Element contents
A Franciscan Tombstone in Fourteenth-Century China
A Global History
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 25 May 2026
Summary
This Element examines the tombstone for Andrew of Perugia (d. 1332?), the sole surviving object from the 14C Franciscan mission in China. The narrative begins in Zayton, where diverse groups brought to this maritime entrepot old antagonisms and new alliances. The discovery of Andrew's tombstone and that of other Christian monuments over the centuries, demonstrate how various Christian churches interacted with their host society from the eighth through the fourteenth centuries. Relying to the extent possible on words of the protagonists, this Element scrutinizes the Nestorian cross-and-lotus motif and questions prevailing interpretations about this quintessential Nestorian iconography and its presence on a Franciscan tombstone: the interreligious borrowing of art and symbolism, the mode through which ideas and traditions were transmitted, the function and purpose of adaptation, and the plausible contribution of local artisans to the creation of the earliest Christian art in China.
Information
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009711722Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 18 June 2026
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Anonymous, The Book of the Cave of Treasures, trans. Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge (London: The Religious Tract Society, 1927).Google Scholar
Diaz, Emmanuel D., Tang Jingjiao Beisong Zhengjuan 唐景教碑頌正鐫 [Authorized Impression of the Tang Nestorian Stele Inscriptions] (Shanghai: Cimutang, 1878), https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015082445431.Google Scholar
Golubovich, Girolamo, Biblioteca bio-bibliografica della Terra Santa e dell’Oriente francescano, 5 vols. (Florence: Collegio di S. Bonaventura and Quaracchi, 1906–27).Google Scholar
Jackson, Peter (trans. with introduction, notes and appendices), with David Morgan, The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2009).Google Scholar
Jinjiang Xianzhi Daoguangben 晉江縣志道光本 [Gazetteer of Jinjiang Prefecture, Daoguang Edition 1820–1850]. https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=801163.Google Scholar
Mackintosh-Smith, Tim, The Travels of Ibn Battutah, abridged from the translation of Hamilton Gibb and Charles Fraser Beckingham originally published by the Hakluyt Society, 1958–1988 (London: Picador, 2002).Google Scholar
Moule, Arthur C. and Pelliot, Paul, Marco Polo: The Description of the World (London: Routledge and Sons, 1938).Google Scholar
Kinoshita, Sharon (trans. with introduction and annotations), Polo, Marco : The Description of the World. (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2016).Google Scholar
Thackston, Wheeler Mcintosh (trans.), Rashiduddin Fazlullah’s Jamiu’t-Tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles): A History of the Mongols, Part 2 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 1999).Google Scholar
Wadding, Luke, Annales Minorum seu Trium Ordinum a S. Francisco Institutorum, 2nd ed. vols. iii, vi and vii (Rome: Typis Rochi Bernabò, 1732–33).Google Scholar
Chongxiu, Wanli Quanzhou Fuzhii 萬曆重修泉州府志 [Gazetteer of Quanzhou, Wanli Edition 1612], 4 vols. (Taipei: Xuesheng Shuju, 1987).Google Scholar
Wyngaert, van den, Anastasius, P., Sinica Franciscana, vol. 1 (Florence: Quaracchi, 1929).Google Scholar
Yuan Dian Zhang 元典章 [Statutes and Precedents of the Yuan Dynasty] https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=238647.Google Scholar
Zizhitongjian 資治通鑑 [The Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government] https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=930825.Google Scholar
Zhao, Rugua 趙汝适, Zhu Fan Zhi 諸蕃志 [Gazetteer of Foreign Countries] (Beiping: Wendiange Shuzhuang, 1935).Google Scholar
Zhishun Jenjiangzhi 至順鎮江志 俞希魯編彙 [Gazetteer of Zhenjiang, Compiled by Yu Xilu in 1333], (Nanjing: Jiangsu Guji chubanshe, 1999).Google Scholar
Secondary Sources
Arnaïz, Grégoire, “Relation sur les croix anciennes trouvées dans la ville de Tsiuen-tcheou,” Le Bulletin catholique de Pékin 14 (1927), 65–71.Google Scholar
Arnold, John H. and Goodson, Caroline, “Resounding Community: The History and Meaning of Medieval Church Bells,” Viator 43/1 (2012), 99–130.10.1484/J.VIATOR.1.102544CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, Lauren, Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures: The Franciscan Mission to China and Its Influence on the Art of the West, 1250–1350 (San Francisco: Desiderata Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Baum, Wilhelm and Winkler, Dietmar W., The Church of the East: A Concise History (London: Routledge Curzon, 2000).Google Scholar
Benjamin, Craig and Lieu, Samuel N. C. (eds.), Walls and Frontiers in Inner-Asia History. Silk Road Studies VI (Turnhout: Brepols, 2002).Google Scholar
Boyd, Susan A., “Art in the Service of the Liturgy: Byzantine Silver Plate,” in Safran, Linda (ed.), Heaven on Earth: Art and the Church in Byzantium (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), 161–85.Google Scholar
