Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Science Writing in Greco-Roman Antiquity
  • Cited by 16
      • Show more authors
      • You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Select format
    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      20 April 2017
      03 April 2017
      ISBN:
      9781139030762
      9780521113700
      9780521130639
      DOI:
      https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139030762
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.43kg, 208 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (228 x 152 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.31kg, 108 Pages
      • Subjects:
      History of Science and Technology, Ancient History, Classical Studies, History
      Series:
      Key Themes in Ancient History
    You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Selected: Digital
    Add to cart View cart Buy from Cambridge.org
    Subjects:
    History of Science and Technology, Ancient History, Classical Studies, History
    Series:
    Key Themes in Ancient History
    Information

    Book description

    We access Greek and Roman scientific ideas mainly through those texts which happen to survive. By concentrating only on the ideas conveyed, we may limit our understanding of the meaning of those ideas in their historical context. Through considering the diverse ways in which scientific ideas were communicated, in different types of texts, we can uncover otherwise hidden meanings and more fully comprehend the historical contexts in which those ideas were produced and shared, the aims of the authors and the expectations of ancient readers. Liba Taub explores the rich variety of formats used to discuss scientific, mathematical and technical subjects, from c.700 BCE to the sixth century CE. Each chapter concentrates on a particular genre - poetry, letter, encyclopaedia, commentary and biography - offering an introduction to Greek and Roman scientific ideas, while using a selection of ancient writings to focus on the ways in which we encounter them.

    Reviews

    'Taub explores diverse genres of surviving texts in Greek and Roman science writing from antiquity: poetry, letters, encyclopedias, and commentaries. By considering the actual texts, as well as the ideas being conveyed and taught, the author is able to delve into ancient scholarly communication through a route of discovery that owes its insights to a fresh perspective, using representative extant texts as case studies to discuss the writers’ motivations and ways of elucidating truth. … The narrative structure of this book reveals a fascinating unity of the ancients’ scientific thought ('philosophy') while noting incomplete or contradictory evidence, with a nod to diversity in mentioning what little is known about the role of women in the scholarly record. The selected texts are situated in their historical context, providing an accessible yet challenging intellectual history for any individual interested in the history of science.'

    Source: Choice

    Refine List

    Actions for selected content:

    Select all | Deselect all
    • View selected items
    • Export citations
    • Download PDF (zip)
    • Save to Kindle
    • Save to Dropbox
    • Save to Google Drive

    Save Search

    You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

    Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
    Cancel
    ×

    Contents

    Contents
    References

    Bibliographical Essay

    This bibliographical essay is intended to offer an introduction to ancient Greek and Roman science and to provide suggestions for further reading on the topics already discussed. Some works that are specifically relevant to textual studies are listed, with the hope that readers will be inspired to delve further into questions about the forms through which scientific and mathematical ideas were conveyed. Readers are also pointed towards other perspectives, including those of more traditional accounts of Greek and Roman science. Perhaps unsurprisingly, histories of science have often been informed by trends in other areas of historical inquiry. And scholars specialising in ancient philosophy also study ancient natural philosophy and mathematics, usually from a philosophical standpoint.

    What follows is not an exhaustive reading list, but rather one which is meant to indicate some of those trends and to provide several possible avenues for engaging with histories of ancient science. First, surveys of ancient Greek and Roman science are noted, followed by accounts of the work of specific individuals, treatments focusing on particular subjects (such as physics and mathematics), and finally studies concentrating on textual aspects (including the genres) of Greek and Roman scientific and technical writings. The numerous ‘handbooks’ and ‘companions’ to ancient history, philosophy and culture (including science) also have useful bibliographies; several of these are mentioned here, as a sample of what is available.

    (General) Histories of Ancient Science

    For many readers, the works of Lloyd will be the starting point for the study of Greek Science, including his Early Greek Science (1970); Methods and Problems in Greek Science (1991); Greek Science after Aristotle (1973); Magic, Reason and Experience: Studies in the Origins and Development of Greek Science (1979), as well as the multiplicity of other volumes he has published. Lloyd’s work is particularly informed by his close engagement with the history of philosophy, mathematics and medicine, as well as modern anthropological studies. Clagett’s Greek Science in Antiquity (1957) does not restrict itself, as the title suggests, to Greek science, and this is one of this classic’s many virtues: Clagett discusses Roman science and extends his account well into Late Antiquity, providing a detailed single-volume overview of Greek and Roman science. The work of Farrington, including Greek Science (1944/1961) and Science and Politics in the Ancient World (1939), has attracted generations of readers, even though some have distanced themselves from his Marxist and materialist interpretations. The Classical Association published Rihll’s Greek Science (1999), which presents an overview organised by subject (physics, mathematics, astronomy, geography, biology and medicine) and reading lists. Other sorts of overviews are provided by edited volumes, such as Rihll and Tuplin (eds), Science and Mathematics in Ancient Greek Culture (2002) and The Cambridge History of Science, vol. 1, Jones and Taub (eds) (forthcoming). Reference works such as The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th edn, 2012; Hornblower, Spawforth, and Eidinow (eds)), A Companion to Ancient Philosophy, Gill and Pellegrin (eds) (2006) and The Oxford Handbook of Hellenic Studies (2009, Boys-Stones, Graziosi, and Vasunia (eds)) have many valuable articles under various relevant headings. Even in antiquity, there was interest in histories of scientific inquiry; see Zhmud (2006), The Origin of the History of Science in Classical Antiquity.

    The ‘Great Man’ Approach to the History of Science and Studies of Significant Individuals

    Many histories of science and mathematics have centred on ‘great’ individuals deemed responsible for ‘great’ ideas – those regarded as having been most significant and influential over time. Amongst these figures of the ancient world, names such as those of Euclid (date uncertain, between 325 and 250 BCE), Aristotle (384–322 BCE), Archimedes (c. 287–212 BCE) and Galen of Pergamum (129–216 CE) loom large. Euclid is seen as responsible for setting the foundations of geometry, so important that the development of a different sort of geometry in the nineteenth century is referred to as ‘non-Euclidean’ geometry. Aristotle is generally regarded as one of the greatest scientists ever to have lived, and one of the only ancient philosophers to have focused so carefully on the study of animal life. The very high standard of mathematical originality and achievement set by Archimedes, amongst his other accomplishments, is still celebrated in the modern world; the Fields Medal (the International Medal for Outstanding Discoveries in Mathematics), established in the twentieth century, bears a portrait of him. And the ideas of the physician and philosopher Galen held sway over Western medicine for well over a thousand years. In the case of some renowned figures, such as Claudius Ptolemy, we know very little of their lives. Our knowledge of the achievements comes to us through ancient writings attributed to them, and through the written testimonies of others.

    Strikingly, even in antiquity it was not entirely certain whether Thales of Miletus, often credited with having been the first philosopher (that is, lover of wisdom), had written anything (Diogenes Laertius 1.23); we know about his ideas through the accounts of others. Today, historians of mathematics understand that the work known as the Elements, traditionally attributed to Euclid, was actually the product of a number of people, a compilation rather than a single-authored work (Fowler 1999). The Aristotelian Corpus, the collection of writings associated with Aristotle, is generally understood to include a number of spurious works, which were probably not written by Aristotle himself (for example, De mundo, on cosmology). Indeed, many of the works in the corpus are thought to be ‘lecture notes’ rather than polished pieces of writing intended for wider circulation (see Introduction to this volume; Taub 2008a); Aristotle’s ‘authorship’ of these works is not clear-cut. As we have seen in Chapter 1, the great mathematician Archimedes was credited not only with important mathematical works structured according to the Greek geometrical tradition, but also with the composition of an elegant epigrammatic poem, setting out an extraordinarily difficult mathematical problem; this foregrounds the ‘writerly’ activities and concerns of technical authors. In spite of the ancient attributions of the Cattle Problem to Archimedes, we cannot be certain of his role in its composition. Assertions of authorship were not always reliable: Galen complained that works not actually written by him were being circulated with his name attached (see his My Own Books 8–9; trans. Singer, 2002: 3).

    It is those written texts that survive which serve as our principal source of information about science and mathematics in ancient Greece and Rome. Fortunately, in many cases we have good editions of these writings which are fairly easily accessible, for example, often (but not always) in the Loeb Classical Library series, now available online (www.hup.harvard.edu/features/loeb/digital.html); other valuable digital resources include the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/, containing digitised versions of most Greek literary texts from Homer to the fall of Byzantium in 1453, including many philosophical and technical texts) and the Perseus Digital Library (www.perseus.tufts.edu, available freely without subscription charge). Collections of shorter selections from primary sources in translation include: Cohen and Drabkin, A Source Book in Greek Science (1948), Irby-Massie and Keyser, Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era: A Sourcebook (2002), and Humphrey, Oleson and Sherwood, Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook (2002).

    As is to be expected, the literature on the great figures of ancient science – not only those mentioned earlier – is voluminous. Compiling a comprehensive bibliography is not the goal here. Nevertheless, I recognise that some readers will wish to know, for example, what Euclid did for mathematics, Aristotle for the study of living things, Ptolemy for astronomy and geography and Galen for medicine, and so I take this opportunity to suggest some books which I have found to be particularly engaging. Readers may also wish to consult articles on individuals in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography (DSB), The Oxford Classical Dictionary (OCD) and Keyser and Irby-Massie (eds), The Encyclopedia of Ancient Natural Scientists (2008).

    Studies Focusing on Specific Individuals

    Thales of Miletus (fl. 585 BCE) is traditionally regarded as the first philosopher in ancient Greece, the first to explain phenomena ‘naturally’ without recourse to the traditional gods; he was also credited in antiquity with the ability to predict eclipses successfully (Herodotus 1. 74. 2). For those interested in Thales and other Presocratic philosophers, Kirk, Raven and Schofield (KRS), The Presocratic Philosophers, 2nd edn (1983) remains an excellent starting point, for the fragments as well as commentary; see also The Texts of Early Greek Philosophy, trans. and ed. Graham (2010). Pythagoras’ life and work (as we saw in Chapter 5) have been the subject of various accounts beginning in antiquity; see Kahn, Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans (2001).

    Some of the greatest ancient philosophers were distinguished by their contributions to natural philosophy and their views on mathematics. The literature on Plato is vast. One might begin by reading his Timaeus, and Vlastos, Plato’s Universe (1975); Johansen, Plato’s Natural Philosophy (2004); Broadie, Nature and Divinity in Plato’s Timaeus (2012). Similarly, an enormous amount of work has been done on Aristotle. Readers will find the following (and the bibliographies contained therein) to be good starting points: Barnes, Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction (2000); Falcon, Aristotle and the Science of Nature (2005); Lloyd, Aristotelian Explorations (1998); Lennox, Aristotle’s Philosophy of Biology (2001); Solmsen, Aristotle’s System of the Physical World (1960); Judson, Aristotle’s Physics (1991). Aristotle’s student, colleague and successor as head of the Lyceum, Theophrastus, has been at the center of a series of studies produced by the Project Theophrastus of Rutgers University; a starting point is Theophrastus of Eresus: On His Life and Work, ed. Fortenbaugh, Huby and Long (1985). On Epicurus, see Asmis, Epicurus’ Scientific Method (1984); on Lucretius, Sedley, Lucretius and the Transformation of Greek Wisdom (1998); see also Clay, Lucretius and Epicurus (1983).

