Bibliography
Adamson, Walter L., Avant-Garde Florence: From Modernism to Fascism (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1993)
Alares, Gustavo, ‘Ruralismo, fascismo y regeneración: Italia y España en perspectiva comparada’, Ayer, 83 (2011), pp. 127–47
Albanese, Giulia, ‘Brutalizzazione e violenza alle origini del fascismo’, Studi Storici, 55, 1 (2014), pp. 3–14
Albanese, Giulia, Alle origini del fascismo: La violenza politica a Venezia 1919–1922 (Padua, Il Poligrafo, 2001)
Albanese, Giulia, La marcia su Roma (Rome-Bari, Laterza, 2006)
Albanese, Giulia, ‘Alla scuola del fascismo: la Spagna dei primi anni venti e la marcia su Roma’, in Isnenghi, Mario (ed.), Pensare la nazione. Silvio Lanaro e l’Italia contemporanea (Roma, Donzelli, 2012), pp. 111–122
Albert, Mathias, et al., Transnational Political Spaces: Agents, Structures, Encounters (Frankfurt, Campus Verlag, 2009)
Alcalde, Ángel, Los excombatientes franquistas: La cultura de guerra del fascismo español y la Delegación Nacional de Excombatientes (1936–1965) (Zaragoza, Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza, 2014)
Alcalde, Ángel, ‘Los excombatientes en el mundo rural de la posguerra: del mito del campesino soldado a la realidad social de la España franquista’, in Barreira, Óscar Rodríguez (ed.), El franquismo desde los márgenes: Campesinos, mujeres, delatores, menores …, Lleida-Almería, UdLl & UAL, 2013, pp. 113–29
Alcalde, Ángel, ‘Los orígenes de la Delegación Nacional de Excombatientes de FET-JONS: la desmovilización del ejército franquista y la Europa de 1939’, Ayer, 97 (2015), pp. 169–94
Alcalde, Ángel, ‘War veterans and the transnational origins of Italian Fascism (1917–1919)’, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 21, 4 (2016), pp. 565–83.
Arco, Miguel Ángel del, ‘Hunger and the Consolidation of the Francoist Regime (1939–1951)’, European History Quarterly, 40, 3 (2010), pp. 458–83
Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane, Combattre: Une anthropologie historique de la guerre moderne, XIXe–XXIe siècle (Paris, Seuil, 2008)
Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane and Becker, Annette, 14–18, retrouver la Guerre (Paris, Gallimard, 2000)
Baird, Jay W., Hitler’s War Poets: Literature and Politics in the Third Reich (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2008)
Baldassari, Marco, ‘La memoria celebrata: La festa del 4 novembre a Lucca tra dopoguerra e fascismo’, Italia contemporanea, 242 (2006), pp. 23–43
Ballini, Pier Luigi, Le elezioni nella storia d’Italia dall’Unità al fascismo: Profilo storico-statistico (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1988)
Baravelli, Andrea, La vittoria smarrita: Legittimità e rappresentazioni della Grande Guerra nella crisi del sistema liberale (1919–1924) (Rome, Carocci, 2006)
Barnes, James J. and Barnes, Patience P., Nazis in Pre-War London 1930–1939: The Fate and Role of German Party Members and British Sympathizers (Brighton, Sussex Academic Press, 2005)
Barone, Giuseppe, ‘Statalismo e riformismo: l’Opera Nazionale Combattenti (1917–1923)’, Studi Storici, 25 (1984), pp. 203–44
Barr, Niall, The Lion and the Poppy: British Veterans, Politics, and Society, 1921–1939 (London, Praeger, 2005)
Barr, Niall, ‘“The Legion that Sailed but Never Went”: The British Legion and the Munich Crisis of 1938’, in Eichenberg, Julia and Newman, John Paul (eds.), The Great War and Veterans’ Internationalism (New York, Palgrave, 2013), pp. 32–52
Barth, Boris, Dolchstoßlegenden und politische Desintegration: Das Trauma der deutschen Niederlage im Ersten Weltkrieg 1914–1933 (Düsseldorf, Droste, 2003)
Bartov, Omer, Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide, and Modern Identity (Oxford University Press, 2000)
Bauerkämper, Arnd, ‘Transnational Fascism: Cross-Border Relations between Regimes and Movements in Europe, 1922–1939’, East Central Europe, 37 (2010), pp. 214–46
Beaupré, Nicolas, Écrire en guerre, écrire la guerre, France, Allemagne 1914–1920 (Paris, CNRS, 2006)
Becker, Annette, ‘Du 14 Julliet 1919 au 11 novembre 1920: Mort, où est la victoire?’, Vingtième siècle, Revue d’histoire, 49 (1996), pp. 31–44
Ben-Ghiat, Ruth, Fascist modernities: Italy, 1922–1945 (Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001)
Berardi, Roberto, Dizionario di termini storici politici ed economici moderni (Florence, Felice Le Monier, 1976)
Berghahn, Volker R., Der Stahlhelm: Bund der Frontsoldaten (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1966)
Berghahn, Volker R., ‘Das Ende des “Stahlhelm”’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 13, 4 (1965), pp. 446–51
Berghaus, Günter, Futurism and Politics: Between Anarchist Rebellion and Fascist Reaction, 1909–1944 (Oxford, Berghahn Books, 1996)
Bers, Günter (ed.), ‘Rote Tage’ im Rheinland: Demonstrationen des Roten Frontkämpfer-Bundes (RFB) im Gau Mittelrhein 1925–1928 (Hamburg, Einhorn Presse Verlag, 1980)
Berstein, Serge, ‘L’affrontement simulé des années 1930’, Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire, 5 (1985), pp. 39–54
Bessel, Richard, Germany after the First World War (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993)
Bessel, Richard, ‘Die Heimkehr der Soldaten: Das Bild der Frontsoldaten in der Öffentlichkeit der Weimarer Republik’, in Hirschfeld, Gerhard, Krumeich, Gerd and Renz, Irina (eds.), ‘Keiner fühlt sich hier mehr als Mensch …’ Erlebnis und Wirkung des Ersten Weltkriegs (Frankfurt am Main, Fischer Taschenbuch, 1996), pp. 260–82
Bessel, Richard, ‘The Front Generation and the Politics of Weimar Germany’, in Roseman, Mark (ed.), Generations in Conflict: Youth Revolt and Generation Formation in Germany, 1770–1968 (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 121–36
Bianchi, Roberto, Pace, pane, terra: Il 1919 in Italia (Rome, Odradek, 2006)
Boca, Angelo Del, La guerra d’Abissinia 1935–1941 (Milan, Feltrinelli, 1965)
Bottici, Chiara, A Philosophy of Political Myth (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2007)
Bowen, Wayne H., Spaniards and Nazi Germany: Collaboration in the New Order (Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 2000)
Bullón de Mendoza, Alfonso, José Calvo Sotelo (Barcelona, Ariel, 2004)
Bracco, Barbara, La patria ferita: I corpi dei soldati italiani e la Grande guerra (Florence, Giunti, 2011)
Burgwyn, H. James, The Legend of the Mutilated Victory: Italy, the Great War, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915–1919 (Westport, CT, Greenburg Press, 1993)
Burgwyn, H. James, Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period 1918–1940 (Westport, CT, Praeger, 1997)
Cabanes, Bruno, La Victoire endeuillée: La sortie de guerre des soldats français (1918–1920) (Seuil, Paris, 2004)
Cabanes, Bruno, ‘“Génération du feu”: aux origines d’une notion’, Revue historique, CCCIX, 1 (2007), pp. 139–50
Cadorza, Anthony L., Agrarian Elites and Italian Fascism: The Province of Bologna 1901–1926 (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1982)
Calí, Vincenzo, ‘Il monumento alla Vittoria di Bolzano: Un caso di continuità fra fascismo e post-fascismo’, in Leoni, Diego and Zadra, Camillo (eds.), La Grande Guerra: Esperienza, memoria, immagini (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1986), pp. 663–70
Canali, Mauro, Il delitto Matteotti: Affarismo e politica nel primo governo Mussolini (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1997)
Caprariis, Luca De, ‘“Fascism for Export”? The Rise and Eclipse of the Fasci Italiani all’Estero’, Journal of Contemporary History, 35, 2 (2000), pp. 151–83
Carbajosa, Mónica and Carbajosa, Pablo, La corte literaria de José Antonio: la primera generación cultural de la Falange (Barcelona, Crítica, 2003)
Casanova, Julián, Europa contra Europa 1914–1945 (Barcelona, Crítica, 2011)
Chini, Chiara, ‘Fascismo britannico e fascismo italiano: La British union of fascists, Oswald Mosley e i finanziamenti stranieri’, Contemporanea, XI, 3, (2008), pp. 433–57.