Brock, Sebastian P., “The Nestorian Church: A Lamentable Misnomer,” Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 78/3 (1996), 23–35.10.7227/BJRL.78.3.3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brugnoli, Giorgio, “Andrea da Perugia,” in Santini, Carlo (ed.), Andrea da Perugia: Atti del Convegno (Perugia, 19 September, 1992) (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 5–15.Google Scholar
Bryda, Gregory C., The Trees of the Cross: Wood as Subject and Medium in the Art of Late Medieval Germany (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2023).Google Scholar
Yongzhe 蔡永哲, Cai and Feng 汪峰, Wang, “Baiqi huizuxiang hunzangxisu de yixiesikao 百岐回族鄉婚葬習俗的一些思考 [Thoughts on the Marriage and Funeral Customs of the Baiqi Muslims,]” in Chen, Guoqiang 陳國強 and Qingfa, Chen 陳清發 (eds.), Baiqi Huizu Yanjiu 百岐回族研究 [Studies on Baiqi Muslims] (Xiamen: Xiamen University Press, 1993), 230–6.Google Scholar
Caramello, Eva and Schmitz-Esser, Romedio, “From Genoa to Yangzhou? Funerary Monuments for Europeans in Yuan China and their Paleographic Analysis,” Medieval Worlds 16 (2022), 210–28.Google Scholar
Chaffee, John W., “Diasporic Identities in the Historical Development of the Maritime Muslim Communities of Song-Yuan China,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49/4 (2006), 395–420.10.1163/156852006779048408CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaffee, John W. and Twitchett, Denis (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. v (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaffee, John W., The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China: The History of Maritime Asian Trade Diaspora, 750–1400 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).10.1017/9780511998492CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chuicheng 陳垂成, Chen and Shengli 林勝利, Lin, Quanzhou Jiucheng Pujing Jilue 泉州舊城舖境稽略 [Brief Account on Quanzhou’s Historic Blocks and Deities] (Quanzhou: Liyuqu Difangzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui and Quanzhou Shiqu Daojiaowenhua Yanjiuhui, 1990).Google Scholar
Chen, Dasheng 陳達生, Quanzhou Yisilanjiao Shike 泉州伊斯蘭教石刻 [Islamic Inscriptions in Quanzhou] (Fujian: Ningxia People’s Publishing House and Fujian People’s Publishing House, 1984).Google Scholar
Chen, Dasheng, “Lun Fanfang 論蕃坊 [On Foreigner’s Ward]” Haijiaoshi Yanjiu 海交史研究 [Research on the History of Maritime Communication] (1988/2), 67–74.Google Scholar
Chen, Guoqiang 陳國強 and Qingfa 陳清發, Chen (eds.), Baiqi Huizu Yanjiu 百岐回族研究 [Studies on Baiqi Muslims] (Xiamen: Xiamen University Press, 1993).Google Scholar
Chen, Huaiyu, “The Encounter of Nestorian Christianity with Tantric Buddhism in Medieval China,” in Winkler, Dietmar W. and Tang, Li (eds.), Hidden Treasures and Intercultural Encounters: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2009), 195–213.Google Scholar
Peng 陳鵬, Chen, Cangsang, Zhongshanlu 中山路滄桑 [Vicissitudes of Zhongshan Road]. Unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Yuan 陳垣, Chen, Yuan Yelikewen Kao 元也里可溫考 [On the Yelikewens of the Yuan Dynasty] (Beijing: Commercial Press, 1925).Google Scholar
Clark, Hugh R., “The Politics of Trade and the Establishment of the Quanzhou Trade Superintendency,” in China and the Maritime Silk Route, UNESCO Quanzhou International Seminar on China and the Maritime Silk Route, compiled by Quanzhou International Seminar on China and the Maritime Routes of the Silk Roads Organization Committee (Fuzhou: Fujian People’s Publishing House, 1991), 375–94.Google Scholar
Constable, Olivia Remie, “Reconsidering the Origin of the Funduq,” Studia Islamica 92 (2001), 195–6.Google Scholar
Constable, Olivia Remie, “Regulating Religious Noise: The Council of Vienne, the Mosque Call and Muslim Pilgrimage in the Late Medieval Mediterranean World,” Medieval Encounters 16 (2010), 64–95.10.1163/138078510X12535199002677CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constable, Olivia Remie, “Ringing Bells in Hafsid Tunis? Religious Concessions to Christian Fondacos in the Later Thirteenth Century,” in Margariti, Roxani, Sabra, Adam, and Sijpesteijin, Petra (eds.), Histories of the Middle East: Studies in Middle Eastern Society, Economy, and Law in Honor of A. L. Udovitch (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 53–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Donal and Robson, Janet, The Making of Assisi: The Pope, the Franciscans, and the Painting of the Basilica (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013).Google Scholar
Corradini, Piero, “Italiani in Cina al tempo di Andrea da Perugia,” in Santini, Carlo (ed.), Andrea da Perugia. Atti del Convegno (Perugia, 19 September, 1992) (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 37–8.Google Scholar
De Gruttola, Raissa, “From ‘Franciscans in China’ to ‘Chinese Franciscans’: Franciscan Missionaries and Chinese Assistants, Priests, and Bible Translators,” Religions 16 (2025), 1–30.10.3390/rel16020263CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Del Negro, Sasha, “La diffusion de l’islam en Chine sous l’empire mongol. La profonde transformation de la presence islamique en Chine aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles à la lumière du Divisement du monde de Marco Polo, des Voyages d’Ibn Battûta, du Jami al-Tawarikh de Rashid al-Din et de trois mosques chinoises,” Sciences de l’Homme et Société (2024), n.p., https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-04911957v1 (last accessed July 3, 2025).Google Scholar
