Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 December 2015
Third Sergeant Wenceslau Martins Leal may have misunderstood his orders for 18 July 1888 but his greater mistake was, in fact, carrying them out too well. With his patrol from the Sixteenth Infantry Battalion, he reported to the police subdelegate of Salvador’s São Pedro parish at 7:00 p.m. and received orders to arrest and take to the fort “all the vagrants that he could find, for the time had come for impressment [recrutamento forçado].” Because the subdelegate did not limit the number of men to be impressed and pointed out the best places to find such “vagabonds”—Dois de Julho Square and the nearby alleys—Leal concluded that he had unlimited authority to put his ten men to work on this “arduous task.” It only took an hour. In a first sweep, they picked up thirty-five men; in a second, seventeen more. Two resisted “tenaciously” and had to be forcibly subdued. By 8:00, the duty officer had developed serious misgivings about the large number of prisoners arriving at the fort. He checked with the subdelegate who denied having given such orders in the first place and released the detainees. An indignant Leal justified his actions on the grounds that he had merely followed orders to the best of his ability.
I thank the Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Foundation, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the University of Texas at Austin for support during the research and writing of this article. An earlier version of this paper was presented to the Arquivo Público do Estado da Bahia’s conference, “O Exército Brasileiro e as Lutas Sociais, Século XIX,” 19 June 1996. Walter Frago Filho generously shared his invaluable notes on the policing of Bahia’s interior in the 1830s and 1840s; Roderick Barman and Onildo Reis David supplied me with additional sources, while Richard Graham, Peter Beattie, and an anonymous reader provided helpful comments on the manuscript. The following abreviations are used in the notes: Arquivo Público do Estado da Bahia, Seção de Arquivo Colonial e Provincial (APEBa/SACP); Arquivo Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (ANRJ), Seção do Poder Executivo (SPE); Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Seção de Manuscritos (BNRJ/SM); Arquivo do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Brasil (AIHGB); Brazil, Collecção das Leis do Brasil (CLB); Brazil, Anais da Câmara dos Deputados (ACD); Brazil, Anais do Senado (AS).