    Turning to great names in the history of mathematics, see the introduction, translation and commentary by Heath, The Thirteen Books of Euclid’s Elements (1956); see also Fowler (1999) on Euclid’s Elements. On Aristarchus, see Heath, Aristarchus of Samos (1981). On Archimedes: Netz and Noel, The Archimedes Codex (2007), is an heroic account with the flavour of a detective story, offering an appreciation of Archimedes’ accomplishments; see also Jaeger, Archimedes and the Roman Imagination (2008). On Ptolemy: Graßhoff, The History of Ptolemy’s Star Catalogue (1990); Taub, Ptolemy’s Universe (1993); Berggren and Jones, Ptolemy’s Geography (2000). On the ‘greatest’ physicians of antiquity, see Jouanna, Hippocrates, trans. DeBevoise (1999); Mattern, The Prince of Medicine: Galen in the Roman Empire (2013); and Gill, Whitmarsh and Wilkins (eds), Galen and the World of Knowledge (2009) for a collection of excellent essays discussing various aspects of Galen’s work.

    On one of the few known and renowned women of ancient mathematics and philosophy, see Dzielska, Hypatia of Alexandria (1995), regarded as a heroic figure for several reasons, including her death as a pagan martyr at the hands of Christians in 415. Another special hero – although not a natural philosopher or mathematician himself – is nevertheless sometimes portrayed as having died whilst investigating a natural phenomenon (the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE); Pliny the Elder was an important figure historically, whose Natural History discussed a range of scientific topics. See Beagon, Roman Nature (1992); French, Ancient Natural History (1994); French and Greenaway (eds), Science in the Early Roman Empire (1986).

    Studies Concentrating on Particular Areas of Inquiry

    A word of caution: some of these areas of inquiry do not map exactly onto modern categories, even when the names (like ‘physics’ [physika]) seem the same.

    • Physics: Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks (1956); The Physics of the Stoics (1959); The Physical World of Late Antiquity (1962); Pedersen and Pihl, Early Physics and Astronomy (1974); Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology (1960); Waterlow, Nature, Change and Agency in Aristotle’s Physics (1982); Freudenthal, Aristotle’s Theory of Material Substance (1995); Lang, The Order of Nature in Aristotle’s Physics (1998); Furley, Two Studies in the Greek Atomists (1967), The Greek Cosmologists (1987); R. Sorabji, Matter, Space and Motion (1988).

    • Mechanics: Berryman, The Mechanical Hypothesis in Ancient Greek Natural Philosophy (2009); de Groot, Aristotle’s Empiricism (2014).

    • Meteorology: Taub, Ancient Meteorology (2003); Wilson, Structure and Method in Aristotle’s Meteorologica (2013).

    • Mathematics: Neugebauer Exact Sciences in Antiquity (1957, 2nd ed.); Cuomo, Ancient Mathematics (2001); Robson and Stedall (eds), The Oxford Handbook to the History of Mathematics (2009); see, particularly, chapters by Lloyd, Asper, Romano, Saito; Heath, A History of Greek Mathematics (1921); Knorr, The Evolution of the Euclidean Elements (1975); Netz, The Shaping of Deduction in Greek Mathematics (1999); Netz, Ludic Proof (2009); O’Meara, Pythagoras Revived; Dilke, Mathematics and Measurement (1987).

    • Astronomy: Neugebauer, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy (1975, 3 vols); Evans, The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy (1998); Pederson, A Survey of the Almagest (1974); Barton, Ancient Astrology (1994).

    • Harmonics: Barker, The Science of Harmonics in Classical Greece (2007); Creese, The Monochord in Ancient Greek Harmonic Science (2010).

    • Life Sciences: Pellegrin, Aristotle’s Classification of Animals, trans. A. Preus (1986); Gotthelf and J. Lennox (eds), Philosophical Issues in Aristotle’s Biology (1987); Leroi, The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science (2014); Sedley, Creationism and its Critics in Antiquity (2007); Nutton, Ancient Medicine (2nd ed.); Totelin and Hardy, Ancient Botany (2015).

    • Geography: Dueck and Brodersen, Geography in Classical Antiquity (2012, in this series); Talbert and Brodersen (eds), Space in the Roman World (2004); Dilke, Greek and Roman Maps (1985).

    • Technology: Cuomo, Technology and Culture in Greek and Roman Antiquity (2007, in this series; see her Bibliographical Essay); Hannah, Time in Antiquity (2009).

    Textual Studies of Greek and Roman Scientific, Mathematical, Medical and Technical Writings

    The work of Kullmann and his school (including Kullmann, Althoff, and Asper [eds], Gattungen wissenschaftlicher Literatur in der Antike, 1998; Asper, Griechische Wissenschaftstexte, 2007; Föllinger, ‘Fachliteratur 1. Gattungsbegriff und Gattungsgeschichte’, 2011; Lengen, Form und Funktion der aristotelischen Pragmatie, 2002) has been particularly important, as are the contributions of a number of other scholars, including, for example, Fuhrmann, Das systematische Lehrbuch (1960); Fögen, Wissen, Kommunikation und Selbstdarstellung (2009). Conte, Genres and Readers, trans. Most (1994), van der Eijk, ‘Towards a Rhetoric of Ancient Scientific Discourse’ (1997) and Schenkeveld, ‘Philosophical Prose’ (1997) are useful starting points in English. The Introduction to Structures and Strategies in Ancient Greek and Roman Technical Writing (Doody, Föllinger and Taub, eds [2012]) discusses trends in the scholarship, particularly over the past twenty years. The following edited collections provide examples of recent scholarship: Horster and Reitz, Antike Fachschriftsteller (2003); Fögen, Antike Fachtexte: Ancient Technical Texts (2005); Taub and Doody, Authorial Voices in Greco-Roman Technical Writing (2009); Doody, Föllinger and Taub (2012, mentioned earlier); Asper (ed.), Writing Science: Medical and Mathematical Authorship in Ancient Greece (2013). Depew and Obbink (eds), Matrices of Genre (2000) is a valuable collection of essays by classicists interested in issues related to genre, not only in scientific and technical texts; see, for example, the chapter by Sluiter, ‘The Dialectics of Genre’ (2000). A number of scholars working in later periods are also particularly concerned with issues related to genre in medicine and philosophy, as well as scientific inquiries: see, for example, Pomata (2011) on ‘epistemic’ genres and selected chapters in Lavery and Groarke (eds) (2010), Literary Form, Philosophical Content.

    On Literacy and ‘Bookish’ Culture

    See Thomas, Literacy and Orality in Ancient Greece (1992, in this series) and her Bibliographical Essay; Harris, Ancient Literacy (1989); Yunis (ed.) Written Texts and the Rise of Literate Culture in Ancient Greece (2003), including chapters by Kahn and Dean-Jones (listed in the references). On cultures of reading and writing: Knox, ‘Books and readers in the Greek world: from the beginnings to Alexandria’ (1989); Easterling, ‘Books and readers in the Greek world: the Hellenistic and Imperial Periods’ (1989); Reynolds and Wilson, Scribes and Scholars, 4th edn (2013); Taub (2000).

    On Specific Genres

    • Poetry: Toohey (1996); Volk (2002).

    • Dialogue: Nightingale (1995); Kahn (1996); Taub (2008), chap. 3.

    • Letters: Ceccarelli (2013); Morello and Morrison (eds) (2007); Rosenmeyer (2001); Trapp (2003).

    • Encyclopedia: Murphy (2004); Doody (2009).

    • Commentary: Tuominen (2009); Sorabji (ed.) (1990); Most (ed.) (1999).

    • Biography: Momigliano (1993); Hadas and Smith (1965); Meyer (1978); Warren (2007).

    • ‘Problem texts’: Mayhew (ed.) (2015); De Leemans and Goyens (2006).

    • Recipes: Totelin (2009).

    • Doxography: While doxography may not be a genre, the following are worth consulting: Mansfeld and Runia (1997); van der Eijk (ed.) (1999).

