Abbott, B. C. & Aubert, X. M. (1952) The force exerted by active striated muscle during and after change of length. Journal of Physiology (London) 117:77–86. [GCA]Google Scholar

Abdusamatov, R. M., Adamovich, S. V., Berkinblit, M. B., Chernavsky, A. V. & Feldman, A. G. (1988) Rapid one-joint movements: A qualitative model and its experimental verification. In: Stance and motion: Facts and concepts, ed. Gurfinkel, V. S., loffe, M. E., Massion, J. & Roll, J. P.. Plenum. [SVA]Google Scholar

Abdusamatov, R. M., Adamovich, S. V. & Feldman, A. G. (1987) A model for one-joint motor control in man. In: Motor control, ed. Gantchev, G. N., Dimitrov, B. & Gatev, P.. Plenum. [SVA]Google Scholar

Abeles, M. (1991) Corticonics. Neural circuits of the cerebral cortex. Cambridge University Press. [VB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abend, W., Bizzi, E. & Morasso, P. (1982) Human arm trajectory formation. Brain 105:331–48. [aSCG, JDe]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Abernethy, B. & Sparrow, W. A. (1992) The rise and fall of dominant paradigms in motor behavior research. In: Approaches to the study of motor control and learning, ed. Summers, J. J.. North-Holland. [JJS]Google Scholar

Abraham, L. D. & Loeb, G. E. (1985) The distal musculature of the cat: Patterns of normal use. Experimental Brain Research 58:580–93. [CAP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Abraham, L., Potegal, M. & Miller, S. (1983) Evidence for a caudate nucleus involvement in an egocentric spatial task. Physiological Psychology 11:11–17. [DI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adamovich, S. V., Burlachkova, N. I. & Feldman, A. G. (1984) Wave nature of the central process of formation of the trajectories of change in the joint angle in man. Biophysics 29:130–34. [SVA]Google Scholar

Adamovich, S. V. & Feldman, A. G. (1984) Model of the central regulation of the parameters of motor trajectories. Biophysics 29:338–42. [SVA, DJO]Google Scholar

Adamovich, S. V. & Feldman, A. G. (1989) The prerequisites for one-joint motor control theories. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12:210–11. [MLL, SVA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ahissar, M., Ahissar, E., Bergman, H. & Vaadia, E. (1992) Encoding of sound-source location and movement: Activity of single neurons and interactions between adjacent neurons in the monkey auditory cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 67:203–15. [APo]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Albin, R. L., Young, A. B. & Penney, J. B. (1989) The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends in Neuroscience 12:366–75. [aGEA]Google Scholar

Albus, J. S. (1971) A theory of cerebellar function. Mathematical Bioscience 10:25–61. [PFCG, RFT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, G. E. (1987) Selective neuronal discharge in monkey putamen reflects intended direction of planned limb movements. Experimental Brain Research 67:623–34. [aGEA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alexander, G. E. (1992) For effective sensorimotor processing must there be explicit representations and reconciliation of differing frames of reference? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:323–24. [MF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, G. E. & Crutcher, M. D. (1990a) Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: Neural substrates of parallel processing. Trends in Neuroscience 13:266–71. [aGEA, JMF]Google Scholar

Alexander, G. E. & Crutcher, M. D. (1990b) Preparation for movement: Neural representations of intended direction in three motor areas of the monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:133–50. [aGEA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alexander, G. E. & Crutcher, M. D. (1990c) Neural representations of the target (goal) of visually guided arm movements in three motor areas of the monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:164–78. [aGEA, aEEF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alexander, G. E., Crutcher, M. D. & DeLong, M. R. (1990) Basal gangliathalamocortical circuits: Parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, “prefrontal” and “limbic” functions. Progress in Brain Research 85:119–46. [AB]Google Scholar

Alexander, G. E. & DeLong, M. R. (1985) Microstimulation of the primate neostriatum. II. Somatotopic organization of striatal microexcitable zones and their relation to neuronal response properties. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:1417–30. [aGEA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alexander, G. E. & Fuster, J. (1973) Effects of coding prefrontal cortex on cell firing in the nucleus medialis dorsalis. Brain Research 61:93–105. [aEEF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Al-Falahe, N. A., Nagaoka, M. & Vallbo, Å B. (1990) Response profiles of human muscle afferents during active finger movements. Brain 113:325–46. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Al-Falahe, N. A. & Vallbo, Å B. (1988) Role of the human fusimotor system in a motor adaptation task. Journal of Physiology (London) 401:77–95. [arSCG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, G. I. & Tsukahara, N. (1974) Cerebellar communication systems. Physiological Reviews 54:957–1006. [aGEA, aJRB, cJFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Allum, J. H. J. (1975) Responses to load disturbances in human shoulder muscles: The hypothesis that one component is a pulse test information signal. Experimental Brain Research 22:307–26. [aEB, MLL]Google Scholar

