Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
  • Cited by 57
    • Show more authors
    • You may already have access via personal or institutional login
    • Select format
    • Publisher:
      Cambridge University Press
      Publication date:
      05 August 2012
      18 August 2011
      ISBN:
      9780511993435
      9780521827638
      9780521534932
      Dimensions:
      (246 x 189 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.92kg, 348 Pages
      Dimensions:
      (246 x 189 mm)
      Weight & Pages:
      0.75kg, 358 Pages
    You may already have access via personal or institutional login
  • Selected: Digital
    Add to cart View cart Buy from Cambridge.org

    Book description

    In the face of ever-declining biodiversity, zoos have a major role to play in species conservation. Written by professionals involved in in situ conservation and restoration projects internationally, this is a critical assessment of the contribution of zoos to species conservation through evidence amassed from a wide range of sources. The first part outlines the biodiversity context within which zoos should operate, introducing the origins and global spread of zoos and exploring animal collection composition. The second part focuses on the basic elements of keeping viable captive animal populations. It considers the consequences of captivity on animals, the genetics of captive populations and the performance of zoos in captive breeding. The final part examines ways in which zoos can make a significant difference to conservation now and in the future. Bridging the gap between pure science and applied conservation, this is an ideal resource for both conservation biologists and zoo professionals.

    Reviews

    '… essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the role - and potential - of zoos in conservation. A critical, wide-ranging synthesis, this book sets out the potential of zoos as a component in conservation's toolkit, and addresses the challenges, biological and educational, for modern, integrated conservation. This book is the definitive text on the role of the progressive zoo in the modern world. It covers a broad range of topics from field conservation, to captive breeding, returning animals to the wild, and public education, and holds out the ultimate challenge of turning zoos into conservation centres. If you are interested in the role of zoos today, this book is a required reading.'

    Source: WAZA News

    Refine List

    Actions for selected content:

    Select all | Deselect all
    • View selected items
    • Export citations
    • Download PDF (zip)
    • Save to Kindle
    • Save to Dropbox
    • Save to Google Drive