    References

    Ancient Sources

    Alexander of Aphrodisias. Alexandri in Aristotelis Analyticorum priorum: librum I commentarium. Ed. Wallies, M.. Berlin. 1883.
    Alexandri in Aristotelis Alexandri in Aristotelis Meteorologicorum libros commentaria. Ed. Hayduck, M.. Berlin. 1899.
    Alexandri in Aristotelis On Aristotle. Prior Analytics 1.32–46. Trans. Mueller, I.. London. 2006.
    Allen, H.W. (ed.) (1912) Homeri Opera: Tomus V. Hymni, Cyclus, Fragmenta, Margites, Batrachomyomachia, Vitae. Oxford.
    [Apollodorus.] Apollodorus’ Library and Hyginus’ Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology. Trans. Smith, R.S. and Trzaskoma, S.M.. Indianapolis. 2007.
    Apollodorus. The Library. Trans. Frazer, J.G.. 2 vols. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1921.
    Apollonius of Perga. Treatise on Conic Sections. Ed. Heath, T.L.. Cambridge. 1896.
    Archimedes. ‘Cattle Problem’, in Thomas (trans.) 1939–1941. Vol. 2: 202–205.
    Archimedes. Opera omnia. Ed. J.L. Heiberg. 2nd edn. 3 vols. Leipzig. 1910–1915.
    Archimedes. The Works of Archimedes edited in modern notation with introductory chapters by T.L. Heath, with a supplement The Method of Archimedes, recently discovered by Heiberg. New York, n.d. (This Dover edition is a reissue of the 1897 edition and includes the Supplement of 1912, by arrangement with The Cambridge University Press.)
    Archimedes. The Works of Archimedes: Translation and Commentary. Volume 1: The Two Books On the Sphere and the Cylinder. Trans. Netz, R.. Cambridge. 2004.
    [Aristotle, .] The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Ed. Barnes, J.. 2 vols. Princeton. 1984.
    Aristotle., History of Animals. Trans. Balme, D.M. and Peck, A.L.. 3 vols. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 2002.
    Aristotle., History of Animals. Trans. Thompson, D’A.W.. Oxford. (In Complete Works, ed. J. Barnes, 1984. Vol. 1: 774–993.)
    Aristotle., Metaphysics. Trans. Ross, W.D.. Oxford. (In Complete Works, ed. J. Barnes, 1984. Vol. 2: 1552–1728.)
    Aristotle., Meteorologica. Trans. Lee, H.D.P.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1952.
    Aristotle., On the Heavens. Trans. Guthrie, W.K.C.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1939.
    Aristotle., On Sophistical Refutations. Trans. E.S. Forster. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1955.
    Aristotle., Physics. Trans. Cornford, F.M., and Wicksteed, P.H.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1934.
    Aristotle., Politics. Trans. H. Rackham. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1944.
    Aristotle., Topica. Trans. E.S. Forster. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1960. (In volume with Posterior Analytics.)
    Athenaeus. The Learned Banqueters. [Deipnosophists.] Trans. Olson, S.D.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 2006–2012.
    Bacchylides, . Greek Lyric: Bacchylides, Corinna and others. Vol. IV. Trans. Campbell, D.A. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1992.
    Cicero. De Oratore III, De Fato, Paradoxa Stoicorum and De Partitione Oratoria. Trans. Rackham, H.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1942.
    Aristotle., Letters to Friends. [Epistulae ad Familiares.], Vol. 1. Trans. D.R.S. Bailey. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 2001.
    Cleomedes. Cleomedes’ lectures on astronomy: a translation of The heavens. Trans. Bowen, Alan C. and Todd, Robert B.. Berkeley. 2004.
    Columella, . On Agriculture. Trans. Ash, H.B., Forster, E.S. and Heffner, E.H.. 3 vols. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1955.
    [Demetrius.] On Style. Trans. Roberts, W.R.. Cambridge. 1902.
    Diogenes Laertius. Lives of Eminent Philosophers. Trans. Hicks, R.D.. 2 vols. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1925.
    Diophantus, . In Diophanti Alexandri Opera Omnia. Ed. Tannery, P.. 2 vols. Leipzig. 1895.
    [Eratosthenes, .] [Letter to King Ptolemy], in Eutocius, Commentary on Archimedes’ Sphere and Cylinder, ed. Heiberg, J.L., in Archimedes Opera. 2nd edn. Leipzig. 1915: vol. 3, pp. 88–97.
    Aristotle., [Letter to King Ptolemy], Eutocius, Commentary on Archimedes’ Sphere and Cylinder ii, trans. I. Thomas, in Selections Illustrating the History of Greek Mathematical Works. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1939–1941. Vol. 1: 257–261 and 291–297. (The text from Eutocius is not completely reproduced here).
    Eratosthenes, . ‘Letter to Ptolemy Euergetes’, trans. Drabkin, I.E., in A Source Book in Greek Science, ed. Cohen, M.R. and Drabkin, I.E.. New York. 1948, pp. 62–66.
    Euripides. Euripidis Tragoediae. Vol. 3. Perditarum tragoediarum fragmenta. Ed. Nauck, A.. Leipzig. 1902.
    Evelyn-White, H.G. (trans.) 1914. Hesiod. The Homeric Hymns and Homerica. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA.
    Galen, . Opera omnia. Ed. Kühn, C.G.. Leipzig. 1821–1833.
    Galen, . My Own Books, in Galen: Selected Works. Trans. Singer, P.N.. Oxford. 2002, pp. 3–22.
    Galen, . On My Own Opinions. Trans. and ed. Nutton, V.. Berlin. 1999.
    Galen, . The Greek Anthology. Trans. Paton, W.R.. The Greek Anthology, Books XIII-XVI. Vol. 5. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1918.
    Gregory of Nazianzus. ‘Letter to Nicobolus’ (Epistle 51) in Malherbe, A.J., Ancient Epistolary Theorists. Atlanta. 1988.
    [Herodotus, ] Herodotus. Trans. Godley, A.D.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1922.
    [Hesiod, ] Hesiod. The Homeric Hymns and Homerica. Trans. Evelyn-White, H.G.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1914.
    Hesiod, Theogony. Trans. Lattimore, R.. Ann Arbor. 1959.
    Hesiod, Works and Days. Theogony. Trans. Lombardo, S.. Indianapolis. 1993.
    Hipparchus, . Ipparchou tōn Aratou kai Eudoxou phainomenōn exēgēseōs biblia tria = Hipparchi in Arati et Eudoxi phaenomena commentariorum libri tres. Ed. Manitius, C.. Leipzig. 1894.
    [Hippocrates of Cos] Hippocrates; Heracleitus. Nature of Man. Regimen in Health. Humours. Aphorisms. Regimen 1–3. Dreams. Heracleitus: On the Universe. Trans. Jones, W.H.S.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1931.
    [Homer, ] The Odyssey of Homer. Trans. Lattimore, R.A.. New York. 1975.
    Homeric Hymns. Homeric Apocrypha. Lives of Homer. Trans. West, M.L.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 2003.
    [Hyginus] Apollodorus’ Library and Hyginus’ Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology. Trans. Smith, R.S. and Trzaskoma, S.M.. Indianapolis. 2007.
    Iamblichus, . Iamblichi De Communi Mathematica Scientia Liber. Ed. Festa, N.. Leipzig. 1891.
    Iamblichus, . In Nicomachi Arithmeticam introductionem liber ad fidem codicis Florentini. Ed. Pistelli, H.. Leipzig. 1894.
    Iamblichus, . On the Pythagorean Way of Life. Texts and Translations 29, Graeco-Roman Religion Series 11. Trans. Dillon, J. and Herschbell, J.. Atlanta. 1991.
    [Lucian, ] Lucian. Volume I. Trans. Harmon, A.M.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1921.
    Lucretius, On the nature of the universe. Trans. Latham, R.E.. Harmondsworth. 1994.
    Lucretius, The nature of things. Trans. Stallings, A.E.. London. 2007.
    [Nicomachus, ] Nicomachus’ Arithmētikē Eisagōgē. Ed. Hoche, R.. Leipzig. 1866.
    Olympiodorus, . Commentary on Plato’s Gorgias. Trans. Jackson, R., Lycos, K. and Tarrant, H.. Leiden. 1998.
    Olympiodorus, . Olympiodori in Aristotelis Meteora Commentaria. Ed. Stüve, W.. Berlin. 1900.
    Olympiodorus, . Olympiodori philosophi In Platonis Gorgiam commentaria. Ed. Norvin, W.. Leipzig. 1936.
    Olympiodorus, . Olympiodori in Platonis Gorgiam commentaria. Ed. Westerink, L.G.. Berlin. 1970.
    Philoponus, John. Ioannis Philoponi in Aristotelis Analytica Priora Commentaria. Ed. Wallies, M.. Berlin. 1905.
    Philoponus, John. Ioannis Philoponi in Aristotelis Meteorologicorum librum primum commentarium. Ed. Hayduck, M.. Berlin. 1901.
    Philoponus, John. On Aristotle On Coming-to-be and Perishing 2.5–11. Trans. Kupreeva, I.. London. 2005.
    Philoponus, John. On Aristotle Meteorology 1.1–3. Trans. Kupreeva, I.. London. 2011.
    Philoponus, John. On Aristotle Meteorology 1.4–9, 12. Trans. Kupreeva, I.. London. 2012.
    Philoponus, John. On Aristotle Physics 1.1–3. Trans. Osborne, C.. London. 2006.
    Plato, . Complete Works. Ed. Cooper, J.M. and Hutchinson, D.S.. Indianapolis. 1997.
    Plato, . Laws. In Plato in Twelve Volumes. Vols. 10 and 11. Trans. Bury, R.G.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA and London. 1926.
    Plato, . Plato’s Cosmology. [Timaeus] Trans. Cornford, F.M.. London. 1935.
    Plato, . Republic. Trans. Emlyn-Jones, C.J. and Preddy, W.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 2013.
    Plato, . Theaetetus; Sophist. Trans. Fowler, H.N.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1921.
    Plato, . Timaeus, Critias, Cleitophon, Menexenus and Epistles. Trans. Bury, R.G.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1929.
    Pliny the Elder. Natural History. 10 vols. Trans. Rackham, H.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1938–1962.
    Plutarch, . Table-talk [Quaestionum convivialium]. In Plutarch Moralia, vol. 9. Trans. Minar, E.L., Jr. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1961.
    [Porphyry.] Plotinus. Volume I: Porphyry On the Life of Plotinus and the Order of his Books. Trans. Armstrong, A.H.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1966.
    Porphyry. The Life of Pythagoras. Trans. Smith, M., in Hadas, M. and Smith, M., Heroes and Gods: Spiritual Biographies in Antiquity. London. 1965.
    Porphyry. The Texts of Early Greek Philosophy: The Fragments and Selected Testimonies of the Major Presocratics. Trans. and ed. Graham, D.. Cambridge. 2010.
    Proclus, . Procli Diadochi in primum Euclidis Elementorum librum commentarii. Ed. Friedlein, G.. Leipzig. 1873.
    Quintilian, . Institutio Oratoria. Trans. Butler, H.E.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1922.
    Simplicius, . Simplicii in Aristotelis Categorias commentarium. Ed. Kalbfleisch, C.. Berlin. 1907.
    Simplicius, . Simplicii in Aristotelis De Caelo commentaria. Ed. Heiberg, J.L.. Berlin. 1894.
    Simplicius, . Simplicii in Aristotelis Physicorum libros quattuor posteriores commentaria. Ed. Diels, H.. Berlin. 1895.
    Strabo, . Geography. Trans. Hamilton, H.C. and Falconer, W.. London. 1903. http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:6.2.1. Accessed 20 July 2015.
    Strabo, . The Geography of Strabo. Trans. Jones, H.L.. 8 vols. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1932.
    Strabo, . The Geography of Strabo. Trans. Roller, D.W.. Cambridge. 2014.
    Suetonius, . C. Suetonii Tranquilli praeter Caesarum libros reliquiae. Pars prior. De grammaticis et rhetoribus. Ed. Brugnoli, G.. 2nd ed. Leipzig. 1963.
    Thomas, I. (trans.) (1939–1941) Selections Illustrating the History of Greek Mathematics. 2 vols. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA.
    Thucydides, . History of the Peloponesian War. Trans. Jowett, B.. Oxford. 1881. http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.perseus-eng2:6.2. Accessed 20 July 2015.
    Thucydides, . Thucydides. Trans. Smith, C.F.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1923.
    Varro, Marcus Terentius. On Agriculture. Trans. Hooper, W.D.. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 1935.
    West, M.L. (trans.) (1993) Greek Lyric Poetry: the poems and fragments of the Greek iambic, elegiac, and melic poets (excluding Pindar and Bacchylides) down to 450 BC. Oxford.
    West, M.L. (ed. and trans.) (2003) Homeric Hymns; Homeric Apocrypha; Lives of Homer. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA.

