^{page 97 note a} Montelius, , Om tidsbestämning inom Bronsåldern, med särskildt afseende på Skandinavien (Stockholm, 1885).Google ScholarIdem, Sur la chronologie de I'âge du bronze, spédalement dans la Scandinavie, in the Matériaux pour I'histoire primitive et naturelle de I'homme, xix. (Paris, 1885), 108.Google Scholar

^{page 97 note b} Idem, Die Ghronologie der ältesten Bronzezeit in Nord-Deutschland und Skandinavien (Braunschweig, 1900)Google Scholar; reprinted from the Archiv für Anthropologie, xxv. and xxviGoogle Scholar.

^{page 97 note c} Idem, Pre-Glassical Chronology in Greece and Italy (London, 1897); reprinted from the Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, xxvi.Google Scholar

^{page 97 note d} Idem, La chronologie préhistorique en France et en d'autres pays celtiques, in the Oompte rendu du Congrès International d'Anthropologie et d'Archéologie préhistoriques, xii. (Paris, 1900), 340Google Scholar; also printed in L'Anthropologie, xii. (Paris, 1901), 609.Google Scholar

^{page 98 note a} Idem, Die typologische Methode, reprinted from Die älteren Kulturperioden im Orient und in Europa, I. Die Methode. Stockholm, 1903.

^{page 99 note a} It is very difficult to distinguish, by the colour, copper and poor bronze (with a very small portion of tin), and only some few objects have been analyzed. Cf. George Coffey, “Irish Copper Celts,” in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxi. 265Google Scholar; Gowland, W., “Copper and its Alloys in Prehistoric Times,” Presidential Address, in the same Journal, xxxvi. (1906), 11Google Scholar.

^{page 99 note b} Montelius, Die Chronologie der ältesten Bronzezeit in Nord-Deutschland and Skandinavien, 6. In that paper I have answered objections of the same kind as those made in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxvi. 22Google Scholar.

^{page 100 note a} Gowland, , I.c. 19.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note b} Coffey, , I.c. 267Google Scholar (trace of tin up to 1 per cent, of this metal). Some of the English axes contain much tin (9 to 11 per cent.), which is, as we have already seen, due to the presence of tin in the English copper ores. (Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxvi. 24Google Scholar.)

^{page 100 note c} It is a mistake to suppose that such axes have been “inserted vertically” (i.e. longitudinally) “into a wooden handle by being driven in for about 2 inches at the narrow end, the grain of the wood (still adhering to the bronze when found) running in the same direction as the longest dimension of the celt” (Archaeologia, xliii. 445Google Scholar). If the axe is fixed in such a handle as fig. 20 the grain of the shorter bent part of the handle runs in the same direction as the blade.

^{page 101 note a} Tanged dagger-blades have erroneously been called “spear-heads.”

^{page 101 note b} Thurnam, , in Archaeologia, xliii. 388Google Scholar; Abercromby, J., “The Oldest Bronze-Age Ceramic Types in Britain,” in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxii. 373Google Scholar; Idem, “A Proposed Chronological Arrangement of the Drinking Cap or Beaker Class of Pictilia in Britian,” in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, xxxviii. (1904), 323.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note c} For wooden coffins from the Bronze Age and later periods, found in England and Scotland, see Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, xxxix. 182Google Scholar. Oak coffins hollowed out in the same manner were also used in England after the introduction of Christianity. Thomas Wright, “On some Curious Forms of Sepulchral Interment found in East Yorkshire,” in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1857, pt. ii. 114. For similar oak coffins found in Scandinavia, and dating from the Bronze Age and later periods, see Montelius, , Grafkistor af klufna och urhålkade stockar, in the Svenska Fornminnesföreningens tidskrift, ix. 17Google Scholar.

^{page 102 note a} A burial with burnt bones from a somewhat earlier time, corresponding to the end of the second period of the British Bronze Age, has just been discovered in Rothmann, Dithmarschen. C., Ein Grabhügel der Bronzezeit bei Schafstedt in Dithmarschen, in the Mitteilungen des Anthropologischen Vereins in Schleswig-Holstein (Kiel, 1907), 14.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note b} I give here, as for the other periods, a description of some of the most important discoveries only. These lists are of course far from being complete.

^{page 102 note c} Archaeological Journal, v. 282Google Scholar; British Archaeological Association Journal, xvi. 249Google Scholar.

