasitology 10, 77–151.
Rohde, K.(1973). Structure and development of Lobatostoma manteri sp.nov. (Trematoda, Aspidogastrea) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Parasitology 66, 63–83.
Rohde, K.(1975). Early development and pathogenesis of Lobatostoma manteri Rohde (Trematoda: Aspidogastrea). International Journal for Parasitology 5, 597–607.
Rohde, K.(1976a). Marine parasitology in Australia. Search 7, 477–482.
Rohde, K.(1976b). Monogenean gill parasites of Scomberomorus commersoni Lacépède and other mackerel on the Australian east coast. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 51, 49–69.
Rohde, K.(1977a). Species diversity of monogenean gill parasites of fish on the Great Barrier Reef. Proceedings of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium Miami-Florida, pp. 585–591.
Rohde, K.(1977b). A non-competitive mechanism responsible for restricting niches. Zoologischer Anzeiger 199, 164–172.
Rohde, K.(1977c). Habitat partitioning in Monogenea of marine fishes. Heteromicrocotyla australiensis, sp. nov. and Heteromicrocotyloides mirabilis, gen. and sp. nov. (Heteromicrocotylidae) on the gills of Carangoides emburyi (Carangidae) on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 53, 171–182.
Rohde, K.(1978a). Latitudinal differences in species diversity and their causes. I. A review of the hypotheses explaining the gradients. Biologisches Zentralblatt 97, 393–403.
Rohde, K.(1978b). Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and their causes. II. Marine parasitological evidence for a time hypothesis. Biologisches Zentralblatt 97, 405–418.
Rohde, K.(1978c). Latitudinal differences in host specificity of marine Monogenea and Digenea. Marine Biology 47, 125–134.
Rohde, K.(1979a). A critical evaluation of intrinsic and extrinsic factors responsible for niche restriction in parasites. American Naturalist 114, 648–671.
Rohde, K.(1979b). The buccal organ of some Monogenea Popyopisthocotylea. Zoologica Scripta 8, 161–170.
Rohde, K.(1980a). Warum sind ökologische Nischen begrenzt? Zwischenartlicher Antagonismus oder innerartlicher Zusammenhalt?Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 33, 98–102.
Rohde, K.(1980b). Comparative studies on microhabitat utilization by ectoparasites of some marine fishes from the North Sea and Papua New Guinea. Zoologischer Anzeiger 204, 27–63.
Rohde, K.(1980c). Diversity gradients of marine Monogenea in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Experientia 36, 1368–1369.
Rohde, K.(1980d). Species diversification, with special reference to parasites. Proceedings of the 24th Conference of the Australian Society for Parasitology, Adelaide.
Rohde, K.(1980e). Host specificity indices of parasites and their application. Experientia 36, 1369–1371.
Rohde, K.(1981a). Niche width of parasites in species-rich and species-poor communities. Experientia, 37, 359–361.
Rohde, K.(1981b). Population dynamics of two snail species, Planaxis sulcatus and Cerithium moniliferum, and their trematode species at Heron island, Great Barrier Reef. Oecologia 49, 344–352.
Rohde, K.(1982). Ecology of Marine Parasites. St. Lucia. Brisbane, University of Queensland Press.
Rohde, K.(1984). Ecology of marine parasites. In Kinne, O. and Bulnheim, H. P., eds., Diseases of Marine Organisms, Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 37, 5–33.
Rohde, K.(1985). Increased viviparity of marine parasites at high latitudes. Hydrobiologia 127, 197–201.
Rohde, K.(1986). Differences in species diversity of Monogenea between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Hydrobiologia 137, 21–28.
Rohde, K.(1989). Simple ecological systems, simple solutions to complex problems? Evolutionary Theory 8, 305–350.
Rohde, K.(1991). Intra- and interspecific interactions in low density populations in resource-rich habitats. Oikos 60, 91–104.
Rohde, K.(1992). Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause. Oikos 65, 514–527.