    Save Search

    You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

    Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
    ×

    Contents

    References
    Aegis Consulting Australia & Applied Economics 2009 http://www.arazpa.org.au/ArticleDocuments/12/SocioEconomic% 20Contribution%20of%20Zoological%20Industry%20Report.pdf.aspx
    Adams, J. 1996 Cost-benefit analysis: the problem, not the solutionThe Ecologist 26 2
    Adams, W. M. 2004 Against Extinction: The Story of ConservationLondonEarthscan
    Agapow, P.-M.Bininda-Edmonds, O. R. P.Crandall, K. A. 2004 The impact of species concept on biodiversityQuarterly Review of Biology 79 161
    Akçakaya, H. R.Root, W. 2002 RAMAS Metapop: Viability Analysis for Stage-Structured MetapopulationsSetauket, NYApplied Biomathematics
    Alberts, A. C. 2007 Behavioral considerations of headstarting as a conservation strategy for endangered Caribbean rock iguanasApplied Animal Behaviour Science 102 380
    Albrechtsen, L.Macdonald, D. W.Johnson, P. J.Castelo, R.Fa, J. E. 2007 Faunal loss from bushmeat hunting: empirical evidence and policy implications in Bioko IslandEnvironmental Science & Policy 10 654
    Allen, K. 1995 Putting the spin on animal ethics: Ethical parameters for marketing and public relationsEthics on the Ark: Zoos, Animal Welfare, and Wildlife ConservationNorton, B. G.Hutchins, M.Stevens, E. F.Maple, T. L.Washington, DCSmithsonian Institute Press289
    Allen, K.Franzreb, E.Escano, R. E. 1993 Efficacy of translocation strategies for red-cockaded wood peckersWildlife Society Bulletin 21 155
    Allendorf, F. W.Luikart, G. 2006 Conservation and the Genetics of PopulationsMalden, MA, USABlackwell Publishing
    Allendorf, F. W. 1986 Genetic drift and the loss of alleles versus heterozygosityZoo Biology 5 181
    Allendorf, F. W.Leary, R. F. 1986 Heterozygosity and fitness in natural populations of animalsConservation Bidogy: The Science of Scarcity and DiversitySoulé, M.Sunderland, MASinauer Assoc.57
    ALVA 2010 http://www.alva.org.uk/visitor_statistics/
    Ames, E. 2009 Carl Hagenbeck's Empire of EntertainmentsSeattleUniversity of Washington Press
    Andelman, S. J.Fagan, W. F. 2000 Umbrellas and flagships: efficient conservation surrogates, or expensive mistakesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 97 5954
    Andersen, L. L. 1992 Right enclosure design – before stories can be toldFourth International Symposium on Zoo Design and ConstructionStevens, P. M. C.PaigntonWhitley Wildlife Conservation Trust, pp71
    Andersen, L. L. 2003 Zoo education: from formal school programmes to exhibit design and interpretationInternational Zoo Yearbook 38 75
    Anderson, J. R.Chamove, A. S. 1984 Allowing captive primates to forageStandards in Laboratory Animals ManagementPotters Bar, UKUniversities Federation for Animal Welfare
    Anderson, U. S.Kelling, A. S.Pressley-Keough, R.Bloomsmith, M. A.Maple, T. 2003 Enhancing the zoo visitor's experience by public animal training and oral interpretation at an otter exhibitEnvironment and Behaviour 35 826
    Anderson, U. S.Kelling, A. S.Maple, T. L. 2008 Twenty-five years of : a publication analysisZoo Biology 27 444
    Andrabi, S. M. H.Maxwell, W. M. C. 2007 A review on reproductive biotechnologies for conservation of endangered mammalian speciesAnimal Reproduction Science 99 223
    Araki, H.Ardren, W. R.Olsen, E.Cooper, B.Blouin, M. S. 2007 Reproductive success of captive-bred steelhead trout in the wild: evaluation of three hatchery programs in the Hood RiverConservation Biology 21 181
    Araki, H.Cooper, B.Blouin, M. S. 2007 Genetic effects of captive breeding cause a rapid, cumulative fitness decline in the wildScience 318 100
    ARAZPA 2009 http://www.zooaquarium.org.au/Education-Policy/default.aspxAccessed5thJuly2010
    Arita, H.Robinson, J. G.Redford, K. H. 1990 Rarity in Neotropical forest mammals and its ecological correlatesConservation Biology 4 181
    Armbruster, P.Reed, D. H. 2005 Inbreeding depression in benign and stressful environmentsHeredity 95 235
    Armstrong, D. 2002 Focal and surrogate species: getting the language rightConservation Biology 16 285
    Armstrong, D. P.Perrott, J. K. 2000 An experiment testing whether condition and survival are limited by food supply in a reintroduced Hihi populationConservation Biology 14 1171
    Armstrong, D. P.Seddon, P. J. 2008 Directions in reintroduction biologyTrends in Ecology and Evolution 23 20
    Asa, C. S.Porton, I. J. 2005 Wildlife Contraception: Issues, Methods, and ApplicationsBaltimore, USAJohns Hopkins University Press
    Asfora, P. H.Rossano, A.Pontes, M. 2009 The small mammals of the highly impacted North-eastern Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Pernambuco Endemism CenterBiota Neotropica 9
    Asquith, P. J. 1989 Provisioning and the study of free-ranging primates: history, effects, and prospectsYearbook of Physical Anthropology 32 129
    Atkinson, I. 1989 Introduced animals and extinctionsConservation for the Twenty-First CenturyWestern, D.Pearl, M.New YorkOxford University Press54
    Atkinson-Grosjean, J. 1992 Beyond hierarchy: Team-based management at the Vancouver aquariumProceedings of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual ConferenceAmerican Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, WheelingWest Virginia151
    Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008
    AZA 2001 http://www.aza.org/conservation-funding
    AZA 2009 http://www.aza.org/PressRoom/detail.aspx?id=391&terms=species+survival+program
    AZA 2010 http://www.aza.org/animal-programs/
    AZA 2010 http://www.aza.org/visitor-demographics/
    AZA 2010 http://www.aza.org/conservation-funding
    Babbitt, B. 1995 Science opening the next chapter of conservation historyScience 5206 1954
    Bailey, N. W.Gray, B.Zuk, M. 2010 Acoustic experience shapes alternative mating tactics and reproductive investment in male field cricketsCurrent Biology 20 845
    Baillie, J. E. M.Hilton-Taylor, C.Stuart, S. 2004
    Bajomia, B.Pullin, A. S.Stewart, G. B.Takács-Sánta, A. 2010 Bias and dispersal in the animal reintroduction literatureOryx 44 358
    Baker, A. 2007 Animal ambassadors: an analysis of the effectiveness and conservation impact of ex-situ breeding effortsZoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation?Zimmerman, A.Hatchwell, M.Dickie, L. A.West, C.CambridgeCambridge University Press139
    Balling, J.Falk, J. 1980 A perspective on field trips: environmental effects on learningCurator 23 229
    Ballou, J. D. 1989 Capacity v. 2.11Washington, D.CNational Zoological Park
    Ballou, J. D. 1992 Potential contribution of cryopreserved germ plasm to the preservation of genetic diversity and conservation of endangered species in captivityCryobiology 29 19
    Ballou, J. D. 1997 Ancestral inbreeding only minimally affects inbreeding depression in mammalian populationsJournal of Heredity 88 169
    Balmford, A. 2000 Priorities for captive breeding – which mammals should board the arkPriorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Diversity: Has the Panda had its Day?Entwistle, A.Dunstone, N.Cambridge, UKCambridge University Press291
    Balmford, A. 2000 Separating fact from artefact in analysis of zoo visitor preferenceConservation Biology 14 1193
    Balmford, A.Leader-Williams, N.Green, M. J. B. 1995 Parks or arks: where to conserve threatened mammalsBiodiversity and Conservation 4 595
    Balmford, A.Mace, G. M.Leader-Williams, N. 1996 Designing the ark: setting priorities for captive breedingConservation Biology 10 719
    Balmford, A.Gaston, K. J.Blyth, S.James, A.Kapos, V. 2003 Global variation in terrestrial conservation costs, conservation benefits, and unmet conservation needsProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 100 1046
    Balmford, A.Leader-Williams, N.Mace, G. 2007 Message received? Quantifying the impact of informal conservation education on adults visiting UK zoosZoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation?Zimmermann, A.Hatchwell, M.Dickie, L.West, C.Cambridge, UKCambridge University Press120
    Baratay, E.Hardouin-Fugier, E. 2004 A History of Zoological Gardens in the WestLondonReaktion Books
    Bar-David, S.Saltz, D.Dayan, T.Perelberg, A.Dolev, A. 2005 Demographic models and reality in reintroductions: Persian fallow deer in IsraelConservation Biology 19 131
    Barnes, R. F. W. 2002 The bushmeat boom and bust in West and Central AfricaOryx 36 236
    Barratt, E. M.Gurnell, J.Malarky, G.Deaville, R.Bruford, M. W. 1999 Genetic structure of fragmented populations of red squirrel () in the UKMolecular Ecology 8 S55
    Barrowclough, G. F.Flesness, N. R. 1996 Species, subspecies, and races: the problem of units of management in conservationWild Mammals In Captivity: Principles and TechniquesKleiman, D. G.Allen, M. E.Thompson, K. V.Lumpkin, S.Harruis, W.ChicagoChicago University Press247
    Basset, L.Buchanan-Smith, H. M. 2007 Effects of predictability on the welfare of captive animalsApplied Animal Behaviour Science 102 223
    Bayne, K. 1989 Resolving issues of psychological well-being and management of laboratory non-human primatesHousing, Care and Psychological Wellbeing of Captive and Laboratory PrimatesSegal, E. F.New JerseyNoyes Publications34
    Bearder, S. K.Martin, R. D. 1980 Acacia gum and its use by bushbabies ()International Journal of Primatology 1 103
    Beattie, T. A. 1994 Now…we must be more businesslikeProceedings of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association Annual ConferenceWheeling, West VirginiaAmerican Zoo and Aquarium Association389
    Beaumont, M. A.Bruford, M. W. 1999 Microsatellites in conservation geneticsMicrosatellites: Evolution and ApplicationsGoldstein, D. B.Schlotterer, C.Oxford: Oxford University Press165
    Beck, B. 1995 Reintroduction, zoos, conservation, and animal welfareEthics on the Ark: Animal Welfare, and Wildlife ConservationNorton, B. G.Hutchins, M.Stevens, E. F.Maple, T. L.Washington and LondonSmithsonian Institution Press155
    Beck, B. B.Kleiman, D. G.Dietz, J. M. 1991 Losses and reproduction in reintroduced golden lion tamarins, Dodo 27 50
    Beck, B. B.Rapaport, L. G.Stanley Price, M. S.Wilson, A. C. 1994 Reintroduction of captive born animalsCreative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive AnimalsOlney, P. J. S.Mace, G. M.Feistner, A. T. C.LondonChapman and Hall256
    Beck, B.Walkup, K.Rodrigues, M.Unwin, S.Travis, D.Stoinski, T. 2007 Best Practice Guidelines for the Re-introduction of Great ApesGland, SwitzerlandSSC Primate Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union
    Beckmann, E. 1991 Environmental Interpretation for Education and Management in Australia's National Parks and Other Protected AreasUnpublished PhD thesis, University of New England
    Beinart, W.Coates, P. 1995 Environment and History: The Taming of Nature in the USA and South AfricaLondonRoutledge
    Beissinger, S. R. 2000 Ecological mechanisms of extinctionProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 11688
    Bélair, C.Ichikawa, K.Wong, B. Y. L.Mulongoy, K. J. 2010 Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity in Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes. Background to the ‘Satoyama Initiative for the Benefit of Biodiversity and Human Well-Being’MontrealSecretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity
    Berejikian, B. A.Tezak, E. P.Riley, S. C.LaRae, A. L. 2001 Competitive ability and social behaviour of juvenile steelhead reared in enriched and conventional hatchery tanks and a stream environmentJournal of Fish Biology 59 1600
    Berry, P. M.Dawson, T. P.Harrison, P. A.Pearson, R. G. 2002 Modelling potential impacts of climate change on the bioclimatic envelope of species in Britain and IrelandGlobal Ecology and Biogeography 11 453
    Bertram, B. 2004 Misconceptions about zoosBiologist 51 199
    Besch, E. L.Kollias, G. V. 1994 Physical, chemical and behavioural factors in large low-density naturalistic animal facilitiesNaturalistic Environments in Captivity for Animal Behaviour ResearchGibbons, E. F.Albany, NYState University of New York Press77
    Bettinger, T.Quinn, H. 2000 Conservation funds: how do zoos and aquariums decide which project to fundProceedings of the AZA Annual ConferenceSt. LouisMissouri88
    BIAZA 2010 http://www.biaza.org.uk/resources/library/images/qreport09datafor08.pdf/
    Bibby, C. J.Crosby, M. J.Heath, M. F. 1992 Putting Biodiversity on the Map: Global Priorities for ConservationCambridgeICBP
    Bijlsma, R.Bundgaard, J.Van Putten, W. F. 1999 Environmental dependence of inbreeding depression and purgingDrosophila melanogaster. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 12 1125
    Birney, B. A. 1991 The Impact of Bird Discovery Point on Visitors’ Attitudes towards Bird Conservation IssuesBrookfield, ILChicago Zoological Society
    Bitgood, S. C. 1988 Understanding the Public's Attitudes Towards and Behavior in Museums, Parks, and ZoosCenter for Social Design, Jacksonville, Alabama
    Bitgood, S.Patterson, D.Benefield, A.Landers, A. 1986
    Bitgood, S.Patterson, D.Benefield, A. 1988 Exhibit design and visitor behaviorEnvironment and Behavior 20 474
    Black, J. M.Marshall, A. P.Gilburn, A. 1997 Survival, movements, and breeding of released Hawaiian geese: An assessment of the reintroduction programJournal of Wildlife Management 61 1161
    Blackburn, T. M.Gaston, K. J. 1994 The distribution of body sizes of the world's bird speciesOikos 70 127
    Blanchet, S.Paez, D. J.Bernatchez, L.Dodson, J. J. 2008 An integrated comparison of captive-bred and wild Atlantic salmon (): Implications for supportive breeding programsBiological Conservation 141 1989
    Blau, P. M.Myer, M. W. 1987 Bureaucracy in Modern SocietyRandom House, New YorkNew York
    Blomqvist, D.Pauliny, A.Larsson, M.Flodin, L. A. 2010 Trapped in the extinction vortex? Strong genetic effects in a declining vertebrate populationBMC Evolutionary Biology 10 33
    Boakes, E. H.Wang, J.Amos, W. 2007 An investigation of inbreeding depression and purging in captive pedigreed populationsHeredity 98 172
    Bonn, A.Gaston, K. J. 2005 Capturing biodiversity: selecting priority areas for conservation using different criteriaBiodiversity and Conservation 14 1083
    Bonn, A.Rodrigues, A. S. L.Gaston, K. J. 2002 Threatened and endemic species: are they good indicators of patterns of biodiversity on a national scaleEcology Letters 5 733
    Borner, M. 1985 The rehabilitated chimpanzees of Rubondo IslandOryx 19 151
    Borun, M.Chambers, M.Cleghorn, A. 1996 Families are learning in science museumsCurator 39 123
    Bostock, S. C. 1993 Zoos and Animal Rights: The Ethics of Keeping AnimalsNew YorkRoutledge
    Bottrill, M. C.Joseph, L. N.Carwardine, J. 2008 Is conservation triage just smart decision-making?Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23 649
    Bovet, J. 1978 Homing in wild myomorph rodents: current problemsAnimal Migration, Navigation and HomingSchmidt-Koenig, K.Keeton, K. T.New YorkSpringer-Verlag405
    Bowen-Jones, E.Entwistle, A. 2002 Identifying appropriate flagship species: the importance of culture and local contextsOryx 36 189
    Boyer, D. A.Brown, R. D. 1988 A survey of translocations of mammals in the United States, 1985Translocation of Wild AnimalsNielsen, L.Brown, R. D.MilwaukeeWisconsin Humane Society1
    Boyd Group 2002 Smith, J. A.Boyd, K. M.
    Bradley, A.Evans, M.Kaufman, M. H.Robertson, E. 1984 Formation of germ-line chimaeras from embryo-derived teratocarcinoma cell linesNature 309 255
    Brambell, F. W. R. 1965
    Brandon, K.Redford, K.Sanderson, S. 1998 Parks in Peril: People, Politics, and Protected AreasCovelo, CA, Washington, DCIsland Press
    Braude, S.Templeton, A. R. 2009 Understanding the multiple meanings of ‘inbreeding’ and ‘effective size’ for genetic management of African rhinoceros populationsAfrican Journal of Ecology 47 546
    Breitenmoser, U.Breitenmoser-Wursten, C.Carbyn, L. N.Funk, S. M. 2001 Assessment of carnivore reintroductionsCarnivore ConservationGittleman, J. L.Funk, S. M.Macdonald, D. W.Wayne, R. K.CambridgeCambridge University Press241
    Bretagnolle, V.Inchausti, P. 2005 Modelling population reinforcement at a large spatial scale as a conservation strategy for the declining little bustard () in agricultural habitatsAnimal Conservation 8 59
    Brewer, S. 1978 The Chimpanzees of Mt AssirikNew YorkAlfred A. Knopf
    Bright, P. W.Morris, P. A. 1994 Animal translocation for conservation: performance of dormice in relation to release methods, origin and seasonJournal of Applied Ecology 31 699
    Bright, P.Morris, P. A. 2000 Rare mammals, research and realpolitikPriorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Diversity: Has the Panda had its Day?Entwistle, A.Dunstone, N.CambridgeCambridge University Press141
    Broad, S.Smith, L. 2004 Who educates the public about conservation issues? Examining the role of zoos and the mediaInternational Tourism and Media Conference Proceedings, 24th–26th November, 2004Frost, W.Croy, G.Beeton, S.MelbourneTourism Research Unit, Monash University15
    Bronikowski, J.Beck, B.Power, M. 1989 Innovation, exhibition and conservation: free-ranging tamarins at the National Zoological ParkAAZPA Annual Conference ProceedingsWheeling, WVAAZPA540
    Brook, B. W.O’Grady, J. J.Chapman, A. P. 2000 Predictive accuracy of population viability analysis in conservation biologyNature 404 385
    Brook, B. W.Tonkyn, D. W.Q’Grady, J. J.Frankham, R. 2002 Contribution of inbreeding to extinction risk in threatened speciesConservation Ecology 6
    Brook, B. W.Traill, L. W.Bradshaw, C. J. A. 2006 Minimum viable population size and global extinction risk are unrelatedEcology Letters 9 375
    Brooks, T. M.Mittermeier, R. A.da Fonseca, G. A. B. 2006 Global biodiversity conservation priorities scienceScience 313 58
    Broom, D. M. 1983 Stereotypies as animal welfare indicatorsIndicators Relevant to Farm Animal WelfareSmidt, D. 23 The HagueMartinus Nijhoff
    Broom, D. M. 1986 Indicators of poor welfareBritish Veterinary Journal 142 524
    Broom, D. M. 2006 Behaviour and welfare in relation to pathologyApplied Animal Behaviour Science 97 71
    Bruner, A. G.Gullison, R. E.Rice, R. E.da Fonseca, G. A. B. 2001 Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversityScience 291 125
    Brussard, P. F. 1985 The current status of conservation biologyBulletin of the Ecological Society of America 66 9
    Bryant, D.Nielsen, D.Tangley, L. 1997 Last Frontier ForestsWashngton, DCWorld Resources Institute
    BTA/ETB 1997 UK StatisticsLondonInsights
    Buchanan-Smith, H. M. 2006 Primates in laboratories: standardisation, harmonisation, variation and scienceALTEX – Alternatives to Animal Experimentation 23 115
    Bullis, C. A.Kennedy, J. J. 1991 Value conflicts and policy interpretation: Changes in the case of fisheries and wildlife managers in multiple use agenciesPolicy Studies Journal 19 542
    Bunbury, N.Stidworthy, M. F.Greenwood, A. G. 2008 Causes of mortality in free-living Mauritian pink pigeons 2002Endangered Species Research 9
    Burke, R. L.Humphrey, S. R. 1987 Rarity as a criterion for endangerment in Florida's faunaOryx 21 97
    Burton, F. J. 2004 Revision to species of , the Grand Cayman Blue IguanaCaribbean Journal of Science 40 198
    Burton, F. J. 2006 Blue Iguana Recovery ProgramIguana Journal of the International Iguana Society 13 117
    Burton, F. J. 2010 The Little Blue BookSan Jose, CAIRCF
    Burton, R. S.Rawson, P. D.Edmands, S. 1999 Genetic architecture of physiological phenotypes: Empirical evidence for coadapted gene complexesAmerican Zoologist 39 451
    Butchart, S. H. M.Stattersfield, A. J.Bennun, L. A. 2004 Measuring global trends in the status of biodiversity: Red List indices for birdsPLoS Biology 2 e383