    Modern Sources

    Albiani, M.G. (2006) ‘Metrodorus’, in Cancik, H. and Schneider, H. (eds), Brill’s New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Leiden, Vol. VIII: 839 (9).
    Aly, W. (1929) ‘Sphragis (1)’, in Pauly, A., Wissowa, G., and Kroll, W. (eds), Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart, Bd. III.2, cols 1757–1758.
    Amthor, A. (1880) ‘Das Problema bovinum des Archimedes’. Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik 25: 153–171.
    Andersen, O. (1987) ‘Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit im frühen Griechentum’. Antike und Abendland 33: 29–44.
    Armstrong, A.H. (1966) Plotinus. Volume I: Porphyry On the Life of Plotinus and the Order of his Books. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA.
    Asmis, E. (1984) Epicurus’ Scientific Method. Ithaca, NY.
    Asper, M. (2007) Griechische Wissenschaftstexte. Formen, Funktionen, Differenzierungsgeschichten. Stuttgart.
    Asper, M. (2009) ‘The Two Cultures of Mathematics in Ancient Greece’, in Robson, E. and Stedall, J. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of the History of Mathematics. Oxford, pp. 107–32.
    Asper, M. (ed.) (2013) Writing Science: Medical and Mathematical Authorship in Ancient Greece. Berlin.
    Aujac, G. (2001) Eratosthène de Cyrène, le pionnier de la géographie: sa mesure de la circonférence terrestre. Paris.
    Baltussen, H. (2007) ‘Playing the Pythagorean: Ion’s Triagmos’, in Jennings and Katsaros (eds) (2007), pp. 295–318.
    Baltussen, H. (2008) Philosophy and Exegesis in Simplicius. London.
    Bar-Kochva, B. (2010) The Image of the Jews in Greek Literature: The Hellenistic Period. Berkeley.
    Barker, A. (2007) The Science of Harmonics in Classical Greece. Cambridge.
    Barker, A. (2012). ‘Aristoxenus’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Barnes, J. (1987) Early Greek Philosophy. Harmondsworth.
    Barnes, J. (1992) ‘Diogenes Laertius IX 61–116: The Philosophy of Pyrrhonism’, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt. Berlin, Bd. II.36.6: 4241–4301.
    Barnes, J. (2000). Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford.
    Barton, T. (1994) Ancient Astrology. London.
    Beagon, M. (1992) Roman Nature: The Thought of Pliny the Elder. Oxford.
    Benson, G.C. (2014) ‘Archimedes the Poet: Generic Innovation and Mathematical Fantasy in the Cattle Problem’. Arethusa 47.2: 169–196.
    Berggren, J.L. and Jones, A. (2000) Ptolemy’s Geography: an Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters. Princeton and Oxford.
    Berryman, S. (2009) The Mechanical Hypothesis in Ancient Greek Natural Philosophy. Cambridge.
    Bickerman, E.J. (1980) Chronology of the Ancient World. Revised edn. London.
    Bing, P. (1998) ‘Between Literature and the Monuments’, in Harder, M.A., Regtuit, R.F., and Wakker, G.C. (eds), Genre in Hellenistic Poetry. Groningen, pp. 21–43.
    Bing, P. and Bruss, J.S. (eds) (2007) Brill’s Companion to Hellenistic Epigram. Leiden.
    Blair, A. (1999) ‘The Problemata as a Natural Philosophical Genre’, in Grafton, A. and Siraisi, N. (eds), Natural Particulars: Nature and the Disciplines in Renaissance Europe. Cambridge, MA, pp. 171–204.
    Blümer, W. (2001) Interpretation archaischer Dichtung: die mythologischen Partien der Erga Hesiods. Vol. I: Die Voraussetzungen: Autoren, Texte und homerische Fragen. Münster.
    Bodéüs, R. (1993) The Political Dimensions of Aristotle’s Ethics.Trans. Garrett, J.E.. Albany, NY.
    Bowie, E. (2007) ‘From Archaic Elegy to Hellenistic Sympotic Epigram?’, in Bing and Bruss (eds) (2007), pp. 95–112.
    Boyer, C.B. (1968) A History of Mathematics. New York.
    Boyer, C.B. (1987). The Rainbow: From Myth to Mathematics. Basingstoke.
    Boys-Stones, G.R., Graziosi, B., and Vasunia, P. (eds) (2009) The Oxford Handbook of Hellenic Studies. Oxford.
    Broadie, S. (2012) Nature and Divinity in Plato’s Timaeus. Cambridge.
    Bruss, J.S. (2010).’Epigram’, in Clauss, J.J. and Cuypers, M. (eds), A Companion to Hellenistic Literature. Chichester, pp. 117–135.
    Burkert, W. (1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Trans. Minar, E.L., Jr. Cambridge, MA. [Original publication: Weisheit und Wissenschaft: Studien zu Pythagoras, Philolaos und Platon, Nürnberg, 1962.]
    Burnyeat, M. (2005). ‘Archytas and Optics’. Science in Context 18.1: 35–53.
    Burnyeat, M. and Frede, M. (2015). The Pseudo-Platonic Seventh Letter: A Seminar. Ed. Scott, D.. Oxford.
    Burridge, R.A. (1992/1995) What Are the Gospels? A Comparison with Graeco-Roman Biography. Cambridge.
    Cameron, A. (1967) ‘The End of the Ancient Universities’. Cahiers d’Histoire Mondiale 10: 653–673.
    Cameron, A. (1993) The Greek Anthology from Meleager to Planudes. Oxford.
    Cameron, A. (1995) Callimachus and His Critics. Princeton.
    Cancik, H. and Schneider, H. (eds) (2002–2010) Brill’s New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Leiden.
    Carey, C. (2007) ‘Epideictic Oratory’, in Worthington, I. (ed.), A Companion to Greek Rhetoric. Malden, MA and Oxford, pp. 236–252.
    Carey, S. (2003) Pliny’s Catalogue of Culture: Art and Empire in the Natural History. Oxford.
    Ceccarelli, P. (2013) Ancient Greek Letter Writing: A Cultural History (600 BC-150 BC). Oxford.
    Chase, M. (2003) On Aristotle’s ‘Categories 1–4’: Simplicius. Ithaca, NY.
    Chibnall, M. (1975) ‘Pliny’s Natural History and the Middle Ages’, in Dorey, T.A. (ed.), Empire and Aftermath. London, pp. 57–78.
    Christianidis, J. (1994) ‘On the History of Indeterminate Problems of the First Degree in Greek Mathematics’, in Gavroglu, K., Christianidis, J., and Nicolaidis, E. (eds), Trends in the Historiography of Science. London, pp. 237–247.
    Clackson, J. (2015) Language and Society in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Cambridge.
    Clagett, M. (1999) Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book. Volume 3. Ancient Egyptian Mathematics. Philadelphia.
    Clagett, M. (1957) Greek Science in Antiquity. London.
    Clark, G. (1989) Iamblichus: On the Pythagorean Life (Translated Texts for Historians 8). Liverpool.
    Clarke, D.M. (2011) ‘Hypotheses’, in Clarke, D.M. and Wilson, C. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy in Early Modern Europe. Oxford, pp. 249–271.
    Clay, D. (1983) Lucretius and Epicurus. Ithaca, NY.
    Clay, D. (1990) The Philosophical Inscriptions of Diogenes Oenoanda: New Discoveries 1969–1983. Berlin.
    Clay, D. (2009) ‘The Athenian Garden’, in Warren, J. (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Epicureanism. Cambridge, pp. 9–28.
    Clements, A. (2014) Aristophanes’ Thesmophoriazusae: Philosophizing Theatre and the Politics of Perception in Late Fifth-Century Athens. Cambridge.
    Codoňer, C. (1991) ‘De l’antiquité au moyen âge: Isidore de Seville’, in Becq, A. (ed.), L’encyclopédisme: Actes du colloque de Caen 12–16 janvier 1987. Paris, pp. 19–35.
    Cohen, M.R. and Drabkin, I.E. (1948) A Source Book in Greek Science. Cambridge, MA.
    Combès, J. (1986) ‘Introduction’, in Combès, J. and Westerink, L.G. (eds), Damascius, Traité des premiers principes. Paris, Vol. I, pp. ix–lxxii.
    Conte, G.B. (1994) Genres and Readers: Lucretius, Love Elegy, Pliny’s Encyclopedia. Trans. Most, G.W.. Baltimore and London.
    Conte, G.B. and Most, G.W. (2012) ‘Genre’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Copenhaver, B.P. (1978) ‘The Historiography of Discovery in the Renaissance: The Sources and Composition of Polydore Vergil’s De inventoribus rerum, I-III’. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 41: 192–214.
    Cooper, J.M. and Hutchinson, D.S. (eds) (1997) Plato: Complete Works. Indianapolis.
    Craik, E. (2006) ‘Horizontal Transmission in the Hippocratic Tradition’. Mnemosyne 59.3: 334–347.
    Creese, D. (2010) The Monochord in Ancient Greek Harmonic Science. Cambridge.
    Cribiore, R. (1996) Writing, Teachers, and Students in Greco-Roman Egypt. Atlanta.
    Cribiore, R. (2001) Gymnastics of the Mind: Greek Education in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. Princeton.
    Cunningham, A. (1988) ‘Getting the Game Right: Some Plain Words on the Identity and Invention of Science’. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 19.3: 365–389.
    Cuomo, S. (2001) Ancient Mathematics. London.
    Cuomo, S. (2007) Technology and Culture in Greek and Roman Antiquity. Cambridge.
    Darwin, E. (1791) The Botanic Garden: A Poem in Two Parts. London.
    De Groot, J. (2014) Aristotle’s Empiricism: Experience and Mechanics in the Fourth Century BC. Las Vegas.
    De Leemans, P. and Goyens, M. (2006) Aristotle’s Problemata in Different Times and Tongues. Leuven.
    Dean-Jones, L. (2003) ‘Literacy and the Charlatan in Ancient Greek Medicine’, in Yunis (ed.) (2003), pp. 97–121.
    Diels, H. (1879). Doxographi Graeci. Berlin.
    Delatte, A. (1922) La Vie de Pythagore de Diogène Laërce. Académie Royale de Belgique, Classe des Lettres et des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Mémoires. Deuxième Série 17: 3–270.
    Depew, M. and Obbink, D. (eds) (2000) Matrices of Genre: Authors, Canons, and Society. Cambridge, MA.
    Dickey, E. (2007) Ancient Greek Scholarship. Oxford.
    Dilke, O.A.W. (1985) Greek and Roman Maps. London.
    Dilke, O.A.W. (1987) Mathematics and Measurement. London.
    Dillon, J. and Herschbell, J. (1991) Iamblichus: On the Pythagorean Way of Life. (Texts and Translations 29, Graeco-Roman Religion Series 11). Atlanta.
    Dirlmeier, F. (1962) Merkwürdige Zitate in der Eudemischen Ethik des Aristoteles. Heidelberg.
    Doody, A. (2009) ‘Pliny’s Natural History: Enkuklios Paideia and the Ancient Encyclopedia’. Journal of the History of Ideas 70.1: 1–21.
    Doody, A. (2010) Pliny’s Encyclopaedia: The Reception of the Natural History. Cambridge.
    Doody, A., Föllinger, S., and Taub, L. (eds) (2012) Structures and Strategies in Ancient Greek and Roman Technical Writing. (Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 43, 2: 233–325; Introduction 233–236).
    Dover, K.J. (1997) The Evolution of Greek Prose Style. Oxford.
    Dueck, D. and Brodersen, K. (2012) Geography in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge.
    Duff, D. (ed.) (2000) Modern Genre Theory. London.
    Dzielska, M. (1986) Apollonius of Tyana in Legend and History. Trans. P. Pieńkowski. Rome.
    Doody, A. (1995) Hypatia of Alexandria. Cambridge, MA.
    Easterling, P.E. (1989) ‘Books and Readers in the Greek World: the Hellenistic and Imperial Periods’, in Easterling, P.E. and Knox, B.M.W. (eds), The Cambridge History of Classical Literature. Cambridge, Vol. I part 4, pp. 169–197.