Rohde, K.(1993). Ecology of Marine Parasites. 2nd edn. Wallingford, UK, CAB – International (Commonwealth Bureaux of Agriculture).
Rohde, K.(1994a). Niche restriction in parasites: proximate and ultimate causes. Parasitology 109, S69–S84.
Rohde, K.(1994b). The minor groups of parasitic Platyhelminthes. Advances in Parasitology 33, 145–234.
Rohde, K.(1997). The larger area in the tropics does not explain latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Oikos 79, 169–172.
Rohde, K.(1998a). Latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Area matters, but how much? Oikos 82, 184–190.
Rohde, K.(1998b). Is there a fixed number of niches for endoparasites of fish? International Journal for Parasitology 28, 1861–1865.
Rohde, K.(1999). Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and Rapoport's rule revisited: a review of recent work, and what can parasites teach us about the causes of the gradients? Ecography, 22, 593–613 (invited Minireview on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Nordic Ecological Society Oikos). Also published in Fenchel, T., ed., Ecology 1999 and Tomorrow. University of Lund, Sweden, Oikos Editorial Office, pp. 73–93.
Rohde, K.(2001a). Spatial scaling laws may not apply to most animal species. Oikos 93, 499–504
Rohde, K.(2001b). The Aspidogastrea: an archaic group of Platyhelminthes. In Littlewood, D. T. J. and Bray, R. A., eds., Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes. London and New York, Taylor and Francis, pp. 159–167.
Rohde, K.(2001c). Parasitism. In Levin, S. ed., Encyclopedia of Biodiversity Vol. I. New York, Academic Press, pp. 463–484.
Rohde, K.(2002). Ecology and biogeography of marine parasites. Advances in Marine Biology 43, 1–86.
Rohde, K.(2005a). Cellular automata and ecology. Oikos 110, 203–207.
Rohde, K.(2005b). Eine neue Ökologie. Aktuelle Probleme der evolutionären Ökologie. Naturwissen schaftliche Rundschau (in press).
Rohde, K. and Hayward, C. J. (2000). Oceanic barriers as indicated by scombrid fishes and their parasites. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 579–583.
Rohde, K. and Heap, M. (1998). Latitudinal differences in species and community richness and in community structure of metazoan endo- and ectoparasites of marine teleost fish. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 461–474.
Rohde, K. and Hobbs, R. (1986). Species segregation: Competition or reinforcement of reproductive barriers? In Cremin, M., Dobson, C. and Moorhouse, D. E., eds., Parasite lives. Papers on Parasites, their Hosts and their Association to Honour J. F. A. Sprent. St. Lucia, London, New York, University of Queensland Press, pp. 89–199.
Rohde, K. and Hobbs, R.(1988) Rarity in marine Monogenea. Does an Allee-effect or parasite-induced mortality explain truncated frequency distributions? Biologisches Zentralblatt 107, 327–338.
Rohde, K. and Hobbs, R.(1999). An asymmetric percent similarity index. Oikos 87, 601–602.
Rohde, K. and Rohde, P. P. (2001). Fuzzy chaos: reduced chaos in the combined dynamics of several independently chaotic populations. American Naturalist 158, 553–556.
Rohde, K. and Rohde, P. P.(2005). The ecological niches of parasites. In: Rohde, K. ed., Marine Parasitology. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne (in press).
Rohde, K., Hayward, C.Heap, M. and Gosper, D. (1994). A tropical assemblage of ectoparasites: gill and head parasites of Lethrinus miniatus (Teleostei, Lethrinidae). International Journal for Parasitology 24, 1031–1053.
Rohde, K., Hayward, C. and Heap, M. (1995). Aspects of the ecology of metazoan ectoparasites of marine fishes. International Journal for Parasitology 25, 945–970.
Rohde, K., Roubal, F. and Hewitt, G. C. (1980). Ectoparasitic Monogenea, Digenea, and Copepoda from the gills of some marine fishes of New Caledonia and New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 14, 1–13.