Allum, J. H. J. & Mauritz, K.-H. (1984) Compensation for intrinsic muscle stiffness by short-latency reflexes in human triceps surae muscles. Journal of Neurophysiology 52:797–818. [TRN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aloisi, A. M., Carli, G. & Rossi, A. (1988) Response of hip joint afferent fibers to pressure and vibration in the cat. Neuroscience Letters 90:130–34. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Alstermark, B., Johannisson, T. & Lundberg, A. (1986) The inhibitory feedback pathway from the forelimb to C3-C4 propriospinal neurones investigated with natural stimulation. Neuroscience Research 3:451–56. [DBur]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alstermark, B. & Kümmel, H. (1990) Transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase in last-order spinal interneurones projecting to acromio- and spinodeltoideus motoneurones in the cat. 2. Differential labelling of interneurones depending on movement type. Experimental Brain Research 80:96–103. [AL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alstermark, B., Kümmel, H., Pinter, M. & Tantisira, B. (1990) Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 17. Axonal projection and termination of C3-C4 propriospinal neurones in the C6-Th1 segments. Experimental Brain Research 81:447–61. [AL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alstermark, B., Lindström, S., Lundberg, A. & Sybirska, E. (1981a) Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 8. Ascending projection to the lateral reticular nucleus from C3–C4 propriospinal neurones also projecting to forelimb motoneurones. Experimental Brain Research 42:282–98. [AL]Google Scholar

Alstermark, B., Lundberg, A., Norrsell, U. & Sybirska, E. (1981b) Integration in decending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 9. Differential behavioural defects after spinal cord lesions interrupting defined pathways from higher centres to motoneurones. Experimental Brain Research 42:299–318. [aSCG, DBur, cSCG, AL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alstermark, B., Lundberg, A., Pettersson, L.-G., Tantisira, B. & Walkowska, M. (1987) Motor recovery after serial spinal cord lesions of defined descending pathways in cats. Neuroscience Research 5:68–73. [AL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alstermark, B., Lundberg, A. & Sasaki, S. (1984) Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. II. Inhibitory pathways from higher motor centres and forelimb afferents to C3–C4 propriospinal neurones. Experimental Brain Research 56:293–307. [rEEF, DBur, AL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alstermark, B. & Sasaki, S. (1986) Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 14. Differential control of fast and slow motoneurones from C3–C4 propriospinal neurones. Experimental Brain Research 63:530–42. [AL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

An, C. H., Atkeson, C. G. & Hollerbach, J. M. (1988) Model-based control of a robot manipulator. MIT Press. [aGEA]Google Scholar

An, K. N., Kaufman, K. R. & Chao, E. Y. S. (1989) Physiological considerations of muscle force through the elbow joint. Journal of Biomechanics 22:1249–56. [SVA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anastasio, T. J. & Robinson, D. A. (1989) The distributed representation of vestibulo-ocular signals by brain-stem neurons. Biological Cybernetics 61:79–88. [aDAR, MF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anastasio, T. J. & Robinson, D. A. (1990a) Distributed parallel processing in the vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex: Learning networks compared to tensor theory. Biological Cybernetics 63:161–67. [arDAR, RE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anastasio, T. J. & Robinson, D. A. (1990b) Distributed parallel processing in the vestibulo-oculomotor system. Neural Computation 1:230–41. [aGEA, rDAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andén, N. E., Jukes, M. G. M. & Lundberg, A. (1967) The effect of DOPA on the spinal cord. I. Influence on transmission from primary afferents. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 67:373–86. [aDAM]Google Scholar

Andersen, R. A. (1987) Inferior parietal lobule function in spatial perception and visuomotor integration. In: Handbook of physiology, ed. Plum, F. & Mountcastle, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Andersen, R. A. (1989) Visual and eye movement functions of posterior parietal cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 12:377–404. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Andersen, R. A., Asanuma, C. & Cowan, W. M. (1985a) Callosal and prefrontal associational projecting cell populations in area 7a of the macaque monkey: A study using retrogradely transported fluorescent dyes. Journal of Comparative Neurology 232:443–55. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Andersen, R. A., Asanuma, C. Essick, G. & Siegel, R. M. (1990a) Corticocortical connections of anatomically and physiologically defined subdivisions of inferior parietal lobule. Journal of Comparative Neurology 296:65–113. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Andersen, R. A., Bracewell, R. M., Barash, S., Gnadt, J. W. & Fogassi, L. (1990b) Eye position effects on visual, memory, and saccade-related activity in areas LIP and 7a of the macaque. Journal of Neuroscience 10:1176–96. [arJFS, RAA, CLC, JWG, APo]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Andersen, R. A., Essick, G. & Siegel, R. M. (1985b) Encoding of spatial location by posterior parietal neurons. Science 230:456–58. [aEB, aJFS, RAA, JWG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Andersen, R. A., Essick, G. & Siegel, R. M. (1987) Neurons of area 7 activated by both visual stimuli and oculomotor behavior. Experimental Brain Research 67:316–22. [aDAR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Andersen, R. A. & Gnadt, J. W. (1989) Posterior parietal cortex. In: The neurobiology of saccadic eye movements, ed. Wurtz, R. H. & Goldberg, M. E.. Elsevier. [JWG]Google Scholar