d’Elia, Pasquale, Zhongguo tianzhujiao chuanjiaoshi 中國天主教傳教史 [The History of Catholic Missions in China] (Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1934).Google Scholar
DeWeese, Devin, Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994).Google Scholar
Yuling 丁毓玲, Ding (ed.), A Collection of Religious Stone Inscriptions in Quanzhou Maritime Museum (Beijing: Haiyang chubanshe, 2020).Google Scholar
Yuling, Ding and Lin, Han 林瀚, Zhanghai Shengzhong: Fujian yu Bosi Alabuo 漲海聲中: 福建與波斯 阿拉伯 [The Sound of the Swelling Sea: Fujian, Persia, and Arabia] (Fuzhou: Fujian Jiaoyu chubanshe, 2023).Google Scholar
Eccles, Lance and Lieu, Samuel, “Inscriptions in Latin, Chinese, Uighur and Phagspa,” in Samuel., L., Lance, E., Franzmann, M., Gardner, I. and Parry, K. (eds.), Medieval Christian and Manichaean Remains from Quanzhou (Zayton) (Turnhout: Brepols, 2012), 129–49.Google Scholar
Eccles, Lance and Lieu, Samuel N. C., “Inscriptions in Syro-Turkic from Quanzhou (I) Epigraphical and Historical Background,” in Samuel, L., Lance, E., Franzmann, M., Gardner, I. and Perry, K. (eds.), Medieval Christian and Manichaean Remains from Quanzhou (Zayton) (Turnhout: Brepols, 2012), 151–69.Google Scholar
Eccles, Lance and Lieu, Samuel, “Stele on the Diffusion of the Luminous Religion of Da Qin (Rome) in the Middle Kingdom,” www.mq.edu.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0007/55987/Xian-Nestorian-Monument-27–07–2016.pdf.Google Scholar
Ecke, Gustav and Demiéville, Paul, The Twin Pagodas of Zayton (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935).Google Scholar
Evans, Helen (ed.), Armenia: Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages (New York: Yale University Press, 2018).Google Scholar
Evans, Helen, “Armenians and their Middle Age,” in Evans, Helen (ed.), Armenia. Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages (New York: Yale University Press, 2018), 28–79.Google Scholar
Evans, Helen, “Armenians Expand West: The Kingdom of Cilicia,” in Evans, Helen (ed.), Armenia. Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages (New York: Yale University Press, 2018), 128–69.Google Scholar
Foster, John, “Christian Art in Fourteenth-century China,” International Review of Missions 51/ 204 (October 1962), 430–8.10.1111/j.1758-6631.1962.tb03552.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, John, “Crosses from the Walls of Zaitun,” The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1/2 (April 1954), 1–25.Google Scholar
Franke, Herbert and Twitchett, Denis (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. vi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).10.1017/CHOL9780521243315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franzmann, Majella and Lieu, Samuel, “Nestorian Inscriptions in Syro-Turkic from Quanzhou (II) Texts and Translations,” in Samuel, L., Eccles, L., Franzmann, M, Gardner, I. and Parry, K. (eds.), Medieval Christian and Manichaean Remains from Quanzhou (Zayton) (Turnhout: Brepols, 2012), 171–214.Google Scholar
Gadrat, Christine, “De Statu, Conditione ac Regimine Magni Canis. L’original Latin du ‘Livre de l’estat du Grant Caan’ et la Question de l’Auteur,” Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes 165 (2007), 355–71.Google Scholar
Galichian, Rouben, “A Medieval Armenian T-O Map,” Imago Mundi 60/1 (2008), 86–92.10.1080/03085690701669343CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garceau, Michelle E., “’I call the People’: Church Bells in Fourteenth-Century Catalunya,” Journal of Medieval History 37 (2011), 197–214.10.1016/j.jmedhist.2011.02.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, Iain, “The Medieval Christian Remains from Zayton: A Select Catalogue,” in Gardner, Iain, Lieu, Samuel, and Parry, Ken (eds.), From Palmyra to Zayton: Epigraphy and Iconography, Silk Road Studies X (Turnhout: Brepols, 2005), 215–28.10.1484/M.SRS-EB.5.112518CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, Iain, Lieu, Samuel and Parry, Ken, “Catalogue of Christian and Manichaean Remains from Zayton (Quanzhou, China),” in Lieu, Samuel N. C., Eccles, Lance, Franzmann, Majella, Gardner, Iain, and Parry, Ken (eds.), Medieval Christian and Manichaean Remains from Quanzhou (Zayton), Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum, Series Archaeologica et Iconographica, II (Turnhout: Brepols, 2012), 83–128.Google Scholar
Gardner, Iain, Lieu, Samuel and Parry, Ken (eds.), From Palmyra to Zayton: Epigraphy and Iconography, Silk Road Studies X (Turnhout: Brepols, 2005).10.1484/M.SRS-EB.5.112518CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garms, Jörg, Juffinger, Roswitha and Ward-Perkins, Bryan (eds.), Die mittelalterlichen Grabmäler in Rom und Latium vom 13. bis zum 15. Jahrhundert (Rome and Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1981).Google Scholar
Chengyong 葛承雍, Ge (ed.), Jingjiao Yizhen. Luoyangxinchu tangdai jingjiaojingchuang yanji 景教遺珍.洛陽新出唐代景教經幢研究 [Precious Nestorian Relics: Studies on the Nestorian Stone Pillar of the Tang Dynasty Recently Discovered in Luoyang] (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 2009).Google Scholar
