Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-fvjsw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-14T06:11:38.730Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Bilingualism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 November 2008

Braj B. Kachru
Get accessRights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The area of bilingualism is essentially interdisciplinary; therefore, it has been studied from linguistic, educational, psychological, and sociological perspective. In defining the term various classificatory, normative, and methological criteria have been used (see, e. g., Beziers and Van Overbeke 1968:112–131; Haugen 1953; Weinerich 1953), and no one defintion of the term is generally accepted. Bloomfield (1933:56) defines bilingualism as “native–like control of two languages” ––a very high goal indeed. For Haugen (1953:6) a bilingual produces “complete and meaningful utterances in other languages.” Weinreich (1953:1) considers bilingualism “the practice of alternately using two languages.”

Information

Type
Bilingualism
Information
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics , Volume 1 , March 1980, pp. 2 - 18
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

UNANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alatis, J. E. (ed.) 1970. Bilingualism and language contact: Anthropological, linguistic, psychological, and social aspects. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Alatis, J. E. (ed.) 1978. International dimensions of bilingual education. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Al-Kasimi, , Ali, M. 1977. Linguistics and bilingual dictionaries. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Bailey, R. W. and Gorlach, M.. (eds.) Forthcoming. English as a world language. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beebe, , Leslie, M. 1977. The influence of the listener on code-switching. Language learing. 27.2.331–339.Google Scholar
Beziers, M. and Overbeke, M. Van. 1968. Le Bilinguisme. Lovain.Google Scholar
Bilingual education: Current perspectives. Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Leonard, . 1933. Language. New York: Holt.Google Scholar
Clyne, , Michael, . 1972. Perspectives on language contact: Based on a study of German in Australia. Melbourne: Hawthorn Press.Google Scholar
Croft, , Kenneth, . 1980. Readings in English as a second language for teachers and teacher trainers. Boston, Winthrop.Google Scholar
Dearholt, D. W. and Valdes-Fallis, G.. 1978. Toward a probablistic automata of some aspects of code-switching. Language in society. 7.3.411–419.Google Scholar
Denison, N. 1968. Sauris: A trilingual community in diatypic perspective. Man. 3.578–592.Google Scholar
Diebold, A. R. 1964. Incipient bilingualism. Language. 37.97–112.Google Scholar
DiPietro, R. J. 1971. Language structues in Contrast. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Epstein, , Noel, . 1977–1978. Language, ethnicity, and the schools. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Educational Leadership, George Washington University.Google Scholar
Ferguson, , Charles, A. 1959. Diglossia. Word. 15.325–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, , Charles, A. 1979. Multilingualism as object of linguistic description. In Kachru, Linguistics in the Seventies: directions and peospects. Special issue of Studies in linguistic sciences. Urbaba: Department of Linguistics, University of lllinois. 97–105.Google Scholar
Gumperz, , John, J. 1966. Linguistic repertoires, grammars, and second language instruction. 16Th Annual round table meeting on linguistics and language study. Washington, D.C., Georgetown University. 81–91.Google Scholar
Gumperz, , John, J. 1970. Verbal strategies in multilingual communication. In Grorgetown University round table on languages and linguistics. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University. 129–147.Google Scholar
Gumperz, , John, J. and Hymes, D.. (eds.) 1972. Directions in Sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Haugen, , Einar, . 1953. The Norwegian language in America: A study of bilingual behavior. philadelphia: university of Pennsylvanina Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haugen, , Einar, 1973. Bilingualism, language contact, and immigrant languages in the United States. A research report 1956–1970. In Sebeok 1973. [Reprinted in Fishman 1978: 1–111].Google Scholar
Herbert, R. K. (ed.) 1979. Metatheory III. Application of linguistic theory in the human sciences. 1979 Conference proceedings. East Lansing: Department of Linguistics, Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Hill, K. L. (ed.) 1979. The genesis of language. Ann Arbor, MI: Koroma Publications.Google Scholar
kachru, , Braj, B. 1965. The Indianness in indian English. Word. 21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
kachru, , Braj, B. 1978. Code–mising as a communicative strategy in India. In Georgetown University round table on language and linguistics 1978. 107–124.Google Scholar
kachru, , Braj, B. 1979. The Englishization of Hindi: Language rivalry and language change. In Rach and carr, Linguistic Method: Essays in honour of Herbert Penzl. 199–211.Google Scholar
kachru, , Braj, B. (ed.) 1979b. Linguistics in the Seventies: Directions and prospects. Special issue of studies in the linguistic sciences. Urbana: Department of Linguistics, University of lllinois.Google Scholar
Kachru, , Braj, B. 1980. The pragmatics of non-native varieties of English. In Smith, English for cross-cultural communication.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kachru, , Braj, B. and Sridhar, S. N.. (eds.) 1978. Aspects of sociolinguistics in South Asia. Special issue of Internal journal of the socioligy of language. 16.Google Scholar