    Easterling, P.E. and Knox, B.M.W. (eds) (1989) The Cambridge History of Classical Literature. Cambridge, Vol. I part 4.
    Eastwood, B. and Graßhoff, G. (2004) Planetary Diagrams for Roman Astronomy in Medieval Europe CA. 800–1500. Philadelphia.
    [Einstein, Albert] (1949) Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist. Ed. Schilpp, P.A.. Evanston, IL.
    Empson, W. (1930) Seven Types of Ambiguity. London.
    Enk, P.J. (1970) ‘Encyclopaedic Learning’, in Hammond, N.G.L. and Scullard, H.H. (eds), Oxford Classical Dictionary. 2nd edn. Oxford, p. 383.
    Evans, J. (1998) The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford.
    Evans, J. (1999) ‘The Material Culture of Greek Astronomy’. Journal for the History of Astronomy 30: 237–307.
    Evans, J. (2005) ‘Gnômonikê Technê: The Dialer’s Art and Its Meaning in the Ancient World’, in Orchiston, W. (ed.), The New Astronomy: Opening the Electromagnetic Window and Expanding Our View of the Planet Earth. New York, pp. 273–292.
    Evans, J.A.S. (1978) ‘What Happened to Croesus?’ The Classical Journal 74.1: 34–40.
    Évrard, E. (1957) L’École d’Olympiodore et la composition du Commentaire à la Physique de Jean Philopon. Dissertation. Liège.
    Falcon, A. (2005) Aristotle and the Sciences of Nature. Cambridge.
    Farrington, B. (1939) Science and Politics in the Ancient World. London.
    Farrington, B. (1944) Greek Science. Harmondsworth. (Originally published as Greek Science: Its Meaning for Us. Part I (1944); reprinted with Part II 1953; revised one-volume edn 1961).
    Fischer, K. (2013) ‘Der Begriff der “(wissenschaftlichen) Abhandlung” in der griechischen Antike – eine Untersuchung des Wortes πραγματεία’. Antike Naturwissenschaft und ihre Rezeption 23: 93–114.
    Flinterman, J.-J. (1995) Power, Paideia & Pythagoreanism: Greek Identity, Conceptions of the Relationship between Philosophers and Monarchs and Political Ideas in Philostratus’ Life of Apollonius. Amsterdam.
    Fögen, T. (2005) Antike Fachtexte: Ancient Technical Texts. Berlin.
    Fögen, T. (2009) Wissen, Kommunikation und Selbstdarstellung: zur Struktur und Charakteristik römischer Fachtexte der frühen Kaiserzeit. Munich.
    Föllinger, S. (2011) ‘Fachliteratur 1: Gattungsbegriff und Gattungsgeschichte’, in Zimmermann, B. (ed.), Die Literatur der archaischen und klassischen Zeit. (Handbuch der griechischen Literatur der Antike 7). Munich, Bd. 1, pp. 289–292.
    Föllinger, S. (2012) ‘Aristotle’s Biological Works as Scientific Literature’, in Doody et al. (eds) (2012), pp. 237–244.
    Folkerts, M. (1978) Die älteste mathematische Aufgabensammlung in lateinischer Sprache: die Alkuin zugeschriebenen Propositiones ad acuendos iuvenes. Critical edn. Vienna.
    Folkerts, M. (2000) ‘Mesolabion’, in Der Neue Pauly: Enzyklopädie der Antike. Stuttgart and Weimar, Bd. VIII: 17.
    Fontaine, R. (1995) Otot ha-Shamayim: Samuel Ibn Tibbon’s Hebrew Version of Aristotle’s Meteorology. Leiden.
    Forster, E.S. (1945) ‘Riddles and Problems from the Greek Anthology’. Greece and Rome 14: 42–47.
    Fortenbaugh, W.W., Huby, P.M. and Long, A.A. (eds) (1985) Theophrastus of Eresus: On His Life and Work. New Brunswick.
    Fowler, D.H. (1980) Archimedes Cattle Problem and the Pocket Calculating Machine. Coventry.
    Fowler, D.H. (1999) The Mathematics of Plato’s Academy: A New Reconstruction. 2nd edn. Oxford.
    Fraser, P.M. (1972) Ptolemaic Alexandria. 3 vols. Oxford.
    Fraser, P. (2012) ‘Eratosthenes’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Frede, M. (1974) ‘Stoic vs. Aristotelian Syllogistic’. Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 56: 1–32.
    Freeland, C.A. (1990) ‘Scientific Explanation and Empirical Data in Aristotle’s Meteorology’. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 8: 67–102.
    French, R. (1994) Ancient Natural History: Histories of Nature. London.
    French, R. and Greenaway, F. (eds) (1986) Science in the Early Roman Empire: Pliny the Elder, His Sources and Influence. London.
    Freudenthal, G. (1995) Aristotle’s Theory of Material Substance. Oxford.
    Fuhrmann, M. (1960) Das systematische Lehrbuch: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Wissenschaften in der Antike. Göttingen.
    Furley, D. (1967) Two Studies in the Greek Atomists. Princeton.
    Furley, D. (1987) The Greek Cosmologists: The Formation of the Atomic Theory and Its Earliest Critics. Cambridge.
    Galilei, G. (1632) Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo. Florence.
    Galilei, G. (1638) Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze. Leiden.
    Gardiner, F. (2003) ‘Diogenes Laertius: The Man Behind the Text’. Undergraduate thesis. Cambridge.
    Gärtner, H.A. (2008) ‘Riddles’, in Cancik and Schneider (eds) (2008) Vol. XII: 587–591. (http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/riddles-e1018330; accessed 14 May 2014).
    Gee, E. (2013) Aratus and the Astronomical Tradition. Oxford.
    Genette, G. (1997) Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation. Trans. Lewin, J.E.. Cambridge. (Originally published as Seuils. Paris 1987).
    Geus, K. (2002) Eratosthenes von Kyrene: Studien zur hellenistischen Kultur- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Munich.
    Geus, K. (2004) ‘Measuring the Earth and the Oikoumene: Zones, Meridians, Sphragides and Some Other Geographical Terms used by Eratosthenes of Cyrene’, in Talbert, R. and Brodersen, K. (eds), Space in the Roman World: Its Perception and Presentation. Münster, pp. 11–26.
    Gibson, R.K. and Kraus, C.S. (eds) (2002) The Classical Commentary: Histories, Practices, Theory. Leiden.
    Gill, C., Whitmarsh, T. and Wilkins, J. (eds) (2009) Galen and the World of Knowledge. Cambridge.
    Gill, M.L. and Pellegrin, P. (eds) (2006) A Companion to Ancient Philosophy. Malden, MA and Oxford.
    Goldhill, S. (2002) The Invention of Prose. Oxford.
    Gorman, P. (1979) Pythagoras: A Life. London.
    Gotthelf, A. and Lennox, J. (eds) (1987) Philosophical Issues in Aristotle’s Biology. Cambridge.
    Gow, A.S.F. and Page, D.L. (1965) The Greek Anthology: The Hellenistic Epigrams. 2 vols. Cambridge.
    Gow, A.S.F. and Page, D.L. (1968) The Greek Anthology: The Garden of Philip. 2 vols. Cambridge.
    Goyens, M., De Leemans, P. and Smets, A. (eds) (2008) Science Translated: Latin and Vernacular Translations of Scientific Treatises in Medieval Europe. Leuven.
    Graf, F. (2012) ‘Pythagoras (1), Pythagoreanism: Religious Aspects of Pythagoreanism’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Grafton, A. and Williams, M. (2006) Christianity and the Transformation of the Book. Cambridge, MA.
    Graham, D.W. (2010) The Texts of Early Greek Philosophy: The Complete Fragments and Selected Testimonies of the Major Presocratics. Cambridge.
    Graßhoff, G. (1990) The History of Ptolemy’s Star Catalogue. New York.
    Greaves, M. (2002) Philosophical Status of Diagrams. Stanford, CA.
    Griffin, M. (trans.) (2015) ‘Introduction’ to Olympiodorus: Life of Plato and On Plato First Alcibiades 1–9. London.
    Gutzwiller, K.J. (1998) Poetic Garlands: Hellenistic Epigrams in Context. Berkeley.
    Hadas, M. and Smith, M. (1965) Heroes and Gods: Spiritual Biographies in Antiquity. London.
    Hadot, P. (1987) Philosophy as a Way of Life: Spiritual Exercises from Socrates to Foucault. Ed. Davidson, A.I.; trans. Chase, M.. Oxford.
    Hallyn, F. (1990) The Poetic Structure of the World: Copernicus and Kepler. Trans. Leslie, D.M.. New York.
    Hamblin, C.L. (1976) ‘An Improved Pons Asinorum?’ Journal of the History of Philosophy 14.2: 131–136.
    Hamilton, N.T., Swerdlow, N.M., and Toomer, G.J. (1987) ‘The Canobic Inscription: Ptolemy’s Earliest Work’, in Berggren, J.L. and Goldstein, B.R. (eds), From Ancient Omens to Statistical Mechanics. Copenhagen, pp. 55–73.
    Hannah, R. (2009) Time in Antiquity. London.
    Harder, M.A., Regtuit, R.F., and Wakker, G.C. (eds) (2002) Hellenistic Epigrams. Groningen.
    Harley, J.B. and Woodward, D. (eds) (1987) The History of Cartography. Volume I: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean. Chicago.
    Harris, W.V. (1989) Ancient Literacy. Cambridge, MA.
    Harvey, P. (ed.) (1937/1974) The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford.
    Hayduck, M. (1899) Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca. Volume III.1–2: Alexandri in Aristotelis Meteorologicorum Libros Commentaria. Berlin.
    Healy, J.F. (1991) Pliny the Elder: Natural History. A Selection. Harmondsworth.
    Heath, T.L. (1912) The Works of Archimedes edited in modern notation with introductory chapters by T.L. Heath, with a supplement The Method of Archimedes, recently discovered by Heiberg. New York. (This Dover edition is an unabridged reissue of the Heath edition of 1897 and includes the Supplement of 1912, by special arrangement with The Cambridge University Press.).
    Heath, T.L. (1921/1981) A History of Greek Mathematics. 2 vols. Oxford.
    Heath, T.L. (1956) The Thirteen Books of Euclid’s Elements. New York.
    Heath, T.L. (1964) Diophantus of Alexandria: A Study in the History of Greek Algebra. New York.
    Heath, T.L. (1981) Aristarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. New York. (Originally published Oxford, 1913.)
    Heiberg, J.L. (1910–1915) Archimedes: Opera Omnia. 2nd edn. 3 vols. Leipzig.
    Hermann, C.F. (1878) Platonis Dialogi VI. Leipzig.
    Hine, H. (2009) ‘Subjectivity and Objectivity in Latin Scientific and Technical Literature’, in Taub and Doody (eds) (2009), pp. 13–30.
    Hope, R. (1930) The Book of Diogenes Laertius, Its Spirit and Its Method. New York.
    Hopkins, B.C. (2011) The Origin of the Logic of Symbolic Mathematics. Bloomington, IN.
    Hornblower, S., Spawforth, A., and Eidinow, E. (eds) (2012) The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 4th edn. Oxford.
    Horster, M. and Reitz, C. (eds) (2003) Antike Fachschriftsteller: literarischer Diskurs und sozialer Kontext. Stuttgart.
    Høyrup, J. (1997) ‘Hero, Ps.-Hero, and Near Eastern Practical Geometry: an Investigation of Metrica, Geometrica and other Treatises’, in Döring, K., Herzhoff, B., and Wöhrle, G. (eds), Antike Naturwissenschaft und ihre Rezeption 7. Trier, pp. 67–93.
    Høyrup, J. (2001) ‘On a Collection of Geometric Riddles and Their Role in the Shaping of Four to Six <<Algebras>>’. Science in Context 14: 85–131.
    Høyrup, J. (2006) ‘Bronze Age Formal Science? With Additional Remarks on the Historiography of Distant Mathematics’, in Löwe, B., Peckhaus, V., and Räsch, T. (eds), Foundations of the Formal Sciences IV: The History of the Concept of the Formal Sciences. London, pp. 81–102.