Andersen, R. A. & Mountcastle, V. B. (1983) The influence of the angle of gaze upon the excitability of light sensitive neurones in the posterior parietal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 3:532–48. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Andersen, R. A. & Zipser, D. (1988) The role of the posterior parietal cortex in coordinate transformations for visual-motor integration. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66:488–501. [MF]Google Scholar

Anderson, M. E. (1977) Segmental reflex inputs to motoneurons innervating dorsal neck musculature in the cat. Experimental Brain Research 28:175–87. [GEL]Google Scholar

Andrews, C. J. (1973) Influence of dystonia on the response to long-term L-Dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 36:630–36. [GMa]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Andrews, J. R. & Hogan, N. (1983) Impedance control as a framework for implementing obstacle avoidance in a manipulator. In: Control of manufacturing and robotic systems, ed. Hardt, D. E. & Book, W. J.. ASME. [rEB]Google Scholar

Angel, R. W. & Malenka, R. C. (1982) Velocity-dependent suppression of cutaneous sensitivity during movement. Experimental Neurology 77:266–74. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Aniss, A. M., Diener, H.-C., Hore, J., Burke, D. & Gandevia, S. C. (1990a) Reflex activation of muscle spindles in human pretibial muscles during standing. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:671–79. [arSCG]Google Scholar

Aniss, A. M., Diener, H.-C., Hore, J., Gandevia, S. C. & Burke, D. (1990b) Behavior of human muscle receptors when reliant on proprioceptive feedback during standing. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:661–70. [arSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aniss, A. M., Gandevia, S. C. & Burke, D. (1988a) Reflex changes in muscle spindle discharge during a voluntary contraction. Journal of Neurophysiology 59:908–21. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Aniss, A. M., Gandevia, S. C. & Milne, R. J. (1988b) Changes in perceived heaviness and motor commands produced by cutaneous reflexes in man. Journal of Physiology (London) 397:113–26. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Appenteng, K. & Prochazka, A. (1984) Tendon organ firing during active muscle lengthening in awake, normally behaving cats. Journal of Physiology (London) 353:81–92. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Araki, T., Eccles, J. C. & Ito, M. (1960) Correlation of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential of motoneurones with the latency and time course of inhibition of monosynaptic reflexes. Journal of Physiology (London) 154:354–77. [DBul]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arbib, M. A. (1981) Perceptual structures and distributed motor control. In: Handbook of physiology: Nervous system, vol. 2, ed. Brooks, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [CIC, JMF]Google Scholar

Arbib, M. A. (1987) Levels of modeling of mechanisms of visually guided behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10(3):407–65. [CIC]Google Scholar

Arbib, M. A. (1990) Programs, schemas, and neural networks for control of hand movements: Beyond the RS framework. In: Attention and performance XIII. Motor representation and control, ed. Jeannerod, M.. Erlbaum. [aGEA]Google Scholar

Arbib, M. A. (1991) Interaction of multiple representations of space in the brain. In: The brain and space, ed. Paillard, J.. Oxford University Press. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Arkin, R. C. (1987) Towards cosmopolitan robots: Intelligent navigation in extended man-made environments. Technical report 87–80, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts. [CIC]Google Scholar

Arnold, D. B. & Robinson, D. A. (1991) A learning network model of the neural integrator of the oculomotor system. Biological Cybernetics 64:447–54. [arDAR]Google Scholar

Artim, J. & Bridgeman, B. (1989) The physiology of attention: Participation of cat striate cortex in behavioral choice. Psychological Research/Psychologische Forschung 50:223–28. [BB]Google Scholar

Asanuma, H. (1989) The motor cortex. Raven Press. [MEI]Google Scholar

Asanuma, C., Andersen, R. A. & Cowan, W. M. (1985) The thalamic relations of the caudal inferior parietal lobule and the lateral prefrontal cortex in monkeys: Divergent cortical projections from cell clusters in the medial pulvinar nucleus. Journal of Comparative Neurology 241:357–81. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Asanuma, C., Thach, W. T. & Jones, E. G. (1983a) Brainstem and spinal projections of the deep cerebellar nuclei in the monkey, with observations on the brainstem projections of the dorsal column nuclei. Brain Research Reviews 5:299–322. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Asanuma, C., Thach, W. T. & Jones, E. G. (1983b) Anatomical evidence for segregated focal groupings of efferent cells and their terminal ramifications in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the monkey. Brain Research Reviews 5:267–97. [aJRB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asanuma, C., Thach, W. T. & Jones, E. G. (1983c) Distribution of cerebellar terminations and their relation to other afferent terminations in the ventral lateral thalamic region of the monkey. Brain Research Reviews 5:237–65. [aJRB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asatryan, D. B. & Feldman, A. G. (1965) Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. I. Mechanographic analysis of the work of the joint or execution of a postural task. Biofizika 10:837–46 [English translation 925–35]. [GCA, SVA, AGF]Google Scholar