    Butchart, S. H. M.Stattersfield, A. J.Collar, N. J. 2006 How many bird extinctions have we preventedOryx 40 266
    Caballero, A.Rodriguez-Ramilo, S. T.Avila, V.Fernandez, J. 2010 Management of genetic diversity of subdivided populations in conservation programmesConservation Genetics 11 409
    Cabeza, M.Moilanen, A. 2001 Design of reserve networks and the persistence of biodiversityTrends in Ecology & Evolution 16 242
    Caldecott, J. O.Kavanagh, M. 1988 Strategic guidelines for nonhuman primate translocationTranslocations of Wild AnimalsNielsen, L.Brown, R. D.Madison, Wisconsin, USAWisconsin Humane Society64
    Caldecott, J. O.Jenkins, M.Johnson, T.Groombridge, B. 1994 Priorities for Conserving Global Species Richness and EndemismCambridgeWorld Conservation Press
    Campbell, S. 1978 Lifeboats to AraratNew YorkTimes Books
    Carlstead, K.Seidensticker, J.Baldwin, R. 1991 Environmental enrichment for zoo bearsZoo Biology 10 3
    Caro, T. M. 2003 Umbrella species: critique and lessons from East AfricaAnimal Conservation 6 171
    Caro, T. M.O'Doherty, G. 1999 On the use of surrogate species in conservation biologyConservation Biology 13 805
    Caro, T. M.Laurenson, M. K. 1994 Ecological and genetic factors in conservation: A cautionary taleScience 263 485
    Carroll, C.Noss, R. F.Paquet, P. C. 2001 Carnivores as focal species for conservation planning in the rocky mountain regionEcological Applications 11 961
    Carter, N. 2007 The Politics of the Environment: Ideas, Activism, PolicyCambridge, UKCambridge University Press
    Case, T. J.Bolger, D. T. 1991 The role of introduced species in shaping the distribution of island reptilesEvolutionary Ecology 5 272
    Caughley, G. 1994 Directions in conservation biologyJournal of Animal Ecology 63 215
    CBSG 1992 Ark into the 21st CenturyApple ValleyCaptive Breeding Specialist Group
    CBSG 2008 http://www.cbsg.org/cbsg/content/files/2008_Annual_Meeting_WG_Reports/ex_situ.pdf/
    CBSG 2010 http://www.cbsg.org/cbsg/workshopreports/display.asp?catid=24
    Ceacero, F.Landete-Castillejos, T.García, A. J. 2009 Free-choice mineral consumption in Iberian red deer () response to diet deficienciesLivestock Science 122 345
    Ceballos, G.Ehrlich, P. R. 2009 Discoveries of new mammal species and their implications for conservation and ecosystem servicesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 3841
    Ceballos, G.Ehrlich, P. R.Soberón, J. 2005 Global mammal conservation: what must we manageScience 309 603
    Central Zoo Authority 2010 Central Zoo AuthorityStatutory Body under the Ministry of Environment and ForestsGovernment of Indiahttp://www.cza.nic.in/
    Chamove, A. S.Anderson, J. R. 1989 Examining environmental enrichmentEcology and Behavior of Food-Enhanced Primate GroupsFa, J. E.Southwick, C. H.New YorkAlan R. Liss Inc231
    Chamove, A. S.Rohruber, B. 1989 Moving callitrichid monkeys from cages to outside areasZoo Biology 8 359
    Chape, S.Harrison, J.Spalding, M.Lysenko, I. 2005 Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targetsPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series B 360 443
    Cherfas, J. 1984 Zoo 2000 – A Look Behind the BarsLondonBBC
    Chester Zoo 2010 http://www.chesterzoo.org/~/media/Files/Conservation/Black%20Rhino.ashx
    Chicago Zoological Society 2010 http://www.brookfieldzoo.org/czs/About-CZS/Careers/Diversity-Initiative
    Chiszar, D.Murphy, J. B.Iliff, W. 1990 For zoosThe Psychological Record 40 3
    Chittenden, C. M.Biagi, C. A.Davidsen, J. G. 2010 Genetic versus rearing-environment effects on phenotype: hatchery and natural rearing effects on hatchery- and wild-born Coho salmonPLoS ONE 5
    Clark, J. A.May, R. M. 2002 Taxonomic bias in conservation researchScience 5579 191
    Clubb, R.Mason, G. 2003 Animal welfare: Captivity effects on wide-ranging carnivoresNature 425 473
    Clutton-Brock, J. 1999 A Natural History of Domesticated MammalsCambridge, UKCambridge University Press
    Coad, L.Burgess, N. D.Bomhard, B.Besançon, C. 2009 Progress towards the Convention on Biological Diversity's 2010 and 2012 Targets for Protected Area CoverageUNEP World Conservation Monitoring CentreCambridgehttp://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/pdf/Towardprogress
    Coady, J. W.Hinman, R. A. 1984 Management of muskoxen in AlaskaProceedings of the First International Muskox SymposiumKlein, D. R.White, R. G.Keller, S.Biological Paper of the University of Alaska Special Report, no. 447
    Cole, N.Jones, C.Buckland, S. 2009 The Reintroduction of Endangered Mauritian ReptilesVacoas, MauritiusThe Mauritian Wildlife Foundation
    Collar, N. J. 1993 Red data books, action plans, and the need for site-specific synthesisSpecies 21/22 132
    Collar, N. J. 1996 The reasons for Red Data BooksOryx 30 121
    Colleau, J. J.Tribout, T. 2008 Optimized management of genetic variability in selected pig populationsJournal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 125 291
    Collen, B.Loh, J.McRae, L. 2009 Monitoring change in vertebrate abundance: the Living Planet IndexConservation Biology 23 317
    Coltman, D. W.Pilkington, J. G.Smith, J. A.Pemberton, J. M. 1999 Parasite-mediated selection against inbred Soay sheep in a free-living, island populationEvolution 53 1259
    Considine, M. 1988 The corporate management framework as administrative science: a critiqueAustralian Journal of Public Administration 47 4
    Contreras-Balderas, S.Lozano, M. L. 1994 Water, endangered fishes and development perspectives in arid lands of MexicoConservation Biology 8 379
    Contreras-Balderas, S.Almada-Villela, P.Lozano-Vilano, M. L.García-Ramírez, M. E. 2003 Freshwater fish at risk or extinct in Mexico: A checklist and reviewReviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 12 241
    Convention on Biological Diversity 2010 http://www.cbd.int/doc/press/2010/pr-2010-05-18-airbus-en.pdf/
    Conway, W. G. 1986 The practical difficulties and financial implications of endangered species breeding programmesInternational Zoo Yearbook 24/25 210
    Conway, W. G. 1987 Species carrying capacity in the zoo aloneAmerican Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums 1987 Annual Conference ProceedingsWheeling, WVAAZPA20
    Conway, W. G. 1995 Wild and zoo animal interactive management and habitat conservationBiodiversity and Conservation 4 573
    Conway, W. 2003 The role of zoos in the 21st centuryInternational Zoo Yearbook 38 7
    Conway, W. G. 2007 Entering the 21st centuryZoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation?Zimmerman, A.Hatchwell, M.Dickie, L.West, C.CambridgeCambridge University Press12
    Conway, W. G.Hutchins, M. 2001 American Zoological Association [AZA] field conservation committee and conservation action partnershipsAZA Field Conservation Research GuideConway, W. G.Hutchins, M.Souza, M.Kapetanakos, Y.Paul, E.Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, and Zoo AtlantaAtlanta
    Cooper, C. B.Dickinson, J.Phillips, T.Bonney, R. 2007 Citizen Science as a tool for conservation in residential ecosystemsEcology and Society 12 11http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss2/art11/
    Courchamp, F.Clutton-Brock, T.Grenfell, B. 1999 Inverse density dependence and the Allee effectTrends in Ecology and Evolution 14 405
    Courchamp, F.Chapuis, J.-L.Pascal, M. 2003 Mammal invaders on islands: impact, control and control impactBiological Reviews 78 347
    Courchamp, F.Berec, L.Gascoigne, J. 2008 Allee Effects in Ecology and ConservationOxfordOxford University Press
    Cowburn, D. 2010 Cost cuts force out Durrell scientistJersey Evening PostSt. Helier, Jersey
    Cox, P. A.Elmqvist, T.Pierson, E. D.Rainey, W. E. 1991 Flying foxes as strong interactors in South Pacific Island ecosystems: A conservation hypothesisConservation Biology 5 448
    Coyne, J. A.Orr, H. A. 2004 SpeciationSunderland, MASinauer Associates
    Cracraft, J. 1997 Species concepts in systematics and conservation biology – an ornithological viewpointSpecies the Units of BiodiversityClaridge, M. F.Dawah, H. A.Wilson, M. R.LondonChapman & Hall
    Cracraft, J.Feinstein, J.Vaughn, J.Helm-Bychowski, K. 1998 Sorting our tigers (): mitochrondial sequences, nuclear inserts, systematics, and conservation geneticsAnimal Conservation 1 139
    Craig, J.Anderson, S.Clout, M. 2000 Conservation issues in New ZealandAnnual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31 61
    Crandall, K. A.Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.Mace, G. M.Wayne, R. K. 2000 Considering evolutionary processes in conservation biologyTrends in Ecology & Evolution 15 290
    Crawley, M. J. 1986 The population biology of invadersPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 314 711
    Crissey, S. 2005 The complexity of formulating diets for zoo animals: a matrixInternational Zoo Yearbook 39 36
    Cristinacce, A.Ladkoo, A.Switzer, R. 2008 Captive breeding and rearing of critically endangered Mauritius fodies for reintroductionZoo Biology 27 255
    Crnokrak, P.Roff, D. A. 1999 Inbreeding depression in the wildHeredity 83 260
    Cronin, K. A.Mitchell, M. A.Lonsdorf, E. V.Thompson, S. D. 2006 One year later: Evaluation of PMC-recommended births and transfersZoo Biology 25 267
    Crosby, M. J. 1994 Mapping the distribution of restricted-range birds to identify global conservation prioritiesMapping the Diversity of NatureMiller, R. I.London, UKChapman & Hall
    Cross, P. C.Beissinger, S. R. 2001 Using logistic regression to analyze the sensitivity of PVA models: a comparison of methods based on African wild dog modelsConservation Biology 15 1335
    Cuarón, A. D. 2005 Further role of zoos in conservation: Monitoring wildlife use and the dilemma of receiving donated and confiscated animalsZoo Biology 24 115
    Cunningham, A. A. 1996 Disease risks of wildlife translocationsConservation Biology 10 349
    Custance, D. M.Whiten, A.Fredman, T. 2002 Social learning and primate reintroductionInternational Journal of Primatology 23 479
    da Fonseca, G. A. B.Balmford, A.Bibby, C. 2000 Following Africa's lead in setting prioritiesNature 405 393
    Daleszczyk, K.Bunevich, A. N. 2009 Population viability analysis of European bison populations in Polish and Belarusian parts of Bialowieza Forest with and without gene exchangeBiological Conservation 142 3068
    Daltry, J. C.Bloxam, Q.Cooper, G. 2001 Five years of conserving the ‘world's rarest snake’, the Antiguan racer Oryx 35 119
    Danzer, R.Mormede, P. 1983 De-arousal properties of stereotyped behaviour: Evidence from pituitary-adrenal correlates in pigsApplied Animal Ethology 10 233
    Davey, G. 2007 An analysis of country, socio-economic and time factors on worldwide zoo attendance during a 40 year periodInternational Zoo Yearbook 41 217
    Davis, J. I. 1996 Phylogenetics, molecular variation, and species conceptsBioScience 46 502
    Dawkins, M. 1976 Towards an objective methods of assessing welfare in domestic fowlApplied Animal Ethology 2 245
    Dawkins, M. 1980 The Science of Animal WelfareLondonChapman and Hall
    Dawkins, M. S. 2006 A user's guide to animal welfare scienceTrends in Ecology and Evolution 25 77
    de Queiroz, K. 1998 The general lineage concept of species, species criteria, and the process of speciation: A conceptual unification and terminological recommendationsEndless Forms: Species and SpeciationHoward, D. J.Berlocher, S. H.New YorkOxford University Press57
    DEFRA 2008 http://archive.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-pets/zoos/documents/zoopres-edu.pdf
    Derwin, C. W.Piper, J. B. 1988 The African Rock Kopje ExhibitEnvironment and Behaviour 20 435
    DETR 2000 Secretary of State's Standards of Modern Zoo PracticeLondonDepartment of the Environment, Transport and the Regions
    de Turkheim, G.Merz, E. 1984 Breeding Barbary macaques in a captive enclosureThe Barbary Macaque: A Case Study in ConservationFa, J. E.New YorkPlenum Press
    Diamond, J. M. 1984 ‘Normal’ extinction of isolated populationsExtinctionsNitecki, M. H.ChicagoChicago University Press191
    Diamond, J. M. 1989 Overview of recent extinctionsConservation for the Twenty-first CenturyWestern, D.Pearl, M.New YorkOxford University Press34
    Dierking, L. D.Burtnyk, M. S.Büchner, K. S.Falk, J. H. 2002 Visitor Learning in Zoos and Aquariums: A Literature ReviewAnnapolis, MDInstitute for Learning Innovation
    Dierking, L. D.Adelman, L. M.Ogden, J 2004 Using a behaviour change model to document the impact of visits to Disney's Animal Kindgom: a study investigating intended conservation actionCurator: The Museum Journal 47 322
    Dickinson, H. C.Fa, J. E. 2000 Abundance, demographics and body condition of a translocated population of St Lucia whiptail lizards ()Journal of Zoology 251 187
    Dixon, T. 2005 Zoos. In Pros and Cons: A Debater's HandbookSather, T.LondonRoutledge208
    Drake, A. G.Klingenberg, C. P. 2010 Large-scale diversification of skull shape in domestic dogs: disparity and modularityThe American Naturalist 175 289
    Dresser, B. L.Reece, R. W.Maruska, E. J. 1988 Proceedings, 5th World Conference on Breeding Endangered Species in CaptivityCincinnati, OhioCincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden
    Duncan, J. H. 2006 The changing concept of animal sentienceApplied Animal Behaviour Science 100 11
    Durrell, 2010 http://www.durrell.org/In-the-field/
    Durrell, L.Rakotonindrina, R.Reid, D.Durbin, J. 1994 The recovery of the angonoka () – an integrated approach to species conservationCreative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive AnimalsOlney, P. J. S.Mace, G. M.Feistner, A. T. C.LondonChapman & Hall384
    Earnhardt, J. M.Thompson, S. D.Marhevsky, E. A. 2001 Interactions of target population size, population parameters, and program management of viability of captive populationsZoo Biology 20 169
    Earnhardt, J. M.Thompson, S. D.Faust, L. J. 2009 Extinction risk assessment for the Species Survival Plan (SSP (R)) population of the Bali Mynah ()Zoo Biology 28 230
    EAZA 2010 http://www.eaza.net/activities/cp/Pages/Collection%20Planning.aspx/
    Ebenhard, T. 1995 Conservation breeding as a tool for saving animal species from extinctionTrends in Ecology and Evolution 10 438
    Eden Project 2010 http://www.edenproject.com/annual_review_07_08.pdf
    Eden Project 2010 http://www.edenproject.com/gardens-for-life
    Edmands, S. 2007 Between a rock and a hard place: evaluating the relative risks of inbreeding and outbreeding for conservation and managementMolecular Ecology 16 463
    Ehrenfeld, D. 1970 Biological ConservationNew YorkColumbia University Press
    Ehrenfeld, D. W. 1991 The management of diversity: A conservation paradoxEcology, Economics, Ethics: The Broken CircleBorman, F. H.Kellert, S. R.New Haven: Yale University Press26
    Ehrlich, P. R.Ehrlich, A. H. 1990 Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of SpeciesNew YorkRandom House
    Eisner, T.Lubchenco, J.Wilson, E. O.Wilcove, D. S.Bean, M. J. 1995 Building a scientifically sound policy for protecting endangered speciesScience 5228 1231
    Eken, G.Bennun, L.Brooks, T. M. 2004 Key biodiversity areas as site conservation targetsBioScience 54 1110
    Ellis, S. 1995 Commentary on “Strategic collection planning: theory and practiceZoo Biology 14 49
    Ellis, S.Seal, U. S. 1996 Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) Process Reference ManualApple Valley, MNIUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group
    England, P. R.Osler, G. H. R.Woodworth, L. M. 2003 Effects of intense versus diffuse population bottlenecks on microsatellite genetic diversity and evolutionary potentialConservation Genetics 4 595
    Entwistle, A. 2000 Flagships for the futureOryx 34 239
    Erasmus, B. F. N.Van Jaarsweld, A. S.Chown, S. L. 2002 Vulnerability of South African animal taxa to climate changeGlobal Change Biology 8 679
    Erwin, J.Deni, B. 1979 Reduced aggression and stereotypies in socially housed pig-tailed macaquesLaboratory Primate Newsletter 28 3
    Erwin, T. L. 1982 Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod speciesColeopterist's Bulletin 36 74
    Estes, J. A.Duggins, D. O.Rathbun, G. B. 1989 The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communitiesConservation Biology 3 252
    European Union 1999
    Eurogroup 2006 http://www.eurogroupforanimals.org/policy/pdf/zooreportmar2006.pdf
    Evans, S. R.Sheldon, B. C. 2008 Interspecific patterns of genetic diversity in birds: correlations with extinction riskConservation Biology 22 1016
    Ewbank, R. 1985 The meaning of welfareThe Teaching of Animal Welfare, Part I: Proceedings of a WorkshopRay, P. M.Potter's BarUFAW3
    Ewing, S. R.Nager, R. G.Nicoll, M. A. C. 2008 Inbreeding and loss of genetic variation in a reintroduced population of Mauritius KestrelConservation Biology 22 395
    Fa, J. E. 1986 Use of Time and Resources by Provisioned Troops of Monkeys: Social Behaviour, Time and Energy in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at GibraltarBaselS. Karger
    Fa, J. E. 1994 Herbivore intake/habitat productivity correlations can help ascertain re-introduction potential for the Barbary macaqueBiodiversity and Conservation 3 309
    Fa, J. E.Brown, D. 2009 Impacts of hunting on mammals in African tropical moist forests: a review and synthesisMammal Review 34 231
    Fa, J. E.Clark, C. C. M. 1998 Language and zoo biology training outcomes: A cautionary noteZoo Biology 18 71
    Fa, J. E.Cavalheiro, M. L. 1998 Individual variation in food consumption and food preferences in St Lucia parrots at Jersey Wildlife Preservation TrustInternational Zoo Yearbook 36 199
    Fa, J. E.Funk, S. M. 2007 Global endemicity centres for terrestrial vertebrates: an ecoregions approachEndangered Species Research 3 31
    Fa, J. E.Southwick, C. H. 1988 Ecology and Behavior of Food-enhanced Primate GroupsNew YorkAlan R. Liss, Inc
    Fa, J. E.Juste, J.Perez del Val, J.Castroviejo, J. 1995 Impact of market hunting on mammal species in Equatorial GuineaConservation Biology 9 1107
    Fa, J. E.Clark, C. C.Hicks, S. 1996 Training in zoo biology at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation. Trust: A retrospective look and a glance at the futureDodo (Journal of the Wildlife Preservation Trusts) 31 22
    Fagan, W. F.Holmes, E. E. 2006 Quantifying the extinction vortexEcology Letters 9 51
    Falk, J. H. 2006 The impact of visit motivation on learning: using identity as a construct to understand the visitor experienceCurator 49 151
    Falk, J. H.Dierking, L. D. 2010 School field trips: assessing their long-term impactCurator: The Museum Journal 40 211
    Falk, J. H.Reinhard, E. M.Vernon, C. L. 2007 Why Zoos & Aquariums Matter: Assessing the Impact of a Visit to a Zoo or AquariumSilver Spring, MDAssociation of Zoos & Aquariums
    Falk, J. H.Heimlich, J. E.Bronnenkant, K. 2008 Using identity-related visit motivations as a tool for understanding adult zoo and aquarium visitors’ meaning makingCurator: The Museum Journal 51 55
    Farmer, K. H. 2002 Pan-African Sanctuary Alliance: Status and range of activities for great ape conservationAmerican Journal of Primatology 58 117
    Farmer, K. H.Courage, A. 2008 Sanctuaries and reintroduction: a role in gorilla conservationConservation in the 21st Century: Gorillas as a Case StudyStoinski, T. S.Steklis, H. D.Mehlman, P. T.BerlinSpringer79
    Faust, L.Earnhardt, J.Schloss, C.Bergstrom, Y. M. 2008 ZooRisk: A Risk Assessment ToolChicago, ILLincoln Park Zoo
    FAWC 2010 http://www.fawc.org.uk/
    Fernandez, E. J.Timberlake, W. 2008 Mutual benefits of research collaborations between zoos and academic institutionsZoo Biology 27 470
    Fernández, J.Toro, M. A.Caballero, A. 2003 Fixed contributions designs vs. minimization of global coancestry to control inbreeding in small populationsGenetics 165 885
