“Spain’S greatest [territorial] losses have been to Portugal,” grumbled José de Carvajal y Lancáster in the mid-eighteenth century. Well might Ferdinand VI’s astute minister complain, for, by 1750, the Luso-Brazilians, employing their “indirect methods of conquest “had tripled the extension of Portuguese America beyond that allowed by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Moreover, a Lusitanian contemporary of Carvajal, Luís da Cunha, was counselling the establishment of a Brazilian Pacific sea frontier by advocating the exchange of the Kingdom of the Algarve in Europe for the Kingdom of Chile in the New World—a swap that “would be very convenient for the Castilians, for the security of their [Andalusian] ports.”