Ashford, J. A. W. & Fuster, J. M. (1985) Occipital and inferotemporal responses to visual signals in the monkey. Experimental Neurology 90:444–66. [JMF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Astrom, K. J. & Wittenmark, B. (1989) Adaptive control. Addison-Wesley. [PDN]Google Scholar

Atkeson, C. G. (1989) Learning arm kinematics and dynamics. Annual Review of Neuroscience 12:157–83. [aGEA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Atkinson, R. C., Bower, G. H. & Crothers, E. J. (1965) An introduction to mathematical learning theory. Wiley. [HH]Google Scholar

Babinski, J. (1899) De l'asynergie cérébelleuse. Revue Neurologique 7:806–16. [AMS]Google Scholar

Baev, K. V. & Shimansky, Y. P. (1992) Principles of organization of neural systems controlling automatic movements in animals. Progress in Neurobiology 39:45–112. [rJRB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baizer, J., Ungerleider, J. G. & Desimone, R. (1991) Organisation of visual inputs to inferior temporal and posterior parietal cortex in macaques. Journal of Neuroscience 11:168–90. [aJFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Balaban, C. D., Ito, M. & Watanabe, E. (1981) Demonstration of zonal projections from the cerebellar flocculus to vestibular nuclei in monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Neuroscience Letters 27:101–5. [NHB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baldissera, F., Cavallari, P., Fournier, E., Pierrot-Deseilligny, E. & Shindo, M. (1987) Evidence for mutual inhibition of opposite la interneurones in the human upper limb. Experimental Brain Research 66:106–14. [DBul]Google Scholar

Baldissera, F., Hultborn, H. & Illert, M. (1981) Integration in spinal neuronal systems. In: Handbook of physiology: The nervous system II, ed. Brookhart, J. M., Mountcastle, V. B., Brooks, V. B. & Geiger, S. R.. American Physiological Society. [aDAM, rEEF]Google Scholar

Baldissera, F. & Pierrot-Deseilligny, E. (1989) Facilitation of transmission in the pathway of non-monosynaptic la excitation to wrist flexor motoneurones at the onset of voluntary movement in man. Experimental Brain Research 74:437–39. [aSCG, AL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bamber, D. & van Santen, J. P. H. (1985) How many parameters can a model have and still be testable? Journal of Mathematical Psychology 29:443–73. [JGP]Google Scholar

Bando, T., Yamamoto, N. & Tsukahara, N. (1984) Cortical neurons related to lens accommodation in posterior lateral suprasylvian area in cats. Journal of Neurophysiology 52:879–91. [JWG]Google Scholar

Bapi, R. S. & Levine, D. S. (1990) Networks modeling the involvement of the frontal cortex in performance of flexible motor sequences. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum. [DSL]Google Scholar

Baranyi, A. & Szente, M. B. (1987) Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission requires postsynaptic modifications in the neocortex. Brain Research 423:378–84. [aGEA]Google Scholar

Barash, S., Bracewell, R. M., Fogassi, L., Gnadt, J. W. & Andersen, R. A. (1991) Saccade related activity in the lateral intraparietal area. Journal of Neurophysiology 66:1095–1124. [aJFS, CLC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barbas, H. & Mesulam, H.-M. (1985) Cortical afferent input to principalis region of rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 15:617–37. [aJFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barbeito, R. & Ono, M. (1979) Four methods for locating the egocentre. Behavioral Research Methods Instruments & Computers 11:31–36. [aJFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bard, C., Paillard, J., Lajoie, Y., Fleury, M., Teasdale, N., Forget, R. & Lamarre, Y. (1992) Role of afferent information in the timing of motor command: A comparative study with a deafferented patient. Neuropsychologia 30:201–6. [JP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barlow, H. B. (1980) Cortical function: A tentative theory. In: Neural mechanics of behaviour, ed. McFadden, D.. Springer. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Barrack, R. L., Skinner, H. B., Brunet, M. E. & Haddad, R. J. (1983a) Functional performance of the knee after intra-articular anesthesia. American Journal of Sports Medicine 11:258–61. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barrack, R. L., Skinner, H. B., Cook, S. D. & Haddad, R. J. (1983b) Effects of articular disease and total knee arthroplasty on knee joint-position sense. Journal of Neurophysiology 50:684–87. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barraquand, J. & Latombe, J.-C. (1991) Robot motion planning: A distributed representation approach. International Journal of Robotics Research 10(6):628–49. [CIC]Google Scholar