Clausewitz, Carl von, On War (ed. and trans. Howard, Michael and Paret, Peter) (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1984)
Cohen, Deborah, The War Come Home: Disabled Veterans in Britain and Germany, 1914–1939 (Berkeley, University of California Press, 2001)
Cohrs, Patrick O., ‘The First “Real” Peace Settlements after the First World War: Britain, the United States and the Accords of London and Locarno, 1923–1925’, Contemporary European History, 12, 1 (2003), pp. 1–31
Cointet, Jean-Paul, La Légion Française des Combattants, 1940–1944: La tentation du fascisme (Paris, Albin-Michel, 1995)
Cointet, Jean-Paul and Cointet, Michèle, ‘Contribution a une socio-politique de l’État français: La Légion française des combattants dans la Vienne (1940–1943)’, Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, 20, 4 (1973), pp. 595–618
Colarizi, Simona, Dopoguerra e fascismo in Puglia (1919–1926) (Bari, Laterza, 1971)
Colarizi, Simona, L’opinione degli italiani sotto il regime 1929–1943 (Rome, Laterza, 1991)
Coppola, Salvatore, Conflitti di lavoro e lotta politica nel Salento nel primo dopoguerra (1919–1925) (Lecce, Salento Domani, 1984)
Cordova, Ferdinando, Arditi e legionari Dannunziani (Padua, Marsilio, 1969)
Corner, Paul, Fascism in Ferrara, 1915–1925 (London, Oxford University Press, 1975)
Correia, Silvia, ‘The Veterans’ Movement and First World War Memory in Portugal (1918–33): Between the Republic and Dictatorship’, European Review of History, 19 (2012), pp. 531–51
Corsini, Paolo, Il feudo di Augusto Turati: Fascismo e lotta politica a Brescia (1922–1926) (Milan, Franco Angeli, 1988)
Crotty, Martin and Edele, Mark, ‘Total War and Entitlement: Towards a Global History of Veteran Privilege’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 59, 1 (2013), pp. 15–32
Cruz, Rafael, En el nombre del pueblo: República, rebelión y guerra en la España de 1936 (Madrid, Siglo XXI, 2006)
Coverdale, John F., Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1975)
Cuzzi, Marco, Antieuropa: Il fascismo universale di Mussolini(Milan, M&B, 2006)
Delarue, Jacques, ‘La guerra d’Abissinia vista dalla Francia: Le sue ripercussioni nella politica interna’, in Boca, Angelo Del (ed.), Le guerre coloniali del fascismo (Rome, Laterza, 2008), pp. 317–39
Demiaux, Victor, ‘Dov’è la vittoria? Le rôle de la référence interalliée dans la construction rituelle de la sortie de guerre italienne (1918–1921)’, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome–Italie et Méditerranée modernes et contemporaines [on-line], 125, 2 (2013), available at http://mefrim.revues.org/1426 (accessed 22 February 2014) Diehl, James M., ‘Germany: Veterans’ Politics under Three Flags’, in Ward, Stephen R. (ed.), The War Generation: Veterans of the First World War (Port Washington, NY, Kennikat Press, 1975), pp. 135–86
Diehl, James M., Paramilitary Politics in Weimar Germany (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1977)
Diehl, James M., The Thanks of the Fatherland: German Veterans after the Second World War (Chapel Hill, University of North Carloina Press, 1993)
Diehl, James M., ‘Von der “Vaterlandspartei” zur “Nationalen Revolution”: Die “Vereinigten Vaterländischen Verbände Deutschlands (VVVD)” 1922–1932’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 33, 4 (1985), pp. 617–39
Diehl, James M., ‘Victors or Victims? Disabled Veterans in the Third Reich’, Journal of Modern History, 59, 4 (1987), pp. 705–36
Dobry, Michel, ‘Desperately Seeking “Generic Fascism”: Some Discordant Thoughts on the Academic Recycling of Indigenous Categories’, in Pinto, António Costa (ed.), Rethinking the Nature of Fascism: Comparative Perspectives (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), pp. 53–84
Dobry, Michel, (dir.), Le mythe de l’allergie française au fascisme (Paris, Albin Michel, 2003)
Dominioni, Matteo, Lo sfascio dell’impero: Gli italiani in Etiopia 1936–1941 (Rome-Bari, Laterza, 2008)
Douglas, Allen, From Fascism to Libertarian Communism: Georges Valois against the Third Republic (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1992)
Douglas, Allen, ‘Violence and Fascism: The Case of the Faisceau’, Journal of Contemporary History, 19, 4 (1984), pp. 689–712
Drábik, Jakub, ‘“We’re of Their Blood and Spirit of Their Spirit”: Ex-Servicemen and the British Union of Fascists’, in Alessandro, Salvador and Kjøstvedt, Anders G. (eds.), New Political Ideas in the Aftermath of the Great War (Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 151–74.