Rohde, K., Worthen, W., Heap, M., Hugueny, B. and Guégan, J. F. (1998). Nestedness in assemblages of metazoan ecto- and endoparasites of marine fish. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 543–549.
Rosenheim, J. A. and Tabashnik, B. E. (1993). Generation time and evolution. Nature 365, 791–792.
Rosenzweig, M. L. (1973). Evolution of the predator isocline. Evolution 27, 89–94.
Rosenzweig, M. L.(1995). Species Diversity in Space and Time. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Rosenzweig, M. L. and Sandlin, E. A. (1997). Species diversity and latitude: listening to area's signal. Oikos 80, 172–176.
Rosenzweig, M. L. and Sterner, P. W. (1970). Population ecology of desert rodent communities: body size and seed-husking as bases for heteromyid coexistence. Ecology 51, 217–224.
Rosenzweig, M. L. and Ziv, Y. (1999). The echo pattern of species diversity: pattern and processes. Oikos 22, 614–628.
Roubal, F. R. (1979). The taxonomy and site specificity of the ectoparasitic metazoans on the black bream, Acanthopagrus australis (Günther), in northern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology Supplement 84.
Roughgarden, J. (1989). The structure and assembly of communities. In Roughgarden, J. S. D., May, R. M. and Levin, S. A., eds., Perspectives in Ecological Theory. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, pp. 203–226.
Roy, K., Jablonski, D., Valentine, J. W.et al. (1998). Marine latitudinal diversity gradients: tests of causal hypotheses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95, 3699–3702.
Royama, T. (1981) Fundamental concepts and methodology for the analysis of animal population dynamics, with special reference to univoltine species. Ecological Monographs 51, 473–493.
Sale, P. F. (1977). Maintenance of high diversity in coral reef fish communities. American Naturalist 111, 337–359.
Sale, P. F.(1991). Reef fish communities: open nonequilibrial systems. In Sale, P. F., ed., The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. San Diego, Academic Press, pp. 564–598.
Sale, P. F.(2002). The science we need to develop more effective management. In Sale, P. F., ed., Coral Reef Fishes. Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. Amsterdam, Academic Press, pp. 361–376.
Sale, P. F., ed. (2002). Coral reef fishes. Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. Amsterdam, Academic Press.
Sale, P. F. and Tolimieri, N. (2000). Density-dependence at some time and place? Oecologia 124, 166–171.
Sale, P. F., Doherty, P. J., Eckert, G. J., Douglas, W. A. and Ferrell, D. J. (1984) Large scale spatial and temporal variation in recruitment to fish populations on coral reefs. Oecologia 64, 191–198.
Schad, G. A. (1962). Gause's hypothesis in relation to the oxyuroid populations of Testudo graeca. Journal of Parasitology 48, 36.
Schad, G. A.(1963). Niche diversification in a parasitic species flock. Nature 198, 404–406.
Schoener, T. W. (1983). Field experiments on interspecific competition. American Naturalist 122, 240–285.
Schoener, T. W.(1986a). Overview: kinds of ecological communities-ecology becomes pluralistic. In Diamond, J. and Case, T. J., eds., Community Ecology. New York, Harper and Row, pp. 467–479.
Schoener, T. W.(1986b). Resource partitioning. In Kikkawa, J. and Anderson, D. J., eds., Community Ecology: Pattern and Process. Melbourne, Blackwell Scientific Publishing, pp. 91–126.
Shepherd, J. G. and Cushing, D. H. (1990). Regulation in fish populations: myth or mirage In Hassell, M. P. and May, R. M., eds., Population, Regulation and Dynamics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B330, 151–164.
Short, J. (1987). Factors affecting food intake of rangeland herbivores. In Caughley, G., Shepherd, N. and Short, J., eds., Kangaroos: Their Ecology and Management in the Sheep Rangelands of Australia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 84–99.
Shurin, J. B. (2000). Dispersal limitation, invasion resistance, and the structure of pond zooplankton communities. Ecology 81, 3074–3086.
