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Les Dialectes dogon

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2012

Extract

Dans le pays dogon qui se situe au coeur du Soudan français, dans la boucle du Niger vit une population dl'environ 220.000 individus, race vigoureuse et homogène qui a conservé intacte une civilisation millénaire, peut-être héritée de célèbres civilisations méditerranéennes aujourdl'hui disparues. Au cours des dernières années, les travaux d'une équipe ethnographique française ont fait des Dogon une des populations les mieux étudiées de l'Afrique Occidentale sur le plan des institutions et des croyances. Il n'en est pas de même de leur langue, qui n'a encore fait l'objet d'aucune étude d'ensemble, et dont la situation parmi les autres groupes de langues africaines reste mal définie. Delafosse, après avoir hésité entre le groupe voltaïque et le groupe mandé, penche pour ce dernier dans la dernière édition des Langues du Monde, où il classe le dogon dans le groupe nigéro-sénégalais (sousgroupe de l'Est, avec le samogho et le sia). Par contre, le R. P. Bertho, dans une récente étude, rapproche le dogon des langues voltaïques. M. de Lavergne de Tressan, dans son Inventaire Linguistique de l' A.O.F. et du Togo, juge préférable ‘d’opter pour la prudence, tant que les catégories grammaticales n'auront pas été étudiées’ (p. 211). Cette attitude de prudence sera aussi la nôtre; il ne semble pas que l'on puisse aboutir à des conclusions valables dans le domaine du comparatisme avant qu'une description aussi complète que possible ait été donnée, sinon de la langue dogon, du moins d'un de ses nombreux dialectes.

Résumé

THE DOGON LANGUAGES

The religious ideas and the social structure of the Dogon of the French Sudan have been intensively studied by Professor Griaule and his collaborators, but the Dogon languages have so far received little attention, apart from various short articles by the author of the present study and others, though a dictionary and grammar of one of the Dogon languages is in preparation. To the Dogon themselves, language is highly important; the faculty of speech is closely linked to the vital principle of each individual, and language is regarded as the symbol of knowledge. The Dogon display a fine sense of correct speech and a faculty for distinguishing between different dialects, different accents, and what they consider the purer and the less pure forms of their language.

The linguistic situation among the Dogon is complex, the different dialectal forms and their distribution being determined by geographical factors as well as by the marked individualism of different social groups. In the highland area of their territory numerous small linguistic zones may be distinguished, while in the plain, where means of communication are more developed, some languages are spoken over a wide area.

According to Dogon traditions, Amma Serou, the senior of the four founding ancestors from whom the four Dogon tribes derive, received the gift of language from Nommo, the agent of creation. Amma Serou received twelve languages: six Dogon dialects and six others. The six Dogon dialects may, in theory, each be divided into two, and from these twelve the dialects existing today may all be derived. The original language spoken by the Dogon before they were divided into families and groups was dyamsay. Two of the founding ancestors who remained on the plateau developed a language called tombo, the other two migrated to the plain where they continued to speak dyamsay. Today these two dialects seem to represent the oldest forms of the language.

The present article gives a brief account of the distribution of the Dogon languages, the number of speakers and some indications of their special characteristics. They are grouped geographically as follows: languages of the plain; languages of the highland and the central and north-eastern plateau; languages of the west; languages of the north-west; languages of the north; miscellaneous languages (or dialects). One group of languages, that of Sanga, is discussed in greater detail. This group, which includes the speeches of 18 villages, may be divided into two: Upper Sanga and Lower Sanga. Within this group, the speakers distinguish nine different forms of speech, varying in vocabulary and pronunciation, each of which is said to possess its specific character, and is described in such terms as ‘clear’, ‘sonorous’, ‘heavy’, ‘slow’, &c. Linguistic experts among the Dogon themselves can distinguish the pronunciation not only of different villages, but of different sections in the same village. The nine different forms of speech included in the Sanga group are held to symbolize the nine (or six) original languages conveyed to men by the ancestors by means of drumbeats.

The education of children among the Dogon includes systematic training in the correct use and pronunciation of their languages. Though each individual professes to regard his own language as the best, in fact the various Dogon languages are ranked in a definite hierarchy. The learning of several languages is encouraged, as each new language acquired means an increase of vital power.

Information

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1956

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