    Huffman, C.A. (2005) Archytas of Tarentum: Pythagorean, Philosopher and Mathematician King. Cambridge.
    Hume, D. (1739–1740) A Treatise of Human Nature. London.
    Hume, D. (1779) Dialogues concerning Natural Religion. London.
    Humphrey, J.W., Oleson, J.P., and Sherwood, A.N. (2002) Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook. London.
    Immerwahr, H.R. (1960) ‘Ergon: History as a Monument in Herodotus and Thucydides’. American Journal of Philology 81.3: 261–290.
    Irby-Massie, G.L. and Keyser, P.T. (2002) Greek Science of the Hellenistic Era: A Sourcebook. London.
    Jackson, H. (1920) ‘Aristotle’s Lecture Room and Lectures’. Journal of Philology 35: 191–200.
    Jaeger, M. (2008) Archimedes and the Roman Imagination. Ann Arbor.
    Jardine, N. and Segonds, A. (1999) ‘Kepler as Reader and Translator of Aristotle’, in Blackwell, C. and Kusukawa, S. (eds), Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Conversations with Aristotle. Aldershot, pp. 206–33.
    Jennings, V. and Katsaros, A. (eds) (2007) The World of Ion of Chios. Leiden.
    Johansen, T.K. (2004) Plato’s Natural Philosophy: A Study of the Timaeus-Critias. Cambridge.
    Jones, A. and Taub, L. (eds) (forthcoming) The Cambridge History of Science, Vol. I. Cambridge.
    Jouanna, J. (1999) Hippocrates. Trans. DeBevoise, M.B.. Baltimore and London. (Originally published as Hippocrate. Paris: 1992.)
    Judson, L. (1991) Aristotle’s Physics: a Collection of Essays. Oxford.
    Kahn, C.H. (1960) Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology. New York
    Kahn, C.H. (1996) Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form. Cambridge.
    Kahn, C.H. (2001) Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans: A Brief History. Indianapolis and Cambridge.
    Kahn, C.H. (2003) ‘Writing Philosophy: Prose and Poetry from Thales to Plato’, in Yunis (ed.), pp. 139–161.
    Kearns, E. (1989) The Heroes of Attica. (Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Supplement 57). London.
    Kearns, E. (2012) ‘Hero-cult’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Kepler, J. (1870) Opera Omnia, Vol. VIII. Ed. Ch. Frisch, . Frankfurt.
    Kepler, J. (1945) Briefe 1590–1599, in Caspar, M. (ed.), Gesammelte Werke, Bd. XIII, Munich.
    Kepler, J. (1951) Johannes Kepler: Life and Letters. Trans. Baumgardt, C.. New York.
    Keyser, P.T. and Irby-Massie, G.L. (eds) (2008) The Encyclopedia of Ancient Natural Scientists: The Greek Tradition and Its Many Heirs. London.
    Kirk, G.S., Raven, J.E., and Schofield, M. (1983) The Presocratic Philosophers. 2nd edn. Cambridge.
    Klein, J. (1968) Greek Mathematical Thought and the Origin of Algebra. Cambridge, MA.
    Kneale, M. and Kneale, W. (1962) The Development of Logic. Oxford.
    Knorr, W.R. (1975) The Evolution of the Euclidean Elements: A Study of the Theory of Incommensurable Magnitudes and Its Significance for Early Greek Geometry. Dordrecht.
    Knorr, W.R. (1986) The Ancient Tradition of Geometric Problems. Boston.
    Knorr, W.R. (1989) Textual Studies in Ancient and Medieval Geometry. Boston.
    Knox, B.M.W. (1989) ‘Books and Readers in the Greek World: From the Beginnings to Alexandria’, in Easterling, P.E. and Knox, B.M.W. (eds), The Cambridge History of Classical Literature. Cambridge, Vol. I, part 4, pp. 154–168.
    König, J. and Whitmarsh, T. (eds) (2007) Ordering Knowledge in the Roman Empire. Cambridge.
    Konstan, D. (2007) ‘Cartesian Solitude and the Nature of Reading’. (Unpublished paper presented at the conference ‘Philosophy and Literature: Reading across the Disciplines’, Wesleyan University, CT, May 9–10, 2007.)
    Kranz, W. (1961) ‘Sphragis: Ichform und Namensiegel als Eingangs- und Schlussmotiv Antiker Dichtung’. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 104: 3–46, 97–124.
    Kühnert, F. (1961) Allgemeinbildung und Fachbildung in der Antike. Berlin.
    Kullmann, W., Althoff, J., and Asper, M. (eds) (1998) Gattungen wissenschaftlicher Literatur in der Antike. Tübingen.
    Kupreeva, I. (2005) Philoponus: On Aristotle On Coming-to-be and Perishing 2.5–11. London.
    Kupreeva, I. (2011) Philoponus: On Aristotle Meteorology 1.1–3. London.
    Kupreeva, I. (2012) Philoponus: On Aristotle Meteorology 1.4–9, 12. London.
    Kurke, L. (2010) Aesopic Conversations: Popular Tradition, Cultural Dialogue, and the Invention of Greek Prose. Princeton.
    Kwapisz, J. (2013) ‘Were there Hellenistic Riddle Books?’, in Kwapisz, J., Petrain, D., and Szymanski, M. (eds), The Muse at Play: Riddles and Wordplay in Greek and Latin Poetry. Berlin, pp. 148–167.
    Laks, A. (2008) ‘Speculating about Diogenes of Apollonia’, in Curd, P. and Graham, D.W. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy. Oxford, pp. 353–364.
    Lamberton, R. (2001) Plutarch. New Haven.
    Lamberton, R. and Keaney, J.J. (1992) Homer’s Ancient Readers: The Hermeneutics of Greek Epic’s Earliest Exegetes. Princeton.
    Lang, H.S. (1998) The Order of Nature in Aristotle’s Physics: Place and the Elements. Cambridge.
    Lavery, J. and Groarke, L. (eds) (2010) Literary Form, Philosophical Content: Historical Studies of Philosophical Genres. Madison, WI.
    Law, V. and Sluiter, I. (1998) Dionysius Thrax and the Technē Grammatikē. Münster.
    Lee, H.D.P. (trans.) (1952) Aristotle: Meteorologica. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA.
    Lengen, R. (2002) Form und Funktion der aristotelischen Pragmatie: die Kommunikation mit dem Rezipienten. Stuttgart.
    Lennox, J.G. (2001) Aristotle’s Philosophy of Biology: Studies in the Origins of Life Sciences. Cambridge.
    Leroi, A.M. (2014) The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science. London.
    Lessing, G.E. (1773) Zur Geschichte und Litteratur: Aus den Schätzen der Herzoglichen Bibliothek zu Wolfenbüttel. Zweyter Beytrag. Bd. XIII: Zur griechischen Anthologie. Braunschweig. (http://diglib.hab.de/drucke/lo-4637-1b-2s/start.htm/; accessed 26 July 2015).
    Lettinck, P. (1999) Aristotle’s Meteorology and its Reception in the Arab World. With an Edition and Translation of Ibn Suwār’s Treatise on Meteorological Phenomena and Ibn Bājja’s Commentary on the Meteorology. Leiden.
    Leventhal, M. (2013) ‘Between Poetry and Mathematics in the Hellenistic Age: The Epic-Grammatic Case of Archimedes’ Cattle Problem’. MPhil. Thesis. Cambridge.
    Leventhal, M. (2015) ‘Counting on Epic: Mathematical Poetry and Homeric Epic in Archimedes’ Cattle Problem’. Ramus 44.1–2: 200–21.
    Lévy, I. (1927) La Légende de Pythagore de Grèce en Palestine. Paris.
    Liddell, H.G., Scott, R., and Jones, H.S. (1940) A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th edn. (With a Supplement 1968). Oxford.
    Livingstone, N. and Nisbet, G. (2010) Epigram (Greece and Rome New Surveys in the Classics 38). Cambridge.
    Lloyd, G.E.R. (1966) Polarity and Analogy in Greek Thought. Cambridge. (Repr. Bristol 1987).
    Lloyd, G.E.R. (1970) Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle. London.
    Lloyd, G.E.R. (1973) Greek Science after Aristotle. London.
    Lloyd, G.E.R. (1978) ‘The Empirical Basis of the Physiology of the Parva Naturalia’, in Lloyd, G.E.R and Owen, G.E.L. (eds), Aristotle on Mind and the Senses. Cambridge, pp. 215–239.
    Lloyd, G.E.R. (1979) Magic, Reason and Experience: Studies in the Origins and Development of Greek Science. Cambridge.
    Lloyd, G.E.R. (1983) Science, Folklore and Ideology. Cambridge.
    Lloyd, G.E.R. (1991) ‘Introduction’ to ‘Observational error in later Greek science’, in Lloyd (1991), pp. 299–302.
    Lloyd, G.E.R. (1991) Methods and Problems in Greek Science: Selected Papers. Cambridge.
    Lloyd, G.E.R. (1998) Aristotelian Explorations. Cambridge.
    Long, H.S. (1925) ‘Introduction’ to Hicks, R.D. (trans.), Diogenes Laertius: Lives of Eminent Philosophers. Loeb Classical Library. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA, Vol. I, pp. xv–xxvi.
    Long, H.S. (2012) ‘Diogenes (6) Laertius’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012). Revised by R.W. Sharples.
    Lord, A. (1960) The Singer of Tales. New York.
    Malherbe, A.J. (1988) Ancient Epistolary Theorists. Atlanta.
    Mansfeld, J. (1999) ‘Sources’, in Algra, K., Barnes, J., Mansfeld, J., and Schofield, M. (eds), The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy. Cambridge, pp. 3–30.
    Mansfeld, J. and Runia, D. (1997) Aëtiana: the Method and Intellectual Context of a Doxographer. Leiden.
    Marrou, H.I. (1956) A History of Education in Antiquity. Trans. Lamb, G.. New York.
    Mattern, S.P. (2013) The Prince of Medicine: Galen in the Roman Empire. Oxford.
    Mayhew, R. (ed.) (2015) The Aristotelian Problemata Physica: Philosophical and Scientific Investigations. Leiden.
    Mayor, A. (2010) The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome’s Deadliest Enemy. Princeton.
    McLuhan, M. (1964) Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York.
    Meissner, B. (1999) Die technologische Fachliteratur der Antike: Struktur, Überlieferung und Wirkung technischen Wissens in der Antike (ca. 400 v. Chr.-ca.500 n. Chr.). Berlin.
    Mejer, J. (1978) Diogenes Laertius and his Hellenistic Background. (Hermes Einzelschriften 40). Wiesbaden.
    Midonick, H.O. (1965) The Treasury of Mathematics: a Collection of Source Material in Mathematics Edited and Presented with Introductory Biographical and Historical Sketches. New York.
    Momigliano, A. (1993) The Development of Greek Biography. Expanded edn. Cambridge, MA.
    Morello, R. and Morrison, A.D. (eds) (2007) Ancient Letters: Classical and Late Antique Epistolography. Oxford.
    Morgan, T. (1998) Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds. Cambridge.
    Morrow, G.R. (1960) Plato’s Cretan City: A Historical Interpretation of the Laws. Princeton.
    Morrow, G.R. (1962) Plato’s Epistles: a Translation with Critical Essays and Notes. Indianapolis.
    Morrow, G.R. (trans.) (1970/1992) Proclus: A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid’s Elements. Princeton.
    Mosley, A. (2007) Bearing the Heavens: Tycho Brahe and the Astronomical Community of the Late Sixteenth Century. Cambridge.
    Moss, J.D. (1993) Novelties in the Heavens: Rhetoric and Science in the Copernican Controversy. Chicago.
    Most, G.W. (ed.) (1999) Commentaries – Kommentare. Göttingen.
    Most, G.W. (2000) “Generating Genres: The Idea of the Tragic”, in Depew and Obbink (eds) (2000), pp. 15–35.
    Mourelatos, Alexander P.D. (1970/2008) The Route of Parmenides: A Study of Word, Image and Argument in the Fragments. New Haven; rev. edn, Las Vegas.