Chengyong 葛承雍, Ge, “Xi’an Luoyang tangliangjing chutu jingjiaoshike beijiao yanjiu 西安洛陽唐兩京出土景教石刻比較研究 [A Comparative Study of the Two Nestorian Stone Carvings from Xi’an and Luoyang, the Two Tang-Dynasty Capitals],” in Ge, Chengyong 葛承雍 (ed.), Jingjiao Yizhen: Luoyangxinchu tangdai jingjiaojingchuang yanji 景教遺珍.洛陽新出唐代景教經幢研究 [Precious Nestorian Relics. Studies on the Nestorian Stone Pillar of the Tang Dynasty Recently Discovered in Luoyang] (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 2009), 122–33.Google Scholar
Jianting 耿鑒庭, Geng, “Yangzhouchenggenlie de yuandai ladingwen mubei 揚州城根裡的元代拉丁文墓碑 [The Yuan-dynasty Latin-inscribed Tombstone from under the Walls of Yangzhou],” Kaogu 考古 [Archaeology] (1963/8), 449–51.Google Scholar
Ghisalberti, Alberto Maria (ed.), Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. III (Rome: Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana, 1961).Google Scholar
Godwin, R. Todd, “Da Qin, Tajiks, and their Doctors: East Syrian Scientists across the Courts of Early Medieval Persia, China and Tibet,” in Tang, Li and Winkler, Dietmar W. (eds.), Artifact, Text, Context. Studies on Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (Zurich: LIT Verlag, 2020), 43–59.Google Scholar
Golas, Peter J., “The Sung Fiscal Administration,” in Chaffee, John W. and Twitchett, Denis (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. v (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 139–213.10.1017/CHO9781139193061.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gombrich, Ernst, The Sense of Order: A Study in the Psychology of Decorative Art (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979).Google Scholar
Goshgarian, Rachel, “Greater Armenia and the Medieval World,” in Evans, Helen (ed.), Armenia: Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages (New York: Yale University Press, 2018), 81–9.Google Scholar
Gottheil, Richard, “An Answer to the Dhimmis,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 41 (1921), 383–457.10.2307/593747CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grabar, André, Ampoulles des Terre Sainte (Paris: Librarie C.Klincksieck, 1958)Google Scholar
Guy, John, “Quanzhou: Cosmopolitan City of Faiths,” in Watt, James C. Y. (ed.), The World of Khubilai Khan. Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press, 2010), 158–78.Google Scholar
Guy, John, “Tamil Merchant Guilds and the Quanzhou Trade,” in Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.), The Emporium of The World. Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400 (Leiden: Brill, 2001), 283–308.Google Scholar
Habig, Marion A., “Marignolli and the Decline of Medieval Missions in China,” Franciscan Studies, 5/1 (1945), 21–36.Google Scholar
Hage, Wolfgang, “Crosses with Epigraphs in Medieval Central and East Asian Christianity,” The Harp 8/9 (1995–96), 375–82.Google Scholar
Hambis, Louis, “Les Cimetières de la region de Zaiton,” Comptes rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 104 (1960), 213–21.Google Scholar
Harrist, Jr., Robert, E., The Landscape of Words. Stone Inscriptions from Early and Medieval China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008).Google Scholar
Hatfield, Rab, “The Tree of Life and the Holy Cross. Franciscan Spirituality in the Trecento and the Quattrocento,” in Verdon, Timothy and Henderson, John (eds.), Christianity and the Renaissance: Image and Religious Imagination in the Quattrocento (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1990), 132–160.Google Scholar
Hautala, Roman, “The Franciscan Letters from the Golden Horde: Evidence of the Latin Sources Against the Thesis of the Total Nomadic Islamization in the Early Reign of Uzbek Khan (1312/13–1342),” in Spinei, Victor (ed.), Missionaries and Eurasian Nomads in the 13th–14th Centuries: A Century of Interaction (Bucharest: Academiei Romane, 2017), 153–75.Google Scholar
Hautala, Roman, “Catholic Missionaries in the Golden Horde,” in Spinei, Victor (ed.), Missionaries and Eurasian Nomads in the 13th–14th Centuries: A Century of Interaction. (Bucharest: Academiei Romane, 2017), 213–43.Google Scholar
Hautala, Roman, “Catholic Missions in Golden Horde Territory,” in Cristea, Ovidiu and Pilat, Liviu (eds.), From Pax Mongolica to Pax Ottomanica: War, Religion, and Trade in the Northwestern Black Sea Region (14th–16th Centuries) (Leiden: Brill, 2020), 39–65.10.1163/9789004422445_004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haw, Stephen G., “The Persian Language in Yuan-Dynasty China: A Reappraisal,” East Asian History 39 (2014), 5–32.Google Scholar
Hirth, Friedrich and Rockhill, William W., Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-Fan-Chi (Amsterdam: Oriental Press, 1966).Google Scholar
Hunter, Erica C. D., “Veneration of the Cross in the East Syrian Tradition,” ARAM 32/1–2 (2020), 309–24.Google Scholar
Ilko, Krisztina, “Yangzhou, 1342: Caterina Vilioni’s Passport to the Afterlife,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 2 (2024), 3–38.10.1017/S0080440124000136CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Peter, The Mongols and the West, 1221–1410 (Abingdon: Routledge, 2018).10.4324/9781351182843CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wei 靖偉, Jing, “Tangzhi yuandai jingjiao shengxianghua yanbian yanjiu 唐至元代景教聖像畫演變研究 [Research on the Evolution of Nestorian Painted Deities from Tang to Yuan Dynasty],” Beifang Minzu Kaogu 北方民族考古 [Archaeology of Northern Tribes] 14 (2023), 199–219.Google Scholar