    Fessl, B.Young, G. H.Young, R. P. 2010 How to save the rarest Darwin's finch from extinction: the mangrove finch on Isabela IslandPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B 365 1019
    Finlay, T. W.Maple, T. L. 1986 A survey of research in American zoos and aquariumsZoo Biology 5 261
    Fischer, J.Lindenmayer, D. B. 2000 An assessment of the published results of animal translocationsBiological Conservation 96 1
    Fishpool, L. D. C.Evans, M. I. 2001 Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands: Priority Sites for ConservationNewbury and Cambridge, UKPisces Publications and BirdLife International
    Fisken, F. A.Field, D.Leus, K. 2010 International Zoo Yearbook 44: Bears and CanidsLondonZoological Society of London
    Fitter, R. 1974 Most endangered mammals: An action programmeOryx 12 436
    Fitter, R.Fitter, M. 1987 The Road to ExtinctionGland, SwitzerlandIUCN
    Fitter, R. S. R.Scott, P. 1978 The Penitent Butchers: The Fauna Preservation Society 1903–1978LondonCollins
    Fjeldså, J. 2000 The relevance of systematics in choosing priority areas for global conservationEnvironmental Conservation 27 65
    Fleishman, E.Murphy, D. D.Brussard, P. F. 2000 A new method for selection of umbrella species for conservation planningEcological Applications 10 569
    Flight, P. A. 2010 Phylogenetic comparative methods strengthen evidence for reduced genetic diversity among endangered tetrapodsConservation Biology 24 1307
    Foden, W.Mace, G.Vié, J.-C. 2008 Species susceptibility to climate change impactsThe 2008 Review of The IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesVié, J.-C.Hilton-Taylor, C.Stuart, S. N.Gland, SwitzerlandIUCN
    Foose, T. J. 1991 Viable population strategies for reintroduction programmesBeyond Captive Breeding: Reintroducing Endangered Mammals to the WildGipps, J. H. W.OxfordClarendon Press165
    Foose, T. J. 1991 CBSG captive action plansCBSG News 2 5
    Foose, T. J.de Boer, L.Seal, U. S.Lande, R. 1995 Conservation management strategies based on viable populationsPopulation Management for Survival and RecoveryBallou, J. D.Gilpin, M. E.Foose, T. J.New YorkColumbia University Press273
    Forbes, S.Boyd, D. 1997 Genetic variation of naturally colonizing wolves in the Central Rocky MountainsConservation Biology 10 1082
    Forthman-Quick, D. 1984 An integrative approach to environmental engineering in zoosZoo Biology 3 65
    Foster-Turley, P.Markowitz, H. 1982 A captive behavioural enrichment study with Asian small-clawed river otters ()Zoo Biology 1 19
    Fowler, K.Whitlock, M. C. 1999 The distribution of phenotypic variance with inbreedingEvolution 53 1143
    Fox, C. W.Scheibly, K. L.Reed, D. H. 2008 Experimental evolution of the genetic load and its implications for the genetic basis of inbreeding depressionEvolution 62 2236
    Fragaszy, D. M.Adams-Curtis, L. E. 1991 Generative aspects of manipulation in tufted capuchin monkey ()Journal of Comparative Psychology 105 387
    Frankham, R. 1995 Effective population size/adult population size ratios in wildlife: A reviewGenetical Research 66 95
    Frankham, R. 2005 Stress and adaptation in conservation geneticsJournal of Evolutionary Biology 18 750
    Frankham, R. 2005 Genetics and extinctionBiological Conservation 126 131
    Frankham, R. 2008 Genetic adaptation to captivity in species conservation programsMolecular Ecology 17 325
    Frankham, R. 2010 Inbreeding in the wild really does matterHeredity 104 124
    Frankham, R.Loebel, D. A. 1992 Modeling problems in conservation genetics using captive populations – rapid genetic adaptation to captivityZoo Biology 11 333
    Frankham, R.Ralls, K. 1998 Conservation biology: inbreeding leads to extinctionNature 392
    Frankham, R.Manning, H.Margan, S. H.Briscoe, D. A. 2000 Does equalization of family sizes reduce genetic adaptation to captivityAnimal Conservation 3 357
    Frankham, R.Ballou, J. D.Briscoe, D. A. 2002 Introduction to Conservation GeneticsCambridgeCambridge University Press
    Frankham, R.Ballou, J. D.Briscoe, D. A. 2010 Introduction to Conservation GeneticsCambridgeCambridge University Press
    Franklin, I. R. 1980 Evolutionary change in small populationsConservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological PerspectiveSoulé, M. E.Wilcox, B. A.Sunderland, MASinauer Associates135
    Franklin, I. R.Frankham, R. 1998 How large must populations be to retain evolutionary potentialAnimal Conservation 1 69
    Fraser, D. J. 2008 How well can captive breeding programs conserve biodiversity? A review of salmonidsEvolutionary Applications 1 535
    Fraser, D. J.Bernatchez, L. 2001 Adaptive evolutionary conservation: towards a unified concept for defining conservation unitsMolecular Ecology 10 2741
    Fraser, J.Wharton, D. 2007 The future of zoos: a new model for cultural institutionsCurator: The Museum Journal 50 41
    Frazee, S. R.Cowling, R. M.Pressey, R. L.Turpie, J. K.Lindberg, N. 2003 Estimating the costs of conserving a biodiversity hotspot: a case-study of the Cape Floristic Region, South AfricaBiological Conservation 112 275
    Frazer, M.Dunstan, J.Creed, P. 1985 Perspectives on Organisational ChangeSydney, AustraliaLongmann-Cheshire
    Frynta, D.Liŝková, S.Bültmann, S.Burda, H. 2010 Being attractive brings advantages: the case of parrot species in captivityPLoS ONE 5 e12568
    Fullager, P. J. 1985 The woodhens of Lord Howe IslandAviculture Magazine 91 15
    Funk, S. M.Fa, J. E. 2006 Phylogeography of the endemic St. Lucia whiptail lizard : conservation genetics at the species boundaryConservation Genetics 7 651
    Funk, S. M.Fa, J. E. 2010 Ecoregion prioritization suggests an armoury not a silver bullet for conservation planningPLoS ONE 5 e8923
    Funk, S. M.Verma, S. K.Larson, G. 2007 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45 427
    Gaines, S. D.Lubchenco, J. 1982 A unified approach to marine plant-herbivore interactions. II BiogeographyAnnual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13 111
    Garnett, S.Crowley, G.Balmford, A. 2003 The costs and effectiveness of funding the conservation of Australian threatened birdsBioScience 7 658
    Gaston, K. J. 1991 The magnitude of global insect species richnessConservation Biology 5 283
    Gaston, K. J.Blackburn, T. M. 1995 Mapping biodiversity using surrogates for species richness: macro-scales and New World birdsProceedings of the Royal Society, Biological Sciences 262 335
    Gaston, K. J.May, R. M. 1992 Taxonomy of taxonomistsNature 356 281
    Gaston, K. J.Pressey, R. L.Margules, C. R. 2002 Persistence and vulnerability: retaining biodiversity in the landscape and in protected areasJournal of Biosciences 27 361
    Geiser, F.Ferguson, C. 2001 Intraspecific differences in behaviour and physiology: effects of captive breeding on patterns of torpor in feathertail glidersJournal of Comparative Physiology B 171 569
    Giangrande, A. 2003 Biodiversity, conservation, and the taxonomic impedimentAquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13 451
    Gibbons, P.Zammit, C.Youngentob, K. 2008 Some practical suggestions for improving engagement between researchers and policy-makers in natural resource managementEcological Management & Restoration 9 182
    Gilligan, D. M.Woodworth, L. M.Montgomery, M. E.Briscoe, D. A.Frankham, R. 1997 Is mutation accumulation a threat to the survival of endangered populationsConservation Biology 11 1235
    Gilpin, M. E.Soulé, M. E. 1986 Minimum viable populations: processes of extinctionConservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and DiversitySoulé, M. E.Sunderland, MassachusettsSinauer Associates19
    Ginsberg, J. R. 1994 Captive breeding, reintroduction and the conservation of canidsCreative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive AnimalsOlney, P. J. S.Mace, G. M.Feistner, A. T. C.London, UKChapman and Hall365
    Goodall, J. 1986 The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of BehaviourHarvard University PressCambridge
    Goodwin, M.Greasley, S.John, P.Richardson, L. 2010 Can we make environmental citizens? A randomised control trial of the effects of a school-based intervention on the attitudes and knowledge of young peopleEnvironmental Politics 19 392
    Goossens, B.Funk, S. M.Vidal, C. 2002 Measuring genetic diversity in translocation programmes: principles and application to a chimpanzee release projectAnimal Conservation 5 225
    Goossens, B.Setchell, J. M.Tchidongo, E. 2005 Survival, interactions with conspecifics and reproduction in 37 chimpanzees released into the wildBiological Conservation 123 461
    Graham-Jones, O. 1974 Some aspects of air transport in animalsInternational Zoo Yearbook 14 34
    Grassle, J. F. 1989 Species diversity in deep-sea communitiesTrends in Ecology and Evolution 4 12
    Gray, T. I. 1994
    Gregory, R. D.Willis, S. G.Jiguet, F. 2009 An indicator of the impact of climatic change on European bird populationsPLoS ONE 4 e4678
    Grenyer, R.Orme, C. D. L.Jackson, S. F. 2006 Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened vertebratesNature 444 93
    Griffin, D. R. 1955 Bird navigationRecent Studies in Avian BiologyWolfson, A.UrbanaUniversity of Illinois Press154
    Griffith, B.Scott, J. M.Carpenter, J. W.Reed, C. 1989 Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategyScience 245 477
    Griffith, B.Scott, J. M.Carpenter, J.Reed, C 1990 Endangered Species UPDATE 8 10
    Griffiths, R. A.Pavajeau, L. 2008 Captive breeding, reintroduction, and the conservation of amphibiansConservation Biology 22 852
    Groves, C. R. 2003 Drafting a Conservation Blueprint: A Practitioner's Guide to Planning for BiodiversityWashington, DCIsland Press
    Groves, C. P.Fernando, P.Robovsky, J. 2010 The sixth rhino: a taxonomic re-assessment of the critically endangered northern white rhinocerosPLoS ONE 5 e9703
    Grueber, C. E.Jamieson, I. G. 2008 Quantifying and managing the loss of genetic variation in a free-ranging population of takahe through the use of pedigreesConservation Genetics 9 645
    Guillera-Arroita, G.Lahoz-Monfort, J. J.Milner-Gulland, E. J.Young, R. P.Nicholson, E. 2010 Using occupancy as a state variable for monitoring the Critically Endangered Alaotran gentle lemur Endangered Species Research 11 157
    Gunnthorsdottir, A. 2001 Physical attractiveness of an animal species as a decision factor for its preservationAnthrozoos 14 204
    Gusset, M.Dick, G. 2010 ‘Building a Future for Wildlife'? Evaluating the contribution of the world zoo and aquarium community to in situ conservationInternational Zoo Yearbook 44 183
    Gwynne, J. A. 2007 Inspiration for conservation: moving audiences to careZoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for ConservationZimmerman, A.Hatchwell, M.Dickie, L.West, C.CambridgeCambridge University Press51
    Haavie, J.Saertre, G. P.Moum, T. 2000 9 1137
    Haight, R. G.Ralls, K.Starfield, A. M. 2000 Designing species translocation strategies when populaton growth and future funding are uncertainConservation Biology 14 1298
    Hancocks, D. 1980 Bringing nature into the zoo: inexpensive solutions for zoo environmentsInternational Journal of Studies of Animal Problems 1 170
    Hancocks, D. 1995 Lions and tigers and bears, oh noEthics on the Ark: Zoos, Animal Welfare, and Wildlife ConservationNorton, B. G.Hutchins, M.Stevens, E. F.Maple, T. L.Washington, DCSmithsonian Institution Press31
    Hancocks, D. 2001 A Different Nature: The Paradoxical World of Zoos and Their Uncertain FutureBerkeleyUniversity of California Press
    Hannah, A.McGrew, W. 1991 Rehabilitation of captive chimpanzeesPrimate Responses to Environmental ChangeBox, H.Chapman & HallLondon167
    Hanski, I. A.Gilpin, M. E. 1991 Metapopulation dynamics: Brief history and conceptual domainBiological Journal of the Linnaean Society 42 3
    Harcourt, A. H. 1986 Gorilla conservation: Anatomy of a campaignPrimates: The Road to Self-Sustaining PopulationsBenirschke, K.New YorkSpringer-Verlag31
    Harcourt, A. H.Stewart, K. J. 1984 Gorilla's time feeding: aspects of methodology, body size, competition and dietAfrican Journal of Ecology 22 207
    Hard, J. J.Berejikian, B. A.Tezak, E. P.Schroder, S. L.Knudsen, C. M.Parker, L. T. 2000 Evidence for morphometric differentiation of wild and captively reared adult coho salmon: a geometric analysisEnvironmental Biology of Fishes 58 61
    Harley, E. H.Baumgarten, I.Cunningham, J.O’Ryan, C. 2005 Genetic variation and population structure in remnant populations of black rhinoceros, , in AfricaMolecular Ecology 14 2981
    Hawksworth, D. L.Kalin-Arroyo, M. T. 1995 Magnitude and distribution of biodiversityGlobal Biodiversity AssessmentHeywood, V. H.CambridgeCambridge University Press107
    Hawley, D. M.Sydenstricker, K. V.Kollias, G. V.Dhondt, A. A. 2005 Genetic diversity predicts pathogen resistance and cell-mediated immunocompetence in house finchesBiology Letters 1 326
    Hediger, H. 1950 Wild Animals in CaptivityLondonButterworth
    Hediger, H. 1969 Man and Animal in the Zoo: Zoo BiologyLondonRoutledge and Kegan Paul
    Hedrick, P. W. 1994 Purging inbreeding depression and the probability of extinction – full-sib matingHeredity 73 363
    Hedrick, P. W.Fredrickson, R. T. 2010 Genetic rescue guidelines with examples from Mexican wolves and Florida panthersConservation Genetics 11 615
    Hedrick, P. W.Kalinowski, S. T. 2000 Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31 139
    Hedrick, P. W.Lacy, R. C.Allendorf, F. W.Soulé, M. E. 1996 Directions in conservation biology: comments on CaughleyConservation Biology 10 1312
    Heikkinen, R. K.Luoto, M.Araújo, M. B. 2006 Methods and uncertainties in bioclimatic envelope modelling under climate changeProgress in Physical Geography 30 1
    Hendry, A. P.Vamosi, S. M.Latham, S. J.Heilbuth, J. C.Day, T. 2000 Questioning species realitiesConservation Genetics 1 67
    Hendry, A. P.Wenburg, J. K.Bentzen, P.Volk, E. C.Quinn, T. P. 2000 Rapid evolution of reproductive isolation in the wild: evidence from introduced salmonScience 290 516
    Hennemann, W. W. 1983 Relationship among body mass, metabolic rate and the intrinsic rate of natural increase in mammalsOecologia (Berlin) 56 104
    Hess, G. R.Bartel, R. A.Leidner, A. K. 2006 Effectiveness of biodiversity indicators varies with extent, grain, and regionBiological Conservation 132 448
    Hey, J. 2001 Genes, Categories and SpeciesNew York, NYOxford University Press
    Heywood, V. H.Stuart, S. N. 1992 Species extinctions in tropical forestsTropical Deforestation and Species ExtinctionWhitmore, T. C.Sayer, J. A.LondonChapman & Hall91
    Heywood, V. H.Mace, G. M.Stuart, S. N. 1994 Uncertainties in extinction ratesNature 368 105
    Hiddinga, B.Leus, K. 2006 On Regional Collection Plans and population sizesEAZA News 54 26
    Hill, J.Collingham, Y. C.Thomas, C. D. 2001 Impacts of landscape structure on butterfly range expansionEcology Letters 4 313
    Hill, J. K.Thomas, C. D.Huntley, B. 2003 Modelling present and potential future ranges of European butterflies using climate response surfacesButterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking FlightBoggs, C.Watt, W.Ehrlich, P.ChicagoChicago University Press149
    Hill, W. G.Rabash, J. 1986 Models of long term artificial selection in finite populationsGenetic Research 48 41
    Hilton-Taylor, C.Mace, G. M.Capper, D. R. 2000 Assessment mismatches must be sorted out: they leave species at riskNature 404 541
    Hilton-Taylor, C.Pollock, C. M.Chanson, J. S. 2009 State of the world's speciesWildlife in a Changing World – An Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesVié, J.-C.Hilton-Taylor, C.Stuart, S. N.Gland, SwitzerlandIUCN15
    Hladik, C. M. 1973 Alimentation et activité d'un groupe de chimpanzés réintroduits en forêt gabonaiseLa Terre et la Vie 27 343
    Hobbs, R. J.Kristjanson, L. J. 2003 How do we prioritize health care for landscapesEcological Management and Restoration 4 S39
    Hoegh-Guldberg, O.Hughes, L.McIntyre, S. 2008 Assisted colonization and rapid climate changeScience 321 345
    Hoekstra, J. M.Boucher, T. M.Ricketts, T. H.Roberts, C. 2005 Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protectionEcology Letters 8 23
    Hoffmann, M.Brooks, T. M.da Fonseca, G. A. B. 2008 Conservation planning and the IUCN Red ListEndangered Species Research
    Holt, W. V.Lloyd, R. E. 2009 Artificial insemination for the propagation of CANDES: the realityTheriogenology 71 228
    Hosey, G. 1997 Behavioral research in zoos: Academic perspectivesApplied Animal Behaviour Science 51 199
    Hosey, G. R. 2000 Zoo animals and their human audiences: what is the visitor effectAnimal Welfare 9 343
    Hosey, G. 2005 How does the environment affect the behaviour of captive primatesApplied Animal Behaviour Science 90 107
    Howard, J. G.Marinari, P. E.Wildt, D. E. 2003 Holt, W. V.Pickard, A. R.Rodger, J. C.Wildt, D. E.249
    Howe, H. F. 1984 Implications of seed dispersal by animals for tropical reserve managementBiological Conservation 30 261
    Humphries, C. J.Williams, P. H.Vane-Wright, R. I. 1995 Measuring biodiversity value for conservationAnnual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 26 93
    Huntingford, F. A. 2004 Implications of domestication and rearing conditions for the behaviour of cultivated fishesJournal of Fish Biology 65 122
    Hurlbert, A. H.Jetz, W. 2007 Species richness, hotspots, and the scale dependence of range maps in ecology and conservationProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 13384
    Hutchins, M. 1996 Education in conservationCommuniqué26
    Hutchins, M. 2003 Zoo and aquarium animal management and conservation: current trends and future challengesInternational Zoo Yearbook 38 14
    Hutchins, M.Conway, W. G. 1995 Beyond Noah's Ark: The evolving role of modern zoos and aquariums in field conservationInternational Zoo Yearbook 34 117
    Hutchins, M.Smith, B 2003 Characteristics of a world-class zoo or aquarium in the 21st centuryInternational Zoo Yearbook 38 130
    Hutchins, M.Thompson, S. D. 2008 Zoo and aquarium research: priority setting for the coming decadesZoo Biology 27 488
    Hutchins, M.Wemmer, C. 1991 In defense of captive breedingEndangered Species Update 8 5
    Hutchins, M.Hancocks, D.Calip, T. 1978 Behavioural engineering in the zoo: A critiqueInternational Zoo News 25 18
    Hutchins, M.Hancocks, D.Crockett, C. 1984 Naturalistic solutions to the behavior problems of captive animalsZoological Garten 54 28
    Hutchins, M.Willis, K.Weise, R. J. 1995 Strategic collection planning: theory and practiceZoo Biology 14 5
    Hutchins, M.Paul, E.Bowdoin, J. 1996 Contributions of zoo and aquarium research to wildlife conservation and scienceWell-Being of Animals in Zoo and Aquarium ResearchBielitzki, J.Boyce, J.Burghardt, G.Schaeffer, D.Greenbelt, MDScientist's Center for Animal Welfare and Zoo Atlanta23
    Hutchins, M.Wiese, R. J.Willis, K. 1997 Captive breeding and conservationConservation Biology 11 3
    ICBP 1992 Putting Biodiversity on the MapCambridge, UKInternational Council for Bird Protection
    Isaac, N. J. B.Mallet, J.Mace, G. M. 2004 Taxonomic inflation: its influence on macroecology and conservationTrends in Ecology and Evolution 19 464
    Isaac, N. J. B.Turvey, S. T.Collen, B.Waterman, C.Baillie, J. E. M. 2007 Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogenyPLoS ONE 2 e296
    ISIS 2010 http://www.isis.org/Pages/findanimals.aspx
    IUCN 1987 Captive Breeding Policy. IUCN Policy DocumentGland, SwitzerlandIUCN
    IUCN 1987 http://www.iucnsscrsg.org/
    IUCN 1992 Global Biodiversity Strategy: Guidelines for Action to Save, Study and Use Earth's Biotic Wealth Sustainably and EquitablyGland, SwitzerlandIUCN
    IUCN 1994 IUCN Red List CategoriesGland, SwitzerlandIUCN Species Survival Commission
    IUCN 1998 IUCN Guidelines for Re-introductionsGland, SwitzerlandIUCN