Dunker, Ulrich, Der Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten 1919–1938: Geschichte eines jüdischen Abwehrvereins (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1977)
Durham, Martin and Power, Margaret (eds.), New Perspectives on the Transnational Right (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010)
Edele, Mark and Gerwarth, Robert (eds.), Special Issue: ‘The Limits of Demobilization’, Journal of Contemporary History, 50, 1 (2015)
Eichenberg, Julia, Kämpfen für Frieden und Fürsorge: Polnische Veteranen des Ersten Weltkriegs und ihre internationalen Kontakte, 1918–1939 (Munich, Oldenbourg, 2011)
Eichenberg, Julia and Newman, John Paul (eds.), The Great War and Veterans’ Internationalism (New York, Palgrave, 2013)
Eksteins, Modris, ‘War, Memory, and Politics: The Fate of the Film All Quiet on the Western Front’, Central European History, 13 (1980), pp. 60–82
Elliot, C. J., ‘The Kriegervereine and the Weimar Republic’, Journal of Contemporary History, 10, 1 (1975), pp. 109–29
Erger, Johannes, Der Kapp-Lüttwitz-Putsch: Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Innenpolitik 1919/20 (Düsseldorf, Droste Verlag, 1967)
Erger, Johannes, ‘War, Memory, and Politics: The Fate of the Film All Quiet on the Western Front’, Central European History, 13 (1980), pp. 60–82
Fabbri, Fabio, Le origini della guerra civile: L’Italia dalla Grande Guerra al fascismo, 1918–1921 (Milan, Utet, 2009)
Fagerberg, Elliott Pennell, ‘The “Anciens Combattants” and French Foreign Policy’, unpublished PhD thesis, Université de Genève, 1966
Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini’s Italy (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1997)
Fava, Andrea, ‘Assistenza e propaganda nel regime di guerra (1915–1918)’, in Isnenghi, Mario (ed.): Operai e contadini nella Grande Guerra (Bologna, Cappelli, 1982), pp. 174–212
Felice, Renzo de, Mussolini il rivoluzionario, 1883–1920 (Turin, Einaudi, 1965)
Felice, Renzo de, Il Fascismo: Le interpretazioni dei contemporanei e degli storici, (Rome-Bari, 1998)
Felice, Renzo de, Mussolini e Hitler: I rapporti segreti (1922–1933) (2nd edn.) (Florence, Felice Le Monnier, 1983)
Felice, Renzo de, Mussolini il fascista. I. La conquista del potere 1921–1925 (Turin, Einaudi, 1966)
Felice, Renzo de, Mussolini il fascista. II. L’organizzazione dello Stato fascista 1925–1929 (Turin, Einaudi, 1968)
Felice, Renzo de, Mussolini il duce. I. Gli anni del consenso 1929–1936 (Turin, Einaudi, 1974)
Figlia, Matteo di, Farinacci: Il radicalismo fascista al potere (Rome, Donzelli, 2007)
Fincardi, Marco, ‘I reduci risorgimentali veneti e friulani’, Italia contemporanea, 222 (2001), pp. 79–83
Kurt, Finker, Geschichte des Roten Frontkämpferbundes (Berlin, Dietz Verlag, 1982)
Francescangeli, Eros, Arditi del Popolo: Argo Secondari e la prima organizzazione antifascista (1917–1922) (Rome, Odradek, 2000)
Finchelstein, Federico, Transatlantic Fascism: Ideology, Violence, and the Sacred in Argentina and Italy, 1919–1945 (Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 2010)
Franz-Willing, Georg, Die Hitlerbewegung: Der Ursprung 1919–1922 (Berlin, Deckers Verlag G. Schenk, 1962)
Franzina, Emilio and Sanfilippo, Matteo (eds.), Il fascismo e gli emigrati: La parabola dei Fasci italiani all’estero (1920–1943) (Rome, Laterza, 2003)
Franzinelli, Mimmo, Squadristi: Protagonisti e tecniche della violenza fascista, 1919–1922 (Milan, Mondadori, 2003)
Fussell, Paul, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford University Press, 1975)
Galey, John H., ‘Bridegrooms of Death: A Profile Study of the Spanish Foreign Legion’, Journal of Contemporary History, 4, 2 (1969), pp. 47–64
Gallego, Ferran, El Evangelio fascista: La formación de la cultura política del franquismo (1930–1950) (Barcelona, Crítica, 2014)
Gallego, Ferran, Ramiro Ledesma Ramos y el fascismo español (Madrid, Síntesis, 2005)
Garau, Salvatore, ‘The Internationalisation of Italian Fascism in the Face of German National Socialism, and Its Impact on the British Union of Fascists’, Politics, Religion & Ideology, 15, 1 (2014), pp. 45–63
Gentile, Emilio, Le origini dell’ideologia fascista (1918–1925) (Bari, Laterza, 1975).
Gentile, Emilio, Storia del partito fascista, 1919–1922: Movimento e milizia (Rome-Bari, Laterza, 1989)
Gentile, Emilio, Il culto del Littorio: La sacralizzazione della politica nell’Italia fascista (Rome, Laterza, 1993)
Gentile, Emilio, La via italiana al totalitarismo: Il partito e lo Stato nel regime fascista (Rome, Carocci, 2008)
Gerber, David A. (ed.), Disabled Veterans in History (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2000)
Gerwarth, Robert, ‘The Central European Counter-Revolution: Paramilitary Violence in Germany, Austria and Hungary after the Great War’, Past and Present, 200 (2008), pp. 175–209
Gerwarth, Robert and Horne, John (eds.), War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War (Oxford University Press, 2012)
Gietinger, Klaus, Der Konterrevolutionär: Waldemar Pabst – eine deutsche Karriere (Hamburg, Nautilus, 2009)
Goeschel, Christian, ‘Italia Docet? The Relationship between Italian Fascism and Nazism Revisited’, European History Quarterly, 42 (2012), pp. 480–92
González Calleja, Eduardo, El máuser y el sufragio: Orden público, subversión y violencia política en la crisis de la Restauración (1917–1931), (Madrid, CSIC, 1999)