Shurin, J. B. and Srivastava, D. S. (in press) New perspectives on local and regional diversity: Beyond saturation. In Holyoak, M., Holt, R. and Leibold, M. eds., Metacommunities. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press.
Shurin, J. B., Havel, J. E., Leibold, M. A. and Pinel-Alloul, B. (2000). Local and regional zooplankton species richness: a scale-independent test for saturation. Ecology 81, 3062–3072.
Sibley, C. G. and Ahlquist, , J. E. (1990). Phylogeny and Classification of Birds. A Study in Molecular Evolution. Yale, Yale University Press.
Silman, M. R., Terborgh, J. W. and Kiltie, R. A. (2003). Population regulation of a dominant rain forest tree by a major seed predator. Ecology 84, 431–438.
Silverton, J. (1980). The dynamics of a grassland ecosystem: botanical equilibrium in the park grassland experiment. Journal of Applied Ecology 17, 491–504.
Silverton, J. and Charlesworth, D. (2001). Introduction to Plant Population Biology. 4th edn. Oxford, Blackwell Science.
Simberloff, D. S. (1974). Equilibrium theory of island biogeography and ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5, 161–182.
Simberloff, D. S.(1976). Species turnover and equilibrium island biogeography. Science 194, 572–578.
Simberloff, D. S.(1978). Using island biogeographic distributions to determine if colonisation is stochastic. American Naturalist 112, 713–726.
Simberloff, D. S. and Wilson, E. O. (1970). Experimental zoogeography of islands. A two-year record of colonization. Ecology 51, 934–937.
Simkova, A., Desdevises, Y., Gelnar, M. and Morand, S. (2000). Co-existence of nine gill ectoparasites (Dactylogyus: Monogenea) parasitising the roach Rutilus rutilus (L.): history and present ecology. International Journal for Parasitology 30, 1077–1088.
Simkova, A., Gelnar, M. and Morand, S. (2001a). Order and disorder in ectoparasite communities: the case of congeneric gill monogeneans (Dactylogyrus spp.). International Journal for Parasitology 31, 1205–1210.
Simkova, A., Gelnar, M. and Sasal, P. (2001b). Aggregation of congeneric parasites (Monogenea: Dactylogyrus). Parasitology 123, 599–607.
Simkova, A., Desdevises, Y., Gelnar, M. and Morand, S. (2001c). Morphometric correlates of host specificity in Dactylogyrus species (Monogenea) parasites of European Cyprinid fish. Parasitology 123, 169–177.
Simkova, A., Ondrackova, M., Gelnar, M. and Morand, S. (2002). Morphology and coexistence of congeneric ectoparasite species: reinforcement of reproductive isolation? Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 76, 125–135.
Sinclair, A. R. E. (1979). The eruption of the ruminants. In Sinclair, A. R. E. and Norton-Griffiths, M., eds., Serengeti – the Dynamics of an Ecosystem. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. 82–103.
Sinclair, A. R. E.(1985). Does interspecific competition or predation shape the African ruminant community? Journal of Animal Ecology 54, 899–918.
Smith, F. D. M., May, R. M., Pellew, T. H., Johnson, T. H. and Walter, K. R. (1993). How much do we know about the current extinction rate? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8, 375–378.
Sousa, W. P. (1990). Spatial scale and the processes structuring a guild of larval trematode parasites. In Esch, G., Bush, A. O. and Aho, J. M., eds., Parasite Communities: Patterns and Processes. London, New York, Chapman and Hall, pp. 41–67.
Sousa, W. P.(1992). Interspecific interactions among larval trematode parasites of freshwater and marine snails. American Zoologist 32, 583–592.
Sousa, W. P.(1993). Interspecific antagonism and species coexistence in a diverse guild of larval trematode parasites. Ecological Monographs 63, 103–128.
Srivastava, D. S. (1999). Using local-regional richness plots to test for species saturation: pitfalls and potentials. Journal of Animal Ecology 68, 1–16.