    IUCN 2001 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: version 3.1Gland and CambridgeIUCN
    IUCN 2002 http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/2002_dec_guidelines_management_of_ex_situ_populations_for_conservation.pdf
    IUCN 2010 http://www.iucnredlist.org
    IUDZG/CBSG (IUCN/SSC) 1993 The World Zoo Conservation Strategy: the Roles of Zoos and Aquaria of the World in Global ConservationBrookfield, IllinoisChicago Zoological Society
    IUDZG/CBSG (IUCN/SSC) 2005 The World Zoo Conservation Strategy: the Role of the Zoos and Aquaria of the World in Global ConservationChicago, ILChicago Zoological Society
    Ivy, J. A.Miller, A.Lacy, R. C.DeWoody, J. A. 2009 Methods and prospects for using molecular data in captive breeding programs: an empirical example using Parma Wallabies ()Journal of Heredity 100 441
    IWRC 2010 http://theiwrc.org/
    IZE 2010 http://www.izea.net/education/programs.htm
    Jablonski, D. 1991 Extinctions: a paleontological perspectiveScience 253 754
    Jachowski, D.Kesler, D. 2009 Allowing extinction: are we ready to let species goTrends in Ecology and Evolution 24 180
    James, J. W. 1970 The founder effect and response to artificial selectionGenetical Research 16 241
    Jamieson, D. 1985 Against Zoos. In Defence of AnimalsSinger, P.OxfordBasil Blackwell108
    Jamieson, D. 1995 Zoos revisitedEthics on the Ark: Zoos, Animal Welfare, and Wildlife ConservationNorton, B. G.Hutchins, M.Stevens, E. F.Maple, T. L.Washington, DCSmithsonian Institute Press52
    Jamieson, I. G. 2007 Role of genetic factors in extinction of island endemics: complementary or competing explanationsAnimal Conservation 10 151
    Jeggo, D. F.French, H.Bellingham, L 2000 International Zoo Yearbook 37 214
    Jenkins, M. 1992 Ex situ conservation of animalsGlobal Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living ResourcesGroombridge, B.LondonChapman & Hall563
    Jennings, M.Faber-Langendoen, D.Peet, R. 2004 Description, Documentation, and Evaluation of Associations and Alliances within the U. S. National Vegetation ClassificationThe Ecological Society of America, Vegetation Classification Panel
    Jenkins, C. N.Joppa, L. 2009 Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area systemBiological Conservation 142 2166
    Jones, C. G.Heck, W.Lewis, R. E. 1995 The restoration of the Mauritius Kestrel populationIbis 137 S173
    Jones, K. L.Nicolich, J. M. 2001 Artificial insemination in captive whooping cranes: results from genetic analysesZoo Biology 20 331
    Jones, M. E.Jarman, P. J.Lees, C. M. 2007 Conservation management of Tasmanian devils in the context of an emerging, extinction-threatening disease: Devil facial tumor diseaseEcohealth 4 326
    Joslin, J. K. 1977 Rodent long distance orientation (“homing”)Advances in Ecological Research 10 63
    Jule, K. R.Leaver, L. A.Lea, S. E. G. 2008 The effects of captive experience on reintroduction survival in carnivores: a review and analysisBiological Conservation 141 355
    Kahn, A. E. 1966 The tyranny of small decisions: market failures, imperfections and the limits of economicsKyklos 19 23
    Kalinowski, S. T.Hedrick, P. W.Miller, P. S. 2000 Inbreeding depression in the Speke's gazelle captive breeding programConservation Biology 14 1375
    Kareiva, P.Marvier, M. 2003 American Scientist 91 344
    Karr, J. R. 1982 Population variability and extinction in the avifauna of a tropical land bridge islandEcology 63 1975
    Karr, J. R. 1991 Biological integrity: A long-neglected aspect of water resource managementEcological Applications 1 66
    Kawata, K.Hendy, M. 1978 A perspective: Zoo going and animal popularityInternational Zoo News 25 14
    Keenan, C. P. 2000 31 121
    Kellert, S. 1979 Zoological parks in Wheelings, WVAAZPA82
    Kellert, S. 1996 The Value of LifeWashington DCIsland Press
    Kellert, S. R. 2002 Experiencing nature: affective, cognitive and evaluative development in childrenChildren and Nature: Psychological, Sociocultural, and Evolutionary Investigations, P. H.Kahn, Kellert, S. R.BostonThe MIT Press117
    Kellert, S. R.Dunlap, J. 1989 Informal Learning at the Zoo: A Study of Attitude and Knowledge ImpactsA Report to the Zoological Society of Philadelphia
    Kelley, J. L.Magurran, A. E.Macías García, C. 2006 Captive breeding promotes aggression in an endangered Mexican fishBiological Conservation 133 169
    Kelly, J. D. 1997 Effective conservation in the twenty-first century: the need to be more than a zoo. One organization's approachInternational Zoo Yearbook 35 1
    Kettmann, M. 2010
    Kinnersley, P.Anderson, E.Parry, K. 2000 Randomised controlled trial of nurse practitioner versus general practitioner care for patients requesting “same day” consultations in primary careBritish Medical Journal 320 1043
    Kirkden, R. D.Pajor, E. A. 2006 Motivation for group housing in gestating sowsAnimal Welfare 15 119
    Kirkwood, J. K. 2003 Welfare, husbandry and veterinary care of wild animals in captivity: changes in attitudes, progress in knowledge and techniquesInternational Zoo Yearbook 38 124
    Kitchener, A. C. 1998 The Scottish wildcat – a cat with an identity crisisBritish Wildlife 9 232
    Kitchener, A. C. 1999 Tiger distribution, phenotypic variation and conservation issuesRiding the TigerSeidensticker, J.Christie, S.Jackson, P.CambridgeCambridge University Press19
    Kitchener, A. C. 2004 The problem of old bears in zoosInternational Zoo News 51 283
    Kleiman, D. G. 1989 Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservationBioScience 39 152
    Kleiman, D. G. 1992 Behavioral research in zoos: past, present and futureZoo Biology 11 301
    Kleiman, D. G.Mallinson, J. J. C. 1998 Conservation Biology 12 27
    Kleiman, D. G.Beck, B. B.Dietz, J. M.Ballou, J. D.Coimbra-Filho, A. F. 1986 Conservation program for the golden lion tamarin: captive research and management, ecological studies, educational strategies and reintroductionPrimates: The Road to Self-Sustaining PopulationsBenirschke, K.New YorkSpringer-Verlag960
    Kleiman, D. G.Beck, B. B.Dietz, J. M.Dietz, L. A. 1991 Costs of a re-introduction and criteria for success: accountability in the golden lion tamarin conservation programBeyond Captive Breeding: Reintroducing Endangered Mammals to the WildGipps, J. H. W.OxfordClarendon Press125
    Kleiman, D. G.Stanley Price, M. R.Beck, B. B. 1994 , P. J.Solney, Mace, G. M.Feistner, A. F.287
    Kohn, M. H.York, E. C.Kamradt, D. A. 1999 Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 266 657
    Konstant, W. R.Mittermeier, R. A. 1982 Introduction, reintroduction and translocation of Neotropical primates: past experiences and future possibilitiesInternational Zoo Yearbook 22 69
    Kruska, D. 1996 The effect of domestication on brain size and composition in the mink ()Journal of Zoology, London 239 645
    Kruska, D. C. T.Sidorovich, V. E. 2003 Comparative allometric skull morphometrics in mink ( Schreber, 1777) of Canadian and Belarus origin; taxonomic statusMammalian Biology – Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 68 257
    Künzel, C.Kaiser, S.Meier, E.Sachser, N. 2003 Is a wild mammal kept and reared in captivity still a wild animalHormones and Behavior 43 187
    Lacy, R. C. 1987 Conservation Biology 1 143
    Lacy, R. C. 1989 Analysis of founder representation in pedigrees: Founder equivalents and founder genome equivalentsZoo Biology 8 111
    Lacy, R. C. 1993 Vortex – a computer-simulation model for population viability analysisWildlife Research 20 45
    Lacy, R. C. 1995 Clarification of genetic terms and their use in the management of captive populationsZoo Biology 14 565
    Lacy, R. C. 1997 Importance of genetic variation to the viability of mammalian populationsJournal of Mammalogy 78 320
    Lacy, R. C.Ballou, J. D. 1998 52 900
    Lahoz-Monfort, J. J.Guillera-Arroita, G.Milner-Gulland, E. J.Young, R. P.Nicholson, E. 2010 Satellite imagery as a single source of predictor variables for habitat suitability modelling: how Landsat can inform the conservation of a critically endangered lemurJournal of Applied Ecology DOI 10
    Laikre, L. 1999 Hereditary defects and conservation genetic management of captive populationsZoo Biology 18 81
    Lambeck, R. J. 1997 Focal species: a multi-species umbrella for nature conservationConservation Biology 11 849
    Lamoreux, J. F.Morrison, J. C.Ricketts, T. H. 2006 Global tests of biodiversity concordance and the importance of endemismNature 440 212
    Lande, R. 1988 Genetics and demography in biological conservationScience 241 1455
    Lande, R. 1993 Risk of population extinction from demographic and environmental stochasticity and random catastrophesAmerican Naturalist 142 911
    Lande, R. 1994 Risk of population extinction from fixation of new deleterious mutationsEvolution 48 1460
    Lande, R. 1995 Mutation and conservationConservation Biology 9 782
    Landres, P. B.Verner, J.Thomas, J. W. 1988 Ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species: a critiqueConservation Biology 2 316
    Larsen, F. W.Turner, W. R.Brooks, T. M. 2011
    La Rue, F. 1992 Working together to resolve the historic conflict between curators and veterinariansProceedings of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Annual ConferenceWheeling, West VirginiaAmerican Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums162
    Lascuráin, M.List, R.Barraza, L. 2009 Conservación de especies ex situ. In Estado de Conservación y Tendencias de CambioMexico CityCONABIO517
    Laurance, W. F. 1991 Ecological correlates of extinction proneness in Australian tropical rain forest mammalsConservation Biology 5 79
    Lawson, D. P.Ogden, J.Snyder, R. J. 2008 Maximizing the contribution of science in zoos and aquariums: organizational models and perceptionsZoo Biology 27 458
    Leader-Williams, N. 1990 Black rhinos and African elephants: lessons for conservation fundingOryx 24 23
    Leader-Williams, N.Dublin, H. T. 2000 Charismatic megafauna as ‘flagship species’Priorities for the Conservation of Mammalian Diversity: Has the Panda had its Day?Entwistle, A.Dunstone, N.CambridgeCambridge University Press53
    Leader-Williams, N.Balmford, A.Linkie, M. 2007 Beyond the ark: conservation biologists’ views of the achievements of zoos in conservationZoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation?Zimmerman, A.Hatchwell, M.Dickie, L.West, C.CambridgeCambridge University Press236
    Leberg, P. L.Firmin, B. D. 2008 Role of inbreeding depression and purging in captive breeding and restoration programmesMolecular Ecology 17 334
    Lee, T. M.Jetz, W. 2008 Future battlegrounds for conservation under global changeProceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 275 1261
    Lees, C. M.Wilcken, J. 2009 Sustaining the ark: the challenges faced by zoos in maintaining viable populationsInternational Zoo Yearbook 43 6
    Lehmann, L.Perrin, N. 2006 On metapopulation resistance to drift and extinctionEcology 87 1844
    Leinonen, T.O’Hara, R. B.Cano, J. M.Merila, J. 2008 Comparative studies of quantitative trait and neutral marker divergence: a meta-analysisJournal of Evolutionary Biology 21 1
    Leroy, E. M.Rouquet, P.Formenty, P. 2004 Multiple Ebola virus transmission events and rapid decline of central African wildlifeScience 303 387
    Levinsky, I.Skov, F.Svenning, J. C.Rahbek, C. 2007 Potential impacts of climate change on the distributions and diversity patterns of European mammalsBiodiversity and Conservation 16 3803
    Lewis, O. T.Thomas, C. D. 2001 Adaptations to captivity in the butterfly (L.) and the implications for ex situ conservationJournal of Insect Conservation 5 55
    Lewis, W. J. 1980 Interpreting for Park VisitorsPhiladelphia, PennsylvaniaEastern Acorn Press
    Lewontin, R. C.Birch, L. C. 1996 Evolution 20 315
    Lindburg, D. G. 1992 Are wildlife reintroductions worth the costZoo Biology 11 1
    Lindemann-Matthies, P.Kamer, T. 2005 The influence of an interactive educational approach on visitors’ learning in a Swiss ZooScience Learning in Everday LifeDierking, L. D.Falk, J. H.LondonWiley Periodicals, Inc
    Lindenmayer, D. B. 1994 Forest Ecology and Management 115 277
    Lindenmayer, D. B.Manning, A. D.Smith, P. L. 2002 The focal-species approach and landscape restoration: a critiqueConservation Biology 16 338
    Linnell, J. D. C.Aanes, R.Swenson, J. E.Odden, J.Smith, M. E. 1997 Translocation of carnivores as a method for managing problem animals: a reviewBiodiversity and Conservation 6 1245
    Liukkonen-Anttila, T.Saartoala, R.Hissa, R. 2000 Impact of hand-rearing on morphology and physiology of the capercaillie ()Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 125 211
    Lloyd, B. D.Powlesland, R. G. 1994 The decline of kakapo and attempts at conservation by translocationBiological Conservation 69 75
    Long, A. J.Crosby, M. J.Stattersfield, A. J.Wege, D. C. 1996 Towards a global map of biodiversity: patterns in the distribution of restricted-range birdsGlobal Ecology and Biogeography Letters 5 281
    Lovejoy, T. E.Hannah, L. 2005 Climate Change and BiodiversityNew Haven, ConnYale University Press
    Lucas, L. K.Fries, J. N.Gabor, C. R.Nice, C. C. 2009 Genetic variation and structure in , a federally threatened salamander endemic to the San Marcos SpringsJournal of Herpetology 43 220
    Lukas, K. E.Ross, S. R. 2005 Zoo visitor knowledge and attitudes towards gorillas and chimpanzeesJournal of Environmental Education 36 33
    Luo, S.-J.Kim, J.-H.Johnson, W. E.Walt, Jvd.Martenson, J. 2004 Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers ()PLoS Biology 2 e442
    Luong, L. T.Heath, B. D.Polak, M. 2007 Host inbreeding increases susceptibility to ectoparasitismJournal of Evolutionary Biology 20 79
    Lynch, J. M.Hayden, T. J. 1993 Costello, M. J.Kelly, K. S.25
    Lynch, M.Lande, R. 1998 The critical effective size for a genetically secure populationAnimal Conservation 1 70
    Lynch, M.Burger, R.Butcher, D.Gabriel, W. 1993 The mutational meltdown in asexual populationsJournal of Heredity 84 339
    MacArthur, R. H. 1965 Patterns of species diversityBiological Reviews 40 510
    Mace, G. M. 1994 An investigation into methods for categorizing the conservation status of speciesLarge Scale Ecology and Conservation BiologyEdwards, P. J.May, R. M.Webb, N. R.OxfordBlackwell295
    Mace, G. M. 1994 Classifying threatened species: means and endsPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 344 91
    Mace, G. M.Lande, R. 1991 Assessing extinction threats: towards a reassessment of IUCN endangered species categoriesConservation Biology 5 148
    Mace, G. M.Balmford, A.Boitani, L. 2000 It's time to work together and stop duplicating conservation effortsNature 405 393
    MacKenzie, J. 1988 The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation, and British ImperialismManchester, UKManchester University Press
    MacKinnon, K.MacKinnon, J. 1991 Habitat protection and reintroduction programmesBeyond Captive Breeding: Reintroducing Endangered Mammals to the WildGipps, J. H. W.OxfordClarendon Press173
    Madsen, T.Shine, R.Olsson, M.Wittzell, H. 1999 Restoration of an inbred adder populationNature 402 34
    Magin, C. D.Johnson, T. H.Groombridge, B.Jenkins, M.Smith, H. 1994 Species extinctions, endangerment and captive breedingCreative Conservation: Interactive Management of Captive and Wild AnimalsOlney, P. J. S.Mace, G. M.Feistner, A. T. C.LondonChapman and Hall3
    Male, T. D.Bean, M. J. 2005 Measuring progress in US endangered species conservationEcology Letters 9 986
    Mallet, J. 1995 A species definition for the modern synthesisTrends in Ecology and Evolution 10 294
    Mallet, J. 2001 The speciation revolution (Commentary)Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14 887
    Mallet, J. 2007 Species, concepts ofEncyclopedia of BiodiversityLevin, S. A.Elsevier, OxfordOnline update1
    Mallinson, J. J. C. 1978 Cocktail orangutans and the need to preserve pure bred stockDodo, Journal of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust 15 69
    Mallinson, J. J. C. 2003 A sustainable future for zoos and their role in wildlife conservationHuman Dimensions of Wildlife 8 59
    Mann, K. H.Breen, P. A. 1972 The relationship between lobster abundance, sea urchins, lobsters and kelp bedsJournal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29 603
    Maple, T. L. 1979 Great apes in captivity: the good, the bad and the uglyCaptivity and BehaviourErwin, J.Maple, T. L.Mitchell, G.New YorkVan Nostrand Reinhold239
    Maple, T. 1995 Towards a responsible zoo agendaEthics on the Ark: Zoos, Animal Welfare, and Wildlife ConservationNorton, B. G.Hutchins, M.Stevens, E. F.Maple, T. L.Washington, DCSmithsonian Institute Press20
    Maple, T.McManamon, R.Stevens, E. 1995 Defining the good zoo: Animal care, maintenance, and welfareEthics on the Ark: Zoos, Animal Welfare, and Wildlife ConservationNorton, B. G.Hutchins, M.Stevens, E. F.Maple, T. L.Washington, DCSmithsonian Institute Press219
    Marcellini, D. L.Jenssen, T. A. 1988 Visitor behavior in the National Zoo's reptile houseZoo Biology 7 329
    Marchetti, M. P.Nevitt, G. A. 2003 Effects of habitat enrichment on brain structures in rainbow trout ()Environmental Biology of Fishes 66 9
    Marcot, B. G.Flather, C. H. 2007 Species-level strategies for conserving rare or little known speciesConservation of Rare or Little-Known SpeciesRaphael, M. G.Molina, R.Washington, DCIsland Press125
    Marešováa, J.Frynta, D. 2008 Noah's Ark is full of common species attractive to humans: The case of boid snakes in zoosEcological Economics 64 554
    Margan, S. H.Nurthen, R. K.Montgomery, M. E. 1998 Single large or several small? Population fragmentation in the captive management of endangered speciesZoo Biology 17 467
    Margules, C. R.Pressey, R. L. 2000 Systematic conservation planningNature 405 243
    Margules, C. R.Sarkar, S. 2007 Systematic Conservation PlanningCambridgeCambridge University Press
    Margules, C. R.Pressey, R. L.Williams, P. H. 2002 Representing biodiversity: data and procedures for identifying priority areas for conservationJournal of Biosciences (suppl. 2) 27 309
    Marino, L.Lilienfeld, S. O.Malamud, R.Nobis, N.Broglio, R. 2010 Do zoos and aquariums promote attitude change in visitors? A critical evaluation of the American zoo and aquarium studySociety and Animals 18 126
    Markowitz, H. 1982 Behavioural Enrichment in ZoosVan Nostrand ReinholdNew York
    Markwell, K.Cushing, N. 2009 The serpent's stare meets the tourist's gaze: strategies of display at the Australian Reptile ParkCurrent Issues in Tourism 12 475
    Marriner, L. M.Drickamer, L. C. 1994 Factors influencing stereotyped behaviour of primates in a zooZoo Biology 13 267
    Marshall, T. C.Spalton, J. A. 2000 Animal Conservation 3 241
    Martín-López, B.Montes, C.Ramírez, L.Benayas, J. 2009 What drives policy decision-making related to species conservationBiological Conservation 142 1370
    Mason, G. J. 1993 Forms of stereotypic behaviourStereotypic Animal Behviour: Fundamentals and Applications to WelfareLawrence, A. B.Rushen, J.Wallingford, UKCAB International7
    Mason, G. J.Cooper, J.Clareborough, C. 2001 Frustrations of furfarmed minkNature 410 35
    Mason, P. 2000 Zoo tourism: the need for more researchJournal of Sustainable Tourism 8 333
    Mathews, F.Orros, M.McLaren, G.Gelling, M.Foster, R. 2005 Keeping fit on the ark: assessing the suitability of captive-bred animals for releaseBiological Conservation 121 569
    Maunder, M.Byers, O. 2005 The IUCN Technical Guidelines on the Management of Ex Situ Populations for Conservation: reflecting major changes in the application of ex situ conservationOryx 39 95
    May, R. M. 1988 How many species are there on earthScience 241 1441
    May, R. M. 1991 The role of ecological theory in planning re-introduction of endangered speciesBeyond Captive Breeding: Re-introducing Endangered Mammals to the WildGipps, J. H. W.LondonZoological Society of London145
