Element contents
Making Sense of Economic Change
Intentionality, Action Plans, and Evolution
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 July 2026
Summary
Intentionality is a key constituent of human action in a world of pervasive uncertainty and provisional knowledge. Intentionality provides meaning to the action plans of the agents that interact within a socioeconomic system. Social interaction produces orders that, although more than the sum of individual actions, acquire direction imprinted by the intentional content and structure of the courses of action of the individuals and organizations that interact within the system. Although many of the consequences of interaction may be unintended and even opposite to agents' intentions, the evolution of the system is not entirely blind. Explaining why and how this can be so is the purpose of this Element.
Information
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009558105Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 06 August 2026
References
Almudí, I., & Fatás-Villafranca, F. (2018). Promotion and Coevolutionary Dynamics in Contemporary Capitalism. Journal of Economic Issues, LII(1), 80–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2018.1430943.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almudi, I., Fatas-Villafranca, F., & Sanchez-Choliz, J. (2016). A Formal Discussion of the Sarewitz-Nelson Rules. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 25(7), 714–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2015.1133042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antonelli, C. (2011). The Economic Complexity of Technological Change: Knowledge Interaction and Path Dependence. In Antonelli, C. (Ed.), Handbook on the Economic Complexity of Technological Change (pp. 3–59). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antonelli, C., & Colombelli, A. (2025). The Creative Response: The Schumpeterian Legacy. Eurasian Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-025-00298-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthur, W. B. (2023). Economics in Nouns and Verbs. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 205, 638–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.10.036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axtell, R. L., & Farmer, J. D. (2025). Agent-Based Modeling in Economics and Finance: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Economic Literature, 63(1), 197–287. https:doi.org/10.1257/jel.20221319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnard, C. (1938). The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Baumol, W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive. Journal of Political Economy, 98(3), 893–921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, M. C. (2004). Organizational Routines: A Review of the Literature. Industrial and Corporate Change, 13(4), 643–678.10.1093/icc/dth026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beinhocker, E. D. (2006). The Origin of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity and the Radical Remaking of Economics. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.Google Scholar
Beinhocker, E. D. (2011). Evolution as Computation: Integrating Self-organization with Generalized Darwinism. Journal of Institutional Economics, 7(3), 393–423. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137411000257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beinhocker, E. D. (2013). Reflexivity, Complexity, and the Nature of Social Science. Journal of Economic Methodology, 20(4), 330–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350178X.2013.859403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bianchi, M. (Ed.) (1998). The Active Consumer. Novelty and Surprise in Consumer Choice. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Blind, G. D. (2017). The Entrepreneur in Rule-Based Economics. Theory, Empirical Practice, and Policy Design. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG.Google Scholar
Boulding, K. E. (1991). What is Evolutionary Economics? Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1(1), 9–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bratman, M. E. (2007). Structures of Agency. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brentano, F. (1874 [1995]). Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cañibano, C., Encinar, M. I., & Muñoz, F.-F. (2006). “Ethical Novelty”: New Insights into Economic Change. Retrieved from Madrid: http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:uam:wpaper:200603.Google Scholar
Cañibano, C., Encinar, M. I., & Muñoz, F.-F. (2017). The Economic Rationality of Novative Behaviour. In Godin, B. & Vinck, D. (Eds.), Critical Studies of Innovation. Alternative Approaches to the Pro-innovation Bias (pp. 240–256). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Casson, M. (1982). The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory. Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble Books.Google Scholar
Crespo, R. F. (2013). Two Conceptions of Economics and Maximisation. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 37(4), 759–774. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bes076.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damasio, A. (1994). Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam.Google Scholar
David, P. A. (1985). Clio and the Economics of QWERTY. The American Economic Review, 75(2), 332–337.Google Scholar