Barto, A. G. & Sutton, R. S. (1981) Landmark learning, an illustration of associative search. Biological Cybernetics 42:1–8. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Batini, C. & Billard, J. M. (1985) Release of cerebellar inhibition by climbing fiber deafferentation. Experimental Brain Research 57:370–80. [AMS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baum, E. B. (1990) On learning a union of half spaces. Journal of Complexity 6:67–101. [HB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baumann, T. K., Emonet-Dénand, F. & Hulliger, M. (1982) After-effects of fusimotor stimulation on spindle la afferents' dynamic sensitivity, revealed during slow movements. Brain Research 232:460–65. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Bauswein, E., Kolb, F. P., Leimbeck, B. & Rubia, F. J. (1983) Simple and complex spike activity in cerebellar Purkinje cells during active and passive movements in the awake monkey. Journal of Physiology (London) 339:379–894. [JMB]Google Scholar

Baxendale, R. H. & Ferrell, W. R. (1981) The effect of knee joint afferent discharge on transmission in flexion reflex pathways in decerebrate cats. Journal of Physiology (London) 315:231–42. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bayoumi, A. & Ashby, P. (1988) Projections of group la afferents to motoneurons of thigh muscles in man. Experimental Brain Research 342:1–6. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Beckstead, R. M. & Cruz, C. J. (1986) Striatal axons to the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra come mainly from separate cell populations in cat. Neuroscience 19:147–58. [aGEA]Google Scholar

Beek, P. J. & Bootsma, R. J. (1991) Physical and informational principles in modelling coordinated movements. Human Movement Science 10:81–92. [GJvIS]Google Scholar

Beer, R. D., Hillel, J. C. & Sterling, L. S. (1991) A biological perspective on autonomous agent design. In: Designing autonomous agents, ed. Maes, A. P.. MIT Press. [SG]Google Scholar

Beitz, A. J. & Chan-Palay, V. (1979) A golgi analysis of neuronal organization in the medial cerebellar nucleus of the rat. Neuroscience 4:47–63. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Bekoff, A. (1989) Continuity of pattern generating mechanisms in embryonic and posthatching chicks. In: Neurobiology of early infant behavior, ed. von Euler, V., Forssberg, H., von Hofsten, C., Lagerkranz, H. & Zetterstrom, R.. Macmillan. [CAP]Google Scholar

Bekoff, A., Nusbaum, M. P., Sabichi, A. L. & Clifford, M. (1987) Neural control of limb coordination. I. Comparison of hatching and walking motor output patterns in normal and deafferented chicks. Journal of Neuroscience 7:2320–30. [CAP]Google Scholar

Belinkii, V., Gurfinkel, V. & Paltsev, Y. (1967) Elements of control of voluntary movements. Biofizika 12:135–41. [ADK]Google Scholar

Benecke, R., Rothwell, J. C., Day, B. L., Dick, J. P. R. & Marsden, C. D. (1986) Motor strategies involved in the performance of sequential movements. Experimental Brain Research 63:585–95. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Benedetti, F., Montarolo, P. G. & Rabachi, S. (1984) Inferior olive lesion induces long-lasting functional modification in the Purkinje cells. Experimental Brain Research 55:368–74. [AMS]Google Scholar

Bennett, D. J. (1990) The control of human arm movement: Models and mechanical constraints. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT. [aEB]Google Scholar

Bennett, D. J., Xu, Y., Hollerbach, J. M. & Hunter, I. W. (1989) Identifying the mechanical impedance of the elbow joint during posture and movement. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 15:396. [aEB]Google Scholar

Bennett, K. M. B. (1992) Corticomotoneuronal control of precision grip tasks. Doctoral Dissertation, Cambridge University. [RL]Google Scholar

Bennett, K. M. B. & Lemon, R. N. (1991) The activity of monkey corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells is related to their pattern of post-spike facilitation of intrinsic hand muscles. Journal of Physiology 435:53p. [RL]Google Scholar

Benson, D. F. & Greenberg, J. P. (1969) Visual form agnosia. A specific defect in visual discrimination. Archives of Neurology 20:82–89. [MAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beppu, H., Nagaoka, M. & Tanaka, R. (1987) Analysis of cerebellar motor disorders by visually-guided elbow tracking movement. 2. Contribution of the visual cues on slow ramp pursuit. Brain 110:1–18. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Beppu, H., Suda, M. & Tanaka, R. (1984) Analysis of cerebellar motor disorders by visually guided elbow tracking movement. Brain 107:787–809. [aJRB, MH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berger, W., Altenmuller, E. & Dietz, V. (1984) Normal and impaired development of children's gait. Human Neurobiology 3:163–70. [VD]Google Scholar

Bergman, H., Wichmann, T. & DeLong, M. R. (1990) Reversal of experimental Parkinsonism by lesion of the subthalamic nucleus. Science 249:1436–38. [DSB]Google Scholar

