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The Excavations at Sagalassos 1993

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

Marc Waelkens and
Edwin Owens
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Extract

During 1993 the excavations at Sagalassos continued for their fourth season from 3 July until 19 August. From 21 until 28 August a survey was carried out in the district immediately south and south-east of the excavation site. The work was directed by Professor Marc Waelkens (Dept. of Archaeology, Catholic University of Leuven). A total of 45 Turkish workmen and 62 scientists or students from various countries (Belgium, Turkey, Great Britain, Portugal, France, Austria and Greece) were involved in the project. The team included 25 archaeologists, 8 illustrators, 8 architect-restorers (supervised by T. Patricio and directed by Prof. K. Van Balen and Prof. F. Hueber), 4 cartographers (directed by Prof. F. Depuydt), 2 geomorphologists (Prof. E. Paulissen and K. Vandaele), 2 archaeozoologists from the Museum of Central Africa at Tervuren (Belgium), 6 conservators (directed by G. Hibler-Vandenbulcke), 1 photographer (P. Stuyven), 2 computer specialists and 4 people taking care of everyday logistics. The Turkish Antiquities Department was represented by Mrs. Nurhan Ülgen for the first and by Mrs. Aliye Yamancı for the second half of the season, whom we both thank for their much appreciated help and collaboration.

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Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 44 , December 1994, pp. 169 - 186
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 1994

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References

1 For a report on the previous excavation seasons see Waelkens, M., Harmankaya, A. and Viaene, W., “The Excavations at Sagalassos 1990”, AS XLI (1991), 197–213Google Scholar; Waelkens, M., Owens, E., Hasendonckx, A. and Arıkan, B., “The Excavations at Sagalassos 1991”, AS XLII (1992), 78–98Google Scholar; Waelkens, M. (ed.), Sagalassos I. First General Report on the Survey (1986–1989) and Excavations (1990–1991), Leuven University Press 1993Google Scholar; Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II. Report on the Third Excavation Campaign of 1992, Leuven University Press 1993Google Scholar.

2 This text presents research results of the Belgian Programme on Interuniversity Poles of Attraction initiated by the Belgian Government, Prime Minister's Office, Science Policy Programming. The scientific responsibility is assumed by its authors.

3 See Waelkens, M., “The Excavation of a Late Hellenistic Fountain House and its Surroundings (Site N)”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds.), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 43–86Google Scholar.

4 See Ergin, K., Güçlü, U. and Uz, Z., Türkiye ve cıvarının deprem katalogu. A Catalog of Earthquakes for Turkey and Surrounding Area (A.D. 11 to A.D. 1964), Istanbul 1967, 12Google Scholar.

5 See Vandeput, L., “The Theatre-Façade at Sagalassos”, AS XLII, 1992, 99–117Google Scholar.

6 See Devijver, H., “The Inscriptions of the Neon-Library of Roman Sagalassos”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 107–24Google Scholar.

7 See K. Ergin, op. cit., 14.

8 This building was excavated by Mrs. B. Arıkan of Bilkent University.

9 See Waelkens, M., “The Excavations of a Late Hellenistic Fountain House and its Surroundings (Site N)”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 13–15Google Scholar, Figs. 9–20.

10 See Waelkens, M., “Sagalassos. History and Archaeology”, in Waelkens, M. (ed.), Sagalassos I, Leuven 1993, 48Google Scholar.

11 See Devijver, H., “The Inscriptions of the Neon-Library of Roman Sagalassos”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 107–23Google Scholar.

12 Sample Lv 1987: 1900 ± 50 BP.

13 Thanks to the efforts of our conservators Mrs. K. Norman and Mrs. G. Hibler-Vandenbulcke much of the plastering of phases 2 and 3 could be preserved.

14 See Waelkens, M., “The Excavations of a Late Hellenistic Fountain House and its Surroundings (Site N)”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 15Google Scholar Figs. 18–20.

15 For a description of this fill, see Waelkens, M., “The Excavations of a Late Hellenistic Fountain House and its Surroundings (Site N)”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 13–14Google Scholar, layers 5–7.