    Mueller, I. (1974) ‘Greek Mathematics and Greek Logic’, in J. Corcoran (ed), Ancient Logic and Its Modern Interpretations. Dordrecht, pp. 35–70.
    Mueller, I. (1992) ‘Foreword to the 1992 edition’, in Morrow (1970/1992), pp. ix–xxxi.
    Mugler, C. (1958) Dictionnaire historique de la terminologie géométrique des Grecs. Paris.
    Murphy, T. (2004) Pliny the Elder’s Natural History: The Empire in the Encyclopaedia. Oxford.
    Naiden, F.S. (2013) Smoke Signals for the Gods: Ancient Greek Sacrifice from the Archaic through Roman Periods. Oxford.
    Nauert, C. (1979) ‘Humanists, Scientists and Pliny: Changing Approaches to a Classical Author’. American Historical Review 84: 72–85.
    Nauert, C. (1980) ‘Caius Plinius Secundus’, in Crantz, F.E. and Kristeller, P.O. (eds), Catalogus Translationum et Commentariorum: Medieval and Renaissance Latin Translations and Commentaries. Washington, DC, pp. 297–422.
    Netz, R. (1999a) The Shaping of Deduction in Greek Mathematics. Cambridge.
    Netz, R. (1999b) ‘Proclus’ Division of the Mathematical Proposition into Parts: How and Why Was It Formulated?’. Classical Quarterly 49.1: 282–303.
    Netz, R. (2002) ‘Greek Mathematicians: a Group Picture’, in Tuplin and Rihll (eds) (2002), pp. 196–216.
    Netz, R. (2004) The Works of Archimedes. Volume 1: The Two Books On the Sphere and the Cylinder. Cambridge.
    Netz, R. (2009a) Ludic Proof: Greek Mathematics and the Alexandrian Aesthetic. Cambridge.
    Netz, R. (2009b) ‘The Exact Sciences’, in Boys-Stones et al. (eds) (2009), pp. 579–596.
    Netz, R. and Noel, W. (2007) The Archimedes Codex: How a Medieval Prayer Book Is Revealing the True Genius of Antiquity’s Greatest Scientist. London.
    Neugebauer, O. (1957) The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. 2nd edn. Providence, RI.
    Neugebauer, O. (1975) A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. 3 vols. Berlin.
    Newton, I. (1687) Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica. London.
    Nightingale, A.W. (1995) Genres in Dialogue: Plato and the Construct of Philosophy. Cambridge.
    Nisbet, G. (2003) Greek Epigram in the Roman Empire: Martial’s Forgotten Rivals. Oxford.
    Nutton, V. (2009) ‘Galen’s Authorial Voice: A Preliminary Enquiry’, in Taub and Doody (eds) (2009), pp. 53–62.
    Nutton, V. (2013) Ancient Medicine. 2nd edn. London.
    Ohlert, C. (1912) Rätsel und Rätselspiele der alten Griechen. 2nd edn. Berlin. (Reprint: Miami n.d.).
    Olding, G. (2007) ‘Shot from the Canon: Sources, Selections, Survival’, in Jennings and Katsaros (eds) (2007), pp. 45–63.
    O’Meara, D.J. (1989) Pythagoras Revived: Mathematics and Philosophy in Late Antiquity. Oxford.
    O’Meara, D.J. (2012) ‘Iamblichus (2)’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Osborne, C. (1998) ‘Was Verse the Default Form for Presocratic Philosophy?’, in Atherton, C. (ed.), Form and Content in Didactic Poetry. Bari, pp. 23–35.
    Osborne, C. (2006) Philoponus: On Aristotle Physics 1.1–3. London.
    Page, D.L. (1981) Further Greek Epigrams. Cambridge.
    Palmer, J.A. (2008/2012) ‘Parmenides’, in Zalta, E.N. (ed.), The Stanford Encylopedia of Ancient Philosophy. Stanford, CA. (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/parmenides/; accessed 2 May 2015).
    Palmer, J.A. (2009) Parmenides and Presocratic Philosophy. Oxford.
    Paltridge, B. (1997) Genre, Frames and Writing in Research Settings. Amsterdam and Philadelphia.
    Parry, M. (1971) The Making of Homeric Verse: The Collected Papers of Milman Parry. Ed. Parry, A.. Oxford.
    Paton, W.R. (1918) The Greek Anthology. 5 vols. Loeb Classical Library. London.
    Patterson, C. (2013) ‘Education in Plato’s Laws’, in Grubbs, J.E., Parkin, T., and Bell, R. (eds), The Oxford Handbook to Childhood and Eduction in the Classical World. Oxford, pp. 365–380.
    Pedersen, O. (1974) A Survey of the Almagest. Odense.
    Pedersen, O. (1986) ‘Some Astronomical Topics in Pliny’, in French, R.K. and Greenaway, F. (eds) Science in the Early Roman Empire: Pliny the Elder, His Sources and Influences. London, pp. 162–196.
    Pedersen, O. and Pihl, M. (1974) Early Physics and Astronomy. London.
    Pellegrin, P. (1986) Aristotle’s Classification of Animals: Biology and the Conceptual Unity of the Aristotelian Corpus. Trans. Preus, A.. Berkeley. (Originally published as La classification des animaux chez Aristote: statut de la biologie et unité de l’aristotélisme. Paris 1982.)
    Pelling, C. (2007) ‘Ion’s Epidemiai and Plutarch’s Ion’, in Jennings and Katsaros (eds) (2007), pp. 75–109.
    Pelling, C. (2012) ‘Biography, Greek’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Pfeiffer, R. (1968) History of Classical Scholarship from the Beginnings to the End of the Hellenistic Age. Oxford.
    Pomata, G. (2011) ‘Observation Rising: Birth of an Epistemic Genre, ca. 1500–1650’, in Daston, L. and Lunbeck, E. (eds), Histories of Scientific Observation. Chicago, pp. 45–80.
    Praechter, K. (1927) ‘Simplikios’ in Pauly, A., Wissowa, G., and Kroll, W. (eds), Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart, Bd. IIIA.1, cols 204–213.
    Praechter, K. (1990) ‘Review of the Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca’, in Sorabji (ed.) (1990), pp. 31–54. (Originally published as ‘Die griechischen Aristoteleskommentare,’ Byzantinische Zeitschrift 18 (1909): 516–38.)
    Pryce, F.N., Strong, D.E., and Vickers, M. (2012) ‘Seals’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Purcell, N. (2012) ‘Pliny (1) the Elder’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Reynolds, L.D. (1983) Texts and Transmission: a Survey of the Latin Classics. Oxford.
    Reynolds, L.D. and Wilson, N.G. (2013) Scribes and Scholars: a Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature. 4th edn. Oxford.
    Rheinberger, H.-J. (2003) ‘Discourse of Circumstances: A Note on the Author in Science’, in Biagioli, M. and Galison, P. (eds), Scientific Authorship: Credit and Intellectual Property in Science. London, pp. 309–324.
    Rihll, T.E. (1999) Greek Science. Oxford.
    Roberts, C.H. and Skeat, T.C. (1983) The Birth of the Codex. Oxford.
    Roberts, D.H. (2012) ‘Sphragis’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).Robson, E. and Stedall, J. (eds) (2009) The Oxford Handbook of the History of Mathematics. Oxford.
    Rokem, F. (1996) ‘One Voice and Many Legs: Oedipus and the Riddles of the Sphinx’, in Hasan-Roken, G. (ed.), Untying the Knot: On Riddles and Other Enigmatic Modes. Oxford, pp. 255–270.
    Roller, D.W. (2010) Eratosthenes’ Geography. Princeton.
    Rosenmeyer, P. (2001) Ancient Epistolary Fictions: The Letter in Greek Literature. Cambridge.
    Rosenmeyer, P. (2006) Ancient Greek Literary Letters: Selections in Translation. London.
    Rosso, M. (2008) ‘User-based Identification of Web Genres’. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 59.7: 1053–1072.
    Rowe, D.E. and Unguru, S. (1981) ‘Does the Quadratic Equation Have Greek Roots? A Study of “Geometric Algebra”, “Applications of Areas” and Related Problems’. Libertas Mathematica 1: 1–49.
    Runia, D.T. (1999) ‘What is Doxography?’, in van der Eijk, P.J. (ed.), Ancient Histories of Medicine: Essays in Medical Doxography and Historiography in Classical Antiquity. (Studies in Ancient Medicine 20). Leiden, pp. 33–55.
    Russell, D.A.F.M. (2012) ‘Demetrius (17)’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Sambursky, S. (1956) The Physical World of the Greeks. London.
    Sambursky, S. (1959) The Physics of the Stoics. London.
    Sambursky, S. (1962) The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Princeton.
    Schenkeveld, D.M. (1997) ‘Philosophical Prose’, in Porter, S.E. (ed.), Handbook of Classical Rhetoric in the Hellenistic Period 330 B.C.-A.D. 400. Leiden, pp. 195–264.
    Schiesaro, A. (2012) ‘Didactic Poetry’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Schiesaro, A., Mitsis, P., and Clay, J.S. (eds) (1993) Mega Nepios: il destinatario nell’ epos didascalico. (Materiali e discussioni per l’analisi dei testi classici 31.) Pisa.
    Schultz, W. (1914) ‘Rätsel’, in Pauly, A., Wissowa, G., and Kroll, W. (eds), Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart, Bd. I, cols 62–125.
    Scolnicov, S. (2004) ‘Plato’, in Fass, P.S. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society. New York, pp. 681–682. (www.faqs.org/childhood/Pa-Re/Plato-427-348-B-C-E.html/).
    Sedley, D.N. (1998) Lucretius and the Transformation of Greek Wisdom. Cambridge.
    Sedley, D.N. (2007) Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity. Berkeley.
    Sesiano, J. (2004) ‘Introduction’, in Christianidis, J. (ed.), Classics in the History of Greek Mathematics. London, pp. 257–63.
    Sharples, R.W. (1987) ‘Alexander of Aphrodisias: Scholasticism and Innovation’, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Berlin, Bd. II.36.2, pp. 1176–1243.
    Sharples, R.W. (1990) ‘The School of Alexander?’, in Sorabji (ed.) (1990), pp. 83–111.
    Sharples, R.W. (1994) Alexander of Aphrodisias: Quaestiones 2.16–3.15. London.
    Sharples, R.W. (2012) ‘Alexander (14) (RE 94) of Aphrodisias’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Sider, D. (2005) The Fragments of Anaxagoras. Sankt Augustin.
    Sidoli, N. (2015) ‘Mathematics Education’, in Bloomer, W.M. (ed.), A Companion to Ancient Education. Hoboken, NJ, pp. 387–400.
    Sluiter, I. (2000) ‘The Dialectics of Genre: Some Aspects of Secondary Literature and Genre in Antiquity’, in Depew, M. and Obbink, D. (eds), Matrices of Genre: Authors, Canons and Society. Cambridge, MA, pp. 183–203.
    Smith, A. (2012) ‘Porphyry’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Smith, M.F. (1993) The Epicurean Inscription: Diogenes of Oinoanda. Naples.
    Smith, M. (1996) The Philosophical Inscriptions of Diogenes of Oinoanda. Vienna.
    Smith, M. (2003) Supplement to Diogenes of Oinoanda The Epicurean Inscription. Naples.
    Smith, R. (1978) ‘The Mathematical Origins of Aristotle’s Syllogistic’. Archive for History of Exact Sciences 19: 201–209.
    Taub, L. (1989) Aristotle: Prior Analytics. Translated, with Introduction, Notes and Commentary. Indianapolis.
    Smith, W. (ed.) (1867) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. II. Boston. (http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ACL3129.0002.001/; accessed 23 March 2015)
    Snyder, G. (2000) Teachers and Texts in the Ancient World: Philosophers, Jews and Christians. London.
