Air traffic management (ATM) for commercial traffic will need tomeet major challenges in the coming years. The industry is facedwith many questions, for example:

• What ATM system can we realistically expect to have in 2010,2020 and beyond?

• What safety improvements should we target for?

• What business analyses are needed to drive innovation forward?

• What are the key questions to be answered about the balance of responsibility between air and ground?

• How do we best address ‘gate-to-gate’ ATM issues?

• What are the systems architecture problems?

Global air traffic demand has shown rapid growth for the last three decades. This growth led to more delays and congestion within terminal manoeuvring areas (TMAs) around major airports. The efficient use of airport capacities through the careful planning of air traffic flows is imperative to overcome these problems. In this study, a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model with a multi-objective approach was developed to solve the aircraft sequencing and scheduling problem for mixed runway operations within the TMAs. The model contains fuel cost functions based on airspeed, altitude, bank angle, and the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft. The optimisation problem was solved by using the $\varepsilon$-constraint method where total delay and total fuel functions were simultaneously optimised. We tested the model with different scenarios generated based on the real traffic data of Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen Airport. The results revealed that the average total delay and average total fuel were reduced by 26.4% and 6.7%, respectively.

I shall try to set the Air Traffic Control scene by describing how the responsibilities of States to provide Air Traffic Services are currently exercised in the United Kingdom, and by indicating some of the measures being taken to ensure that these services keep pace with the increasing demands of the air space users. Any opinions I may express are, of course, my own, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Ministry of Aviation.

Valuable lives and thousands of pounds worth of equipment are lost in collisions each year.

The graphs of civil aviation traffic show that an accident in May of 1922 was followed in June by a drop in the average monthly passenger traffic of 325 passengers. A more serious accident in May, 1923, was followed by a drop in traffic during May and June of 750 passengers.

There is thus every incentive to minimise the risk of collision as far as possible, if only from an economical standpoint, as apart from the humanitarian.

Under the existing regulations there is danger of collision not only from all points of the compass in a horizontal plane—and, even at sea, with rules based on a thousand years’ experience, collisions are all too frequent—but from every conceivable direction of which the pilot is the unfortunate centre.

Rule of the Air No. 29 is perhaps the best exposition of the present state of affairs in air navigation.

Although the application of new, reduced aircraft separation minima can directly increase runway throughput, the impact thereof on the traffic flow of aircraft arriving at the destination airport has not been discussed yet. This paper proposes a data-driven and queue-based modeling approach and presents an analysis of the impact on the delay time of arriving aircraft in the airspace within a radius of 100 nautical miles around an airport. The parameters of our queuing model were estimated by analysing the data contained in the radar tracks and flight plans for flights that arrived at Tokyo International Airport during the 2 years of 2016 and 2017. The results clarified the best arrival strategy according to the distance from the arrival airport: The combination of airspace capacity control and reduction of the flight time and separation variance is the most powerful solution to mitigate delays experienced by arriving traffic while also allowing an increase in the amount of arrival traffic. The application of new wake vortex categories would enable us to increase the arrival traffic to 120%. In addition, the arrival delay time could be minimised by implementing the proposed arrival traffic strategies together with automation support for air traffic controllers.

The aim is to explore the philosophy of air traffic management with different strategic visions of the future: to answer the key question: ‘Who is to prevent mid-air collisions and how are they to accomplish this?’ The best strategic vision may just be the one that has the best match with the consensus on the desired strategic direction. Nevertheless, it must satisfy the main safety, financial, human performance etc. constraints. To explore the question, a blend of concepts from a range of disciplines has been used. These include risk analysis, financial decision-making, ‘cognitive engineering’ research and simple cybernetics. ‘full delegation’ – with pilots being responsible for all the tasks related to separation assurance – appears to meet most of the constraints. Some important issues for safety analyses of full delegation are sketched. Research into the nature and rate of future conflicts in a full delegation environment, using models of error processes, is crucial.

Commercially-driven air traffic management (ATM) innovations typically aim to increase air space capacity and/or reduce delays. Here, their potential application for environmental mitigation is discussed. Both carbon dioxide (CO2) and non-CO2 climate impacts are considered, as are noise and air quality issues. We outline the technological, scientific and political barriers to an integrated approach to applying ATM technologies to environmental mitigation. These issues highlight the need to improve comparison and prioritisation of the emissions and effects of aviation.

The increasingly widespread application of drones and the emergence of urban air mobility leads to a challenging question in airspace modernisation: how to create a safe and scalable air traffic management system that can handle the expected density of operations. Increasing the number of vehicles in a given airspace volume and enabling routine operations are essential for these services to be economically viable. However, a higher density of operations increases risks, poses a great challenge for coordination and necessitates the development of a novel solution for traffic management. This paper contributes to the research towards such a strategy and the field of airspace management by calculating and analysing the conflict probability in an en-route, free-flight scenario for autonomous vehicles. Analytical methods are used to determine the directional dependence of conflict probabilities for exponential and normal prescribed speed probability distributions. The notions of geometric and speed conflict are introduced and distinguished throughout the calculations of the paper. The effect of truncating the set of available flight speeds is also investigated. The sensitivity of the calculated results to speed and heading perturbations is studied within the analytical framework and verified by numerical simulations. Results enable a fresh approach to conflict detection and resolution through distribution shaping and are intended to be used in an integrated, stochastic coordination framework.

Integrated Modular Avionics enables applications of different criticality levels to share the same hardware platform with an established temporal and spatial isolation. On-chip communication systems for such platforms must support different bandwidth and latency requirements of applications while preserving time predictability. In this paper, our concern is a time-predictable on-chip network architecture for targeting applications in mixed-criticality aerospace systems. The proposed architecture introduces a mixed, priority-based and time-division-multiplexed arbitration scheme to accommodate different bandwidth and latency in the same network while preserving worst-case time predictability for end-to-end communication without packet loss. Furthermore, as isolation of erroneous transmission by a faulty application is a key aspect of contingency management, the communication system should support isolation mechanisms to prevent interference. For this reason, a sampling port and isolated sampling buffer-based approach is proposed with a transmission authorisation control mechanism, guaranteeing spatial and temporal isolation between communicating systems.