1. Wilkinson, K. G., The technology and economics of air transport in its next phase, The Aeronautical Journal, p 102, March 1976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2. See, for example:—US energy prospects: An engineering viewpoint, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC, 1974. Exploring energy choices: A preliminary report, The Ford Foundation, Washington, DC, 1974. Energy self-sufficiency: How much and how soon? The Mitre Corp, McLean, Virginia, 1975. National energy outlook, Washington, DC, February 1976. Federal energy administration, and supplemental Energy situation pub lished in July 1976, and Energy perspectives 2, June 1976, US Department of Interior, Washington, DC. It is in teresting to note that between 14th September and 17th October 1973 a series of workshops was held at Cornell University on the national energy situation. The day following their close, the Arab Oil Embargo commenced. In December of the same year, the Report of the Cornell Workshops on the major issues of a national energy research and development program was issued (Cornell University, College of Engineering, Ithaca, New York).

3. Created by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1975, Public Law 93-438, 93rd Congress, HR 11510, 11th October 1974.

4. A national plan for energy research, development and demonstration: Creating energy choices for the future. Volume I: The plan. Volume II: Program implementa tion. ERDA Report 48, Washington, DC, 1975; ERDA Report 76-1, Washington, DC, 1976.

5. ERDA authorization fiscal year 1977, Part 1: Conserva tion. Hearings before the Sub-Committee on Energy Research Development and Demonstration of the Committee on Science and Technology, US House of Repre sentatives, 94th Congress, Second Session, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1976. See also Energy Conservation Training Institute (manual) sponsored by The Conservation Foundation under contract to Federal Energy Administration's Office of Conservation and En vironment, The Conservation Foundation, Washington, 1. DC, January 1975; and Transportation energy conservation: Program approval document, ERDA, Washington, DC, November 1976.

6. A review of coal technology programmes is found in: (a) Coal conversion and utilization in Fossil Energy Program Report 1975-1976, ERDA Report 76-10, begin ning on p 15, Washington, DC, 1976. Volume II of this report on high and low Btu coal gasification programmes is scheduled for release in January 1977. See also: (b) Coal research program in Fossil Energy Research Program of the Energy Research and Development Administration, ERDA Report 76-63, beginning on p 19, Washington, DC, 1976; Coal conversion and utilization, and supplemental Coal demonstration plants, ERDA Office of Fossil Energy Reports 76-86 and 76-87, Washington, DC, 1975; and Averitt, Paul, Coal resources of the United States, 1st January 1974, US Geological Survey Bulletin No 1412, Washington, DC, 1975.

7. Update: Nuclear power program information and data. Energy Systems Analysis, ERDA Division of Reactor Research and Development Report, Washington, DC, 1976. See also Nuclear reactors built, being built, or planned in the United States as of 30th June 1976, ERDA Report TID-8200-R34, Technical Information Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, September 1976.

8. Recommendations for a synthetic fuels commercialization program. Four-volume report submitted by the Synfuels Interagency Task Force to the Energy Resources Council (Vols I, II and III, November; Vol IV, December), Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1975. See also Impacts of synthetic liquid fuel development: Assessment of critical factors, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California, 1976. Prepared for Energy Research and Development Administration and Environmental Protection Agency (ERDA Report 76-129/1), Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1976. 9. Management plan for enhanced oil recovery—petroleum and natural gas program, ERDA (two vols), Washington, DC, December 1976. R & D programs summary, ERDA Division of Oil, Gas and Shale Technology, Washington, DC, 1976. See also Miller, Betty, M., et al., Geological estimates of undiscovered recoverable oil and gas re sources in the United States, US Geological Survey Circular 725, Reston, Virginia, 1975; and Oil, gas and shale technology in ref 6(a) beginning on p 135, and in ref 6(b) beginning on p 173.

10. Geothermal energy research, development and demonstration program: Definition report, ERDA Division of Geothermal Energy Report 87, Washington, DC, 1975. See also White, D. E. and Williams, D. L. (eds), Assessment of geothermal resources of the United States—1975, US Geological Survey Circular No 726, Arlington, Virginia, 1975; and Program approval document: Geo thermal energy development, ERDA Solar, Geothermal and Advanced Energy Systems Development Report, Washington, DC, June 1976.

11. National program for solar heating and cooling, ERDA Division of Solar Energy Report 23A, Washington, DC, October 1975. Nontechnical summary of distributed solar power collector concepts, ERDA Division of Solar Energy Report SE 102, Washington, DC, 1976. Solar energy for space heating and hot water, ERDA Division of Solar Energy Report SE 101, Washington, DC, May 1976.