Keevak, Michael, The Story of a Stele: China’s Nestorian Monument and its Reception in the West, 1625–1916 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008).10.5790/hongkong/9789622098954.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, Walter, “Zur Epigraphik der Stadt Rom in späteren Mittelalter,” in Garms, Jörg, Juffinger, Roswitha, and Ward-Perkins, Bryan (eds.), Die mittelalterlichen Grabmäler in Rom und Latium vom 13. bis zum 15. Jahrhundert (Rome: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1981), 25–40.Google Scholar
Kominko, Maja, “Byzantine, Syriac, Armenian and Latin – A Note on an Artistic Dialogue in Eastern Mediterranean Medieval Illustrated Manuscripts,” Eastern Christian Art 8 (2011), 59–70.Google Scholar
Kung, Tienmin, Christianity in the Tang Dynasty (Hong Kong: The Council on Christian Literature, 1960).Google Scholar
Lanciotti, Lionello, “Andrea da Perugia, Vescovo di Ch’uan-chou (Zayton),” Cina (1959/5), 93–8.Google Scholar
Jing-Rong, Li, Research on the Iconography of the Christian Tombstones from Quanzhou in Yuan Dynasty. PhD Dissertation: Fujian Normal University, 2013.Google Scholar
Shuangyiu 李雙幼, Li, “A Study about the Protestant Church in South Fukien in Modern Times,” M.A. Thesis: Fujian Normal University, 2006.Google Scholar
Liao, Dake 廖大珂, “Tan Quanzhou ‘Fanfang’ jiqi yiuguan wenti 談泉州’蕃坊’及其有關問題 [On Quanzhou’s ‘Foreigner’s Ward’ and Attendant Issues],” Haijiaoshi Yanjiu 海交史研究 [Research on the History of Maritime Communication] (1987/2), 78–84.Google Scholar
Lic, Agnieszka, “The Beribboned Cross in Christian Art of the Early Islamic Period in Iraq and the Gulf,” Bulletin d’Études orientales 68 (2020–21) (Beyrouth: Presses de l’Ifpo, 2023), 291–304.Google Scholar
Lieu, Samuel, “Nestorian Angels from Central Asia and Other Christian and Manichaean Remains at Zaitun (Quanzhou) on the South China Coast,” in Benjamin, Craig and Lieu, Samuel N. C. (eds.), Walls and Frontiers in Inner-Asian History, Silk Road Studies vi (Turnhout: Brepols, 2002), 1–17.Google Scholar
Lieu, Samuel, “Quanzhou 泉州 (Zayton),” in Samuel, L., Eccles, L., Franzmann, M., Gardner, I. and Parry, K. (eds.), Medieval Christian and Manichaean Remains from Quanzhou (Zayton) (Turnhout: Brepols, 2012), 1–12.Google Scholar
Lieu, Samuel, “Wu Wenliang 吳文良 and the Discovery of Christian and Manichaean Remains in Quanzhou,” in Samuel, L., Eccles, L., Franzmann, M., Gardner, I. and Parry, K. (eds.), Medieval Christian and Manichaean Remains from Quanzhou (Zayton) (Turnhout: Brepols, 2012), 13–17.Google Scholar
Lieu, Samuel N. C., Eccles, Lance, Franzmann, Majella, Iain, Gardner, and Parry, Ken (eds.) Medieval Christian and Manichaean Remains from Quanzhou (Zayton). Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum, Series Archaeologica et Iconographica ii (Turnhout: Brepols, 2012).Google Scholar
Lloyd, Joan Barclays, The Medieval Church and Canonry of S. Clemente in Rome (Rome: San Clemente, 1989).Google Scholar
Lopez, Roberto Sebatino, “Nuovo Luci sugli Italiani in Estremo Oriente prima di Colombo,” Studi Colombiani 3 (1951), 337–98.Google Scholar
Luber, Diana, “Chalice for the Nestorian Church Decorated with Crosses and Birds,” Objects in Focus: Figural Buffware Ceramics from 10th Century Nishapur (London: Sam Fogg, 2022), n.p.Google Scholar
Zhao 羅炤, Luo, “Luoyang xinchutu ‘Daqinjingjiao xuanyuanzhibenjing ji chuangji’ shichuangde jigewenti 洛陽新出土大秦景教宣元至本經及幢記石幢的幾個問題 [A Few Questions about the Newly Discovered Luoyang Stone Pillar Inscribed with Nestorian Inscriptions],” in Chengyong, Ge 葛承雍 (ed.), Jingjiao Yizhen. Luoyangxinchu tangdai jingjiaojingchuang yanji 景教遺珍.洛陽新出唐代景教經幢研究 [Precious Nestorian Relics. Studies on the Nestorian Stone Pillar of the Tang Dynasty Recently Discovered in Luoyang] (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 2009), 34–59.Google Scholar
Luoyang City Second Archaeology Team, “Luoyang jingjiaoshjingchuang chutudi de diaocha 洛陽景教石經幢出土地的調查 [Investigating the Location where the Luoyang Nestorian Stone Pillar Was Discovered],” in Ge, Chengyong 葛承雍 (ed.), Jingjiao Yizhen. Luoyangxinchu tangdai jingjiaojingchuang yanji 景教遺珍.洛陽新出唐代景教經幢研究 [Precious Nestorian Relics: Studies on the Nestorian Stone Pillar of the Tang Dynasty Recently Discovered in Luoyang] (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 2009), 165–171.Google Scholar
Minov, Sergey, “Date and Provenance of the Syriac Cave of Treasures: A Reappraisal,” Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 20/1 (2017), 129–229.Google Scholar
Moss, Michael, Rankin, Moira and Richmond, , Lesley (compilers), Who, Where, and When: The History and Constitution of the University of Glasgow (Glasgow: University of Glasgow Press, 2001).Google Scholar
Mote, Frederick W., “Chinese Society under Mongol Rule, 1215–1368,” in Franke, Herbert and Twitchett, Denis (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. vi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 616–64.Google Scholar
Moule, Arthur C., “Documents Relating to the Mission of the Minor Friars to China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries,” The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (July 1914), 533–99.10.1017/S0035869X00047006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moule, Arthur C., “The Minor Friars in China,” The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (January 1921), 83–115.10.1017/S0035869X00062912CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moule, Arthur C., Christians in China before the Year 1550 (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1930; reprinted, Taipei: Cheng Wen Publishing, 1972).Google Scholar