Srivastava, D. S., Lawton, J. H. and Robinson, G. S. (1997). Spore-feeding: a new, regionally vacant niche for bracken herbivores. Ecological Entomology 22, 475–478.
Stauffer, D. and Chowdhury, D. (2005). Evolutionary ecology in-silico: evolving food webs, migrating population and speciation. Physica A 352, 202–215.
Steadman, D. W. (1995). Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific island birds. Biodiversity meets zooarchaeology. Science 267, 1123–1131.
Stehli, F. G., Douglas, D. G. and Newell, N. D. (1969). Generation and maintenance of gradients in taxonomic diversity. Science 164, 947–949.
Stevens, G. C. (1989). The latitudinal gradients in geographical range: how so many species co-exist in the tropics. American Naturalist 133, 240–256.
Stiassny, M. L. J. and Raminosoa, N. (1994). The fishes of the inland waters of Madagascar. In Teugels, G. G., Guegan, J. F. and Albert, J. J., eds., Biological Diversity in African Fresh- and Brackish Water Fishes. Tervuren, Belgique, Annales Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, pp. 133–149.
Strong, D. R., Jr. (1981). The possibility of insect communities without competition.: Hispine beetles on Heliconia. In Denno, R. F. and Dingle, H., eds., Insect Life History Patterns: Habitat and Geographic Variation, New York, Springer-Verlag, pp. 183–194.
Strong, D. R., Jr.(1984). Density-vague ecology and liberal population regulation in insects. In Price, P. W., Slobodchikoff, C. N. and Gaud, W. S., eds., A New Ecology. Novel Approaches to Interactive Systems. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 313–327.
Strong, D. R. Jr., Szyska, L. A. and Simberloff, D. S. (1979). Tests of community-wide character displacement against null hypotheses. Evolution 33, 897–913.
Strong, D. R. Jr., Lawton, J. H. and Southwood, T. R. E. (1984). Insects on Plants. Community Patterns and Mechanisms. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific.
Sugihara, G., Grenfell, B. and May, R. M. (1990). Distinguishing error from chaos in ecological time. In Hassell, M. P. and May, R. M., eds., Population, Regulation and Dynamics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B330, 235–251.
Surman, C. A. and Wooller, R. D. (2003). Comparative foraging ecology of five sympatric terns at a sub-tropical island in the eastern Indian Ocean. Journal of Zoology (London) 259, 219–230.
Tarr, H. L. A. (1969). Contrast between fish and warm blooded vetebrates in enzyme systems of intermediary metabolism. In Neuhaus, O. W. and Halves, J. E., eds., Fish in Research. New York, Academic Press, pp. 155–174.
Tauber, C. A. (1978). Response to criticism of Hendrickson. Science 200, 346.
Tauber, C. A. and Tauber, M. J. (1977). Sympatric speciation based on allelic changes in three loci: evidence from natural populations in two habitats. Science 197, 1298–1299.
Tauber, C. A. and Tauber, M. J.(1987). Food specificity in predaceous insects: a comparative ecophysiological and genetic study. Evolutionary Ecology 1, 175–186.
Terborgh, J. (1973). On the notion of favourableness in plant ecology. American Naturalist 107, 481–501.
Terborgh, J. and Faaborg, J. (1980). Saturation of bird communities in the West Indies. American Naturalist 116, 178–195.
Terborgh, J. and Weske, J. S. (1969). Colonization of secondary habitats by Peruvian birds. Ecology 50, 765–782.
Tilman, D. (1982). Resource Competition and Community Structure. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.
Tilman, D.(1999). Diversity by default. Science 283, 495–496.
Tilman, D. and Kareiva, P. (1997). Spatial Ecology: The Role of Space in Population Dynamics and Interspecific Interactions. Monographs in Population Biology, no. 30. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press.
Tilman, D., Lehman, C. L. and Kareiva, P. (1997). Population dynamics in spatial habitats. In Tilman, D. and Kareiva, P., eds., Spatial Ecology: the Role of Space in Population Dynamics and Interspecific Interactions. Monographs in Population Biology, no. 30. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, pp. 3–20.