    May, R. M. 1992 How many species inhabit the EarthScientific American 267 42
    Mazák, J. H.Groves, C. P. 2006 A taxonomic revision of the tigers () of Southeast AsiaMammalian Biology 71 268
    Mazur, N. 1995 Perceptions of the role of zoos in conservation: an Australasian case studyProceedings of the ARAZPA/ASZK ConferencePerth, W.AARAZPA/ASZK102
    Mazur, N. 1996 Zoos, conservation groups, and government wildlife agencies: Partners, colleagues, or adversariesNature Conservation: The Role of NetworksSaunders, D. A.Craig, J. L.Mattiske, E. M.Chipping Norton NSW, AustraliaSurrey Beatty and Sons460
    Mazur, N. A. 1997 Contextualising the Role of the Zoo in Conservation: An Australian ExperienceUnpublished PhD dissertation, University of AdelaideSouth Australia
    Mazur, N. 2001 After the Ark: Environmental Policy-Making and the ZooVictoria, AustraliaMelbourne University Press
    Mazur, N. A.Clark, T. W. 2001 Zoos and Conservation: Policy Making and Organizational ChallengesSpecies and Ecosystem Conservation: An Interdisciplinary ApproachClark, T. W.Stevenson, M. J.Ziegelmayer, K.Rutherford, M. B.New HavenYale University
    McBride, M. F.Wilson, K. A.Bode, M.Possingham, H. P. 2007 Incorporating the effects of socioeconomic uncertainty into priority setting for conservation investmentConservation Biology 21 1463
    Mc Parland, S.Kearney, F.Berry, D. P. 2009 Purging of inbreeding depression within the Irish Holstein-Friesian populationGenetics Selection Evolution 41
    McEwan, P. 1986 Environmental Enrichment: An Artificial Termite Mound for OrangutansPotters Bar, UKUFAW
    McGrew, W. C.Brennan, J. A.Russell, J. 1986 An artificial “gum-tree” for marmosets ()Zoo Biology 5 45
    McIntosh, R. P. 1967 An index of diversity and the relation of certain concepts of diversityEcology 48 392
    McKenzie, S. M.Chamove, A. S.Feistner, A. T. C. 1986 Floor coverings and handing screens alter arboreal monkey behaviourZoo Biology 5 339
    McLachlan, J. S.Hellmann, J. J.Schwartz, M. W. 2007 A framework for debate of assisted migration in an era of climate changeConservation Biology 21 297
    McNeely, J. A.Miller, K. R.Reid, W. V.Mittermeier, R. A.Werner, T. B. 1990 Conserving the World's Biological DiversityGland, Switzerland and Washington DCIUCN
    McNeely, J. A. 2002 The role of taxonomy in conserving biodiversityJournal for Nature Conservation 10 145
    McNeely, J. A.Miller, K. R. 1985 National Parks, Conservation, and Development: the Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining SocietyWashington, DCSmithsonian Institution Press
    Meffe, G. K. 2001 The context of conservation biologyConservation Biology 15 815
    Meffe, G. K.Carroll, C. R. 1994 Principles of Conservation BiologySunderland, MASinauer Associates Inc
    Meffe, G. K.Carroll, C. R. 1997 Principles of Conservation BiologySunderland, MASinauer Associates
    Meffert, L. M.Mukana, N.Hicks, S. K.Day, S. B. 2005 Testing alternative captive breeding strategies with the subsequent release into the wildZoo Biology 24 375
    Meir, E.Andelman, S.Possingham, H. P. 2004 Does conservation planning matter in a dynamic and uncertain worldEcology Letters 7 615
    Melbourne, B. A.Hastings, A. 2008 Extinction risk depends strongly on factors contributing to stochasticityNature 454 100
    Melfi, V. A.Feistner, A. T. C. 2002 A comparison of the activity budgets of wild and captive Sulawesi crested black macaques ()Animal Welfare 11 213
    Melfi, V. A.Hosey, G. R. 2005 Applied Animal Behaviour Science (Special Issue) 90 93
    Metrick, A.Weitzman, M. L. 1996 Patterns of behavior in endangered species preservationLand Economics 72 1
    Metrick, A.Weitzman, M. L. 1998 Conflicts and choices in biodiversity preservationsJournal of Economic Perspectives 12 21
    Meyer-Holzapfel, M. 1968 Abnormal behaviour in zoo animalsAbnormal Behaviour in AnimalsFox, M. W.PhiladelphiaW.B. Saunders Company476
    Meylan, A. B.Ehrenfeld, D. 2000 Conservation of marine turtlesTurtle ConservationKlemens, M. W.Washington, DCSmithsonian Institution Press96
    Millenium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: SynthesisWashington, DCIsland Press
    Miller, B.Biggins, D.Hanebury, L.Vargas, A. 1994 Reintroduction of the black-footed ferret ()Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive AnimalsOlney, P. J. S.Mace, G. M.Feistner, A. T. C.LondonChapman & Hall455
    Miller, B.Conway, W.Reading, R. P. 2004 Evaluating the conservation mission of zoos, aquariums, botanical gardens and natural history museumsConservation Biology 18 86
    Miller, R. M.Rodríguez, J. P.Aniskowicz-Fowler, T. 2006 Extinction risk and conservation prioritiesScience 313 441
    Miller, R. R.Fitzsimmons, J. M. 1971 , a new genus and species of Goodeid fish from Western Mexico, with remarks on the classification of the GoodeidaeCopeia 1971 1
    Mills, M. G. L.Ellis, S.Woodruffe, R. 1998
    Mishler, B. D. 1999 Getting rid of speciesSpecies: New Interdisciplinary EssaysWilson, R.Cambridge, MAMIT Press307
    Mitchell, G. F. 1994 81
    Mitrus, S. 2005 Headstarting in European pond turtles (): Does it workAmphibia-Reptilia 26 333
    Mittermeier, R. A. 1988 Primate diversity and the tropical forest: case studies from Brazil and Madagascar and the importance of the megadiversity countriesBiodiversityWilson, E. O.Washington, DCNational Academy Press145
    Mittermeier, R. A.Robles Gil, P.Mittermeier, C. G. 1997 MegadiversityMexicoCEMEX
    Mittermeier, R. A.Myers, N.Thomsen, J. B.da Fonseca, G. A. B.Olivieri, S. 1998 Biodiversity hotspots and major tropical wilderness areas: approaches to setting conservation prioritiesConservation Biology 12 516
    Mittermeier, R. A.Myers, N.Gil, P. R.Mittermeier, C. G. 1999 Hotspots: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial EcoregionsMexicoCEMEX
    Mittermeier, R. A.Mittermeier, C. G.Robles-Gil, P. R. 2002 Wilderness: Earth's Last Wild PlacesMexicoCEMEX
    Mittermeier, R. A.Mittermeier, C. G.Brooks, T. M. 2003 Wilderness and biodiversity conservationProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 100 10309
    Mittermeier, R. A.Robles-Gil, P.Hoffmann, M. 2004 Hotspots Revisited: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial EcoregionsMexicoCEMEX
    Mohamed Bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund 2010 http://www.mbzspeciesconservation.org/
    Montgomery, M. E.Ballou, J. D.Nurthen, R. K. 1997 Minimizing kinship in captive breeding programsZoo Biology 16 377
    Montgomery, M. E.Woodworth, L. M.England, P. R.Briscoe, D. A.Frankham, R. 2010 Widespread selective sweeps affecting microsatellites in populations adapting to captivity: implications for captive breeding programsBiological Conservation 143 1842
    Moore, J. L.Folkmann, M.Balmford, A. 2003 Heuristic and optimal solutions for set-covering problems in conservation biologyEcography 26 595
    Morey & Associates 2000 Cultural Attraction Attendance ReportNew YorkMorey Group, Strategic Direction for Cultural Attractions
    MORI 2005 Science in SocietyFindings from Qualitative and Quantitative Research Conducted for the Office of Science and Technology, Department of Trade and Industryhttp://www.bis.gov.uk/files/file14950.pdf
    Morgan, G. 1986 Images of OrganizationBeverly Hills, CaliforniaSage Publications
    Morgan, K. N.Tromborg, C. T. 2007 Sources of stress in captivityApplied Animal Behaviour Science 102 262
    Morin, P. A.Messier, J.Woodruff, D. S. 1994 Journal of the Scientific Society of Thailand 20 31
    Morin, P. A.Chambers, K. E.Boesch, C.Vigilant, L. 2001 Molecular Ecology 10 1835
    Moritz, C. 1994 Defining ‘evolutionary significant units’ for conservationTrends in Ecology & Evolution 9 373
    Moritz, C. 1999 Hereditas 130 217
    Morris, D. 1964 The response of animals to a restrained environmentSymposium of the Zoological Society of London 13 99
    Morris, D. J. 1960 An analysis of animal popularityInternational Zoo Yearbook 2 60
    Morton, D. B.Griffiths, P. H. M. 1985 Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress and discomfort in experimental animals and an hypothesis for assessmentVeterinary Record 116 431
    Morton, M. N. 2009
    Moss, A.Esson, M. 2010 Visitor interest in zoo animals and the implications for collection planning and zoo education programmesZoo Biology 28 1
    Mrosovsky, N. 1997 IUCN's credibility critically endangeredNature 389 436
    Mullan, B.Marvin, G. 1987 Zoo CultureLondonWeidenfeld and Nicholson
    Munton, P. 1987 Concepts of threat to the survival of species used in Red Data books and similar compilationsThe Road to ExtinctionFitter, R.Fitter, M.Gland, SwitzerlandIUCN72
    Myers Jr., O. E.Saunders, C. D.Birjulin, A. A. 2004 Emotional dimensions of watching zoo animals: an experience sampling study building on insights from psychologyCurator 47 299
    Myers, N. 1979 The Sinking Ark: A New Look at the Problem of Disappearing SpeciesOxfordPergamon Press
    Myers, N. 1988 Threatened biotas: ‘hot spots’ in tropical forestsThe Environmentalist 8 187
    Myers, N. 1990 The biodiversity challenge: expanded hot-spots analysisThe Environmentalist 10 243
    Myers, N. 1991 Extinction “Hot SpotsScience 254 919
    Myers, N.Mittermeier, R. A.Mittermeier, C. G.da Fonseca, G. A. B.Kent, J. 2000 Biodiversity hotspots for conservation prioritiesNature 403 853
    Nagelkerken, I.Pors, L.Hoetjes, P. 2003 Swimming behaviour and dispersal patterns of headstarted loggerhead turtles Aquatic Ecology 37 183
    Nagy, K. A.Girard, I. A.Brown, T. K. 1999 Energetics of free-ranging mammals, reptiles, and birdsAnnual Review of Nutrition 19 247
    Narayan, G.Oliver, W.Fa, J. E.Funk, S. M. 2008 Das Zwergwildsch-einWilde Schweine und FlusspferdeMacdonald, A.Ganslosser, U.Fürth, GermanyFilander Verlag
    National Curriculum Primary Handbook 2010 The National Curriculum Handbook for Primary Teachers in EnglandLondonQualifications and Curriculum Authority
    NIH (National Institutes of Health) 1991 Nonhuman Primate Management PlanBethesdaOffice of Animal Care and Use
    Natural History Museum 2008 http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources-rx/files/annual-review-06–08–20962.pdf
    Naughton-Treves, L. 2005 Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 219
    Naujokaitis-Lewis, I. R.Curtis, J. M. R.Arcese, P.Rosenfeld, J. 2009 Sensitivity analyses of spatial population viability analysis models for species at risk and habitat conservation planningConservation Biology 23 225
    Newmark, W. D. 1991 Tropical forest fragmentation and the local extinction of understorey birds in the eastern Usumbara Mountains, TanzaniaConservation Biology 5 67
    Nolan, M. A. 1975 Importing primates for researchPrimate Utilization and ConservationBermant, G.Lindburg, D. G.New YorkWiley and Sons15
    Norton, B. G.Hutchins, M.Stevens, E. F.Maple, T. L. 1995 Ethics on the Ark: Zoos, Animal WelfareWashington DCSmithsonian Institute Press
    Nsubuga, A. M.Holzman, J.Chemnick, L. G.Ryder, O. A. 2010 The cryptic genetic structure of the North American captive gorilla populationConservation Genetics 11 161
    NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 2002 Approved Recovery Plan for the Lord Howe WoodhenHurtsville, NSWNSW National Parks and Wildlife Service
    Nunney, L.Campbell, K. A. 1993 Assessing minimum viable population size: demography meets population geneticsTrends in Ecology and Evolution 8 234
    Oakleaf, J. K.Stark, D.Overy, P.Smith, N. 2004 Mexican Wolf Recovery: Technical Component of the Five-year Program Review and AssessmentUS Fish and Wildlife Service
    O’Brien, S. J.Evermann, J. F. 1988 Interactive influence of infectious disease and genetic diversity in natural populationsTrends in Ecology and Evolution 3 254
    O’Brien, J.McCracken, G. F.Say, L.Hayden, T. J. 2007 Rodrigues fruit bats (, Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) retain genetic diversity despite population declines and founder eventsConservation Genetics 8 1073
    O'Connor, R. J. 1986 Biological characteristics of invaders among bird species in BritainPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 314 583
    O’Connor, T. 2009 http://www.izea.net/education/Trends%20in%20Zoo%20and%20Aquarium%20Exhibit%20Interpretation.pdf
    Odum, W. E. 1982 Environmental degradation and the tyranny of small decisionsBioScience 32 728
    Office of National Statistics 2003
    Office for National Statistics 2009 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=6
    Ogden, J.Gentile, C.Revard, B. 2004
    Ogden, J.Routman, E.Vernon, C. 2004 10
    O’Grady, J. J.Brook, B. W.Reed, D. H. 2006 Realistic levels of inbreeding depression strongly affect extinction risk in wild populationsBiological Conservation 133 42
    O’Grady, J. J.Reed, D. H.Brook, B. W.Frankham, R. 2008 Extinction risk scales better to generations than yearsAnimal Conservation 11 442
    Oldfield, M. L. 1984 The Value of Conserving Genetic ResourcesWashington, D.CNational Park Service
    Oldfield, M. L.Alcorn, J. B. 1987 Conservation of traditional agroecosystemsBioScience 37 199
    Oliehoek, P. A. 2009 Genetic Conservation of Endangered Animal PopulationsWageningenWageningen Universiteit
    Ollason, R. J. 1993 Getting the message acrossJournal of the International Association of Zoo Educators 29 186
    Olson, D. M.Dinerstein, E. 1998 The Global 200: A representation approach to conserving the Earth's most biologically valuable ecoregionsConservation Biology 12 502
    Olson, D. M.Dinerstein, E. 2002 The Global 200: priority ecoregions for global conservationAnnals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 89 199
    Olson, D. M.Dinerstein, E.Wikramanayake, E. D. 2001 Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earthBioScience 51 933
    O’Regan, H. J.Kitchener, A. C. 2005 The effects of captivity on the morphology of captive, domesticated and feral mammalsMammal Review 35 215
    O’Riordan, T. 1981 EnvironmentalismLondonPion
    Ortego, J.Aparicio, J. M.Calabuig, G.Cordero, P. J. 2007 Risk of ectoparasitism and kestrel population genetic diversity in a wild lesser kestrel populationMolecular Ecology 16 3712
    Ounsted, M. L. 1991 Re-introducing birds: lessons to be learned for mammalsBeyond Captive Breeding: Reintroducing Endangered Mammals to the WildGipps, J. H. W.OxfordClarendon Press
    Paehlke, R.Torgerson, D. 1990 Managing Leviathan: Environmental Politics and the Administrative StatePeterborough, Ontario, CanadaBroadview Press
    Pagel, M.May, R. M.Collie, A. 1991 Ecological aspects of the geographic distribution and diversity of mammal speciesAmerican Naturalist 137 791
    Paine, R. T. 1966 Food web complexity and species diversityAmerican Naturalist 100 65
    Paine, R. T. 1974 Intertidal community structure: experimental studies on the relationship between a dominant competitor and its principal predatorOecologia (Berlin) 15 93
    Painter, M. 1988 Public management: fad or fallacyAustralian Journal of Public Administration 47 1
    Parmesan, C.Yohe, G. 2003 A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systemsNature 421 37
    Parrish, J. D.Braun, D. P.Unnasch, R. S 2003 Are we conserving what we say we are? Measuring ecological integrity within protected areasBioScience 53 851
    Paterson, S.Wilson, K.Pemberton, J. M. 1998 Major histocompatibility complex variation associated with juvenile survival and parasite resistance in a large unmanaged ungulate population ( L.)Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 3714
    Patrick, P. G.Mathews, C. E.Ayers, D. F.Tunnicliffe, S. D. 2007 Conservation and education: prominent themes in zoo mission statementsJournal of Environmental Education 38 53
    Patterson, B. R.Murray, D. L. 2008 Flawed population viability analysis can result in misleading population assessment: A case study for wolves in Algonquin Park, CanadaBiological Conservation 141 669
    Pedrono, M.Smith, L. L. 2003 Testudinae, land tortoisesThe Natural History of MadagascarGoodman, S. M.Benstead, J. P.ChicagoThe University of Chicago Press
    Pedrono, M.Smith, L. L.Clobert, J.Massot, M.Sarrazin, F. 2004 Wild-captive metapopulation viability analysisBiological Conservation 119 463
    Pérez-Buitrago, N.García, M. A.Sabat, A. 2008 Do headstart programs work? Survival and body condition in headstarted Mona Island iguanas Endangered Species Research 6 55
    Perkins, L. 1998 Conservation and management of orang-utans sspInternational Zoo Yearbook 36 109
    Perrow, M. R.Davy, A. J. 2002 Handbook of Ecological Restoration: Volume 1 Principles of RestorationCambridgeCambridge University Press
    Peterman, R. M.Walters, C. J.Hillborn, R. 1978 Systems analysis of Pacific salmon management problemsAdaptive Environmental Assessment and ManagementHolling, C. S.LondonWiley158
    Peters, R. H. 1983 The Ecological Implications of Body SizeCambridgeCambridge University Press
    Pickard, A. R.Holt, W. V. 2004 Fuller, B. J.Lane, N.Benson, E. E.393
    Pimm, S. L. 1987 The snake that ate GuamTrends in Ecology and Evolution 2 293
    Pimm, S. 2000 Against triage, the California condor – A saga of natural history and conservationScience 289 2289
    Pimm, S. L.Jones, H. L.Diamond, J. 1988 On the risk of extinctionAmerican Naturalist 132 757
    Pimm, S. L.Russell, G. J.Gittleman, J. L.Brooks, T. M. 1995 The future of biodiversityScience 269 347
    Pollak, J. P.Lacy, R. C.Ballou, J. D. 2002 PM2000 (PopulationManagement 2000)BrookfieldChicago Zoological Society
    Pong-Wong, R.Woolliams, J. A. 2007 Optimisation of contribution of candidate parents to maximise genetic gain and restricting inbreeding using semidefinite programmingGenetics Selection Evolution 39 3
    Poole, T. B. 1987 Environmental enrichment for captive vertebratesTopics in Wild Animal HusbandryColley, R.LondonABWAK23
    Poole, T. B. 1995 118
    Poole, T. B. 1998 Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive AnimalsShepherdson, D. J.Mellen, J. D.Hutchins, M.WashingtonSmithsonian Institution83
    Possingham, H. P.Davies, I. 1995 Alex – a model for the viability analysis of spatially structured populationsBiological Conservation 73 143
    Possingham, H. P.Andelman, S. J.Burgman, M. A.Medellín, R. A.Master, L. L.Keith, D. A. 2002 Limits to the use of threatened species listsTrends in Ecology & Evolution 11 503
    Poulsen, E. 1994 Think like a bird: A practical guide to enrichmentThe Shape of Enrichment 3 3
    Poulton, E. B 1904
    Prendergast, J.Quinn, R. M.Lawton, J. H.Eversham, B. C.Gibbons, D. W. 1993 Rare species, the coincidence of diversity hotspots and conservation strategiesNature 365 335
    Pressey, R. L.Nicholls, A. O. 1989 Efficiency in conservation evaluation: Scoring versus iterative approachesBiological Conservation 50 199
    Price, E. C.Feistner, A. T. C.Carroll, J. B.Young, J. A. 1989 Establishment of a free-ranging group of cotton-top tamarins at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation TrustDodo, Journal of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust 26 60
    Price, E. O. 1988 Behavior genetics and the process of animal domesticationGenetics and the Behavior of Domestic AnimalsGrandin, T.New YorkAcademic Press31
    Price, E. O. 1999 Behavioral development in animals undergoing domesticationApplied Animal Behaviour Science 65 245
    Prideaux, BCoghlan, A. 2006 Wildlife Tourism in TNQ: an Overview of Visitor Preferences for Wildlife ExperiencesCairnsJames Cook University, Tourism Research Report 3
    Proença, V. M.Pereira, H. M.Vicente, L. 2008 Organismal complexity is an indicator of species existence valueFrontiers in Ecology and Environment 6 298
    Purvis, A.Hector, A. 2000 Getting the measure of biodiversityNature 405 212
    Qian, H.Ricklefs, R. E. 2008 Global concordance in diversity patterns of vascular plants and terrestrial vertebratesEcology Letters 11 547