Nicolini-Zani, Matteo, “The Tang Christian Pillar from Luoyang and its Jingjiao Inscription: A Preliminary Study,” Monumenta Serica 57 (2009), 99–140.10.1179/mon.2009.57.1.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niu, Ruji, “A Comparative Study on the Nestorian Inscriptions from Semirechie, Inner Mongolia and Quanzhou,” in Winkler, Dietmar W. and Li, Li Tang (eds.), Hidden Treasures and Intercultural Encounters: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2009), 101–34.Google Scholar
Ruji 牛汝極, Niu, “Cong Chutubeiming Kan Quanzhou He Yangzhou de Jingjiao Laiyuan 從出土碑銘看泉州和揚州的景教來源 [Considering the Origins of Quanzhou’s and Yangzhou’s Nestorians from the Excavated Tomb Epigraphy],” Shijie Zongjiao Yanjiu 世界宗教研究 [Research on World Religions] (2003/2), 73–9.Google Scholar
Niu, Ruji, “Nestorian Grave Inscriptions from Quanzhou (Zayton), China,” Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 5 (2005), 51–67.Google Scholar
Palmer, Martin, The Jesus Sutras: Rediscovering the Lost Scrolls of Taoist Christianity (New York: Ballantine, 2001).Google Scholar
Parry, Ken, “The Art of the Christian Remains at Quanzhou,” in Lieu, Samuel N. C., Eccles, Lance, Franzmann, Majella, Gardner, Iain, and Parry, Ken (eds.), Medieval Christian and Manichaean Remains from Quanzhou (Zayton), Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum, Series Archaeologica et Iconographica ii (Turnhout: Brepols, 2012), 243–62.Google Scholar
Parry, Ken, “The Iconography of the Christian Tombstones from Zayton,” in Gardner, Iain, Lieu, Samuel, and Parry, Ken (eds.), From Palmyra to Zayton: Epigraphy and Iconography, Silk Road Studies x (Turnhout: Brepols, 2005), 229–46.Google Scholar
Parry, Ken, “Angels and Apsaras: Christian Tombstones from Quanzhou,” TAASA Review: The Journal of the Asian Arts Society of Australia 12/2 (2003), 4–5.Google Scholar
Parry, Ken, “Images in the Church of the East: The Evidence from Central Asia and China,” Bulletin of the John Rylands Library of the University of Manchester 78/3 (1996), 143–62.Google Scholar
Pearson, Richard, Min, Li, and Guo, Li, “Quanzhou Archaeology: A Brief Review,” International Journal of Historical Archaeology 6/1 (2002), 23–59.10.1023/A:1014881309593CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelliot, Paul, “Chrétiens d’Asie centrale et d’Extrême-Orient,” T’oung Pao, Second Series 15/5 (1914), 623–44.Google Scholar
Pelliot, Paul, L’inscription nestorienne de Si-Ngan-Fou, edited with supplements by Antonino Forte (Tokyo and Paris: Scuola di Studi sull’Asia Orientale and Collège de France, Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises, 1996).Google Scholar
Petech, Luciano, “Italian Merchants in the Mongol Empire,” in Ryan, James D. (ed.), The Spiritual Expansion of Medieval Latin Christendom: The Asian Missions, The Expansion of Latin Europe, 1000–1500 series, vol. 11 (Farnham: Ashgate Variorum, 2013), 165–87.Google Scholar
Pines, Doralynn Schlossman, “The Tomb Slabs of Santa Croce: A New ‘Sepoltuario,’” PhD Dissertation: Columbia University, 1985.Google Scholar
Pratesi, R., “Andrea da Perugia,” in Ghisalberti, Alberto Maria (ed.), Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. iii (Rome: Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana, 1961), 112–13.Google Scholar
Purtle, Jennifer, “The Far Side: Expatriate Medieval Art and its Languages in Sino-Mongol China,” in Caskey, Jill, Cohen, Adam S., and Safran, Linda (eds.), Confronting the Borders of Medieval Art (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 167–97.Google Scholar
Purtle, Jennifer, “Salvaging Meaning: The Art of Recycling in Sino-Mongol Quanzhou, ca. 1276–1408,” in Shack, Joseph and Weaver, Hannah (eds.), Recreating the Medieval Globe: Acts of Recycling, Revision, and Relocation. Arc Humanities Press, 2020, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1bvndb6.Google Scholar
Fei 喬飛, Qiao, “Jingjiao Shizilianhua tuan zaitaolun 景教十字蓮花圖案再討論 [Reconsidering the Nestorian Cross and Lotus Motif],” Sichouzhilu yanjiu zhuankan 絲綢之路研究專刊 [Journal on Silk Road Studies] 10 (2023), 155–73.Google Scholar
Quanzhou Foreign Maritime Museum and Research Institute of Quanzhou History (eds.), Quanzhou Yisilanjiao Yanjiulunwenxuan 泉州伊斯蘭教研究論文選 [Symposium Papers on Quanzhou Islam] (Fuzhou: Fujian People’s Publishing House, 1983).Google Scholar
Riccioni, Stefano, Il Mosaico Absidale di S. Clemente a Roma (Spoleto: Fondazione Centro Italiano di Studi sull’alto Medievo, 2006).Google Scholar
Rossabi, Morris, “The Reign of Khubilai Khan,” in Franke, Herbert and Twitchett, Denis (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. vi (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 414–89.Google Scholar
Rouleau, Francis A., “The Yangchow Latin Tombstone as a Landmark of Medieval Christianity in China,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 17, 3/4 (1954), 346–65.10.2307/2718316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roxburgh, David (ed.), The Turks. A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600–1600 (London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2005).Google Scholar