16 These excavations were supervised by Mrs. L. Gijsen, V. Mataouchek and M. Martens, all from the K.U. Leuven.

17 See Waelkens, M., “The Excavations of a Late Hellenistic Fountain House and its Surroundings (Site N)”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 48–50Google Scholar, layers 10 E–14 E; J. Poblome & R. Degeest, ibidem, 150–67.

18 A study by Degeest, R. is in print in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos III, Leuven 1994Google Scholar.

19 They are being published by Gysen, L. in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos III, Leuven 1994 (in print)Google Scholar.

20 See Degeest, R. & Waelkens, M., “Ceramic Studies. Sagalassos Ware. The Common Ware” in Waelkens, M. (ed.), Sagalassos I, Leuven 1993, 142, 151Google Scholar Fig. 107; Poblome, J. & Degeest, R., “A Model of Ceramic Evolution. The Pottery Found at Site N”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 177–9Google Scholar.

21 See Waelkens, M., “The Excavations of a Late Hellenistic Fountain House and its Surroundings (Site N)”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J., Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 13Google Scholar (layers 2–5).

22 See Poblome, J. & Degeest, R., “A Model of Ceramic Evolution. The Pottery Found at Site N”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 167Google Scholar; Degeest, R. in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos III, Leuven 1994Google Scholar (in print).

23 See Waelkens, M., Owens, E., Hasendonckx, A. and Arıkan, B., “The Excavations at Sagalassos 1991”, AS XLII, 1992, 88Google Scholar; Waelkens, M., ”The Excavations of a Late Hellenistic Fountain House and its Surroundings (Site N)”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 15Google Scholar.

24 The excavations in these areas were supervised by Mrs. J. Vandenbergh. For a preliminary report on the 1992 season, see Waelkens, M., “The 1992 Season at Sagalassos. A Preliminary Report”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 15–16Google Scholar Figs. 21–8.

25 On this building, see Waelkens, M., “Sagalassos. History and Archaeology”, in Waelkens, M. (ed.), Sagalassos I, Leuven 1993, 43Google Scholar Figs. 25, 27–9.

26 For such a loggia in Hellenistic Selge, see Machatschek, A. & Schwarz, B., Bauforschungen in Selge, Wien 1981, 49–53, 85–8Google Scholar Pl. V, XVI.

27 See Lauter, H., Die Architektur des Hellenismus, Darmstadt 1986, 141Google Scholar Fig. 44a.

28 Lanckoronski, C., Städte Pamphyliens und Pisidiens. II. Pisidien, Berlin-Leipzig-Prag 1892Google Scholar, n° 218. For a photograph of this base, see Devijver, H., “The Inscriptions of the Neon-Library of Roman Sagalassos”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 123Google Scholar Fig. 10.

29 C. Lanckoronski, op. cit. n° 218. See on this family H. Devijver, op. cit. in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 113Google Scholar and for a reconstruction of this column ibidem 122 Fig. 9.

30 A publication is now in press by Devijver, H. in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos III, Leuven 1994Google Scholar.

31 For a reconstruction drawing of this roof, see Waelkens, M., “The 1992 Season at Sagalassos. A Preliminary Report”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 36Google Scholar Fig. 36.

32 See Borchhardt, J. & Stanzl, G., “Ein Hellenistischer Bau des Herrscherkultes: Das Ptolemaion in Limyra”, in Götter, Heroen, Herrscher in Lykien, Wien-München 1990, 82, 183Google Scholar; Borchhardt, J., Die Steine von Zemuri, Wien 1993, 79–83Google Scholar Taf. 48.

33 Seiler, F., Die griechische Tholos, Mainz 1986, 137Google Scholar Figs. 62–3 (with many other examples from the eastern Mediterranean pp. 135–47).

34 See F. Seiler, op.cit., 145 n. 586.

35 See for instance Wagner, J., Die Römer an Euphrat und Tigris (Antike Kunst. Sondernummer) 16, 1985, 32Google Scholar Fig. 52; 34 Fig. 57.