González Calleja, Eduardo, ‘El Servicio Exterior de Falange y la política exterior del primer franquismo: Consideraciones previas para su investigación’, Hispania. Revista española de historia, LIV, 1 (1994), pp. 279–307
González Calleja, Eduardo, Contrarrevolucionarios: Radicalización violenta de las derechas durante la Segunda República, 1931–1936 (Madrid, Alianza, 2011)
González Calleja, Eduardo and del Rey, Fernando, La defensa armada contra la revolución: Una historia de las guardias cívicas en la España del siglo XX (Madrid, CSIC, 1995)
Gooch, John, Army, State and Society in Italy, 1870–1915 (Houndmills, Macmillan, 1989)
Goodfellow, Samuel Huston, ‘Fascism as a Transnational Movement: The Case of Inter-War Alsace’, Contemporary European History, 22, 1 (2013), pp. 87–106
Gordon, Harold J. Jr., Hitlerputsch 1923: Machtkampf in Bayern 1923–1924 (Munich, Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1978)
Götz von Olenhusen, Imtraud, ‘Vom Jungstahlhelm zur SA: Die junge Nachkriegsgeneration in den paramilitärischen Verbänden der Weimarer Republik’, in Krabbe, Wolfgang R. (ed.), Politische Jugend in der Weimarer Republik (Cohum, Universitätsverlag Dr. N. Brockmezer, 1993), pp. 146–82
Grady, Tim, ‘Fighting a Lost Battle: The Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten and the Rise of National Socialism’, German History, 28, 1 (2010), pp. 1–20
Griffin, Roger, The Nature of Fascism (London, Printer Publishers, 1991)
Groenendijk, Fleuris, ‘The NSDAP’s Local Organizations in Italy, 14 September 1930 to 30 January 1933’, Yearbook of European Studies, 3 (1990), pp. 67–99
Gruber, Alfons, Südtirol unter dem Faschismus (Bozen, Verlagsanstalt Athesia, 1974)
Guillon, Jean-Marie, ‘La Légion française des combattants, ou comment comprendre la France de Vichy’, Annales du Midi: revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale, 116, 245 (2004), pp. 5–24
Hailemariam, Zaude, ‘La vera data d’inizio della seconda guerra mondiale’, in Boca, Angelo Del (ed.), Le guerre coloniali del fascismo (Bari, Laterza, 2008), pp. 288–313
Hall, Alex, ‘The War of Words: Anti-Socialist Offensives and Counter-Propaganda in Wilhelmine Germany 1890–1914’, Journal of Contemporary History, 11, 2–3 (1976), pp. 11–42
Hancock, Eleanor, Ernst Röhm: Hitler’s SA Chief of Staff (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)
Hannover, Heinrich and Hannover-Drück, Elisabeth (eds.): Der Mord an Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht. Dokumentation eines politischen Verbrechens (Göttingen, Lamuv, 1989)
Hinton, Perry R., Stereotypes, Cognition and Culture (East Sussex, Psychology Press, 2000)
Hippler, Thomas, Citizens, Soldiers and National Armies: Military Service in France and Germany, 1789–1830 (London, Routledge, 2008)
Hoepke, Klaus-Peter, Die deutsche Rechte und der italiensiche Faschismus (Düsseldorf, Droste Verlag, 1968)
Hoffstadt, Anke, ‘Eine Frage der Ehre – Zur “Beziehungsgeschichte” von “Stahlhelm. Bund der Frontsoldaten” und SA’, in Müller, Yves and Zikenat, Reiner (eds.), Bürgerkriegsarmee: Forschungen zur nationalsozialistischen Sturmabteilung (SA) (Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, 2013), pp. 267–96
Hoffstadt, Anke, ‘Frontgemeinschaft? Der “Stahlhelm. Bund der Frontsoldaten” und der Nationalsozialismus’, in Krumeich, Gerd (ed.), Nationalsozialismus und Erster Weltkrieg, (Broschiert, 2010), pp. 191–206
Hömig, Herbert, Brüning. Kanzler in der Krise der Republik: Eine Wiemarer Biographie (Paderborn, Ferdinand Schöningh, 2000)
Horne, John, ‘Remobilising for “total war”: France and Britain, 1917–1918’, in Horne, John (ed.), State, Society and Mobilization in Europe during the First World War (Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 195–211
Horne, John, (dir.), ‘Démobilisations culturelles après la Grande Guerre’, 14–18 Aujourd’hui, Today, Heute, 5 (2002)
Houreou, Fabienne Le, L’Épopée des soldats de Mussolini en Abyssinie 1936–1938: Les ‘Ensablés’ (Paris, L’Harmattan, 1994)
Ingram, Norman, The Politics of Dissent: Pacifism in France 1919–1939 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1991)
Iriye, Akira, Global and Transnational History: The Past, Present and Future (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)
Irvine, William D., ‘Fascism in France and the Strange Case of the Croix de Feu’, Journal of Modern History, 63 (1991), pp. 271–95
Isola, Gianni, Guerra al regno della Guerra: Storia della Lega proletaria mutilati invalidi reduci orfani e vedove di guerra (1918–1924) (Florence, Le Lettere, 1990)
Isola, Gianni, ‘Socialismo e combattentismo: La Lega proletaria. 1918–1922’, Italia contemporanea, 141 (1980), pp. 5–29
Isola, Gianni, ‘Immagini di guerra del combattentismo socialista’, in Leoni, Diego and Zadra, Camillo (eds.), La Grande Guerra: Esperienza, memoria, immagini (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1986), pp. 519–43
Isnenghi, Mario, Il mito della Grande Guerra (Bari, Laterza, 1970)
Jiménez Campo, Javier, El fascismo en la crisis de la Segunda República española (Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 1979)
Johansen, Anja, ‘Violent Repression or Modern Strategies of Crowd Management? Soldiers as Riot Police in France and Germany, 1890–1914’, French History, 15 (2001), pp. 400–20
Jones, Larry Eugene, ‘Nationalists, Nazis, and the Assault against Weimar: Revisiting the Harzburg Rally of October 1931’, German Studies Review, 29, 3 (2006), pp. 483–94
Jones, Mark, Founding Weimar: Violence and the German Revolution of 1918-1919 (Cambridge University Press, 2016).