Saeki, Peter Yoshiro, The Nestorian Documents and Relics in China (Tokyo: Academy of Oriental Culture Tokyo Institute, 1937).Google Scholar
Salim, Abdol-Amir, “Adhān and iqama,” trans. by Suheyl Umar, in Madelung, Wilfred and Daftary, Farhad (eds.), Encyclopaedia Islamica (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 42–6.Google Scholar
Santini, Carlo (ed.), Andrea da Perugia: Atti del Convegno (Perugia, 19 September, 1992) (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994).Google Scholar
Schottenhammer, Angela, “China’s Emergence as a Maritime Power,” in Chaffee, John W. and Twitchett, Denis (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. 5, pt. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 437–525.Google Scholar
Schottenhammer, Angela (ed.), The Emporium of The World. Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400 (Leiden: Brill, 2001).Google Scholar
Sella, Pacifico, “Andrea da Perugia,” in Cacciotti, Alvaro and Melli, Maria (eds.), I Francescani e la Cina. Un’opera di oltre sette secoli (Milan: Edizioni Biblioteca Francescana, 2013), 125–28.Google Scholar
Sella, Pacifico, “Giovanni de Marignolli,” in Cacciotti, Alvaro and Melli, Maria (eds.), I Francescani e la Cina. Un’opera di oltre sette secoli (Milan: Edizioni Biblioteca Francescana, 2013), 132–43.Google Scholar
Sella, Pacifico, “Giovanni da Montecorvino,” in Cacciotti, Alvaro and Melli, Maria (eds.), I Francescani e la Cina. Un’opera di oltre sette secoli (Milan: Edizioni Biblioteca Francescana, 2013), 116–22.Google Scholar
Sella, Pacifico, “I Mirabilia Mundi nei viaggi e nelle permanenze dei primi frati minori in Cina (secoli XIII-XIV),” in Cacciotti, Alvaro and Melli, Maria (eds.), I Francescani e la Cina. Un’opera di oltre sette secoli (Milan: Edizioni Biblioteca Francescana, 2013), 91–147.Google Scholar
Sella, Pacifico, “Odorico da Pordenone,” in Cacciotti, Alvaro and Melli, Maria (eds.), I Francescani e la Cina. Un’opera di oltre sette secoli (Milan: Edizioni Biblioteca Francescana, 2013), 128–31.Google Scholar
Sella, Pacifico, “Peregrino da Castello,” in Cacciotti, Alvaro and Melli, Maria (eds.), I Francescani e la Cina. Un’opera di oltre sette secoli (Milan: Edizioni Biblioteca Francescana, 2013), 122–5.Google Scholar
Sheppard, Carl D., “Byzantine Carved Marble Slabs,” Art Bulletin 51/1 (March 1969), 65–71.10.1080/00043079.1969.10790259CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stang, Charles M., “The ‘Nestorian’ (Jingjiao) Monument and its Theology of the Cross,” in Teule, Herman, Keser-Kayaalp, Elif, Akalin, Kutlu, Doru, Nesim, and Toprak, Mehmet Sait (eds.), Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context (Louvain: Peeters, 2017), 107–18.Google Scholar
Stein, Wendy, Divine Light. The Art of Mosaic in Rome, 300–1300 (Munich: Hirmer, 2024).Google Scholar
Steinhardt, Nancy Schatzman, China’s Early Mosques (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015).Google Scholar
Jing 孫晶, Sun, “Yuandai tianzhujiao zaihuawuzhiyicun: Liangkuai yangzhou ladingwen mubei tuxiang tanxi 元代天主教在華物質遺存: 兩塊揚州拉丁文墓碑圖像探析 [Catholic Remains in Yuan China: Exploring the Iconography of Two Latin Tombstones from Yangzhou],” Yishu Sheji Yanjiu 藝術設計研究 [Art and Design Research] (2020/1), 99–104.Google Scholar
Tang, Li, “A Preliminary Study on the Jingjiao Inscription of Luoyang: Text Analysis, Commentary and English Translation,” in Winkler, Dietmar W. and Tang, Li (eds.), Hidden Treasures and Intercultural Encounters: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2009), 109–32.Google Scholar
Tang, Li, East Syriac Christianity in Mongol-Yuan China (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2011).Google Scholar
Tang, Li and Winkler, Dietmar W. (eds.), Artifact, Text, Context. Studies on Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (Zurich: LIT Verlag, 2020).Google Scholar
Herman, Teule, Keser-Kayaalp, Elif, Akalin, Kutlu, Nesim, Doru, and Toprak, Mehmet Sait (eds.), Syriac in its Multi-cultural Context. (Louvain: Peeters, 2017).Google Scholar
Zibing 田自秉, Tian, Shusheng 吳淑生, Wu and Qing 田青, Tian, Zhongguo Wenyangshi 中國紋樣史 [The History of Chinese Decorative Motifs] (Beijing: Gaodengjiaoyu chubanshe, 2003).Google Scholar
Tolan, John Victor, Saint Francis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
Van Esbroeck, Michel, “Caucasian Parallels to Chinese Cross Representations,” in Malek, Roman (ed.), Jingjiao: The Church of the East in China and Central Asia (Sankt Augustin: Institut Monumenta Serica, 2006), 425–44.Google Scholar
Zhuanghong 王壯弘, Wang, Beitie Jianbie Changshi 碑帖鑑別常識 [Learning to Authenticate Epigraphic Calligraphy] (Shanghai: Shanghai Shuhua chubanshe, 1985).Google Scholar
Watt, James C. Y. (ed.), The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press, 2010).Google Scholar
Winkler, Dietmar W. and Tang, Li (eds.), Hidden Treasures and Intercultural Encounters: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (Münster: LIT Verlag, 2009).Google Scholar
Changxing, Wu, “Review on the Studies of Daqing Jingjiao: A Comprehensive Discussion on its History, Linguistics and Text (I),” Journal for the Study of Christian Culture 33 (Spring 2015), 228–57.Google Scholar