Timoféeff-Ressovsky, N. W., Zimmer, K. G. and Delbrück, M. (1935). Über die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur. Nachrichten aus der Biologie der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Göttingen 1, 189–245.
Tokeshi, M. (1990). Niche apportionment or random assortment: species abundance patterns. Journal of Animal Ecology 59, 1129–1146.
Tokeshi, M.(1999). Species Coexistence: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives. Oxford, Blackwell Science.
Tonn, W. M., Magnuson, J. J., Rask, M. and Toivonen, J. (1990). Intercontinental comparison of small-lake fish assemblages: the balance between local and regional processes. American Naturalist 136, 345–375.
Torchin M. and Kuris A. (2005). Introduced parasites and the use of parasites for controlling introduced pest species. In Rohde, K., ed. Marine Parasites. An Introduction, Melbourne, CSIRO Publishing.
Torchin, M. E., Lafferty, K. D., Dobson, A. P., McKenzie, V. J. and Kuris, A. M. (2003). Introduced species and their missing parasites. Nature 421, 628–630.
Tsukamoto, K. and Aoyama, J. (1998). Evolution of freshwater eels of the genus Anguilla: a probable scenario. Environmental Biology of Fishes 52, 139–148.
Tsukamoto, K.,Aoyama, J. and Miller, M. J. (2002) Migration, speciation, and the evolution of diadromy in anguillid eels. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 59, 1989–1998.
Turchin, P. (1995). Population regulation: old arguments and a new synthesis. In Cappuccino, N. and Price, P. W., eds., Population Dynamics: New Approaches and Synthesis. San Diego, Academic Press, pp. 19–41.
Tyler, H., Brown, K. S. and Wilson, K. (1994). Swallowtail Butterflies of the Americas. Gainsville, Scientific Publishing.
Underwood, T. (1986). The analysis of competition by field experiments. In Kikkawa, J. and Anderson, D. J., eds., Community Ecology: Pattern and Process. Melbourne, Blackwell Scientific Publishing, pp. 240–268.
Valdovinos, C., Navarete, S. A. and Marquet, P. A. (2003). Mollusc species diversity in the Southeastern Pacific: why are there more species towards the pole? Ecography 26, 129–144.
Nouhuys, S. and Hanski, I. (2002). Colonization rates and distances of a host butterfly and two specific parasitoids in a fragmented landscape. Journal of Animal Ecology 71, 639–650.
Valen, L. (1973). A new evolutionary law. Evolutionary Theory 1, 1–30.
Varley, G. C. (1947). The natural control of population balance in the knapweed gall-fly (Urophora jaceana). Journal of Animal Ecology 16, 139–187.
Via, S. (2001). Sympatric speciation in animals: the ugly duckling grows up. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16, 381–390.
Volkov, I., Banavar, J. R., Hubbell, S. P. and Maritan, A. (2003). Neutral theory and relative species abundance in ecology. Nature 424, 1035–1037.
Bertalanffy, L. (1952). Problems of Life. London, Watts and Co.
Von Bertalanffy, L.(1973). General System Theory. Harmondsworth, Penguin University Books.
Waide, R. B., Willig, M. R., Steiner, C. F., Mittelbach, G. G., Gough, L., Dodson, S. I., Juday, G. P. and Parmenter, R. (1999). The relationship between productivity and species richness. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30, 257–300.
Walker, J. C. (1979). Austrobilharzia terrigalensis: a schistosome dominant in interspecific interactions in a molluscan host. International Journal for Parasitology 9, 137–140.
Walker, T. D. and Valentine, J. W. (1984). Equilibrium models of evolutionary diversity and the number of empty niches. American Naturalist 124, 887–899.
Walter, G. H. (1995). Species concepts and the nature of ecological generalizations about diversity. In Lambert, D. M. and Spencer, H. G., eds., Speciation and the Recognition Concept. Baltimore and London, John Hopkins University Press, pp. 191–224.