Jones, Mark, ‘From “Skagerrak” to the “Organisation Consul”: War Culture and the Imperial German Navy, 1914–1922’, in Kitchen, James E., Miller, Alisa and Rowe, Laura (eds.), Other Combatants, Other Fronts: Competing Histories of the First World War (Newcastle, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011), pp. 249–74
Kallis, Aristotle A, ‘“Fascism”, “Para-fascism” and “Fascistization”: On the Similarities of Three Conceptual Categories’, European History Quarterly, 33, 2 (2003), pp. 219–49
Kallis, Aristotle A, Fascist Ideology: Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945 (London, Routledge, 2000)
Kalman, Samuel, ‘Georges Valois et le Faisceau: Un mariage de convenance’, in Dard, Olivier (ed.), Georges Valois, itinéraire et réceptions (Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2011), pp. 37–53
Kalman, Samuel, The Extreme Right in Interwar France: The Faisceau and the Croix de Feu (Hampshire, Ashgate, 2008)
Keene, Judith, Fighting for Franco: International Volunteers in Nationalist Spain during the Spanish Civil War, 1936–39 (London, Leicester University Press, 2001)
Kemper, Claudia, Das ‘Gewissen’ 1919–1925: Kommunikation und Vernetzung der Jungkonservativen (Munich, Oldenbourg Verlag, 2011)
Kennedy, Sean, Reconciling France against Democracy: The Croix de Feu and the Parti Social Français 1927–1945 (Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2007)
Kiesel, Helmut, Ernst Jünger: Die Biographie (Munich, Siedler, 2007)
Klotzbücher, Alois, ‘Der politische Weg des Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten in der Weimarer Republik: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der “Nationalen Opposition” 1918–1933’, PhD dissertation, Friedrich Alexander-Universität zur Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1964
Kluge, Ulrich, Soldatenräte und revolution: Studien zur Militärpolitik in Deutschland 1918/19 (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1975)
Koon, Tracy H., Believe, Obey, Fight: Political Socialization of Youth in Fascist Italy, 1922–1943 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1985)
Krassnitzer, Patrick, ‘Die Geburt des nationalsozialismus im Schützengraben: Formen der Brutalisierung in den Autobiographien von nationalsozialistischen Frontsoldaten’, in Dülfer, Jost and Krumeich, Gerd (eds.), Der verlorene Frieden: Politik und Kriegskultur nach 1918 (Essen, Klartex, 2002), pp. 119–48
Krimmer, Elisabeth, The Representation of War in German Literature (Cambridge University Press, 2010)
Krüger, Gabriele, Die Brigade Ehrhardt (Hamburg, Leibniz-Verlag, 1971)
Krumeich, Gerd (ed.), Nationalsozialismus und Erster Weltkrieg (Essen, Klartext, 2010)
Kühne, Thomas, Kameradschaft: Die Soldaten des nationalsozialistischen Krieges und das 20 Jahrhundert (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006)
Labanca, Nicola, Una guerra per l’impero: Memorie della campagna d’Etiopia 1935–1936 (Bologna, Il Mulino, 2005)
Laboire, Pierre, L’opinion française sous Vichy (Paris, Seuil, 1990)
Lawrence, Jon, ‘Forging a Peaceable Kingdom: War, Violence, and Fear of Brutalization in Post–First World War Britain’, Journal of Modern History, 75, 3 (2003), pp. 557–89
Layton, Roland V. Jr., ‘Kurt Ludecke and ‘I Knew Hitler’: An Evaluation’, Central European History, 12, 4 (1979), pp. 372–86
Ledeen, Michael, The First Duce: D’Annunzio at Fiume (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977)
Ledeen, Michael, Universal Fascism: The Theory and Practice of the Fascist International, 1928–1936 (New York, Howard Fertig, 1972)
Leed, Eric J., No Man’s Land: Combat and Identity in World War I (Cambridge University Press, 1979)
Leitz, Christian, Nazi Foreign Policy, 1933–1941: The Road to Global War (London, Routledge, 2004)
Leoni, Diego and Zadra, Camillo (eds.), La Grande Guerra: Esperienza, memoria, immagini (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1986)
Linder, Ann P., Princes of the Trenches: Narrating the German Experience of the First World War (Columbia, Camden House, 1996)
Linehan, Thomas, British Fascism 1918–39: Parties, Ideology and Culture (Manchester University Press, 2000)
Loez, André and Mariot, Nicolas, Obéir/desobéir: Les mutineries de 1917 en perspective (Paris, Éditions La Découverte, 2008)
Löffelbein, Niels, Ehrenbürger der Nation: Die Kriegsbeschädigten des Ersten Weltkriegs in Politik und Propaganda des Nationalsozialismus (Essen, Klartext, 2013)
Longerich, Peter, Die braunen Bataillone: Geschichte der SA (Munich, C.H. Beck, 1989)
Lönne, Karl-Egon, Faschismus als Herausforderung: Die Auseinandersetzung der ‘Roten Fahne’ und des ‘Vorwärts’ mit dem italienischen Faschismus 1920–1933 (Cologne, Böhlau-Verlag, 1981)
Loughlin, Michael B., ‘Gustave Herve’s Transition from Socialism to National Socialism: Another Example of French Fascism?’, Journal of Contemporary History, 36, 1 (2001), pp. 5–39
Lüdtke, Alf (ed.), Everyday Life in Mass Dictatorship: Collusion and Evasion (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
Lupo, Salvatore, Il Fascismo: La politica in un regime totalitario (Rome, Donzelli, 2000)
Lyons, Anthony, Clark, Anna, Kashima, Yoshihisa and Kurz, Tim, ‘Cultural Dynamics of Stereotypes: Social Network Processes and the Perpetuation of Stereotypes’, in Kashima, Yoshihisa, Fiedler, Klaus and Freytag, Peter (eds.), Stereotype Dynamics: Language-Based Approaches to the Formation, Maintenance, and Transformation of Stereotypes (New York, Erlbaum Associates, 2008), pp. 59–92
Lyttelton, Adrian, The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy 1919–1929 (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1987) (1st edn. 1973)
Lyttelton, Adrian, ‘Fascism in Italy: The Second Wave’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1, 1 (1966), pp. 75–100
Maier, Charles S., Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1975)
März, Markus, Nationale Sozialisten in der NSDAP (Graz, Ares Verlag, 2010)
Mann, Michael, Fascists (Cambridge University Press, 2004)
Maser, Werner, Frühgeschichte der NSDAP: Hitler’s Weg bis 1924 (Frankfurt am Main, Athenäum Verlag, 1965)
McGarty, Craig, Yzerbyt, Vincent Y. and Spears, Russell, Stereotypes as Explanations: The Formation of Meaningful Beliefs about Social Groups (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
Mesching, Alexander, Der Wille zur Bewegung: Militärischer Traum und totalitäres Programm. Eine Mentalitätsgeschichte vom Ersten Weltkrieg zum Nationalsozialismus (Bielefeld, Transcript, 2008)
Millan, Matteo, Squadrismo e squadristi nella dittatura fascista (Rome, Viella, 2014)
Millington, Chris, From Victory to Vichy: Veterans in Inter-War France (Manchester University Press, 2012a)
Millington, Chris, ‘The French Veterans and the Republic: The Union nationale des combattants and the Union fédérale, 1934–1938’, European History Quarterly, 42 (2012b), pp. 50–70
Millington, Chris, ‘February 6, 1934: The Veterans’ Riot’, French Historical Studies, 33, 4 (2010), pp. 545–72
Millington, Chris, ‘Street-Fighting Men: Political Violence in Inter-War France’, English Historical Review, 129, 538 (2013), pp. 606–38
Millington, Chris, ‘Communist Veterans and Paramilitarism in 1920s France: The Association républicaine des anciens combattants’, Journal of War & Culture Studies, 8, 4 (2015), pp. 300–14.