Debreu, G. (1959). Theory of Value. An Axiomatic Analysis of Economic Equilibrium. New Heaven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dekker, E., & Remic, B. (2027). The Epistemic Function of Institutions. In Viale, R. (Ed.), Elgar Handbook of Cognitive Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Denzau, A. T., & North, D. C. (1994). Shared Mental Models: Ideologies and Institutions. Kyklos, 47(1), 3–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dopfer, K. (2005). Evolutionary Economics: A Theoretical Framework. In Dopfer, K. (Ed.), The Evolutionary Foundations of Economics (pp. 3–55). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511492297.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dopfer, K. (2011). Mesoeconomics: A Unified Approach to System Complexity and Evolution. In Antonelli, C. (Ed.), Handbook on the Economic Complexity of Technological Change (pp. 341–356). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Dopfer, K., Foster, J., & Potts, J. (2004). Micro-meso-macro. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 14(3), 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-004-0193-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dopfer, K., & Potts, J. (2008). The General Theory of Economic Evolution. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dopfer, K., & Potts, J. (2009). On the Theory of Economic Evolution. Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 6(1), 23–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dopfer, K., Potts, J., & Pyka, A. (2016). Upward and Downward Complementarity: The Meso Core of Evolutionary Growth Theory. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 26(4), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-015-0434-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dosi, G., & Nelson, R. R. (1994). An Introduction to Evolutionary Theories in Economics. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 4(3), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01236366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earl, P. E. (1983). The Economic Imagination: Towards a Behavioural Analysis of Choice. Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books.Google Scholar
Earl, P. E. (1992). The Complementarity of Economic Applications of Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Personal Construct Psychology. In Lea, S. E. G., Webley, P., and Young, B. (Eds.) New Directions in Economic Psychology (pp. 49–65). Aldershot: Edward Elgar.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earl, P. E. (2003). The Entrepreneur as a Constructor of Connections. In Koppl, R. (Ed.), Austrian Economics and Entrepreneurial Studies. Oxford: JAI-Elsevier Science, 113–130.Google Scholar
Earl, P. E. (2022). Principles of Behavioral Economics. Bringing Together Old, New and Evolutionary Approaches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Earl, P. E., & Muñoz, F.-F. (2027a). The Growth of Knowledge Approach to Economics: Brian J. Loasby and the Stirling School. In Viale, R. (Ed.), The Elgar Handbook of Cognitive Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Earl, P. E., & Muñoz, F.-F. (2027b). Cognition and the Uptake of Innovations: A Micro–Meso-Macro Perspective. In Viale, R. (Ed.), The Elgar Handbook of Cognitive Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Earl, P. E., & Potts, J. (2004). Bounded Rationality and Decomposability: The Basis for Integrating Cognitive and Evolutionary Economics. In Augier, M. & March, J. G. (Eds.), Models of a Man: Essays in Memory of Herbert A. Simon (pp. 317–333). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Encinar, M. I. (2002). Análisis de las propiedades de “consistencia” y “realizabilidad” en los planes de acción. Una perspectiva desde la teoría Económica. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid.Google Scholar
Encinar, M. I., & Muñoz, F.-F. (2006). On Novelty and Economics: Schumpeter’s Paradox. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 16(3), 255–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-006-0018-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felin, T., & Foss, N. J. (2009). Organizational Routines and Capabilities: Historical Drift and a Course-Correction toward Microfoundations. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 25, 157–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frisch, R. (1933). Propagation Problems and Impulse Problems in Dynamic Economics. In Economic Essays in Honour of Gustav Cassel (pp. 171–205). London: George Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Frolov, D. (2024). The Economics of Cognitive Institutions: Mapping Debates, Looking Ahead. Journal of Institutional Economics, 20, e28, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuster, J. M. (2003). Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fuster, J. M. (2008). The Prefrontal Cortex (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuster, J. M. (2011). Hayek in Today’s Cognitive Neuroscience. In Hayek in Mind: Hayek’s Philosophical Psychology (pp. 3–11).Google Scholar
Gallegati, M., & Gallegati, S. (2025). Why Does Economics Need Complexity? Soft Computing, 29(6), 3063–3072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-025-10548-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghoshal, S. (2005). Bad Management Theories Are Destroying Good Management Practices. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4(1), 75–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gigerenzer, G. (2008). Rationality for Mortals: How People Cope with Uncertainty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780195328981.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gigerenzer, G. (2021). Axiomatic Rationality and Ecological Rationality. Synthese, 198(4), 3547–3564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02296-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gigerenzer, G., & Selten, R. (Eds.). (2001). Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Godin, B. (2008). Innovation: The History of a Category. Retrieved from Montreal: www.csiic.ca/.Google Scholar
