This book analyses all relevant questions regarding the recognition of governments in international law in light of recent practice involving civil wars, coup d'États and insurrections. The book critically assesses the criteria that have been traditionally used by States when deciding whether or not to recognize an entity as the government of another State. The book also critically analyses how investment tribunals have assessed matters of government recognition, identification and representation in recent arbitration cases. Based on a comprehensive analysis of both old and recent State practice, and case law, including investment awards, as well as the works of scholars, the book identifies the basic rules which can be used by States and international courts and tribunals to deal with issues surrounding recognition of governments.