Milza, Pierre, L’Italie fasciste devant l’opinion française 1920–1940 (Paris, Armand Colin, 1967)
Milza, Pierre, (ed.), Les italiens en France de 1914 à 1940 (Rome, École française de Rome, 1986)
Mohler, Armin, Die Konservative Revolution in Deutschland 1918–1932 (Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1994) (1st edn. 1949)
Mondini, Marco, La politica delle armi: Il ruolo dell’esercito nell’avvento del fascismo, (Rome-Bari, Laterza, 2006)
Mondini, Marco, ‘La festa mancata: I militari e la memoria della Grande Guerra, 1918–1923’, Contemporanea, 4 (2004), pp. 555–78
Mondini, Marco and Schwarz, Guri, Dalla guerra alla pace: Retoriche e pratiche della smobilitazione nell’Italia del Novecento (Verona, Cierre Edizioni/Istrevi, 2007)
Monteleone, Renato and Sarasini, Pino, ‘I monumenti italiani ai caduti della Grande Guerra’, in Leoni, Diego and Zadra, Camillo (eds.), La Grande Guerra: Esperienza, memoria, immagini (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1986), pp. 631–62
Moreau-Trichet, Claire, Henri Pichot et l’Allemagne de 1930 à 1945 (Bern, Peter Lang, 2004)
Moreau-Trichet, Claire, ‘La propagande nazie à l’égard des associations françaises d’anciens combattants de 1934 à 1939’, Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains, 205 (2002), pp. 55–70
Morgan, Philip, Italian Fascism, 1915–1945 (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004)
Morgan, Philip, Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945 (London, Routledge, 2003)
Morton, Desmond, and Wright, Glenn, Winning the Second Battle: Canadian Veterans and the Return to Civilian Life 1915–1930 (University of Toronto Press, 1987)
Mosse, George L., The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York, Universal Library, 1964)
Mosse, George L., ‘Two World Wars and the Myth of the War Experience’, Journal of Contemporary History, 21, 4 (1986), pp. 491–513
Mosse, George L., Fallen Soldiers. Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars (New York, Oxford University Press, 1990)
Murdoch, Brian, ‘Innocent Killing: Erich Maria Remarque and the Weimar Anti-War Novels’, in Leydecker, Karl (ed.), German Novelists of the Weimar Republic. Intersections of Literature and Politics (New York, Candem House, 2006 ), pp. 141–168
Musiedlak, Didier, ‘L’Italie fasciste et Georges Valois’ in Dard, Olivier (ed.), Georges Valois, itinéraire et réceptions (Berne, Peter Lang, 2011), pp. 205–214
Nello, Paolo L’avanguardismo giovanile alle origini del fascismo (Bari, Laterza, 1978)
Nelson, Tood D., Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination (New York, Psychology Press, 2009)
Newman, John Paul, Yugoslavia in the Shadow of War: Veterans and the Limits of State Building, 1903–1945 (Cambridge University Press, 2015)
Nicolò, Mario De (a cura di): Dalla trincea alla piazza: L’irruzione dei giovani nel Novecento (Rome, Viella, 2011)
Nieddu, Luigi, Dal combattentismo al fascismo in Sardegna (Milan, Vangelista, 1979)
Nobécourt, Jacques, Le colonel de La Rocque (1885–1946), ou, Les pièges du nationalisme chrétien (Paris, Fayard, 1996)
Núñez Florencio, Rafael, Militarismo y antimilitarismo en España (Madrid, CSIC, 1990)
O’Brien, Paul, Mussolini in the First World War: The Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist (Oxford, Berg, 2005)
Orlow, Dietrich, The History of the Nazi Party, Vol. I: 1919–1933 (Newton Abbot, David & Charles, 1971) (1st edn. 1969)
Orlow, Dietrich, The Lure of Fascism in Western Europe: German Nazis, Dutch and French Fascists, 1933–1939 (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)
Parejo, Fernández and Antonio, José, Señoritos, jornaleros y falangistas (Seville, Bosque de Palabras, 2008)
Passerini, Luisa, Mussolini immaginario: Storia di una biografia 1915–1939 (Bari, Laterza, 1991)
Passmore, Kevin, ‘L’historiographie du “fascisme” en France’, French Historical Studies, 37, 3 (2014), pp. 466–99
Pavan Dalla Torre, Ugo, ‘L’Anmig fra D’Annunzio e Mussolini (ottobre 1922): Note e prospettive di ricerca’, Italia Contemporanea, 278 (2015), pp. 325–52
Paxton, Robert O., Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 (New York, Knopf, 1972)
Paxton, Robert O., The Anatomy of Fascism (New York, Knopf, 2004)
Paxton, Robert O., ‘The Five Stages of Fascism’, Journal of Modern History, 70, 1 (1998), pp. 1–23.
Peloille, Manuelle, Fascismo en ciernes: España 1922–1930, textos recuperados (Tolouse, Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 2005)
Pencak, William, For God and Country: The American Legion, 1919–1941 (Boston, Northeastern University Press, 1989)
Perfetti, Francesco, Fiumanesimo, sindacalismo e fascismo (Rome, Bonacci, 1988)
Pese, Walter Werner, ‘Hitler und Italien 1920–1926’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 2 (1955), pp. 113–26
Petersen, Jens, Hitler-Mussolini: Die Entstehung der Achse Berlin-Rom 1933–1936 (Tübingen, Max Niemeyer, 1973)
Piano, Lorenzo Del and Atzeni, Francesco, Combattentismo, fascismo e autonomismo nel pensiero di Camillo Bellieni (Rome, Edizioni dell’Ateneo, 1986)
Plöckinger, Othmar, Unter Soldaten und Agitatoren: Hitler’s prägende Jahre im deutschen Militär 1918–1920 (Paderborn, Ferdinand Schöningh, 2013)
Poesio, Camilla, Reprimere le idee: Abusare del potere. La Milizia e l’instaurazione del regime fascista (Rome, Quaderni della Fondazione Luigi Salvatorelli, 2010)
Porte, Pablo La, ‘The Moroccan Quagmire and the Crisis of Spain’s Liberal System, 1917–23’, in Salvadó, Francisco J. Romero and Smith, Angel (eds.), The Agony of Spanish Liberalism, pp. 230–54
Christophe, Poupault, À l’ombre des faisceaux: Les voyages français dans l’Italie des chemises noires (1922–1943) (Rome, École française de Rome, 2014)
Procacci, Giovanna, Soldati e prigionieri italiani nella Grande Guerra: Con una raccolta di lettere inedite (Rome, Editori Riuniti, 1993)
Prost, Antoine, Les Anciens Combattants et la Societé Française 1914–1939, 3 vols. (Paris, Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1977)
Prost, Antoine, In the Wake of War: The ‘Anciens Combattants’ and French Society (Oxford, Berg, 1992)
Prost, Antoine, ‘Les limites de la brutalisation: Tuer sur le front occidental, 1914–1918’, Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire, 81 (2004), pp. 5–20
Puymége, Gérard de, Chauvin, le soldat-laboureur: Contribution à l’étude des nationalismes, (Paris, Gallimard, 1993)
Quiroga, Alejandro, Making Spaniards: Primo de Rivera and the Nationalization of the Masses, 1923–30 (New York, Palgrave, 2007)