^{page 102 note d} Archaeological Journal, xxiv. 189Google Scholar; Evans, J., The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great Britain, 2nd edition (London, 1897), 448.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note e} Bateman, Thomas, Ten Years’ Diggings, 106Google Scholar; Evans, J., Bronze Implements (1881), 190Google Scholar.

^{page 102 note f} Bateman, Thomas, Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire (London, 1848), 63Google Scholar; Archaeologia, xliii.Google Scholar (Thurman, J., On Ancient British Barrows), pl. xxxiii. fig. 4Google Scholar; Evans, , Stone, 194Google ScholarPubMed; Idem, Bronze, 225.

^{page 103 note a} Davis, J. B. and Thurnam, J., Crania Britannica, ii. 18Google Scholar; Evans, , Stone², 214Google Scholar; Idem, Bronze, 225.

^{page 103 note b} Bateman, , Vestiges, 28Google Scholar; Evans, , Stone 2, 214Google Scholar.

^{page 103 note c} Bateman, , Vestiges, 41.Google Scholar

^{page 103 note d} This does not prove that the axe “had been inserted vertically into a wooden handle.” The handle was knee-shaped, as fig. 20.

^{page 103 note e} British Archaeological Association Journal, vii. 217Google Scholar; Bateman, , A Descriptive Catalogue of the Antiquities in the Museum of Thomas Bateman at Lomberdale House, Derbyshire (Bakewell, 1855), 15Google Scholar, Idem, Ten Tears’ Diggings, 34; Archaeologia, xliii. 445Google Scholar; Evans, , Bronze, 42.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 103 note f} Bateman, , Vestiges, 48Google Scholar; Idem, Catalogue, 74; Evans, , Bronze, 42.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 103 note g} Archaeological Journal, xxiv. 29Google Scholar; Archaeologia, xliii. 315, 392, 410, 452, pl. xxxiii. fig. 2Google Scholar; Evans, Stone², 193; Idem, Bronze, 226.

^{page 105 note a} Sir Hoare, Richard Colt, Ancient Wiltshire, i. 44, pl. ii.Google Scholar; Evans, Bronze, 223.

^{page 105 note b} Crania Britannica, 42; Archaeologia, xliii. 317, 450, pl. xxxii. fig 1Google Scholar; Evans, , Bronze, 223.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 106 note a} Hoare, , South Wilts, Tumuli, pl. v.Google Scholar; Archaeologia, xv. 122, pis. ii.-v.Google Scholar; Evans, , Stone², 88,213 (fig. 141), 244, 267, 431, 456.Google Scholar

^{page 106 note b} Hoare, , Ancient Wiltshire, i. 44, pl. ii.Google Scholar; Archaeologia, xliii. 449, pl. xxxii. figs. 2, 3Google Scholar; Evans, Bronze, 223.

^{page 106 note c} Greenwell, W., British Barrows (Oxford, 1877), 222.Google Scholar

^{page 107 note a} Consequently, the head has been placed in the narrow and the feet in the broad end of the coffin.

^{page 107 note b} Williamson, William C., Description of the Tumulus lately opened at Gristhorpe, near Scarborough (2nd edition): the author, observing that this burial cannot be from the later Roman period, says that it is probably not earlier than two or three centuries before, or later than the first century of, our era; Crania Britannica, 52Google Scholar; Evans, , Bronze, 228.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 108 note a} Grreenwell, , British Barrows, 207Google Scholar; Evans, , Bronze, 227.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 108 note b} Archaeologia, xxxiv. 255, pl. xx.Google Scholar; Evans, Bronze, 223: Mortimer, J. R., Forty Years’ Researches in British and Saxon Burial Mounds of East Yorkshire (London, 1905), 271.Google Scholar

^{page 108 note c} Archaeologia, lii. 2Google Scholar.

^{page 109 note a} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, xxxi, 181Google Scholar.

^{page 109 note b} A similar hammer of horn was found in a barrow at Cowlam, in Yorkshire, not far from that mentioned, No. 15; Greenwell, I.c. 43, fig. 33, and 217.

^{page 109 note c} Archaeologia, lii. 60Google Scholar.

^{page 110 note a} For other barrows situated on Broad Down, see Nos. 54 and 55.

^{page 110 note b} Transactions of the International Congress of Prehistoric Archæology, Norwich and London, 1869, p. 370, pl. i. figs. 3 and 388.