    Verzeichnis, Quantum 2009
    Rabb, G. B. 1994 The changing roles of zoological parks in conserving biological diversityAmerican Zoologist 34 159
    Rabin, L. A. 2003 Animal Welfare 12 85
    Rabinowitz, D. 1981 Seven forms of rarityThe Biological Aspects of Rare Plant ConservationSynge, H.ChichesterJohn Wiley & Sons205
    Rabinowitz, D.Cairns, S.Dillon, T. 1986 Seven forms of rarity and their frequency in the flora of the British IslesConservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and DiversitySoulé, M.ChichesterWiley182
    Radwan, J.Biedrzycka, A.Babik, W. 2010 Does reduced MHC diversity decrease viability of vertebrate populationsBiological Conservation 143 537
    Rahbek, C. 1993 Captive breeding – a useful tool in the preservation of biodiversityBiodiversity and Conservation 2 426
    Rajack, L.Waren, N. 1996 The modern zoo: how do people perceive animalsApplied Animal Behaviour Science 47 109
    Ralls, K.Ballou, J. 1983 Extinction: lessons from zoosGenetics and Conservation: a Reference for Managing Wild Animal and Plant PopulationsSchonewald-Cox, C. M.Chambers, S. M.MacBryde, B.Thomas, W. L.Menlo Park, CABenjamin/Cummings164
    Ralls, K.Ballou, J. D. 2004 Genetic status and management of California CondorsCondor 106 215
    Ralls, K.Ballou, J. D.Templeton, A. R. 1988 Estimates of lethal equivalents and the cost of inbreeding in mammalsConservation Biology 2 185
    Ralls, K.Ballou, J. D.Rideout, B. A.Frankham, R. 2000 Genetic management of chondrodystrophy in California condorsAnimal Conservation 3 145
    Raloff, J. 1989 Endangered species need more helpScience News 135 79
    Ranta, P.Blom, T.Niemela, JJoensuu, E.Siitonen, M. 1998 The fragmented Atlantic rain forest of Brazil: size, shape and distribution of forest fragmentsBiodiversity and Conservation 7 385
    Raphling, B.Serrell, B. 1993 Capturing affective learningCurrent Trends in Audience Research and Evaluation 7 57
    Raudsepp-Hearne, C.Peterson, G. D.Bennett, E. M. 2010 Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 5242
    Raup, D. M. 1986 Biological extinctions in earth historyNature 317 384
    Raup, D. M. 1992 Large-body impact and extinction in the Phanerozoic: an interpretationPaleobiology 18 80
    Raven, P. H. 1976 Ethics and attitudesConservation of Threatened PlantsSimmons, J. B.New YorkPlenum Press155
    Rawlins, R. G.Kessler, M. J. 1986 The Cayo Santiago MacaquesNew YorkSUNY Press
    Reade, L. S.Waran, N. K. 1996 The modern zoo: How do people perceive zoo animalsApplied Animal Behavior Science 47 109
    Reading, R. P.Clark, T. W. 1997 296
    Reading, R. P.Miller, B. J. 2007 Attitudes and attitude change among zoo visitorsZoos in the 21st Century. Catalysts for Conservation?Zimmerman, A.Hatchwell, M.Dickie, L.West, C.CambridgeCambridge University Press63
    Reagan, T. 1995 Are zoos morally defensibleEthics on the Ark: Zoos, Animal Welfare and Wildlife ConservationNorton, B. G.Hutchins, M.Stevens, E. F.Maple, T. L.Washington and LondonSmithsonian Institution Press
    2001
    Redford, K. H.Coppolillo, P.Sanderson, E. W. 2003 Mapping the conservation landscapeConservation Biology 17 116
    Redshaw, M.Mallinson, J. J. C. 1991 Stimulation of natural patterns of behaviour: Studies of golden lion tamarins and gorillasPrimate Responses to Environmental ChangeBox, H. O.LondonChapman and Hall217
    Reed, D. H.Frankham, R. 2001 How closely correlated are molecular and quantitative measures of genetic variation? A meta-analysisEvolution 55 1095
    Reed, D. H.Lowe, E. H.Briscoe, D. A.Frankham, R. 2003 Fitness and adaptation in a novel environment: Effect of inbreeding, prior environment, and lineageEvolution 57 1822
    Reed, D. H.Lowe, E.Briscoe, D. A.Frankham, R. 2003 Inbreeding and extinction: Effects of rate of inbreedingConservation Genetics 4 405
    Reed, D. H.O’Grady, J. J.Brook, B. W.Ballou, J. D.Frankham, R. 2003 Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimatesBiological Conservation 113 23
    Reed, J. M.Walters, J. R.Emigh, T. E.Seaman, D. E. 1993 6 283
    Rees, S. 1994 Economic rationalism: an ideology of exclusionAustralian Journal of Social Issues 29 171
    Rees, P. A. 2005 Will the EC Zoos Directive increase the conservation value of zoo researchOryx 39 128
    Rego, C.Rose, M. R.Matos, M. 2007 Do species converge during adaptation? A case study in Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 80 347
    Reid, W. V.Miller, K. R. 1989 Keeping Options Alive: The Scientific Basis for Conservation BiodiversityWashington DCWorld Resources Institute
    Reid, J. M.Arcese, P.Keller, L. F. 2003 Inbreeding depresses immune response in song sparrows (): direct and inter-generational effectsProceedings of the Royal Society, Series B 270 2151
    Restani, M.Marzluff, J. M. 2001 Avian conservation under the Endangered Species Act: expenditures versus recovery prioritiesConservation Biology 5 1292
    Restani, M.Marzluff, J. M. 2002 Funding extinction? Biological needs and political realities in the allocation of resources to endangered species recoveryBioScience 2 169
    Rhodes, R. 1996 Looking beyond managerialismAustralian Journal of Public Administration 55 106
    Ricciardi, A.Simberloff, D. 2009 Assisted colonization is not a viable conservation strategyTrends in Ecology and Evolution 24 248
    Richardson, D. M.Hellmann, J. J.Mclachlan, J. S. 2009 Multidimensional evaluation of managed relocationProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 9721
    Ricketts, T. H.Dinerstein, E.Boucher, T. 2005 Pinpointing and preventing imminent extinctionsProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 102 18497
    Richter, C. P. 1943 38
    Riney, T. 1982 Study and Management of Large MammalsChichesterWiley and Sons
    Ritchie, M. G.Hamill, R. M.Graves, J. A. 2007 Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20, 2048
    Roberge, J.-M.Angelstam, P. 2004 Usefulness of the umbrella species concept as a conservation toolConservation Biology 18 76
    Robinson, J. G. 2006 20
    Robinson, J. G.Conway, W. G. 1995 Babies and bathwaterZoo Biology 14 29
    Robinson, J. G.Redford, K. H. 1986 Intrinsic rate of natural increase in Neotropical forest mammals: relationship to phylogeny and dietOecologia (Berlin) 68 516
    Robinson, M. H. 1988 Education through BioparksBioScience 38 630
    Rodrigues, A. S. L.Andelman, S. J.Bakarr, M. I. 2004 Effectiveness of the global protected-area network in representing species diversityNature 428 640
    Rodrigues, A. S. L.Akçakaya, H. R.Andelman, S. J. 2004 Global gap analysis: priority regions for expanding the global protected-area networkBioScience 54 1092
    Rodríguez-Clark, K. MSánchez-Mercado, A 2006 Biological Conservation 129 134
    Rogers, L. 1988 Homing tendencies in large mammals – A reviewTranslocation of Wild AnimalsNielsen, L.Brown, R. D.Milwaukee, WI, & Kingsville, TXThe Wisconsin Humane Society, Inc. and the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute76
    Rolls, E. 1969 They All Ran WildLondonAngus and Robertson
    Romer, A. S. 1949 Time series and trends in animal evolutionGenetics, Paleontology and EvolutionJepson, G. L.Mayr, E.Simpson, G. G.PrincetonPrinceton University Press103
    Rosenweig, M. L. 1997 Species Diversity in Space and TimeCambridgeCambridge University Press
    Ross, S. R.Lukas, K. E. 2005 Zoo visitor behaviour at an African ape exhibitVisitor Studies Today 8 4
    Rothfels, N. 2002 Savages and Beasts: The Birth of the Modern ZooBaltimore, MarylandThe Johns Hopkins University Press
    RSPCA 2007 Evaluation of the effectiveness of zoos in meeting conservation and education objectivesThe Welfare State: Measuring animal welfare in the UK in 2006West Sussex, UKRoyal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals95
    Rudnick, J. A.Lacy, R. C. 2008 The impact of assumptions about founder relationships on the effectiveness of captive breeding strategiesConservation Genetics 9 1439
    Russon, A. E. 2009 Orangutan rehabilitation and reintroductionOrangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and ConservationWich, S. A.Utami, S. S.Mitra Setia, T.van Schaik, C. P.OxfordOxford University Press327
    Ruzzante, D. E. 1994 Domestication effects on aggressive and schooling behavior in fishAquaculture 120 1
    Ryder, O. A. 1986 Species conservation and systematics: the dilemma of subspeciesTrends in Ecology and Evolution 1 1
    Saccheri, I.Kuussaari, M.Kankare, M. 1998 Inbreeding and extinction in a butterfly metapopulationNature 392 491
    Sagvik, J.Uller, T.Olsson, M. 2005 Outbreeding depression in the common frog, Conservation Genetics 6 205
    Salafsky, N.Margoluis, R. 2003 What conservation can learn from other fields about monitoring and evaluationBioScience 53 120
    Samples, K. C.Dixon, J. A.Gowen, M. M. 1986 Information disclosure and endangered species valuationLand Economics 62 306
    Sánchez-Azofeifa, G. A.Quesada-Mateo, C.Gonzalez-Quesada, P.Dayanandan, S.Bawa, K. S. 1999 Protected areas and conservation of biodiversity in the tropicsConservation Biology 13 407
    Sanderson, E. W.Jaiteh, M.Levy, M. A. 2002 The human footprint and the last of the wildBioScience 52 891
    Sarrazin, F.Barbault, R. 1996 Reintroduction: challenges and lessons for basic ecologyTrends in Ecology and Evolution 11 474
    Saunders, D. A.Hobbs, R. J.Margules, C. R. 1991 Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: A reviewConservation Biology 5 18
    Saura, M.Perez-Figueroa, A.Fernandez, J.Toro, M. A.Caballero, A. 2008 Preserving population allele frequencies in ex situ conservation programsConservation Biology 22 1277
    Sax, D. F.Gaines, S. D. 2008 Species invasions and extinction: The future of native biodiversity on islandsProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 11490
    Sax, D. F.Smith, K. F.Thompson, A. R. 2009 Managed relocation: a nuanced evaluation is neededTrends in Ecology & Evolution 24 472
    Schauenberg, P. 1977 Longueur de l'intestin du chat forestier SchreberMammalia 41 357
    Schlaepfer, M. A.Helenbrook, W. D.Searing, K. B.Shoemaker, K. T. 2009 Assisted colonization: evaluating contrasting management actions (and values) in the face of uncertaintyTrends in Ecology & Evolution 24 471
    Schultz, C. B.Dzurisin, J. D.Russell, C. 2009 Captive rearing of Puget blue butterflies () and implications for conservationJournal of Insect Conservation 13 309
    Scobie, P. N. 1997 Single Population Analysis and Records Keeping System [SPARKS]. Software ManualApple Valley, MNInternational Species Information System (ISIS)
    Scott, P.Burton, J. A.Fitter, R. 1987 Red Data Books: the historical backgroundThe Road to ExtinctionFitter, R.Fitter, M.Gland, SwitzerlandIUCN1
    Scottish Agricultural College 2010 http://www.sac.ac.uk/consulting/services/fh/farmdiversification/database/novellivestock/ostrichfarming
    Seal, U. S. 1988 Intensive technology in the care of ex-situ populations of vanishing speciesBiodiversityWilson, E. O.Washington, DCNational Academy Press269
    Seal, U. S. 1991 Life after extinctionBeyond Captive Breeding: Reintroducing Endangered Mammals to the WildGipps, J. H. W.OxfordClarendon Press39
    Seal, U. S.Foose, T. J.Ellis, S. 1994 Conservation assessment and management plans (CAMPs) and global captive action plans (GCAPs)Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive AnimalsOlney, P. J. S.Mace, G. M.Feistner, A. T. C.LondonChapman and Hall312
    Seal, U. S.Thorne, E. T.Bogan, M. A.Anderson, S. H. 1989 Conservation Biology and The Black-Footed FerretYale University Press
    Sebag-Montefiore, H. 1993 48
    Secretary of State's Standards of Modern Zoo Practice 2004
    Seddon, P. J.Soorae, P. S.Launay, F. 2005 Taxonomic bias in reintroduction projectsAnimal Conservation 8 51
    Seddon, P. J.Armstrong, D. P.Maloney, R. F. 2007 Developing the science of reintroduction biologyConservation Biology 21 303
    Seddon, P. J.Armstrong, D. P.Soorae, P. 2009 The risks of assisted colonizationConservation Biology 23 788
    Seigel, R. A.Dodd, K. C. 2000 Manipulation of turtle populations for conservation: halfway technologies or viable optionsTurtle ConservationKlemens, M. W.Washington, DCSmithsonian Institution Press218
    Selye, H. 1974 Stress without DistressPhiladelphiaJ.B. Lippincott
    Sepkoski, J. J. Jr. 1989 Periodicity in extinction and the problem of catastrophism in the history of lifeJournal of Geological Society of London 146 7
    Serrell, B. 1988 The evolution of educational graphics in zoosEnvironment and Behavior 20 396
    Serrell, B. 1998 Paying Attention: Visitors and Museum ExhibitionsWashington, DCAmerican Association of Museums
    Seth, P. K.Seth, S. 1986 Else, J. G.Lee, P. C.89
    Shaffer, M. L. 1981 Minimum population sizes for species conservationBioscience 31 131
    Shaffer, M. L. 1987 Minimum viable populations: Coping with uncertaintyViable Populations for ConservationSoulé, M. E.CambridgeCambridge University Press69
    Shen, F. J.Zhang, Z. H.He, W. 2009 Microsatellite variability reveals the necessity for genetic input from wild giant pandas () into the captive populationMolecular Ecology 18 1061
    Shepherdson, D. 1988 24 45
    Shepherdson, D. 1989 Stereotypic behavior. What is it and how can it be eliminated or preventedRatel 16 100
    Shepherdson, D. 1994 The role of environmental enrichment in the captive breeding and reintroduction of endangered speciesCreative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive AnimalsOlney, P. J. S.Mace, G. M.Feistner, A. T. C.LondonChapman & Hall167
    Shepherdson, D.Brownback, T.Tinkler, D. 1990 Putting the wild back into zoos: enriching the zoo environmentApplied Animal Behaviour Science 28 300
    Sherley, G. H.Stringer, I. A. N.Parrish, G. R. 2010 Summary of Native Bat, Reptile, Amphibian and Terrestrial Invertebrate Translocations in New ZealandWellingtonDepartment of Conservation
    Short, J.Bradshaw, S. D.Giles, J.Prince, R. I. T.Wilson, G. R. 1992 Reintroduction of macropods (Marsupialia: Macropodoidea) in Australia – a reviewBiological Conservation 62 189
    Shropshire, T. 2000 http://atlanta.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2000/05/15/focus12.html
    Sibly, R. M.Monk, K. A.Johnson, I. K.Trout, R. C. 1990 Seasonal variation in gut morphology in wild rabbits ()Journal of Zoology 221 605
    Siddle, H. V.Kreiss, A.Eldridge, M. D. B. 2007 Transmission of a fatal clonal tumor by biting occurs due to depleted MHC diversity in a threatened carnivorous marsupialProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 16221
    Simberloff, D. 1986 Elliott, D. K.165
    Simberloff, D. 1992 Do species-area curves predict extinction in fragmented forestTropical Deforestation and Species ExtinctionWhitmore, T. C.Sayer, J. A.LondonChapman & Hall75
    Simberloff, D. 1998 Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones: is single-species management passé in the landscape era?Biological Conservation 83 247
    Simianer, H. 2005 Using expected allele number as objective function to design between and within breed conservation of farm animal biodiversityJournal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 122 177
    Simpson, G. G. 1951 The species conceptEvolution 5 285
    Sinclair, A. 1989 Public sector culture: managerialism or multiculturalismAustralian Journal of Public Administration 48 382
    Singer, P. 1995 Animal LiberationLondonPimlico
    Sites, J. W. Jr.Crandall, K. A. 1997 Testing species boundaries in biodiversity studiesConservation Biology 11 1289
    Smith, F. A.Lyons, S. K.Ernest, S. K. M. 2003 Body mass of late Quaternary mammalsEcology 84 3403
    Smith, G. 1993
    Smith, F. D. M.May, R. M.Pellew, R. 1993 Estimating extinction ratesNature 364 494
    Smith, L. 2009 Identifying behaviours to target during zoo visitsCurator 52 101
    Smith, L.Broad, S. 2008 Do zoo visitors attend to conservation messages? A case study of an elephant exhibitTourism Review International 11 225
    Smith, L.Broad, S.Weiler, B. 2008 A closer examination of the impact of zoo visits on visitor behaviourJournal of Sustainable Tourism 16 544
    Smith, L. L.Reid, D.Robert, B.Joby, M.Clément, S. 1999 Status and distribution of the angonoka tortoise () of western MadagascarBiological Conservation 91 23
    Smith, R. J.Walpole, M. J. 2005 Should conservationists pay more attention to corruptionOryx 39 251
    Smith, R. J.Muir, R. D. J.Walpole, M. J.Balmford, A.Leader-Williams, N. 2003 Governance and the loss of biodiversityNature 426 67
    Snyder, N. F. R.Snyder, H. 2000 The California Condor: A Saga of Natural History and ConservationPrincetonPrinceton University Press
    Snyder, N. F. R.Wiley, J. W.Kepler, C. B. 1987 The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural History and Conservation of the Puerto Rican ParrotLos AngelesThe Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology
    Snyder, N. F. R.Derrickson, S. R.Beissinger, S. R. 1996 Limitations of captive breeding in endangered species recoveryConservation Biology 10 338
    Sokal, R. R.Crovello, T. J. 1970 The biological species concept: a critical evaluationAmerican Naturalist 104 127
    Soorae, P. 2003 The IUCN/SSC Re-Introduction Specialist Group. Literature DatabaseAbu Dhabi, UAEIUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group
    Soulé, M. E. 1980 Thresholds for survival: Maintaining fitness and evolutionary potentialConservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological PerspectiveSoulé, M. E.Wilcox, B. A.Sunderland, MASinauer Associates151
    Soulé, M. E. 1985 What is conservation biologyBioScience 35 727
    Soulé, M. E.Wilcox, B. A. 1980 Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological PerspectiveSunderland, MASinauer Associates
    Soulé, M. E.Gilpin, M.Conway, W.Foose, T. 1986 The millenium ark: how long a voyage, how many staterooms, how many passengersZoo Biology 5 101
    Spielman, D.Brook, B. W.Frankham, R. 2004 Most species are not driven to extinction before genetic factors impact themProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 15261
    SSSMZP 2004 http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-pets/zoos/standards.htm
    Stacey, P. B.Taper, M. 1992 Environmental variation and the persistence of small populationsEcological Applications 2 18
    Stanley Price, M. R. 1989 Animal Re-introductions: The Arabian Oryx in OmanCambridgeCambridge University Press
    Stanley Price, M. R. 1991 A review of mammal re-introductions, and the role of the Re-introduction Specialist Group of IUCN/SSCBeyond Captive Breeding: Re-introducing Endangered Mammals to the WildGipps, J. H. W.OxfordClarendon Press9
    Stanley Price, M. R. 2005 Zoos as a force for conservation: a simple ambition – but howOryx 39 109
    Stanley Price, M. R.Fa, J. E. 2007 Reintroduction from zoos: guiding light or shooting starZoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation?Zimmerman, A.Hatchwell, M.Dickie, L.West, C.CambridgeCambridge University Press155
    Stanley Price, M. R.Maunder, M.Soorae, P. S. 2004 Ex situ support to the conservation of wild populations and habitats: lessons from zoos and opportunities for botanic gardensEx Situ Plant Conservation Supporting Species Survival in the WildGuerrant, E. O.Havens, K.Maunder, M.Washington, DCIsland Press
    Stattersfield, A. J.Crosby, M. J.Long, A. J.Wege, D. C. 1998 Endemic Bird Areas of the WorldCambridge, UKBirdLife International
    Sterling, E. J.Lee, J.Wood, T. 2007 Conservation education in zoos: an emphasis on behavioural changeZoos in the 21st Century. Catalysts for Conservation?Zimmerman, A.Hatchwell, M.Dickie, L.West, C.CambridgeCambridge University Press37
    Stevens, G. C. 1989 The latitudinal gradient in geographical range: how so many species coexist in the tropicsAmerican Naturalist 133 947
    Stevens, P. M. C.McAlister, E. 2003 Ethics in zoosInternational Zoo Yearbook 38 94