Reichardt, Sven, Faschistische Kampfbünde: Gewalt und Gemeinschaft im italienischen Squadrismus und in der deutschen SA (Cologne, Böhlau, 2002)
Reichardt, Sven and Nolzen, Armin (eds.), Faschismus in Italien und Deutschland: Studien zu Transfer und Vergleich (Göttingen, Wallstein, 2005)
Relinger, Jean, Henri Barbusse: Écrivain combattant (Paris, PUF, 1994)
Remond, René, ‘Les anciens combattants et la politique’, Revue française de science politique, 5, 2 (1955), pp. 267–90
Répaci, Antonino, La Marcia su Roma (Milan, Rizzoli, 1972)
Ridolfi, Maurizio, Le feste nazionali (Bologna, Il Mulino, 2003)
Rochat, Giorgio, L’esercito italiano da Vittorio Veneto a Mussolini (1919–1925) (Bari, Laterza, 1967)
Rochat, Giorgio, Gli arditi della Grande Guerra: Origini, battaglie e miti, Milan, Feltrinelli, 1981
Rochat, Giorgio, ‘Antimilitarismo ed esercito rosso nella stampa socialsita e comunista del primo dopoguerra (1919–1925)’, Il movimento di liberazione in Italia, 76 (1964), pp. 3–42
Rodríguez Jiménez, José Luis, Historia de Falange Española de las JONS (Madrid, Alianza, 2000)
Rodríguez Jiménez, , ¡A mi la Legión! De Millán Astray a las misiones de paz (Barcelona, Planeta, 2005)
Rodríguez Jiménez, , ‘Una unidad militar en los orígenes del fascismo en España: la Legión’, Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea, 5 (2006), pp. 219–40
Rodríguez Jiménez, , De héroes e indeseables: La División Azul (Madrid, Espasa, 2007)
Rohe, Karl, Das Reichsbanner Schwarz Rot Gold: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte und Struktur der politischen Kampfverbaende zur Zeit der Weimarer Republik (Düsseldorf, Droste, 1966)
Romero Salvadó, Francisco J., Spain 1914–1918: Between War and Revolution (London, Routledge, 1999)
Romero Salvadó, Francisco J., The Foundations of Civil War: Revolution, Social Conflict and Reaction in Liberal Spain, 1916–1923 (London, Routledge, 2008)
Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. and Smith, Angel (eds.), The Agony of Spanish Liberalism: From Revolution to Dictatorship, 1913–23 (New York, Palgrave, 2010)
Rossi, Marco, Arditi, non gendarmi! Dalle trincee alle barricade: Arditismo di guerra e arditi del popolo (1917–1922) (Pisa, BFS, 2011)
Roux, Christophe, ‘De la Grande Guerre à la démocratie: Les anciens combattants et le mouvement autonomiste sarde’, in Duclos, Natale (dir.), L’adieu aux armes: Parcours d’anciens combattants (Paris, Karthala, 2010), pp. 299–323
Sabbatucci, Giovanni, I combattenti nel primo dopoguerra, Rome-Bari, Laterza, 1974.
Sabbatucci, Giovanni, La stampa del combattentismo (1918–1925) (Bologna, Cappelli, 1980)
Sabbatucci, Giovanni, ‘Il “suicidio” della classe dirigente liberale: La legge Acerbo 1923–1924’, Italia contemporanea, 174 (1989), pp. 57–80
Salvador, Alessandro, La guerra in tempo di pace: Gli ex combattenti e la politica nella Repubblica di Weimar (Trento, Università degli Studi di Trento, 2013)
Salvador, Alessandro, ‘Il nazionalsocialismo e la destra nazionalista tedesca: 1925–1933’, PhD dissertation, Università degli Studi di Trento, 2009
Salvador, Alessandro, and Kjøstvedt, Anders G. (eds.), New Political Ideas in the Aftermath of the Great War (Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017).
Salvante, Martina, ‘The Italian Associazione Nazionale Mutilati e Invalidi di Guerra and Its International Liaisons in the Post Great War Era’, in Eichenberg, Julia and Newman, John Paul (eds.), The Great War and Veterans’ Internationalism (New York, Palgrave, 2013), pp. 162–83
Sandu, Traian, Un fascisme roumain: Histoire de la Garde de fer (Paris, Perrin, 2014)
Saunier, Pierre-Yves, Transnational History (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)
Saz, Ismael, Mussolini contra la II República: Hostilidad, conspiraciones, intervención (1931–1936) (Valencia, Edicions Alfons el Magnànim, 1986)
Sbacchi, Alberto, Il colonialismo italiano in Etiopia, 1936–1940 (Milan, Mursia, 1980)
Schieder, Wolfgang, ‘Fatal Attraction: The German Right and Italian Fascism’, in Mommsen, Hans (ed.), The Third Reich between Vision and Reality: New Perspectives on German History 1918–1945 (Oxford, Berg, 2002), pp. 39–57
Schieder, Wolfgang, ‘Faschismus im politischen Transfer: Giuseppe Renzetti als faschistischer Propagandist und Geheimagent in Berlin 1922–1941’, in Faschistische Diktaturen: Studien zu Italien und Deutschland (Göttingen, Wallstein Verlag, 2008), pp. 223–49
Schüler-Springorum, Stephanie, Krieg und Fliegen: Die Legion Condor im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg (Paderborn, Ferdinand Schöningh, 2010)
Schumann, Dirk, ‘Europa, der Erste Weltkrieg und die Nachkriegszeit: Eine Kontinuität der Gewalt?’, Journal of Modern European History, 1, 1 (2003), pp. 24–43
Schuster, Kurt G. P., Der Rote Frontkämpferbund 1924–1929 (Düsseldorf, Droste Verlag, 1975)
Selva, Enrique, Ernesto Giménez Caballero: Entre la vanguardia y el fascismo (Valencia, Pre-textos/Instituciò Alfons el Magnànim, 2000)
Segré, Claudio G., Italo Balbo: Una vita fascista (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1988)
Seipp, Adam R., The Ordeal of Peace: Demobilization and the Urban Experience in Britain and Germany, 1917–1921 (Farnham, Ashgate, 2009)
Seipp, Adam R., ‘“Scapegoats for a Lost War”: Demobilisation, the Kapp Putsch, and the Politics of the Streets in Munich, 1919–1920’, War & Society, 25, 1 (May 2006), pp. 35–54
Serrano, Carlos and Salaün, Serge (eds.), Los felices años veinte: España, crisis y modernidad (Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2006)
Sgueglia della Marra, Sabrina, ‘Le aggressioni agli ufficiali nel primo dopoguerra’, Nuova Storia Contemporanea, 3 (2012), pp. 117–34
Sherman, Daniel J., The Construction of Memory in Interwar France (University of Chicago Press, 1999)
Shorrock, William I., ‘France and the Rise of Fascism in Italy’, Journal of Contemporary History, 10, 4 (1975), pp. 591–610
Simms, Brendan, ‘Against a “World of Enemies”: The Impact of the First World War on the Development of Hitler’s Ideology’, International Affairs, 90, 2 (2014), pp. 317–36
Skor, Holger, Brücken über den Rhein’: Frankreich in der Wahrnehmung und Propaganda des Dritten Reiches, 1933–1939 (Essen, Klartext, 2011)
Skoutelsky, Rémi, Novedad en el frente: Las brigadas internacionales en la guerra civil (Madrid, Temas de Hoy, 2006)
Sluga, Glenda, ‘Fascism and Anti-Fascism’, in Iriye, Akira and Saunier, Pierre-Yves (eds.), The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)