Berkinblit, M. B., Feldman, A. G. & Fukson, O. I. (1986) Adaptability in innate motor patterns and motor control mechanisms. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:585–638. [aEB, GCA, MBB, AP]Google Scholar

Bernstein, N. (1935) The problem of interrelation between coordination and localization [in Russian]. Archives of Biological Sciences 38:1–35. [MLL]Google Scholar

Bernstein, N. (1940/1967) Biodynamics of locomotion. In: The coordination and regulation of movements (originally published in Russian in 1940). Pergamon Press. [ZH]Google Scholar

Bernstein, N. (1967) The coordination and regulation of movements. Pergamon Press. [aGEA, aEB, aSCG, aDAM, JMF]Google Scholar

Bernstein, N. (1966) Notes on the movement physiology and physiology of activity [in Russian]. Medicina. [AAF]Google Scholar

Berthoz, A. & Grantyn, A. (1986) Neuronal mechanisms of eye head coordination. In: Progressive brain research 64, ed. Freund, U.. Elsevier. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Beuter, A., Belair, J. & Labrie, C. (1992) Feedback and delays in neurological diseases: A modeling study using dynamical systems. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, in press. [AB]Google Scholar

Beuter, A., Labrie, C. & Vasilakos, K. (1991) Transient dynamics in motor control of patients with Parkinson's disease. Chaos 1(3):279–86. [AB]Google Scholar

Bigland-Ritchie, B., Dawson, N. J., Johansson, R. S. & Lippold, O. C. J. (1986) Reflex origin for the slowing of motoneurone firing rates in fatigue of human voluntary contractions. Journal of Physiology (London) 379:451–59. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Biguer, B., Donaldson, I. M. L., Hein, A. & Jeannerod, M. (1988) Neck muscle vibration modifies the representation of visual motion and direction in man. Brain 111:1405–24. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Biguer, B., Jeannerod, M. & Prablanc, C. (1982) The coordination of eye, head, and arm movements during reaching at a single visual target. Experimental Brain Research 46:301–4. [VD]Google Scholar

Billard, J. M., Batini, C. & Daniel, H. (1988) The red nucleus activity in rats deprived of the inferior olivary complex. Behavioral Brain Research 28:127–30. [rJRB]Google Scholar

Binder, M. D. & Stuart, D. G. (1980) Motor-unit muscle receptor interactions: Design features of the neuromuscular control system. In: Progress in clinical neurophysiology, vol. 8: Spinal and supraspinal mechanisms of voluntary motor control and locomotion, ed. Desmedt, J. E.. Karger. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Bindman, L. J., Murphy, K. P. S. J. & Pockett, S. (1988) Postsynaptic control of the induction of long-term changes in efficacy of transmission at neocortical synapses in slices of rat brain. Journal of Neurophysiology 1053–65. [aGEA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bischof, H. (1991) Modular, hierarchical and geometrical neural networks. Technical Report (PRIP-TR-9, December), Department for Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, Technical University of Vienna. [HB]Google Scholar

Bischof, H., Pinz, A. & Kropatsch, W. G. (1992) Visualization methods for neural networks. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Pattern Recognition (ICPR92), The Hague. [HB]Google Scholar

Bisiach, E., Capitani, E. & Porta, E. (1985) Two basic properties of space representation in the brain. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 48:141–44. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Bisiach, E. & Luzatti, C. (1978) Unilateral neglect of representational space. Cortex 14:129–33. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Bizzi, E., Accornero, N., Chapple, W. & Hogan, N. (1982) Arm trajectory formation in monkeys. Experimental Brain Research 46:139–43. [aEB, GCA, SVA, GLG, MLL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bizzi, E., Accornero, N., Chapple, W. & Hogan, N. (1984) Posture control and trajectory formation during arm movement. Journal of Neuroscience 4:2738–44. [aEB, aSCG, GCA, SVA, PRC, GEL, RBS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bizzi, E., Dev, P., Morasso, P. & Polit, A. (1978) Effect of load disturbances during centrally initiated movements. Journal of Neurophysiology 39:435–44. [aEB, AGF, GEL]Google Scholar

Bizzi, E. & Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A. (1990) Emergent issues in the control of multi-joint movements. In: From neuron to action, ed. Deecke, L., Eccles, J. C. & Mountcastle, V. B.. Springer-Verlag. [aEB]Google Scholar

Bizzi, E., Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A. & Giszter, S. (1982) Arm trajectory formation in monkeys. Experimental Brain Research 46:139–43. [aEB]Google Scholar

Bizzi, E., Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A. & Giszter, S. (1991) Computations underlying the execution of movement: A biological perspective. Science 253:287–91. [aEB, SG]Google Scholar

Bizzi, E., Polit, A. & Morasso, P. (1976) Mechanisms underlying achievement of final head position. Journal of Neurophysiology 39:435–44. [aEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blin, O., Ferrandez, A. M., Pailhous, J. & Serratrice, G. (1991) Dopasensitive and Dopa-resistant gait parameters in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurological Sciences 103:51–54. [GMa]Google Scholar