36 See von Hessberg, H., Römische Grabbauten, Darmstadt 1992, 129Google Scholar Fig. 74; 134 Fig. 78; 142–3 Fig. 85.

37 Called Michailitai. For this interpretation we are grateful to Prof. C. Laga.

38 On this cult see Mitchell, S., Anatolia. Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor. II. The Rise of the Church, Oxford 1993, 46, 99, 117, 122, 125, 126, 128n, 129, 136, 141Google Scholar.

39 They are published and discussed by Devijver, H. & Waelkens, M. in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds.), Sagalassos III, Leuven 1994Google Scholar (in press).

40 For a reconstruction, see Waelkens, M., “The 1992 Season at Sagalassos. A Preliminary Report”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 36Google Scholar Fig. 26.

41 See Müller, B., “Zur Geschichte der Stadt Side”, in Franke, P. R., Leschhorn, W., Müller, B. and Nollé, J., Side. Münzprägung, Inschriften und Geschichte einer antiken Stadt in der Türkei, Saarbrücken 1989, 21Google Scholar.

42 See Waelkens, M., “Sagalassos. History and Archaeology”, in Waelkens, M. (ed.), Sagalassos I, Leuven 1993, 39Google Scholar.

43 The excavations here have been supervised by Mr. D. Pauwels. For a first preliminary report on the 1992 campaign, see Waelkens, M., “The 1992 Season at Sagalassos. A Preliminary Report”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 16–17Google Scholar Figs. 29–32.

44 A similar distinction between political and commercial agora also exists at Ephesos (resp. “Staatsmarkt” und “Tetragonos Agora”), but in most cases such a distinction is not always very clear. See Coulton, J. J., The Architectural Development of the Greek Stoa, Oxford 1976, 176Google Scholar; Waelkens, M., “Hellenistic and Roman Influence in the Imperial Architecture of Asia Minor” in Walker, S. & Cameron, A., The Greek Renaissance in the Roman Empire (Papers from the Tenth British Museum Classical Colloquium), London 1989, 81Google Scholar.

45 The capitals could be dated by L. Vandeput, The Architectural Decoration at Sagalassos. Local Development within the Framework of Anatolian Architecture. The Imperial Period (Ph.D. of 1994 in press).

46 See Cameron, A., The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, A.D. 395–600, London & New York 1993, 160–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

47 See Waelkens, M., “Sagalassos. History and Archaeology”, in Waelkens, M. (ed.), Sagalassos I, Leuven 1993, 49Google Scholar; Waelkens, M., “The Excavation of a Late Hellenistic Fountain House and its Surroundings (Site N)”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 54Google Scholar.

48 See Waelkens, M., Owens, E., Hasendonckx, A. & Arıkan, B., “The Excavations at Sagalassos 1991”, AS XLII, 1992, 96–7Google Scholar.

49 It was not possible to undertake a full survey of the remains in 1993.

50 On this gate see Waelkens, M., “Sagalassos. History and Archaeology” in Waelkens, M. (ed.), Sagalassos I, Leuven 1993, 37Google Scholar with note 2.

51 See Waelkens, M., “The 1992 Season at Sagalassos. A Preliminary Report” in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 19–20Google Scholar Figs. 1–2.

52 OGIS 483, ll. 132–55Google Scholar. The text gives full details of the width, construction, rights and means of access to the cavity, and the fines to be imposed by the astynomoi for contravention of the specifications.

53 It is highly improbable that the guttering system for the collection of the water from the library roof was constructed merely to take water away from the building without storing it. The pipeline running immediately alongside the western wall of the library might be the continuation of the vertical pipe in the library wall.

54 On these drainage systems, see Waelkens, M., “The Excavation of a Late Hellenistic Fountain House and its Surroundings (Site N)”, in Waelkens, M. & Poblome, J. (eds), Sagalassos II, Leuven 1993, 48–50Google Scholar Figs. 39–40, 43.