Smith, Leonard V., ‘Jean Norton Cru et la subjectivité de l’objectivité’, in Becker, Jean-Jacques (dir.), Histoire culturelle de la Grande Guerre (Paris, Armand Colin, 2005), pp. 89–100
Snowden, Frank M., The Fascist Revolution in Tuscany 1919–1922 (Cambridge University Press, 1989)
Soucy, Robert, French Fascism: The First Wave, 1924–1933 (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1986)
Soucy, Robert, French Fascism: The Second Wave 1933–1939 (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1995)
Soucy, Robert, ‘France: Veterans’ Politics between the Wars’, in Ward, Stephen R. (ed.), The War Generation: Veterans of the First World War (Port Washington, NY, Kennikat Press, 1975), pp. 59–103
Sprenger, Matthias, Landsknechte auf dem Weg ins Dritte Reich? Zu Genese und Wandel des Freikorpsmythos (Paderborn, Ferdinand Schöning, 2008)
Stachura, Peter D. Gregor Strasser and the Rise of Nazism (London, Allen & Unwin, 1983)
Stephenson, Scott, The Final Battle: Soldiers of the Western Front and the German Revolution of 1918 (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
Sternhell, Zeev, ‘Anatomie d’un mouvement fasciste en France: Le faisceau de Georges Valois’, Revue française de science politique, 1 (1976). pp. 5–40
Sternhell, Zeev, La droite révolutionnaire 1885–1914: Les origines françaises du fascisme (Paris, Fayard, 1997)
Tasca, Angelo Nascita e avvento del fascismo (Milan, La Nuova Italia, 2002) (1st edn. 1950)
Theweleit, Klaus, Männerphantasien (Frankfurt am Main, Verlag Roter Stern, 1977–8)
Thompson, Mark, The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915–1919 (New York, Basic Books, 2009)
Thöndl, Michael, Oswald Spengler in Italien: Kulturexport politischer Ideen der ‘Konservativen Revolution’ (Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2010)
Tobia, Bruno, L’Altare della Patria (Bologna, Il Mulino, 1998)
Tognotti, Eugenia, L’esperienza democratica del combattentismo nel Mezzogiorno: Il movimento degli ex-combattenti e il Partito Sardo d’Azione a Sassari (1918–1924) (Cagliari, Edizioni Della Torre, 1983)
Traverso, Enzo, A ferro e fuoco: La guerra civile europea, 1914–1945 (Bologna, Il Mulino, 2007)
Tusell, Javier, Franco en la guerra civil: Una biografía política (Barcelona, Tusquets, 1992)
Ungari, Andrea, ‘Tra mobilitazione patriottica e suggestioni eversive: La vicenda dell’Unione Nazionale Ufficiali e Soldati nel primo dopoguerra’, Nuova Storia Contemporanea, 5 (2001), pp. 41–76
Valli, Roberta Suzzi, ‘The Myth of Squadrismo in the Fascist Regime’, Journal of Contemporary History, 35 (2000), pp. 131–50
Vanzetto, Livio, ‘Contadini e grande guerra in aree campione del Veneto (1910–1922)’, in Isnenghi, Mario (a cura di), Operai e contadini nella Grande guerra (Bologna, Cappelli, 1982), pp. 72–103
Ventrone, Angelo, La seduzione totalitaria: Guerra, modernità, violenza politica (1914–1918) (Rome, Donzelli, 2003)
Venza, Claudio, ‘El consulado italiano de Barcelona y la comunidad italiana en los inicios del fascismo (1923–1925)’, Investigaciones Históricas, 17 (1997), pp. 265–83
Verhey, Jeffrey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany (Cambridge University Press, 2000)
Vilar, Pierre, ‘Reflexions sur les années 20’, in VV.AA., Piero Gobetti e la Francia: Atti del colloquio italo francese (Milan, Franco Angeli, 1985), pp. 15–25
Viscarri, Dionisio, Nacionalismo autoritario y orientalismo: La narrativa prefascista de la guerra de Marruecos (1921–1927) (Bolonia, Il Capitello del Sole, 2004)
Vivarelli, Roberto, Storia delle origini del fascismo: L’Italia dalla grande guerra alla marcia su Roma (Bologna, Il Mulino, 2012), Vol. 1, pp. 436–60
Wachsam, Nikolaus, ‘Marching under the Swastika? Ernst Junger and National Socialism’, in Journal of Contemporary History, 33, 4 (1998), pp. 573–89
Whalen, Robert Weldon, Bitter Wounds: German Victims of the Great War, 1914–1939 (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1984)
Waite, Robert G. L., Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement in Postwar Germany 1918–1923 (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1952)
Wanrooij, Bruno, ‘The Rise and Fall of Italian Fascism as a Generational Revolt’, Journal of Contemporary History, 22, 3 (1987), pp. 401–18
Ward, Stephen R., ‘The British Veterans’ Ticket of 1918’, Journal of British Studies, 8, 1(1968), pp. 155–69
Ward, Stephen R., (ed.), The War Generation: Veterans of the First World War (Port Washington, NY, Kennikat Press, 1975)
Weber, Thomas, Hitler’s First War. Adolf Hitler, the Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War (Oxford University Press, 2010)
Weiß, Christian, ‘“Soldaten des Friedens”: Die pazifistischen Veteranen und Kriegsopfer des “Reichsbundes” und ihre Kontakte zu den französischen anciens combattatns 1919–1933’, in Hardtwig, Wolfgang (ed.), Politische Kulturgeschichte der Zwischenkriegszeit 1918–1939 (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005), pp. 183–204
Wingeate Pike, David, France Divided: The French and the Civil War in Spain (Portland, Sussex Academic Press, 2011)
Winter, Jay and Prost, Antoine, René Cassin and Human Rights: From the Great War to the Universal Declaration (Cambridge University Press, 2013)
Wohl, Robert, The Generation of 1914 (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1979)
Woller, Hans, Rom. 28–Oktober 1922: Die faschistische Herausforderung (München, DTV, 1999)
Wootton, Graham, The Politics of Influence: British Ex-Servicemen, Cabinet Decisions and Cultural Change (1917–57) (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963)
Zani, Luciano, Italia Libera: Il primo movimento antifascista clandestino 1923–1925 (Bari, Laterza, 1975)
Zavatti, Francesco, Mutilati ed invalidi di guerra: una storia politica. Il caso modenese (Milan, Unicopli, 2011)
Zenobi, Laura, La construcción del mito de Franco: De jefe de la Legión a Caudillo de España (Madrid, Cátedra, 2011)
Ziemann, Benjamin, War Experiences in Rural Germany 1914–1923 (Oxford, Berg, 2007)
Ziemann, Benjamin, Contested Commemorations, Republican War Veterans and Weimar Political Culture (Cambridge University Press, 2013)
Ziemann, Benjamin, ‘Die Konstruktion des Kriegsveteranen und die Symbolik seiner Erinnerung 1918–1933’, in Dülffer, Jost and Krumeich, Gerd (eds.), Der verlorene Frieden. Politik und Kriegskultur nach 1918 (Essen, Klartex-Verlag, 2002), pp. 101–18