Hahn, F. H. (1974 [1984]). On the Notion of Equilibrium in Economics. In Hahn, F. H. (Ed.), Equilibrium and Macroeconomics (pp. 43–71). Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Harper, D. A. (1996). Entrepreneurship and the Market Process. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, D. A. (2003). Foundations of entrepreneurship and economic development. London & New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, D. A. (2013). Property Rights, Entrepreneurship and Coordination. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 88, 62–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.10.018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, D. A., & Endres, A. M. (2012). The Anatomy of Emergence, with a Focus upon Capital Formation. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 82(2–3), 352–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.03.013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, D. A., Muñoz, F.-F., & Vázquez, F. J. (2021). Innovation in Online Higher-Education Services: Building Complex Systems. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 30(4), 412–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2020.1716508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayek, F. A. (1937). Economics and Knowledge. Economica, 4(13), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/2548786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayek, F. A. (1945). The Use of Knowledge in Society. American Economic Review, 35, 519–530.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A. (1952). The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hicks, J. R. (1939). Value and Capital: An Inquiry into Some Fundamental Principles of Economic Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Paperbacks.Google Scholar
Hodgson, G. M., & Knudsen, T. (2006). Dismantling Lamarckism: Why Descriptions of Socio-Economic Evolution as Lamarckian are Misleading. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 16(4), 343–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgson, G. M. (2006). What are institutions? Journal of Economic Issues, XL(1), 1–25.10.1080/00213624.2006.11506879CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauffman, S. A. (1993). The Origins of Order: Self-organization and Selection in Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keynes, J. M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Kirman, A. (1997). The Economy as an Evolving Network. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 7, 339–353.10.1007/s001910050047CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koppl, R. (2002). Expectations. In Big Players and the Economic Theory of Expectations (pp. 96–119). London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koppl, R., Kauffman, S., Felin, T., & Longo, G. (2015). Economics for a creative world. Journal of Institutional Economics, 11(1), 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koppl, R., Devereaux, A., Herriot, J., & Kauffman, S. (2019). A Simple Combinatorial Model of World Economic History. arXiv:1811.04502v1.Google Scholar
Lachmann, L. M. (1951). The Science of Human Action. Economica, 18(72), 412–427. https://doi.org/10.2307/2549611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lachmann, L. M. (1977). Capital, Expectations, and the Market Process: Essays on the Theory of the Market Economy (Grinder, W. E. Ed.). Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel.Google Scholar
Lewis, P. A. (2017). Shackle on choice, imagination and creativity: Hayekian foundations. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 41(1), 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (1971). Hypothesis and Paradigm in the Theory of the Firm. The Economic Journal, 81(324), 863–885. https://doi.org.10.2307/2230322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (1976). Choice, Complexity and Ignorance: An Enquiry into Economic Theory and the Practice of Decision Making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (1983). Knowledge, Learning and Enterprise. In Wiseman, J. (Ed.), Beyond Positive Economics? Proceedings of Section F (Economics) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, York 1981 (pp. 104–121). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (1984). On Scientific Method. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 6(3), 394–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (1989). The Mind and Method of the Economist: A Critical Appraisal of Major Economists in the Twentieth Century. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (1998). The Concept of Capabilities. In Foss, N. J. (Ed.), Economic Organization, Capabilities and Coordination: Essays in Honour of G.B. Richardson (pp. 163–182). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (1999). Knowledge, Institutions and Evolution in Economics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (2000). How Do We Know? In Earl, P. E. & Frowen, S. F. (Eds.), Economics as an Art of Thought. Essays in Memory of G.L.S. Shackle (pp. 1–20). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (2001). Time, Knowledge and Evolutionary Dynamics: Why Connections Matter. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 11(4), 393–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00003867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (2003). Closed models and open systems. Journal of Economic Methodology, 10(3), 285-306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (2007). Entrepreneurship, Evolution and the Human Mind. In Cantner, U. & Malerba, F. (Eds.), Innovation, Industrial Dynamics and Structural Transformation: Schumpeterian Legacies (pp. 29–47). Heidelberg: Springer.Google Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (2008). La microfundamentación de las capacidades organizativas. In Cañibano, C., Encinar, M. I., & Muñoz, F. F. (Eds.), Economía del conocimiento y la innovación. Nuevas aproximaciones a una relación compleja (pp. 35–58). Madrid: Ediciones Pirámide.Google Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (2009). Knowledge, Coordination and the Firm: Historical Perspectives. The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 16(4), 539–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/09672560903201227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loasby, B. J. (2018). Missed Connections and Opportunities Forgone: A Counterfactual History of Twentieth-Century Economics. In Chai, A. & Witt, U. (Eds.), Understanding Economic Change: Advances in Evolutionary Economics (pp. 43–80). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Malinvaud, E. (1999). Leçons de théorie microéconomique (4e édition ed.). Paris: Dunod.Google Scholar
Marshall, A. (1868 [1994]). Ye Machine. In “Alfred Marshall’s Early Philosophical Writings”: Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, Archival Supplement 4, 116–132.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, J. S. (2004). The Entrepreneur and the Style of Modern Economics. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 14(2), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-004-0210-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. A., Galanter, E., & Pribram, K. H. (1960). Plans and the Structure of Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J. H., & Page, S. E. (2007). Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mises, L. (1949). Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Muñoz, F.-F. (2024). The Coevolution of Technology, Markets, and Culture: The Challenging Case of AI. Review of Evolutionary Political Economy, 5(3), 511–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43253-024-00126-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz, F.-F., & Encinar, M. I. (2014a). Intentionality and the Emergence of Complexity: An Analytical Approach. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 24(2), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-014-0342-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz, F.-F., & Encinar, M. I. (2014b). Agents’ Intentionality, Capabilities, and the Performance of Systems of Innovation. Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice, 16(1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.5172/impp.2014.16.1.71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz, F.-F., & Encinar, M. I. (2019). Some Elements for a Definition of an Evolutionary Efficiency Criterion. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 29(3), 919–937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-019-00608-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muñoz, F.-F., Encinar, M. I., & Cañibano, C. (2011). On the Role of Intentionality in Evolutionary Economic Change. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 22(3), 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2011.04.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511808678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, D. C. (2005). Understanding the process of economic change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400829484CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pentland, B. T., Feldman, M. S., Becker, M. C., & Liu, P. (2012). Dynamics of Organizational Routines: A Generative Model. Journal of Management Studies, 49(8), 1484–1508. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01064.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pólya, G. (1945). How to Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popper, K. R. (1972). Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Popper, K. R., & Eccles, J. C. (1977). The Self and Its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potts, J. (2000). The New Evolutionary Microeconomics: Complexity, Competence and Adaptive Behaviour. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Rizzo, M. J. (2015). The problem of rationality: Austrian Economics between Classical Behaviorism and Behavioral Economics. In Boettke, P. J. & Coyne, C. J. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Austrian Economics (pp. 364–392). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Robbins, L. (1932). An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science (2nd ed., 1969). London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, E. (2022). Mental Models and Institutional Inertia. Journal of Institutional Economics, 18(3), 361–378. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174413742100059X.Google Scholar
Rosser, J. B. J. (Ed.) (2004). Complexity in Economics. Methodology, Interacting Agents and Microeconomic Models. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Rubio de Urquía, R. (2005). La naturaleza y estructura fundamental de la teoría económica y las relaciones entre enunciados teórico-económicos y enunciados antropológicos. In de Urquía, R. Rubio, Ureña, E. M., & Muñoz, F.-F. (Eds.), Estudios de Teoría Económica y Antropología (pp. 23–198). Madrid: Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales Francisco de Vitoria-AEDOS-Unión Editorial.Google Scholar