Bloedel, J. R. (1987) Cerebellum and memory storage. Technical comments. Science 238:1728–29. [rJRB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bloedel, J. R., Bracha, V., Kelly, T. M. & Wu, J.-Z. (1991) Substrates for motor learning: Does the cerebellum do it all? In: Activity-driven changes in learning and development, ed. J. R. Wolpaw and J. T. Schmidt. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 627:305–18. [arJRB]Google Scholar

Bloedel, J. R. & Courville, J. (1981) Cerebellar afferent systems. In: Handbook of physiology. Section I: The nervous system, ed. Brooks, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [JMB]Google Scholar

Bloedel, J. R. & Ebner, T. J. (1985) Climbing fiber function: Regulation of Purkinje cell responsiveness. In: Cerebellar functions, ed. Bloedel, J. R., Dichgans, J. & Precht, W.. Springer-Verlag. [arJRB]Google Scholar

Bloedel, J. R., Ebner, T. J. & Yu, Q.-Z. (1983) Increased responsiveness of Purkinje cells associated with climbing fiber inputs to neighboring neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 50:220–39. [arJRB, cJFS]Google Scholar

Bloedel, J. R., Gregory, R. S. & Martin, S. H. (1972) Action of interneurons and axon collaterals in cerebellar cortex of a primate. Journal of Neurophysiology 35:847–63. [rJRB]Google Scholar

Bloedel, J. R. & Kelly, T. M. (1992) The dynamic selection hypothesis: A proposed function for cerebellar sagittal zones. In: The cerebellum revisited, ed. Llinas, R. & Sotelo, C.. Springer-Verlag, in press. [aJRB, PFCG]Google Scholar

Bloedel, J. R. & Roberts, W. J. (1969) Functional relationship among neurons of the cerebellar cortex in the absence of anesthesia. Journal of Neurophysiology 32:75–84. [rJRB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bloedel, J. R. & Roberts, W. J. (1971) The action of climbing fibers in the feline cerebellar cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 34:17–31. [rJRB, AMS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Boegman, R., Parent, A. & Hawkes, R. (1988) Zonation in the rat cerebellar cortex: Patches of high acetylcholinesterase activity in the granular layer are congruent with Purkinje cell compartments. Brain Research 448:237–51. [aJRB, NHB]Google Scholar

Borrett, D. S., Yeap, T. H. & Kwan, H. C. (1992) Neural networks, movements and Parkinson's disease, submitted. [DSB]Google Scholar

Botterman, B. R., Binder, M. D. & Stuart, D. G. (1978) Functional anatomy of the association between motor units and muscle receptors. American Journal of Zoology 18:135–52. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bouisset, S. & Zattara, M. (1987) Biomechanical study of the programming of anticipatory postural adjustments associated with voluntary movement. Journal of Biomechanics 20:735–42. [ADK]Google Scholar

Bouisset, S. & Zattara, M. (1990) Segmental movement as a perturbation to balance? Facts and concepts. In: Multiple muscle systems, ed. Winters, J. M. & Woo, S. L.-Y.. Springer-Verlag. [ADK, JMW]Google Scholar

Bower, J. M. (1990) Reverse engineering the nervous system: An anatomical, physiological, and computer-based approach. In: An introduction to neural and electronic networks, ed. Zornetzer, S. F., Davis, J. L. & Lau, C.. Academic. [WAM]Google Scholar

Bower, J. M. & Kassel, J. (1990) Variability in tactile projection patterns to cerebellar folia Crus IIA in the Norway rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 302:768–78. [JMB]Google Scholar

Box, G. E. P. & Jenkins, G. M. (1976) Time series analysis: Forecasting and control. Prentice-Hall. [PDN]Google Scholar

Boyd, I. A. & Roberts, T. D. M. (1953) Proprioceptive discharges from stretch-receptors in the knee joint of the cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 122:38–58. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Bracewell, R. M., Barash, S., Massoni, P. & Andersen, R. A. (1991) Neurones in the macaque lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) appear to encode the next intended saccade. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 17:1282. [JWG, APo]Google Scholar

Bracha, V., Wu, J.-Z., Cartwright, M. & Bloedel, J. R. (1991) Selective involvement of the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the conditioned nictitating membrane reflex of the rabbit. Brain Research 556:317–20. [arJRB]Google Scholar

Bracke-Tolkmitt, R., Linden, A., Canavan, A. G. M., Rockstroh, B., Scholz, E., Wessel, K. & Diener, H.-C. (1989) The cerebellum contributes to mental skills. Behavioral Neuroscience 103:442–46. [aJRB, MH]Google Scholar

Brain, W. R. (1941) Visual disorientation with special reference to lesions to the right cerebral hemisphere. Brain 64:244–72. [DPC]Google Scholar