Walter, G. H. and Hengeveld, R. (2000). The structure of the two ecological paradigms. Acta Biotheoretica 48, 15–46.
Walter, G. H. and Patterson, H. E. H. (1994). The implications of palaeontological evidence for theories of ecological communities and species richness. Australian Journal of Ecology 19, 241–250.
Walter, G. H. and Patterson, H. E. H.(1995). Levels of understanding in ecology: interspecific competition and community ecology. Australian Journal of Ecology 20, 463–466.
Watkinson, A. R. (1997). Plant population dynamics. In Crawley, M. J., ed., Plant Ecology, 2nd edn. Oxford, Blackwell Science, pp. 359–400.
Webster, M. S. (2003). Temporal density dependence and population regulation in a marine fish. Ecology 84, 623–628.
Werner, R. R. and Hughes, T. P. (1988). The population dynamics of reef fishes. Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium I, 144–155.
Wetzel, R. G. (1975). Limnology. Philadelphia, PA, Saunders.
White, T. C. R. (1993). The Inadequate Environment: Nitrogen and the Abundance of Animals. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
Whittaker, R. H. (1967). Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biological Review 42, 207–264.
Whittaker, R. H.(1972). Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon 21, 213–251.
Whittaker, R. H.(1975). Communities and Ecosystems. New York, Macmillan.
Wiens, J. A. (1974). Habitat heterogeneity and avian community structure in North American grasslands. American Midland Naturalist 91, 195–213.
Wiens, J. A.(1984). Resource systems, populations, and communities. In Price, P. W., Slobodchikoff, C. N. and Gaud, W. S., eds., A New Ecology. Novel Approaches to Interactive Systems. New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 397–436.
Willig, M. R. (2001). Latitude, common trends within. In Levin, S., ed., Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, vol.3. New York, Academic Press, pp. 701–714.
Willig, M. R., Kaufman, D. M. and Stevens, R. D. (2003). Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity: pattern, process, scale, and synthesis. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 34, 273–309.
Wilson, D. S. (1975). The adequacy of body size as niche difference. American Naturalist 109, 769–784.
Wilson, D. S.(1969). The species equilibrium. In Woodwell, G. M. and Smith, H. H., eds., Diversity and Stability in Ecological Systems. Brookhaven Symposia in Biology, no.22. Upton, New York, Brookhaven National Laboratory, pp. 38–47.
Wilson, E. O. and Simberloff, D. S. (1969). Experimental zoogeography of islands. Defaunation and monitoring techniques. Ecology 50, 267–277.
Wolfram, S. (1986). Theory and Applications of Cellular Automata: Advanced Series on Complex Systems. Singapore, World Scientific Publishing.
Wolfram, S.(2002). A New Kind of Science. Champaign, Il., Wolfram Media Inc.
Worthen, W. B. and Rohde, K. (1996). Nested subset analysis of colonisation-dominated communities: metazoan ectoparasites of marine fish. Oikos 75, 471–478.
Wright, S. D., Gray, R. D. and Gardner, R. C. (2003). Energy and the rate of evolution: inferences from plant rDNA substitution rates in the Western Pacific. Evolution 57, 2893–2898.
Wright, S. J. (2002). Plant diversity in tropical forests: a review of mechanisms of species coexistence. Oecologia 130, 1–14.
Wynne-Edwards, V. C. (1962). Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behaviour. Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd.
Zhang, H. and Wu, J. (2002). A statistical thermodynamic model of the organizational order of vegetation. Ecological Modelling 153, 69–80.
Zwölfer, H. (1974a). Innerartliche Kommunikationssysteme bei Bohrfliegen. Biologie in unserer Zeit 6, 147–153.
Zwölfer, H.(1974b). Das Treffpunkt-Prinzip als Kommunikationsstrategie und Isolationsmechanismus bei Bohrfliegen (Diptera: Trypetidae). Entomologia Germanica 1, 11–20.
Zwölfer, H. and Bush, G. L. (1984). Sympatrische und parapatrische Artbildung. Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 22, 211–233.