12. Liquid metal fast breeder reactor program: Overall plan, ERDA Division of Reactor Research and Development Report 67, Washington, DC, 15th December 1975. See also Liquid metal fast breeder reactor program: Final environmental statement, ERDA Report 1535 (three vols), Washington, DC, December 1975.

13. National solar energy research, development and demonstration program: Definition report, ERDA Division of Solar Energy Report 49, Washington, DC, June 1975.

14. Fusion power research and development program projec tions, ERDA Division of Controlled Thermonuclear Research Report, Washington, DC, May 1975. See also Hirsch, Robert L., Status and future directions of fusion power research and development, (ERDA Solar, Geother mal and Advanced Energy Systems Report S-7-76), presentation at Third Energy Technology Conference, Washington, DC, 29th March 1976; and Fusion power by magnetic confinement program plan, ERDA Division of Magnetic Fusion Energy Report 76-110/0-4 (executive summary plus four vols), Washington, DC, July 1976.

15. Air carrier traffic statistics, Civil Aeronautics Board, Washington, DC, November 1975. See also Summary of national transportation statistics, Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, June 1976.

16. Mcfarland, Marvin, Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright, p 385, Macmillan, New York, 1953.Google Scholar

17. Ibid, letter of 3rd January 1906 to Frank S. Lahm, p 679.

18. Air liner travels 682 miles first 10 days, Aero and Hydro, Vol VII, No 17, p 347, 24th January 1914.Google Scholar

19. It is not certain what the Wright Brothers paid for gaso line in 1903, but a barrel of crude oil was then selling for $0.94 and well-head gasoline was selling for $0.08 to $0.16 a gallon in various parts of the US. That would be roughly $0.50 to $1.00 in 1976 money. The brothers probably bought their gasoline in Norfolk. At the end of the First World War ordinary gasoline averaged (in the US) just over 29 cents, dropped to under 21 cents in 1924, and by 1931 was selling for less than 17 cents. Meanwhile, gasoline taxes rose from 0.06 cents to 3.04 cents in 1928, 5.44 cents in 1938, 6.34 cents in 1948, and 8.88 cents in 1958. See BURNHAM, JOHN CHRYNWETH, The gasoline tax and the automobile revolution, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol XLVIII, No 3, pp 449 and 454, December 1961. At the eve of America's entry into the Second World War in 1941, 91 octane fuel cost 13.25 cents a gallon. By 1958 the posted price of aviation gasoline was 16 cents a gallon, but kerosene used in jet engines was only 9.12 cents a gallon. See MILLER, RONALD and SAWERS, DAVID, The Technical Development of Modern Aviation, p 186, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1968. Today, jet fuel runs between 30 cents and 35 cents a gallon, nearly four times as much.

20. Report to Congress on proposed programs for aviation energy savings, Department of Transportation-Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, April 1976.

21. Reduced energy for commercial air transportation, Douglas Aircraft Division, McDonnell-Douglas Corporation, (PRG-GEM-21540), 7th April, 1976.

22. Chicago-bound flights were held on the ground at 150 airports until the O'Hare airport advised they could be accepted with minimal delay.

23. Implementation of area navigation in national air space systems: An assessment of area navigation task force— concepts and payoffs, Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC (in press).

24. Examination of the costs, benefits and energy conserva tion aspects of the NASA aircraft fuel conservation technology program, Ultrasystems, Inc Report prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract No NASW 2859, Irvine, California, 15th Novem ber 1975. An assessment of the benefits of the use of NASA developed fuel conservative technology in the US commercial aircraft fleet, ECON, Inc Report No 75-163-1 prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract No NASW 2781, Prince ton, New Jersey, 6th October 1975. KLINEBERG, JOHN M,, Aircraft energy efficiency, testimony before the Sub-Committee on Aviation and Transportation R & D, Committee on Science and Technology, US House of Representa tives, 14th September 1976 (in 1978 NASA authorisation hearings, 94th Congress, second session, H.R.2221, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1976); and Povinelli, Frederick P., Klineberg, John M. and Kramer, James J., Improving aircraft energy efficiency, Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol 14, No 2, p 19, February 1976.

25. Aircraft fuel efficiency program. Hearings before the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, United States Senate, 94th Congress, First session, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1975. See also Aircraft fuel efficiency program. Report of the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, United States Senate, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1976.

26. Steiner John E. Future technology in commercial air planes, presented at the American Society of Civil Engineers, Philadelphia, 30th September 1976.