^{page 110 note c} Archaeological Journal, xviii. 158Google Scholar; Greenwell, I.c. 159, note; Evans, Stone², 212.

^{page 112 note a} Anderson, J., Scotland in Pagan Times; the Bronze and Stone Ages, 3.Google Scholar

^{page 112 note b} Proceeding of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, xii. 439Google Scholar.

^{page 112 note c} Bateman, , Ten Years’ Diggings, 155Google Scholar; Evans, , Stone², 186Google Scholar; Idem, Bronze, 190.

^{page 112 note d} Archaeologia, xxxvi. (1854), 375Google Scholar.

^{page 112 note e} Hoare, , Ancient Wiltshire, i. 39, pl. i.Google Scholar; Greenwell, , I.c. 265, noteGoogle Scholar; Evans, , Stone,² 211, fig. 140.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 112 note f} Evans, , Stone,²211.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 113 note a} Evans, , Bronze, 190.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 113 note b} Evans, , Stone ², 211, fig. 139.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 113 note c} Two bronze axes of British types from an early part of the second period, found in Sweden (figs. 206 and 208), contained:

It has been suggested that some British axes from the 2nd period which present a peculiar coating of metallic tin may have been purposely tinned. The analysis of the coating of two axes found at Sluie (No. 68) gave:

and it seems, as it has been remarked, more probable that the high percentage of tin may be due te the gradual rusting away of the copper of the bronze, which would leave an excess of tin on the surface. Anderson, 165 n.; Smith, J. A., “Notice of Bronze Axe-heads which have apparently been tinned,” in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, ix. 428Google Scholar; Evans, Bronze, 56,; cf. Montelius, Die Chronologie der ältesten Bronzezeit, 148.

^{page 114 note a} Evans, , Bronze, fig. 23.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 114 note b} Thurnam, , in Archaeologia, xliii. 452Google Scholar. See find No. 37 (and 66, 68) in this paper.

^{page 114 note c} Montelius, Die Chronologie der ältesten Bronzezeit, 27 (Germany and Sweden), 206 (Italy, rock-carvings), 219 (Spain, wooden handles).

^{page 114 note d} These ornaments, very common in Ireland, occur also in England and Scotland. W. R. Wilde, Catalogue of Gold in Museum of Royal Irish Academy, 10. William Frazer, “On Gold Lunulæ,” in the Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 1897, p. 53; Salomon Reinach, Les croiseanis d'or irlandais, in Revue celtique, 1900, pp. 76, 166; J. Anderson, Scotland in Pagan Times, Bronze and Stone Ages, 66, 222, 223. Ornaments of this type, evidently exported from Ireland, have also been found on the Continent and in Denmark. Olivier Costa de Beauregard, Le torques d'or de Saint-Leu d'Esserent, 19 (with a map for France and Belgium); Sophus Müller, Ordning af Danmarhs oldsager, I Sten-og bronzealderen, fig. 164; Montelius, , Verhindungen zwischen Skandinavien und dem westlichen Europa vor Christi Geburt, in Archiv für Anthropologie, xix. 9Google Scholar.

^{page 115 note a} Gowland, , “Recent Excavations at Stonehenge,” in Archaeologia, lviii. 37Google Scholar. Montelius, , “Die Datierung des Stonehenge,” in the Archiv für Anthropologie, xxx. 139Google Scholar. For a list of authors on Stonehenge, see Edgar Barclay, Stonehenge and its Earth-Works.

^{page 116 note a} The temple of Avebury (or Abury) consists of two stone circles within a large one (surrounded by a fosse). Smith, A. C., British and Roman Antiquities of North Wiltshire (2nd edition), 137Google Scholar.

^{page 116 note b} Gray, H. St. George, “On the Excavations at Arbor Low, 1901–1902,” in Archaeologia, lviii. 461Google Scholar. Arbor Low is a stone circle in Derbyshire: the plateau on which the rough unhewn stones were placed averages 160 feet (49 m.) in diameter, and is, as fig. 76, enclosed by a fosse, still 5½ feet deep, and a vallum, on the outside 7 feet high above the general surrounding turf-level; two entrances, as in fig. 76. A barbed arrow-head of flint has been found on the bottom of the deepest portion of the fosse; such arrow-heads are characteristic of the Copper Age. (Anderson, I.c. 97.)

^{page 116 note c} Bateman, , Vestiges, 68Google Scholar; Evans, , Bronze, 44.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 117 note a} Crania Britannica, 13.