    Söderqvist, T. (2007) ‘“No Genre of History Fell Under More Odium Than That of Biography”: The Delicate Relations Between Scientific Biography and Historiography of Science’, in Söderqvist, T. (ed.), The History and Poetics of Scientific Biography. Aldershot, pp. 241–262.
    Solmsen, F. (1960) Aristotle’s System of the Physical World: A Comparison with his Predecessors. Ithaca, NY.
    Sorabji, R. (1988) Matter, Space and Motion. London.
    Sorabji, R. (1990) ‘The ancient commentators on Aristotle’, in Sorabji (ed.) (1990), pp. 1–30.
    Sorabji, R. (ed.) (1990) Aristotle Transformed: the Ancient Commentators and Their Influence. London.
    Soutar, G. (1939) Nature in Greek Poetry: Studies Partly Comparative. Oxford.
    Swales, J.M. (1990) Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge.
    Symons, G.J. and Wood, J.G. (eds) (1894) Theophrastus of Eresus on Winds and Weather Signs. London.
    Taavitsainen, I. (2001) ‘Changing Conventions of Writing: The Dynamics of Genres, Text Types, and Text Traditions’. European Journal of English Studies 5.2: 139–150.
    Talbert, C.H. (1977) What is a Gospel? The Genre of the Canonical Gospels. Philadelphia.
    Talbert, R. and Brodersen, K. (eds) (2004) Space in the Roman World: Its Perception and Presentation. Münster.
    Tatarkiewicz, W. (1963) ‘Classification of the Arts in Antiquity’. Journal of the History of Ideas 24.2: 231–240.
    Taub, L. (1993) Ptolemy’s Universe: The Natural Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of His Astronomy. Chicago.
    Taub, L. (2000) ‘Ancient Science’, in Hunter, A. (ed.), Thornton and Tully’s Scientific Books, Libraries and Collectors. 4th edn. Aldershot, pp. 26–71.
    Taub, L. (2002) ‘Instruments of Alexandrian Astronomy: The Uses of the Equinoctial Rings’, in C.J. Tuplin and T.E. Rihll (eds.), Science and Mathematics in Ancient Greek Culture. Oxford, pp. 133–149.
    Taub, L. (2003) Ancient Meteorology. London.
    Taub, L. (2007) ‘Presenting a “Life” as a Guide to Living: Ancient Accounts of the Life of Pythagoras’, in Söderquist, Thomas (ed.), The History and Poetics of Scientific Biography. Aldershot, pp. 17–36.
    Taub, L. (2008a) Aetna and the Moon: Explaining Nature in Ancient Greece and Rome. Corvallis, OR.
    Taub, L. (2008b) ‘“Eratosthenes Sends Greetings to King Ptolemy”: Reading the Contents of a “Mathematical” Letter’. Acta Historica Leopoldina 54: 285–302.
    Taub, L. (2010) ‘Translating the Phainomena Across Genre, Language and Culture’, in Imhausen, A. und Pommerening, T. (eds), Writings of Early Scholars in the Ancient Near East, Egypt and Greece: Zur Übersetzbarkeit von Wissenschaftssprachen des Altertums. Berlin, pp. 119–137.
    Taub, L. (2013) ‘On the Variety of “Genres” of Greek Mathematical Writing: Thinking about Mathematical Texts and Modes of Mathematical Discourse’, in Asper (ed.) (2013), pp. 333–65.
    Taub, L. (2017) ‘Archiving Science in Greco-Roman Antiquity’, in Daston, L. (ed.), Science in the Archives: Pasts, Presents, and Future. Chicago, pp. 113–35.
    Taub, L. and Doody, A. (eds) (2009) Authorial Voices in Greco-Roman Technical Writing. Trier.
    Taylor, T. (1807) The Treatises of Aristotle, On the Heavens, On Generation and Corruption, and On Meteors. London.
    Thesleff, H. (1949) ‘Some Remarks on Literary Sphragis in Greek Poetry’. Eranos 47: 116–128.
    Thillet, P. (trans.) (2008) Aristote: Météorologiques. Paris.
    Thomas, R. (1992) Literacy and Orality in Ancient Greece. Cambridge.
    Thomas, R. (2003) ‘Prose Performance Texts: Epideixis and Written Publication in the Late Fifth and Early Fourth Centuries’, in Yunis (ed.) (2003), pp. 162–188.
    Tiede, D.L. (1972) The Charismatic Figure as Miracle Worker. Missoula, MT.
    Toohey, P. (1996) Epic Lessons: an Introduction to Ancient Didactic Poetry. London.
    Toomer, G.J. (2012) ‘Aratus (1)’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Totelin, L. (2004) ‘Mithradates’ Antidote: a Pharmacological Ghost’. Early Science and Medicine 9: 1–19.
    Totelin, L. (2009) Hippocratic Recipes: Oral and Written Transmission of Pharmacological Knowledge in Fifth- and Fourth-Century Greece. Leiden.
    Totelin, L. and Hardy, G. (2015) Ancient Botany. London.
    Trapp, M.B. (2003) Greek and Latin Letters: an Anthology. Cambridge.
    Trapp, M.B. (2012) ‘Letters, Greek’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Tueller, M.A. and Macfarlane, R.T. (2009) ‘Hipparchus and the Poets: a Turning Point in Scientific Literature’, in Harder, M.A., Regtuit, R.F. and Wakker, G.C. (eds), Nature and Science in Hellenistic Poetry. Leuven, pp. 227–253.
    Tuominen, M. (2009) The Ancient Commentators on Plato and Aristotle. Stocksfield, Northumberland.
    Tuplin, C.J. and Rihll, T. (eds) (2002) Science and Mathematics in Ancient Greek Culture. Oxford.
    Unguru, S. (1975) ‘On the Need to Rewrite the History of Greek Mathematics’. Archive for the History of Exact Sciences 15: 67–114.
    Van der Eijk, P.J. (1997) ‘Towards a Rhetoric of Ancient Scientific Discourse: Some Formal Characteristics of Greek Medical and Philosophical Texts (Hippocratic Corpus, Aristotle)’, in Bakker, E.J. (ed.), Grammar as Interpretation: Greek Literature in its Linguistic Contexts. Leiden, pp. 77–129.
    Van der Eijk, P.J. (ed.) (1999) Ancient Histories of Medicine: Essays in Medical Doxography and Historiography in Classical Antiquity. Leiden.
    Van der Waerden, B.L. (1954) Science Awakening. Trans. Dresden, A.. Groningen.
    Van Winden, J.C.M. (1959) Calcidius On Matter, His Doctrines and Sources: A Chapter in the History of Platonism. Leiden.
    Vardi, I. (1998) ‘Archimedes’ Cattle Problem’. The American Mathematical Monthly 105: 305–319.
    Verrycken, K. (1990) ‘The Development of Philoponus’ Thought and Its Chronology’, in Sorabji (ed.) (1990), pp. 233–274.
    Verrycken, K. (2010) ‘John Philoponus’, in Gerson, L.P. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Philosophy in Late Antiquity, Volume II. Cambridge, pp. 733–755.
    Vlastos, G. (1975) Plato’s Universe. Oxford.
    Volk, K. (2002) The Poetics of Latin Didactic: Lucretius, Vergil, Ovid, Manilius. Oxford.
    Von Staden, H. (2002) ‘“A Woman does not become Ambidextrous”: Galen and the Culture of the Scientific Commentary’, in Gibson and Kraus (eds) (2002), pp. 109–139.
    Wallace-Hadrill, A. (1990) ‘Pliny the Elder and Man’s Unnatural History’. Greece & Rome: 37.1: 80–96.
    Warren, J. (2007) ‘Diogenes Laërtius, Biographer of Philosophy’, in König and Whitmarsh (eds) (2007), pp. 133–149.
    Waszink, J.H. (1964) Studien zum Timaioskommentar des Calcidius. Leiden.
    Waszink, J.H. and Jensen, P.J. (eds) (1962) Plato Latinus. Volume IV: Timaeus a Calcidio Translatus Commentarioque Instructus. Leiden.
    Waterlow, S. (1982) Nature, Change and Agency in Aristotle’s Physics: a Philosophical Study. Oxford.
    Watts, E.J. (2008) City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria. Berkeley.
    Werlich, E. (1976) A Text Grammar of English. Heidelberg.
    West, M.L. (1966) Hesiod Theogony: Edited with Prolegomena and Commentary. Oxford.
    West, M.L. (1978) Hesiod Works and Days: Edited with Prolegomena and Commentary. Oxford.
    West, M.L. (1982) Greek Metre. Oxford.
    West, M.L. (1985) ‘Ion of Chios’. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 32: 71–78.
    West, M.L. (1987) Introduction to Greek Metre. Oxford.
    West, M.L. (2003) Homeric Hymns. Homeric Apocrypha. Lives of Homer. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA. 2003.
    West, M.L. (2012) ‘Riddles’, in Hornblower et al. (eds) (2012).
    Westerink, L.G. (1990) ‘The Alexandrian Commentators and the Introductions to their Commentaries’, in Sorabji (ed.) (1990), pp. 325–348.
    Whewell, W. (1840) The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences Founded upon Their History. 2 vols. London and Cambridge.
    Whitehead, A.N. (1925) Science and the Modern World: Lowell Lectures, 1925. New York.
    Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von (1894/1971) ‘Ein Weihgeschenk des Eratosthenes’. Nachrichten der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Phil.-hist. Klasse (1894): 15–35. (Reprinted in Kleine Schriften. Berlin 1971, Bd. II (Hellenistische, spätgriechische und lateinische Poesie), pp. 48–70.)
    Wilcox, A. (2012) The Gift of Correspondence in Classical Rome: Friendship in Cicero’s Ad Familiares and Seneca’s Moral Epistles. Madison, WI.
    Wildberg, C. (1988) John Philoponus’ Criticism of Aristotle’s Theory of Aether. Berlin.
    Wildberg, C. (2008) ‘John Philoponus’, in E.N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Fall 2008 edn. Stanford, CA. (http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/philoponus/).
    Wildberg, C. (2010) ‘Prolegomena to the Study of Philoponus’ Contra Aristotelem’, in Sorabji, R. (ed.), Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science. 2nd edn. London, pp. 239–250.
    Williams, H.C., German, R.A., and Zarnke, C.R. (1965) ‘Solution of the Cattle Problem of Archimedes’. Mathematics of Computation 19: 671–674.
    Wilson, M. (2013) Structure and Method in Aristotle’s Meteorologica: A More Disorderly Nature. Cambridge.
    Worthington, I. (ed.) (2007) A Companion to Greek Rhetoric. Malden, MA and Oxford.
    Wright, M.R. (1998) ‘Philosopher Poets: Parmenides and Empedocles’, in Atherton, C. (ed.), Form and Content in Didactic Poetry. Bari, pp. 1–22.
    Wurm, J.F. (1830) Review of J.G. Hermann, De Archimedis Problemate Bovino. Jahrbücher für Philologie und Paedagogik 14: 194–202.
    Yatsuhashi, A. (2010) ‘In the Bird Cage of the Muses: Archiving, Erudition, and Empire in Ptolemaic Egypt’. PhD dissertation. Duke University.
    Yunis, H. (ed.) (2003) Written Texts and the Rise of Literate Culture in Ancient Greece. Cambridge.
    Zeller, E. (1880–1892) Die Philosophie der Griechen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung, Bd. I-III. Leipzig.
    Zhmud, L. (1998) ‘Plato as Architect of Science?’. Phronesis 43.3: 211–244.
    Zhmud, L. (2001) ‘Revising Doxography: Hermann Diels and His Critics.’ Philologus 145: 219–43.
    Zhmud, L. (2006) The Origin of the History of Science in Classical Antiquity. Berlin.

    Metrics

    Altmetric attention score

    Full text views

    Total number of HTML views: 0
    Total number of PDF views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    Book summary page views

    Total views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

    Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

    Accessibility standard: Unknown

    Why this information is here

    This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

    Accessibility Information

    Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.