Guoyi 鄔國義, Wu, “Makeboluo ji ‘youji’ zai zhongguo zaoqi de chuanbo 馬可波羅及遊記在中國早期的傳播 [The Early Spread of Marco Polo’s Travels in China],” Xueshu Yuekan 學術月刊 [Academic Monthly] 44/8 (August 2012), 128–48.Google Scholar
Hung 巫鴻, Wu (trans. Shi Jie), 黃泉下的美術 [The Art of the Yellow Spring] (Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 2010). First published in English in 2010 (London: Reaktion Books, 2010).Google Scholar
Nancy, Wu, “East-West Encounters in the Fourteenth Century: John of Marignolli and the ‘Tribute’ Horse,” Speculum 100/4, 2025, 84–111.Google Scholar
Wenliang 吳文良, Wu, Quanzhou Gudai Shikeji Qianyan 泉州古代石刻集前言 [An Introduction of the Ancient Underground Carvings of Zayton] (Quanzhou: Private printing by author, 1949).Google Scholar
Wenliang, Wu, Quanzhou zongjiao shike 泉州宗教石刻 [Quanzhou’s Religious Stone Carvings] (Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 1957).Google Scholar
Wenliang, Wu and Yiuxiong, Wu, Quanzhou zongjiao shike 泉州宗教石刻 [Quanzhou’s Religious Stone Carvings], Expanded Edition (Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 2005).Google Scholar
Yiuxiong 吳幼雄, Wu, “’Quanzhou zongjiao shike’ yu zhongguo wuwei daxuezhe 泉州宗教石刻與中國五位大學者 [Quanzhou’s Religious Stone Carvings and Five Eminent Chinese Scholars],” Mintaiyuan Wenshijikan 閩台緣文史集刊 [Journal of Fujian-Taiwan Cultural and Historical Studies] (2019/2), 12–22.Google Scholar
Yiuxiong 吳幼雄, Wu, Huang, Weimin 黃偉民, and Chen, , Guibing 陳桂炳 (eds.), Quanzhou Shiji Yanjiu 泉州史跡研究 [Studies on Quanzhou’s Historical Traces] (Xiamen: Xiamen Daxue chubanshe, 1998).Google Scholar
Xia, Nai 夏鼐, “Yangzhou ladingwenmubei he Guangzhou weinisiyingbi 揚州拉丁文墓碑和廣州威尼斯銀幣 [Yangzhou’s Latin-inscribed Tombstones and Guangzhou’s Venetian Silver Coins],” Kaogu 考古 [Archaeology] (1963/8), 532–41 and 553.Google Scholar
Yang, Qingjian 楊清江, “Quanzhou Gucheng Yange 泉州古城沿革 [The Evolution of Quanzhou’s Historic City],” in Zhongxin, Quanzhou Lishi Wenhua (ed.), Quanzhou Gujianzhu 泉州古建築 [Quanzhou’s Historical Architecture] (Tianjin: Tianjin Kexuejishu chubanshe, 1991), 8–13.Google Scholar
Chongxin 姚崇新, Yao, “Jingjiao shizilianhua tuanlaiyuan bushuo – jianda muhongyan siansheng 景教十字蓮花圖案來源補說 – 兼答穆宏燕先生 [Addendum on the Origin of the Nestorian Cross and Lotus Motif – with a Response to Mr. Mu Hongyan],” Beifang Minzu Kaogu 北方民族考古 [Archaeology of Northern Tribes] 14 (2023), 246–59.Google Scholar
Yao, Chongxin, “Shizilianhua: Tangyuan jingjiao yishu zhongde fojiaoyinsu 十字蓮花: 唐元景教藝術中的佛教因素 [Cross and Lotus: The Buddhist Elements in Nestorian Art of the Tang and Yuan Dynasties],” Dunhuang Tulufan Yanjiu 敦煌吐魯番研究 [Studies on Dunhuang and Turfan] 17 (2017), 215–62.Google Scholar
Yarbrough, Luke, “The Early Circulation and Late Adoption of the ‘Pact of ‘Umar (Shurūt ‘Umar),” Jerusalem Studies on Arabic and Islam 53 (2022), 237–304.Google Scholar
Wencheng 葉文程, Ye, “Hui’an baiqi huizu sangzangyili jiqi tedian 惠安百岐回族喪葬儀禮及其特點 [Funeral and Burial Rites and their Characteristics of the Baiqi Muslims in Hui’an,]” in Guoqiang, Chen 陳國強 and Qingfa, Chen 陳清發 (eds.), Baiqi Huizu Yanjiu 百岐回族研究 [Studies on Baiqi Muslims] (Xiamen: Xiamen University Press, 1993), 218–29.Google Scholar
Ying, Hong 尹泓, Feitian Yixiang Yanjiu 飛天意象研究 [Studies on the Image of Apsaras] (Chengdu: Sichuan University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Yule, Henry and Cordier, Henri, Cathay and the Way Thither, 4 vols. (London: Hakluyt Society, 1913–16).Google Scholar
Zhang, Naizhu 張乃翥, “Ba Luoyang xinchutude yijian tangdaijingjiao shike 跋洛陽新出土的一件唐代景教石刻 [Comments on a Tang Nestorian Stone Carving Newly Discovered in Luoyang],” in Ge Chengyong 葛承雍 (ed.), Jingjiao Yizhen. Luoyangxinchu tangdai jingjiaojingchuang yanji 景教遺珍.洛陽新出唐代景教經幢研究 [Precious Nestorian Relics. Studies on the Nestorian Stone Pillar of the Tang Dynasty Recently Discovered in Luoyang] (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 2009), 5–33.Google Scholar
Zhang, Xinglang 張星烺, “Quanzhou fangguji 泉州訪古記 [Recounting a Visit to Quanzhou’s Historical Sites],” Originally published in Shixue yu dixue 史學與地學, 1928/4; reprinted in Quanzhou Foreign Maritime Museum and Research Institute of Quanzhou History, eds., 泉州伊斯蘭教研究論文選 (Symposium Papers on Quanzhou Islam) (Fuzhou: Fujian People’s Publishing House, 1983), 3–17.Google Scholar
Ruzhong 鄭汝中, Zheng and Jianqun 台建群, Tai (eds.), Zhongguo Feitian Yishu 中國飛天藝術 [The Art of Flying Devis in China] (Hefei: Anhui Fine Arts Publishing, 2000).Google Scholar
Bowuguan 中國歷史博物館, Zhongguo Lishi [History of Museum of China] (ed.), Tongshi chenlie yuzhan shuoming 通史陳列預展說明 [Exhibition Preview Checklist of Historical Survey] (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 1960).Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.1 AA
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
The HTML of this Element complies with version 2.1 of the
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
(WCAG), covering newer accessibility requirements and improved
user experiences and achieves the intermediate
(AA)
level of WCAG compliance, covering a wider range of accessibility requirements.
Content Navigation
Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Reading Order & Textual Equivalents
Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.
Visual Accessibility
Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.
Structural and Technical Features
ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.