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Invisible Austria: Canada's View 1938–1959
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 February 2009
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Extract
Ambiguity and ambivalence may be legitimate tools for diplomats and politicians, but not for historians. On the surface, Canada's Austrian policy between the 1938 Anschluβ and its 1959 accession to the 1955 Austrian State Treaty was equivocal and obscure. Canada appeared indecisive or vacillating on the subject of Austria after 1938 and again after 1945. In 1948 Canada stoutly announced that it had never recognized the Anschluβ nor been at war with Austria. What did this sudden declaration, unique within the Commonwealth, mean? Why did Canada then wait until 1956 to name an ambassador to Austria and until 1959 to sign the State Treaty? A fog hangs over the subject and opinions differ radically. Experts wander aimlessly through vague statements and interpretations, no longer even agreed on when, before or after World War II, Canada and Austria first entered into official diplomatic relations with each other.
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- The Republics: Affairs Domestic and Foreign
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 1984
References
1 Canadian secretary of state for external affairs (hereafter SSEA) to J. A. Glen, Minister of Mines and Resources (whose ministry contained the Immigration Branch), 22 Jan. 1948. Later repeated in the House of Commons. Department of External Affairs Archives (hereafter DEA) 84447–40.
Most sources for this article are found in the National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, which are referred to in the footnotes as NAC. Department of External Affairs files from the National Archives are referred to as NAC DEA, while those still in the departmental archives at the time of this research are noted simply as DEA. Special thanks for valuable advice is expressed to Don Page, John Hilliker, Dacre Cole of the Historical Section, Department of External Affairs; to Dr. Harald Miltner and Dr. Christian Jaekl of the Austrian Embassy, Ottawa; to Professor Peyton Lyon, who covered the Austrian and German desk in the fifties at External Affairs; and Mr. Frangois Carle, who later held the same position. Financial support through a Multicultural Grant from the Canadian Secretary of State is gratefully acknowledged.
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90 Ibid.,
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116 L. St.Laurent to prime minister, 14 Feb. 1948. Ibid.,
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118 Ibid.,
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123 J. B. C. Watkins to U/SSEA, 23 July 1951. DEA, 8447–40.
124 From the Austrian post summary, External Affairs. Thanks are expressed to Mr. D. Cole for bringing this to the author's attention.
125 Watkins to U/SSEA, 28 Dec. 1952. DEA, 26-CDC-40.
126 Victor Doré was Canadian minister to Switzerland, Dr. Max Loewenthal-Chlumecky was Austrian ambassador to the United States.
127 Numerous Austrian initiatives were taken to push the Canadians to open a separate mission in Austria, including one during a state visit by Chancellor Raab to Canada. J. E. Blais to R. Ford, 13 Dec. 1954. DEA, 8447–40.
128 R. Ford to U/SSEA, 28 June 1955. U/SSEA to prime minister, 18 Jan. 1956. Ibid., SSEA to Canadian ambassador, Switzerland, 3 Aug. 1956. DEA, 11262-R-40.
129 J. Leger to minister, 15 Sept. 1958. DEA, 8447–40.
130 Ibid.,
131 J. Macdonald, Canada's first ambassador to Austria, to SSEA, 12 Jan. 1959. Ibid., Also DEA, 50129,–40.
132 A term much in favor in the late fifties and sixties. SeeKeyserlingk, Robert H., “Canada,” in Mittlere Mächte in der Weltpolitik (Opladen: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik, 1969), pp. 113–124,Google Scholar also p. 7 f.
