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Le problème Adam Smith

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2017

Gérard Jorland*
Affiliation:
Centre de Recherches Historiques E.H.E.S.S. — C.N.R.S.

Extract

En 1776, Adam Smith publiait An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, deux gros volumes de plus de 500 pages chacun, pour montrer que ni la quantité de monnaie d'or et d'argent, ni les ressources de son sol ne font la richesse d'une nation, mais son travail ; et que la cause de cette richesse ne doit pas être recherchée dans une balance du commerce favorable, pas plus dans le seul progrès de l'agriculture, mais dans la division du travail. En conséquence, il s'écartait d'une tradition qui remontait à Aristote — et que tous, alors, reprenaient à leur compte — selon laquelle la valeur des biens échangés est fonction de leur utilité, et en instaurait une autre — que les marxistes poursuivent encore — qui fonde la valeur sur le travail.

Summary

Summary

Adam Smith's commentators have been puzzled by an alleged discrepancy between his ethical theory of 1759, in which social relationships are seemingly based on altruism, and his economic theory of 1776, in which they are apparently based on egoism. It is argued here that this inconsistency does not exist, since Smith's main ethical concept is not “benevolence” but “self-command”, which is on a par with the concept of “laborcommand” in economics. The reference to “self-love” is a case for rhetoric in barter. On the whole, Adam Smith was looking for a standard measure of value to serve as the foundation stone of social science. Dismissing “utility” because it could not be a common measure, he resorted to “labor” simply as a consequence of his theory of the division of labor.

Information

Type
Intersciences
Copyright
Copyright © École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, 1984

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