27. The future of aviation. Hearings before the Sub-Committee on Aviation and Transportation R&D of the Committee on Science and Technology, US House of Representatives, 94th Congress, Second session (No 82), Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, May 1976. See also A compilation of papers, released in July 1976, and a Sub-Committee Report Serial EE, plus a Supple ment Serial PP to A compilation of papers, released in October 1976. 23.

28. Aircraft fuel conservation technology, National Aero nautics and Space Administration—Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology—Task Force Report, Washington, DC, 10th September 1975.

29. As a hedge, a strategic oil reserve of 90 days’ supply is being created and stored at Federal expense. By the end of 1978 it is expected to accommodate some 150 million barrels. Eventually, the amount could grow to a 1000 million barrels, which, at today's prices, would cost the US Treasury about $12-5 thousand million.

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32. What is ahead in commercial air transports? Boeing Company, Seattle, March 1976.

33. The application of synfuels for aviation is not a new concept in the United States. Over three decades ago, then Congressman Jennings Randolph from West Vir ginia held hearings on the construction and operating of demonstrating plants to produce synthetic fuels from coal and other substances. At about the same time—1943— he flew a single-seat aeroplane from Morgantown in his home state to Washington, DC, over the Allegheny Mountains. The following year, Congress passed the Randolph-O'Mahoney Act to start up a synfuels industry. Coal gasification plants in Louisiana and Missouri were employing over 400 persons by the early 1950s. The Bureau of Mines and the Department of Agriculture initiated new technologies to produce alcohol and other liquid fuels from agricultural residues such as corncobs, hulls of cotton seeds, oats and rice. In all, the Government spent $82 million. But cheap domestic and foreign oil soon throttled the budding synfuels industry.

34. Presently the Navy and ERDA are working on a project to provide a larger quantity of crude oil from shale, perhaps as many as 80 000 barrels, to be refined into military-specification fuels for further testing by all armed services.

35. The large-scale commercialisation of synfuels does not appear possible in the United States without some sort of Government loan guarantees and other incentives. To date, the Congress has not approved any programme to provide them, though it may eventually do so. Synthetic fuels are particularly attractive in that they can replace directly, without costly adjustment in delivery systems, the petroleum-derived fuels now in widespread use. If other energy sources were required to perform the func tions now assigned liquid-fuelled technologies, major adjustments in infrastructure would be required. In the case of jet aviation, however, no such possibility for ad justment appears feasible in the foreseeable future; if we are to assure the long term survival of aviation as we know it, a synfuels industry must eventually take root.

36. Experimental clean combustor program—Phase 2: Alter nate fuel addendum, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Report, NASA CR-134970, Hartford, Connecticut, July 1976.

37. Butze Helmut F. and Chlers Robert C, Effect of fuel properties on performance of a single aircraft turbo jet combustor, NASA-Lewis Research Center TM X- 71789, Cleveland, Ohio, 1975.

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39. Hydrogen as an aviation fuel, Report prepared by the Sub-Committee on Aeronautics and Space Technology of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, US House of Representatives, 93rd Congress, Second session, Serial DD, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, December 1974.

40. Escher William J. K., Prospects for liquid hydrogen fueled commercial aircraft, Escher Technology Associates Report PR-37, St. Johns, Michigan, September 1973.

41. Brewer, G. D., Morris, R. F., Lange, R. H. and Moore, J. M., Summary Report: Study of the application of hydrogen fuel to long-range subsonic transport aircraft, Vol I (prepared under contract NAS1-12972 for Langley Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Admin istration, NASA Report CR-132558), Lockheed-California Company and Lockheed-Georgia Company, Burbank, California, and Marietta, Georgia, January 1975.Google Scholar

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58. Vincent Robert K., Uranium exploration with computer- processed Landsat data, presented at the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Denver, Colorado, 16th October 1975.

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61. Glaser, Peter E., Power from the sun: Its future, Science, 162, p 857, November 1968. See also Feasibility study of a satellite solar power station, Arthur D. Little, Inc (NASA Report CR-2357), Cambridge, February 1974. The satellite solar power station—A step toward the in dustrial use of space, presented at the XXVI Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Lisbon, Sep- 42. tember 1975; presentation before Joint Board Meeting, National Space Institute, Washington, DC, 21st January 1976; and Development of the satellite solar power station, Spaceflight, Vol 18, No 6, p 198, June 1976.

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68. A survey of satellite power stations, PRC Systems Sciences Company Report PRC R-1844 (prepared under ERDA contract E(49-18)-2071, McLean, Virginia, September 1976. See also Interim study, space based solar power conversion and delivery systems study, Report 76-145-IB, Princeton, New Jersey, 31st March 1976.

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