Savage, L. J. (1951). The Theory of Statistical Decision. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 46, 55–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A. (1943 [1996]). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A. (1947). The Creative Response in Economic History. Journal of Economic History, 7, 149–159.10.1017/S0022050700054279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schutz, A. (1943). The Problem of Rationality in the Social World. Economica, 10(38), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.2307/2549460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schutz, A. (1951). Choosing among Projects of Action. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 12(2), 161–184. https://doi.org/10.2307/2103478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1983). Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (2001). Rationality in Action. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/5759.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (2005). What is an Institution? Journal of Institutional Economics, 1(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137405000020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, A. K. (1993). Internal Consistency of Choice. Econometrica, 61(3), 495–521. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, A. K. (2010). Introduction. In Hanley, R. P. (Ed.), The Theory of Moral Sentiments. New York: Penguin Classics, vii–xxvi.Google Scholar
Shackle, G. L. S. (1972). Epistemics and Economics: A Critique of Economic Doctrines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shackle, G. L. S. (1979). Imagination and the Nature of Choice. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1955). A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99–118.10.2307/1884852CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1969). The Sciences of the Artificial (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A. (1776 [1976]). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, A. (1795 [1980]). The Principles Which Lead and Direct Philosophical Enquiries: Illustrated by the History of Astronomy. In Wightman, W. P. D. (Ed.), Essays on Philosophical Subjects. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 31–105.10.1093/oseo/instance.00042833CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soros, G. (2013). Fallibility, Reflexivity, and the Human Uncertainty Principle. Journal of Economic Methodology, 20(4), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350178X.2013.859415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stackelberg, H. v. (1946] [1943). Principios de Teoría Económica [Grundzüge der theoretischen Volkwirtschaftslehre] Spanish edition augmented, and revised by the author. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Políticos.Google Scholar
Sugden, R. (1991). Rational Choice: A Survey of Contributions from Economics and Philosophy. The Economic Journal, 101(407), 751–785. https://doi.org/10.2307/2233854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sugden, R. (2005). Why Rationality Is Not a Consequence of Hume’s Theory of Choice. European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 12(1), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/0967256042000338069.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509–533.3.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tesfatsion, L. (2021). Agent-Based Computational Economics: Overview and Brief History. Economics Working Papers: Department of Economics, Iowa State University, 21004.Google Scholar
Thaler, R. H. (2015). Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Tinbergen, J. (1961). Do Communist and Free Economies Show a Converging Pattern? Soviet Studies, 12(4), 333–341.10.1080/09668136108410255CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005). Understanding and Sharing Intentions: The Origins of Cultural Cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 675–691. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X05000129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanberg, V. J. (2022). Carl Menger, F.A. Hayek and the Evolutionary Strand in Austrian Economics. The Review of Austrian Economics, 35(4), 481–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viale, R. (Ed.) (2027). The Elgar Handbook of Cognitive Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Wagner, R. E. (2010). Mind, Society, and Human Action: Time and Knowledge in a Theory of Social Economy. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, R. E. (2012). A Macro Economy as an Ecology of Plans. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 82(2–3), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.07.019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, R. E. (2020). Macroeconomics as Systems Theory. Transcending the Micro-Macro Dichotomy. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weintraub, E. R. (1979). Microfoundations. The Compatibility of Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witt, U. (2003). The Evolving Economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781035304646CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witt, U. (2008). What is Specific about Evolutionary Economics? Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 18, 547–575.10.1007/s00191-008-0107-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziman, J. (2000). Real Science: What it is, and what it means. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511541391CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.1 AA
Why this information is here
This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.Accessibility Information
The HTML of this Element
complies with version 2.1 of the
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
(WCAG), covering newer accessibility requirements and improved
user experiences and achieves the intermediate
(AA)
level of WCAG compliance, covering a wider range of accessibility requirements.
Content Navigation
Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Reading Order & Textual Equivalents
Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.
Visual Accessibility
Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.
Structural and Technical Features
ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.
- 1
- Cited by