Keats, , Daphne, M. and Keats, J. A.. 1977. Performance of Malay and Chinese children on vocabulary and operational tasks in two languages. Australisn Psychologist. 12.1.63–68.Google Scholar
Labov, , William, . 1972. Sociolinguistic patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Lado, , Robert, . 1957. Linguistics across cultures. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Lambert, , Wallace, E. and Tucker, G. Richard. 1972. Bilingual education of children. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Lavandera, B. R. 1978. The variable component in bilingual performance. In Alatis, Georgetown University round table on languages 1978.391–409.Google Scholar
Lindholm, , Kathryn, J. and Padilla, A. M.. 1978. Language mixing in bilingual children. Journal of child language. 5.2.327–335.Google Scholar
Lourie, , Margaret, and Conklin, Nancy F.. (eds.) 1978. A pluralistic nation: The language issue in the United States. Rowely, MA: Newbury house.Google Scholar
Mackey, W. F. and Ornstein, J.. (eds.) 1979. Sociolinguistic studies in language contact. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Makkai, , Adam, , Makkai, V. and Heilmann, L.. (eds.) 1977. Linguistics at the crossroads. Padova, Italy: Liviana Editrice and Lake bluff, IL: Jupiter Press.Google Scholar
Nash, , Rose, . 1977. Aspects of Spanish-English bilingualism and language mixture in Puerto Rico. In Makkai, et. al. Linguistics at the crossroads.Google Scholar
Nash, , Rose, . 1977. Reconceptualization as a form of language contact. The sixth LACUS forum. Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press. 412–419.Google Scholar
Nguyen, , Dinh-Hoa, . 1979. Bicultural information in a bilingual dictionary. In Zgusta, Theory and method in lexicography: Western and non-Western perspectives. 163–175.Google Scholar
Pandit, , Prabodh, B. 1978. Language and identity: the Punjabi language in Delhi. In Kachru and Sridhar, 1978. 93–108.Google Scholar
Paradis, , Mitchel, . 1977. Bilingualism and aphasia. In Whitaker and Whitaker, Studies in Neurolinguistics 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paradis, , Mitchel, . 1979a. Contributions of neurolinguistics to the theory of bilingualism. In Herbert, 1979 Conference Proceedings. 180–211.Google Scholar
Paradis, , Mitchel, . 1979b. Language and thought in bilinguals. The Sixth LACUS form. Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press. 420–431.Google Scholar
Quirk, , Randolph, , Greebaum, S., Leech, G., and Svartvik, J.. 1972. A grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Rauch, , Irmengard, and Carr, Gerald F.. 1979. Linguistic method: Essays in honour of Herbert Penzl. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Rintell, , Ellen, . n.d. Getting your speech act together: the pragmatic ability of secound language learners. Working papers on bilingualism no. 17.Google Scholar
Ritchie, , William, C. 1978. Second language acquisition research: Issues and implication. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Scotton, , Carol, M. and Ury, Willaim. 1977. Bilingual strategies: The social functions of code-switching. International journal of the sociology of language. 13.5–20.Google Scholar
Sebeok, , Thomas, A. (ed.) 1973. Current trends in linguistics. Vol. 10. Linguistics in North America. The Hague. Mouton.Google Scholar
Sharma, , Gopal, P. and Kumar, Suresh. (eds.) n. d. Indian bilingualism. Agra: Kendriya Hindi Sansthan.Google Scholar
Sharp, , Derrick, . 1973. Language in bilingual communities. London. Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
shuy, , Roger, W. 1979. Multilingualism as a goal of educational policy. In Kachru, Linguistics in the Seventies: Directions and prospects. 107–121.Google Scholar
Smith, , Larry, . (ed.) 1980. English for cross–cultural communication. London: Macmillam.Google Scholar
Spolsky, , Bernard, and Cooper, Robert. (eds.) 1978. Case studies in bilingual education. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Sridhar, S. N. 1978. On the functions of code–mixing in Kannada. In Kachru and Sridhar, Aspects of sociolinguistics in South Asia. 109–117.Google Scholar
Sridhar, S. N. 1980. Contrastive analysis, error analysis and interlanguage: Three phases of one goal. In Corft, Readings in English as a secound language for teachers and teacher trainers. 91–119.Google Scholar
Teitelbaum, , Herta, . 1979. Unreliability of language background self-ratings of young bilingual children. Child study journal. 9.1.51–59.Google Scholar
Trudgill, , Peter, . 1976–1977. Creolization in reverse: Reduction and simplification in the Albanian dialects of Greece. Transactions of the philological Society. 35–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trueba, , Henry, T. and Barnett-Mizrahi, Carol. (eds.) 1979. Bilingual multicultural education and the professional. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Weinreich, , Uriel, . 1953. Languages in contact: Findings and problems. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Whitaker, , Harry, A. 1978. Bilingualism: A neurolinguistic perspective In Ritchie, Second language acquage acquistion researc: Issues and implication. 21–32.Google Scholar
Whitaker, , Harry, A. and Whitaker, H. A.. (eds.) 1977. Studies in Neurolinguistics 3. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Whiteley, W. H. (ed.) 1974. Language in Kenya. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zgusta, , Ladislav, . 1979. Theory and method in lexicography: Western and non-Western perspectives. Columbia, SC: Hornbeam Press.Google Scholar