^{page 118 note a} Archaeologia, lii. 70Google Scholar.

^{page 118 note b} Archaeological Journal, xiii. 184,.xv. 90Google Scholar; Archaeologia, xliii. 409Google Scholar; Evans, Stone ², 186, fig. 119; Idem, Bronze, 243, 453.

^{page 119 note a} Archaeologia, lii. 48Google Scholar.

^{page 120 note a} Hoare, , Ancient Wiltshire, i. 185, pl. xxiiiGoogle Scholar. Most of the burials from the Bronze Age discovered in Wiltshire are described by Sir Richard Colt Hoare in his Ancient Wiltshire. The work not existing in my library, nor, as far as I know, in any other Swedish library, I could not use it for this paper. Archaeologia, xliii. 458, pl. xxxiv. fig. 2Google Scholar; Evans, Bronze, 230.

^{page 120 note b} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, iv. 329Google Scholar; Horæ Ferales, pl. vii. fig. 21; Archaeologia, xliii. 452Google Scholar, pl. xxxiii. fig. 1; Evans, Bronze, 237.

^{page 120 note c} Hoare, , Ancient Wiltshire, i. 202, pl. xxvi.Google Scholar; Archaeologia, xliii. 444, and pl. xxxv. fig. 1Google Scholar; Evans, Bronze, 51, 232, 352.

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^{page 122 note a} Hoare, , South Wilts, 174Google Scholar; Evans, , Stone ², 186.Google ScholarPubMed

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^{page 122 note c} Hoare, , Ancient Wiltshire, i. 209, pl. xxix.Google Scholar; Archaeologia, xliii. 411, fig. 97Google Scholar; Evans, , Stone ², 213Google ScholarPubMed; Idem, Bronze, 51 and 405.

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^{page 122 note e} Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxxvi. 24Google Scholar; Evans, , Bronze, 41Google ScholarPubMed; British Barrows, 186.

^{page 123 note a} Bateman, , Ten Years’ Diggings, 206Google Scholar; Evans, , Bronze, 227.Google Scholar

^{page 123 note b} Mortimer, , I.c. 145.Google Scholar

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^{page 123 note d} Mortimer, , I.c. 4, 5Google Scholar.

^{page 123 note e} Mortimer, , I.c. 7.Google Scholar

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^{page 124 note c} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, xxvii. 7, fig. 1Google Scholar.

^{page 124 note d} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 2nd S. xvii. 376Google Scholar.

^{page 125 note a} Borlase, W. C., Naenia Cornubiae, 234Google Scholar; Evans, , Stone ², 314.Google ScholarPubMed

^{page 125 note b} For another barrow on Broad Down, see No. 22.

^{page 125 note c} Archaeological Journal, xxv. 290Google Scholar; Transactions of the “Prehistoric Congress, Norwich and London, 1869, p. 363; Transactions of the Devonshire Association, ii. 619, xii. 124Google Scholar; Evans, , Stone ², 445.Google ScholarPubMed

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^{page 125 note f} Evans, , Bronze, 51.Google Scholar

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^{page 127 note a} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, xxxv. 219Google Scholar; Anderson, I.c. 104.

^{page 127 note b} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, xxxii. 205Google Scholar.

^{page 127 note c} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, xxxii. 58Google Scholar.

^{page 128 note a} Archaeological Journal, xxii. 277Google Scholar; Evans, Bronze, 42.

^{page 128 note b} Greenwell, , Archaeologia, lii. 2Google Scholar.

^{page 128 note c} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, xvii. 433Google Scholar; Andeison, I.c. 167.

^{page 128 note d} Anderson, , I.c. 166.Google Scholar

^{page 128 note e} Anderson, , I.c. 167.Google Scholar

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^{page 129 note a} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, iv, 187Google Scholar; Anderson, I.c. 163; Catalogue of the National Museum, of Antiquities of Scotland (1892), 127, 143.

^{page 129 note b} Anderson, , I.c. 222.Google Scholar

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^{page 130 note a} Wilde, , Catalogue, “Gold,” 18.Google Scholar

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^{page 132 note b} Transactions of the Prehistoric Congress, Norwich, 1868, p. 396.

^{page 132 note c} Here, as well as in the following pages, all the objects mentioned are of bronze, unless another material is indicated.