    Stinchcombe, J. R.Moyle, L. C.Hudgens, B. R. 2002 6 15http://www.consecd.org/vol6/iss2/art15
    Stoinski, T.Lukas, K.Maple, T. 1998 A survey of research in North American zoos and aquariumsZoo Biology 17 167
    Stoinski, T. S.Beck, B. B.Bloomsmith, M. A.Maple, T. L. 2003 A behavioral comparison of captive-born reintroduced golden lion tamarins and their wild-born offspringBehaviour 140 137
    Stoinski, T. S.Allen, M. T.Bloomsmith, M. A.Forthman, D. L.Maple, T. L. 2010 Educating zoo visitors about complex environmental issues: should we do it and howCurator: The Museum Journal 45 129
    Stork, N. E. 1988 Insect diversity: facts, fiction and speculationBiological Journal of the Linnean Society 35 321
    Storz, J. F.Beaumont, M. A.Alberts, S. C. 2002 Genetic evidence for long-term population decline in a savannah-dwelling primate: Inferences from a hierarchical Bayesian modelMolecular Biology and Evolution 19 1981
    Struhsaker, T. T.Siex, K. S. 1998 Translocation and introduction of the Zanzibar red colobus monkey: success and failure with an endangered island endemicOryx 32 277
    Strum, S. C.Southwick, C. H. 1986 Translocation of primatesPrimates, the Road to Self-Sustaining PopulationsBernischke, K.New YorkSpringer-Verlag949
    Stuart, S. N. 1991 Re-introductions: to what extent are they neededBeyond Captive Breeding: Reintroducing Endangered Mammals to the WildGipps, J. H. W.OxfordClarendon Press
    Surinova, M. 1971 An analysis of the popularity of animalsInternational Zoo Yearbook 11 165
    Sutherland, W. J. 2002 Conservation biology: science, sex and the kakapoNature 419 265
    Sutherland, W. J.Adams, W. M.Aronson, R. B. 2009 One hundred questions of importance to the conservation of global biological diversityConservation Biology 23 557
    Swarbrooke, J. 2001 Development and Management of Visitor AttractionsOxfordButterworth-Heinemann
    Swinnerton, K. J.Groombridge, J. J.Jones, C. G.Burn, R. W.Mungroo, Y. 2004 Inbreeding depression and founder diversity among captive and free-living populations of the endangered pink pigeon Animal Conservation 7 353
    Taberlet, P.Waits, L. P.Luikart, G 1999 Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14 321
    Taubes, G. 1992 A dubious battle to save the Kemps Ridley sea turtleScience 256 614
    Taylor, A. C.Sherwin, W. B.Wayne, R. K. 1994 Genetic-variation of microsatellite loci in a bottlenecked species – the northern hairy-nosed wombat Molecular Ecology 3 277
    Tear, T. H.Scott, J. M.Hayward, P. H.Griffith, B. 1993 Status and prospects for success of the endangered species act: a look at recovery plansScience 262 976
    Templeton, A. R. 1986 Coadaptation and outbreeding depressionConservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and DiversitySoulé, M. E.Sunderland, MASinnauer105
    Templeton, A. R. 1989 The meaning of species and speciation: a genetic perspectiveSpeciation and its ConsequencesOtte, D.Endler, J. A.Sunderland, MASinauer Associates3
    Templeton, A. R. 2002 The Speke's gazelle breeding program as an illustration of the importance of multilocus genetic diversity in conservation biology: Response to Kalinowskiet al. Conservation Biology 16 1151
    Templeton, A. R.Read, B. 1984 Factors eliminating inbreeding depression in a captive herd of Speke's gazelle ()Zoo Biology 3 177
    Templeton, A. R.Read, B. 1994 Loeschcke, V.Tomiuk, J.Jain, S. K.91
    Terborgh, J. 1974 Preservation of natural diversity: the problem of extinction prone speciesBioscience 24 715
    Terborgh, J. 1986 Keystone plant species in the tropical forestConservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and DiversitySoulé, M.Sunderland, MASinauer Associates330
    Terborgh, J.Winter, B. 1980 Some causes of extinctionConservation Biology, an Evolutionary-Ecological PerspectiveSunderland, MASinauer Associates119
    Terborgh, J.Robinson, S. K.Parker, III, T. A.Munn, C. A.Pierpont, N. 1990 Structure and organization of an Amazonian forest bird communityEcological Monographs 60 213
    Theberge, J. B.Theberge, M. T.Vucetich, J. A.Paquet, P. C. 2006 Pitfalls of applying adaptive management to a wolf population in Algonquin Provincial Park, OntarioEnvironmental Management 37 451
    Thibault, J.-C.Martin, J.-L.Penloup, A.Meyer, J.-Y. 2002 Understanding the decline and extinction of monarchs (Aves) in Polynesian IslandsBiological Conservation 108 161
    Thomas, R. K.Lorden, R. B. 1989 What is psychological well-being? Can we know if primates have itHousing, Care and Psychological Wellbeing of Captive and Laboratory PrimatesSegal, E. F.New JerseyNoyes Publications12
    Thomas, W. W.de Carvalho, A. M. 1993 Estudio fitossociologico de Serra Grande, Uruçuca, Bahia, BrasilXLIV Congresso Nacional de Botânica, São Luis, 24–30 de Janeiro de 1993, Resumos 1 224
    Thomas, C. D.Cameron, A.Green, R. E. 2004 Extinction risk from climate changeNature 427 146
    Thuiller, W.Araújo, M. B.Pearson, R. G.Whittaker, R. J.Brotons, L.Lavorel, S. 2004 Uncertainty in predictions of extinction riskNature 430 34
    Thuiller, W.Lavorel, S.Araújo, M. B.Sykes, M. T.Prentice, I. C. 2005 Climate change threats to plant diversity in EuropeProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 102 8245
    Thuiller, W.Broennimann, O.Hughes, G. O.Alkemade, J. R. M.Midgley, G. F.Corsi, F. 2006 Vulnerability of African mammals to anthropogenic climate change under conservative land transformation assumptionsGlobal Change Biology 12 424
    Tilson, R. 1995 In support of nature, the Minnesota Zoo's ‘Adopt-a-park’ programThe Ark Evolving: Zoos and Aquariums in TransitionWemmer, C.Washington, DCSmithsonian Institution190
    Townsend Peterson, A.Watson, D. M. 1998 Problems with areal definitions of endemism: the effects of spatial scalingDiversity and Distributions 4 189
    Traill, L. W.Bradshaw, C. J. A.Brook, B. W. 2007 Minimum viable population size: a meta-analysis of 30 years of published estimatesBiological Conservation 139 159
    Traill, L. W.Brook, B. W.Frankham, R. R.Bradshaw, C. J. A. 2010 Pragmatic population viability targets in a rapidly changing worldBiological Conservation 143 28
    Traylor-Holzer, K.Fritz, P. 1985 Utilization of space by adult and juvenile groups of captive chimpanzees ()Zoo Biology 4 115
    Traylor-Holzer, K.Ballou, J. D.Zhong, X.Zhihe, Z. 2008 Development of a self-sustaining, viable captive population of giant pandas. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Congress for Conservation BiologyConvention CenterChattanooga, TNhttp://www.allacademic.com/meta/p243840_index.html
    Treves, A.Naughton-Treves, L. 1997 Case study of a chimpanzee recovered from poachers and temporarily released with wild conspecificsPrimates 38 315
    Tribe, A. 2001 Captive Wildlife Tourism in AustraliaCooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism
    Tribe, A.Booth, R. 2003 Assessing the role of zoos in wildlife conservationHuman Dimensions of Wildlife 8 65
    Tudge, C. 1991 Last Animals at the Zoo: How Mass Extinction can be StoppedOxfordOxford University Press
    Tudge, C. 1995 Captive audiences for future conservationNew Scientist 145 51
    Tunnicliffe, S. D.Scheersoi, A. 2009 Engaging the interest of zoo visitors as a key to biological educationIZE Journal 45 18
    Turley, S. K. 2001 Children and the demand for recreational experiences: the case of zoosLeisure Studies 20 1
    Turner, I. M. 1996 Species loss in fragments of tropical rain forest: a review of the evidenceJournal of Applied Ecology 33 200
    Tutin, C. E. G.Ancrenaz, M.Paredes, J.Vacher-Vallas, M.Vidal, C.Goossens, B.Bruford, M. W.Jamart, A. 2001 The conservation biology framework of the release of wild-born orphaned chimpanzees into the Conkouati Reserve, CongoConservation Biology 15 1247
    Tymchuk, W. V.O’Reilly, P.Bittman, J.MacDonald, D.Schulte, P. 2010 Conservation genomics of Atlantic salmon: variation in gene expression between and within regions of the Bay of FundyMolecular Ecology 19 1842
    UFAW 1992 Guidelines for the Reintroduction of Captive Bred Mammals to the WildUniversities Federation for Animal Welfare, 8 Hamilton Close, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QDUK.
    UNEP WCMC 2011 http://www.biodiversitya-z.org
    US Census Bureau 2010 http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html
    Van Dierendonck, M.Wallis de Vries, M. F. 1996 Ungulate reintroductions: experiences with takhi or Przewalski horse () in MongoliaConservation Biology 10 728
    Van Diest, P. J.Holzel, H.Burnett, D.Crocker, J. 2001 Impactitis: new cures for an old diseaseJournal of Clinical Pathology 54 817
    Van Heezik, Y.Ostrowski, S. 2001 Conservation breeding for reintroductions: assessing survival in a captive flock of houbara bustardsAnimal Conservation 4 195
    Van Valen, L. 1973 A new evolutionary lawEvolutionary Theory 1 1
    Vane-Wright, R. I.Humphries, C. J.Williams, P. H. 1991 What to protect? – Systematics and the agony of choiceBiological Conservation 55 235
    Veasey, J. S.Waran, N. K.Young, R. J. 1996 On comparing the behaviour of zoo housed animals with wild conspecifics as a welfare indicatorAnimal Welfare 5 13
    Veitch, C. R. 1994 97
    Veltman, C. J.Nee, S.Crawley, M. J 1996 American Naturalist 147 542
    Verner Bradford, P.Blume, H. 1992 Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the ZooNew YorkSt. Martin's Press
    Vernesi, C.Bruford, M. W.Bertorelle, G. 2008 Where's the conservation in conservation geneticsConservation Biology 22 802
    Vickery, S.Mason, G 2003 Ursus 14 35
    Vié, J.-C.Hilton-Taylor, CStuart, S. N 2009
    Vigilant, L.Hofreiter, M.Siedel, H.Boesch, C. 2001 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98 12890
    Visscher, N. C.Snider, R.Vander Stoep, G. 2009 Comparative analysis of knowledge gain between interpretive and fact-only presentations at an animal training session: an exploratory studyZoo Biology 28 488
    Visser, M. E. 2008 Keeping up with a warming world; assessing the rate of adaptation to climate changeProceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275 649
    Vitt, P.Havens, K.Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2009 Assisted migration: part of an integrated conservation strategyTrends in Ecology & Evolution 24 473
    Wagner, K.Chessler, M.York, P.Raynor, J. 2009 Development and implementation of an evaluation strategy for measuring conservation outcomesZoo Biology 28 473
    Walker, S. 1992 Biodiversity and ecological redundancyConservation Biology 6 18
    Walker, S. 1995 Perspective on strategic planning, cooperation, and CBSG from a voluntary organization in IndiaZoo Biology 14 55
    Wallace, M. P 2000 Gosling, L. M.Sutherland, W. J.300
    Walpole, M. J.Morgan-Davies, M.Milledge, S.Bett, P.Leader-Williams, N. 2001 Population dynamics and future conservation of a free-ranging black rhinoceros () population in KenyaBiological Conservation 99 237
    Walsh, P. A.Abernethy, K. A.Bermejo, M. 2003 Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial AfricaNature 422 611
    Wang, J. L. 2004 Monitoring and managing genetic variation in group breeding populations without individual pedigreesConservation Genetics 5 813
    Waples, R. 2002 Definition and estimation of effective population size in the conservation of endangered speciesPopulation Viability AnalysisBeissinger, S. R.McCullough, D. R.ChicagoUniversity of Chicago Press147
    Ward, A. J. W.Thomas, P.Hart, P. J. B.Krause, J. 2004 Correlates of boldness in three-spined sticklebacks ()Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 55 561
    Ward, P. I.Mosberger, N.Kistler, C.Fischer, O. 1998 The relationship between popularity and body sizeConservation Biology 12 1408
    Washitani, I. 1996 Predicted genetic consequences of strong fertility selection due to pollinator loss in an isolated population of Conservation Biology 10 59
    Waugh, D. R.Wemmer, C. 1994 Training in zoo biology: two approaches to enhance the conservation role of zoos in the tropicsCreative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive AnimalsOlney, P. J. S.Mace, G. M.Feistner, A. T. C.LondonChapman & Hall
    WAZA 2005 Building a Future for Wildlife – The World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation StrategyBern, SwitzerlandWAZA Executive Office
    WAZA 2010 http://www.waza.org/en/site/conservation/waza-conservation-projects/overview
    WDPA 2010 http://www.wdpa.org/
    Webster, J. 1994 Animal Welfare: A Cool Eye towards EdenOxfordBlackwell Publications
    Wehnelt, S.Wilkinson, R. 2005 Research, conservation and zoos: the EC Zoos Directive – a response to ReesOryx 39 132
    Wiese, R. J 2000 Zoo Biology 19 299
    Wemmer, C.Derrickson, S. 1995 Collection planning and the modern zooZoo Biology 14 38
    Werribee Open Range Zoo 2010 http://www.zoo.org.au/Learning/Programs/Showcase/Conservation_Connections
    West, C.Dickie, L. A. 2007 Is there a conservation role for zoos in a natural world under fireZoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation?Zimmerman, A.Hatchwell, M.Dickie, L.West, C.CambridgeCambridge University Press3
    Westemeier, R. L.Brawn, J. D.Simpson, S. A. 1998 Tracking the long-term decline and recovery of an isolated populationScience 282 1695
    Westergaard, G. C.Izard, M. K.Drake, J. H.Suomi, S. J.Higley, J. D. 1999 Rhesus macaque () group formation and housing: Wounding and reproduction in a specific pathogen free (SPF) colonyAmerican Journal of Primatology 49 339
    Wharton, D. 2006 Miracle under fireState of the WildGuynup, S.Washington, DCIsland Press256
    Wharton, D. 2007 Research by zoosZoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation?Zimmerman, A.Hatchwell, M.Dickie, L.West, C.CambridgeCambridge University Press178
    Wharton, D 2008 Zoo Biology 27 498
    White, J. 1993 http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-zoo-lives-dr-jo-gipps-at-london-zoo-has-a-good-story-to-tell-of-profit-and-success-and-he-has-a-plan-jim-white-reports-1505285.html
    Whitehead, M. 1995 Saying it with genes, species and habitats: biodiversity education and the role of zoosBiodiversity and Conservation 4 664
    Wilcox, B. A. 1984 In situ conservation of genetic resources: determinants of minimum area requirementsNational Parks, Conservation and DevelopmentMcNeeley, A.Miller, K. R.Washington, DCSmithsonian Institute Press639
    Wildt, D. E.Rall, W. F.Crister, J. K.Monfort, S. L.Seal, U. S. 1997 Genome resource banks: ‘living collections’ for biodiversity conservationBioscience 47 689
    Wildt, D. E.Ellis, S.Janssen, D.Buff, J. 2003 Toward more effective science for conservationReproductive Science and Integrated ConservationHolt, W. V.Pickard, A. R.Rodger, J. C.Wildt, D. E.CambridgeCambridge University Press2
    Williams, G. 1998 Misleading, unscientific, and unjust: the United Kingdom's research assessment exerciseBritish Medical Journal 316 1079
    Williams, P.Gibbons, D.Margules, C. 1996 A comparison of richness hotspots, rarity hotspots, and complementary areas for conserving diversity of British birdsConservation Biology 10 155
    Williams, S. E.Hoffman, E. A. 2009 Minimizing genetic adaptation in captive breeding programs: a reviewBiological Conservation 142 2388
    Willis, K.Wiese, R. J. 1997 Elimination of inbreeding depression from captive populations: Speke's gazelle revisitedZoo Biology 16 9
    Wilson, A. C.Stanley Price, M. R. 1994 Reintroduction as a reason for captive breedingCreative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive AnimalsOlney, P. J. S.Mace, G. M.Feistner, A. T. C.LondonChapman and Hall243
    Wilson, E. O. 1988 BiodiversityWashington, DCNational Academy Press
    Wilson, E. O. 1989 Conservation: The next hundred yearsConservation for the Twenty-First CenturyWestern, D.Pearl, M.OxfordOxford University Press1
    Wilson, E. O. 1992 The Diversity of LifeCambridge, MABelknap Press of Harvard University Press
    Wilson, M. H.Kepler, C. B.Snyder, N. F. R. 1994 Puerto Rican parrots and potential limitations of the metapopulation approach to species conservationConservation Biology 8 114
    Wisely, S. M.Ososky, J. J.Buskirk, S. W. 2002 Morphological changes to black-footed ferrets () resulting from captivityCanadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne de Zoologie 80 1562
    Wisely, S. M.Santymire, R. M.Livieri, T. M. 2005 Environment influences morphology and development for in situ and ex situ populations of the black-footed ferret ()Animal Conservation 8 321
    Wisely, S. M.Santymire, R. M.Livieri, T. M.Mueting, S. A.Howard, J. 2008 Genotypic and phenotypic consequences of reintroduction history in the black-footed ferret ()Conservation Genetics 9 389
    Wolf, C. M.Griffith, B.Reed, C.Temple, S. A. 1996 Avian and mammalian translocations: update and reanalysis of 1987 survey dataConservation Biology 10 1142
    Wolf, C. M.Garland, T.Griffith, B. 1998 Predictors of avian and mammalian translocation success: reanalysis with phylogenetically independent contrastsBiological Conservation 86 243
    Wolf, K. N.Wildt, D. E.Vargas, A.Marinari, P. E.Ottinger, M. A.Howard, J. G. 2000 Reproductive inefficiency in male blackfooted ferrets ()Zoo Biology 19 517
    Woodford, M. HRossiter, P. B. 1994 Olney, P. J. S.Mace, G. M.Feistner, A. T. C.243
    Woodworth, L. M.Montgomery, M. E.Briscoe, D. A.Frankham, F. R. 2002 Rapid genetic deterioration in captive populations: causes and conservation implicationsConservation Genetics 3 277
    Woollard, S. P. 2001 Zoo education for a sustainable futureJournal of the International Association of Zoo Educators 37 http://www.izea.net
    WSPA and the Born Free Foundation 1994 The Zoo InquiryLondonWSPA and Born Free Foundation
    WWF, IUCN 1994 Centres of Plant DiversityGland, SwitzerlandWWF and IUCN
    Yaeger, C. P. 1997 Orangutan rehabilitation in Tanjung Putting National Park, IndonesiaConservation Biology 11 802
    Yajima, M. 1991 The insect ecological land at Tama ZooInternational Zoo Yearbook 30 7
    Young, R. P. 2008 A Biodiversity Assessment of the Centre Hills, MontserratDurrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, JerseyChannel Islands
    Young, R. P.Fa, J. E.Ogrodowczyk, A. 2006 The St Lucia whiptail lizard : a conservation dilemmaOryx 40 358
    Young, R. P.Toto Volahy, A.Bourou, R. 2008 Estimating the population of the Endangered flat-tailed tortoise in the deciduous, dry forest of western Madagascar: a monitoring baselineOryx 42 252
    Young, R. P.Toto Volahy, A.Bourou, R. 2008 A baseline estimate of population size for monitoring the Endangered Madagascar giant jumping rat Oryx 42 584
    ZAA 2010 http://www.zooaquarium.org.au/Conservation-Overview/default.aspx
    Zeyl, C.Mizesko, M.Arjan, J.de Visser, G. M. 2001 Mutational meltdown in laboratory yeast populationsEvolution 55 909
    Zimmerman, A.Wilkinson, R. 2007 The conservation mission in the wild: zoos as conservation NGOs? In Zoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for ConservationZimmerman, A.Hatchwell, M.Dickie, L. A.West, C.CambridgeCambridge University Press303
    Zoos Forum 2008 http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-pets/zoos/zf-handbook.htm
    Zoological Society of San Diego 2010 http://www.sandiegozoo.org/pressbox/annualreport/zoo_final_afs_2009.pdf

    Metrics

    Altmetric attention score

    Full text views

    Total number of HTML views: 0
    Total number of PDF views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    Book summary page views

    Total views: 0 *
    Loading metrics...

    * Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

    Usage data cannot currently be displayed.

    Accessibility standard: Unknown

    Why this information is here

    This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

    Accessibility Information

    Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.