^{page 132 note d} Evans, , Bronze, 50, 165, 241, 259.Google ScholarPubMed

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^{page 135 note b} Archaeologia, xxix. 372Google Scholar; Archaeological Journal, v. 323Google Scholar; Evans, Bronze, 76, 378, 386, 390.

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^{page 136 note b} Grreenwell, , British Barrows, 446.Google Scholar

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^{page 137 note a} Anderson, , I.c. 36.Google Scholar

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^{page 138 note a} Evans, , Bronze, 218.Google ScholarPubMed

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^{page 141 note e} Anderson, , I.c. 149Google Scholar.

^{page 141 note f} Anderson, , I.c. 217Google Scholar

^{page 142 note a} Anderson, , I.c. 214Google Scholar. As the name still suggests, the place seems to hare been a temple in old times. The precious hoard belonged perhaps to that temple.

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^{page 143 note b} Evans, , Bronze, fig, 203.Google ScholarPubMed

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^{page 144 note b} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, xxxix. 528Google Scholar.

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^{page 146 note a} Evans, , Bronze, 397Google ScholarPubMed.

^{page 146 note b} British Archaeological Association Journal, xxxvi. 56Google Scholar; Evans. Bronze, 467.

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^{page 146 note d} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 2nd Series, xiv. 174Google Scholar.

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^{page 147 note b} Evans, Bronze, 94.

^{page 147 note c} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 2nd Series, xiv. 309Google Scholar.

^{page 148 note a} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, 2nd Series, v. 408Google Scholar; Evans, Congrès do Stockholm 1874, 445; Idem, Bronze, 441.

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^{page 149 note a} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 2nd Series, v. 429, pl. iv.Google Scholar; Evans, Bronze, 280, 288, 314, 335.

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^{page 149 note d} Archaeologia, xvi. 363Google Scholar, pl. lxviii.; Horæ Ferales, pl. ix. fig. 8; Evans, , Bronze, 94Google ScholarPubMed.

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^{page 150 note e} Wilson, , I.c. 227Google ScholarPubMed (figure of a caldron ring); Evans, , Bronze, 410Google ScholarPubMed.

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^{page 152 note b} Anderson, , Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, xxvi. 182Google Scholar.

^{page 152 note c} Anderson, , I.c. 160Google Scholar.

^{page 152 note d} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, iii. 102, xiii. 326Google Scholar; Anderson, I.c. 145, fig. 144; Evans, Bronze, 289, 315, 372.

^{page 153 note a} Anderson, , I.c. 153Google Scholar; Evans, , Bronze, 336Google ScholarPubMed.

^{page 153 note b} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, xiv. 45Google Scholar; Anderson, I.c. 162.

^{page 153 note c} Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, v. 165, viii. 393Google Scholar; Anderson, I.c. 156; Evans, Bronze, 349.

^{page 153 note d} Sets of three such gold clasps are found in other places in Ireland. Evans, Bronze, 139.

^{page 153 note e} Horæ Ferales, pl. xi. fig. 1.

^{page 154 note a} Wilde, , Catalogue, Bronze, 360Google Scholar; Evans, , Bronze, 360Google ScholarPubMed, 410.

^{page 154 note b} Montelius, La chronologic préhistorique en France, fig. 5.

^{page 154 note c} Montelius, , Om tidsbestamning inom bronsåldern, 121Google Scholar.

^{page 156 note a} A specimen of this type has been found in England, but alone. It was evidently, as Sir John Evans has already observed (Bronze, 287), imported from the Continent.

^{page 156 note b} English bronze axes with blades of the same form can be seen here in figs. 44 and 67. Compare for the ornaments fig. 83. The sides have the same shape, with long lozenges, as fig. 42.

^{page 156 note c} For bronze axes of the same type, with the characteristic notch at the upper end, see Montelius, Pre-Classical Chronology in Greece and Italy, pl. 2.

^{page 158 note a} Some French archaeologists, accepting in a most courteous way most of my system for the French Bronze Age, have objected to the separation of the fourth and fifth periods. I know very well, that some finds contain types representing both periods, but the interval between the beginning of the fourth and the end of the fifth period is so long, and there is so great a difference between these parts of the Bronze Age in Prance, that they must be considered as two separate periods.

^{page 158 note b} For the evolution of the copper and bronze axes in Scandinavia and Italy, see Montelius, Die älteren Kulturperioden 27 and 21.

^{page 159 note a} Montelius, , Die Chronologie der ältesten Bronzezeit, 128Google Scholar.

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