Braitenberg, V. (1983) The cerebellum revisited. Journal of Theoretical Neurobiology 2:237–41. [VB]Google Scholar

Braitenberg, V. (1987) The cerebellum and the physics of movement: Some speculations. In: Cerebellum and neuronal plasticity, ed. Glickstein, M., Yeo, C. & Stein, J.. Plenum. [VB]Google Scholar

Braitenberg, V. & Onesto, N. (1962) The cerebellar cortex as a timing organ. Discussion of an hypothesis. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Medical Cybernetics, Naples, Italy. [VB]Google Scholar

Braitenberg, V. & Preisel, H. (1992) The cerebellum and the physics of movement, in preparation. [VB]Google Scholar

Brand, S., Dahl, A. L. & Mugnaini, E. (1976) The length of parallel fibers in the cat cerebellar cortex. An experimental light and electron microscopic study. Experimental Brain Research 26:39–58. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Bras, H., Cavallari, P. & Jankowska, E. (1988) Demonstration of initial axon collaterals of cells of origin of the ventral spinocerebellar tract in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 273:584–92. [aDAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bras, H., Cavallari, P., Jankowska, E. & Kubin, L. (1989a) Morphology of midlumbar interneurones relaying information from group II muscle afferents in the cat spinal cord. Journal of Comparative Neurology 290:1–15. [aDAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bras, H., Cavallari, P., Jankowska, E. & McCrea, D. (1989b) Comparison of the effects of monoamines on transmission in spinal pathways from group I and II muscle spindle afferents. Experimental Brain Research 76:27–37. [aDAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bridgeman, B. (1980) Temporal response characteristics of cells in monkey striate cortex measured with metacontrast masking and brightness discrimination. Brain Research 196:347–64. [BB]Google Scholar

Bridgeman, B. (1982) Multiplexing in single cells of the alert monkey's visual cortex during brightness discrimination. Neuropsychologia 20:33–42. [BB]Google Scholar

Bridgeman, B. & Artim, J. (1983) Information flow through single cells of cat striate cortex. Neuroscience Abstracts 9:619. [BB]Google Scholar

Brink, E. (1988) Segmental organization of the upper cervical cord. In: Control of head movement, ed. Peterson, B. W. & Richmond, F. J. R.. Oxford University Press. [GEL]Google Scholar

Brink, E., Jankowska, E., McCrea, D. A. & Skoog, B. (1983) Inhibitory interactions between interneurones in reflex pathways from group la and group Ib afferents in the cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 343:361–73. [aDAM, DBul]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brink, E. & Mackel, R. (1987) Sensorimotor performance of the hand during peripheral nerve regeneration. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 77:249–66. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Brochu, G., Maler, L. & Hawkes, R. (1990) Zebrin II: A polypeptide antigen expressed selectively by Purkinje cells reveals compartments in rat and fish cerebellum. Journal of Comparative Neurology 291:538–52. [NHB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brodal, P. (1978) Principles of organisation of the monkey corticopontine projection. Brain 64:244–72. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Brody, B. A. & Pribram, K. H. (1978) The role of frontal and parietal cortex in cognitive processing: Tests of spatial and sequence functions. Brain 101:607–33. [DSL]Google Scholar

Brooke, J. D. & McIlroy, W. E. (1989) Effect of knee joint angle on a heteronymous Ib reflex in the human lower limb. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 16:58–62. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Brooks, R. A. (1991) Elephants don't play chess. In: Designing autonomous agents, ed. Maes, A. P.. MIT Press. [SG]Google Scholar

Brooks, V. B. (1984) Cerebellar functions in motor control. Human Neurobiology 2:251–60. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Brooks, V. B. (1986) The neural basis of motor control. Oxford University Press. [aGEA, AAF]Google Scholar

Brooks, V. B., Kozlovskaya, I. B., Atkin, A., Horvath, F. E. & Uno, M. (1973) Effects of cooling dentate nucleus on tracking-task performance in monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology 36:974–95. [aJRB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brooks, V. B. & Thach, W. T. (1981) Cerebellar control of posture and movement. In: Handbook of physiology, section I: The nervous system, vol. 2: Motor control, ed. Brookhart, J. M. & Mountcastle, V. B.. American Physiology Society. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Brooks, V. B. & Wilson, V. J. (1959) Recurrent inhibition in the cat's spinal cord. Journal of Physiology (London) 146:380–91. [TMH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brotchie, P. R. & Andersen, R. A. (1991) Body-centered coordinate system in posterior parietal cortex. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 17:511.1. [rJFS, RAA, APo]Google Scholar

Brotchie, P., lansek, R. & Horne, M. (1991a) The motor function of the monkey globus pallidus: I. Neuronal discharge and parameters of movement. Brain 114:1667–83. [RI]Google Scholar

Brotchie, P., Iansek, R. & Horne, M. (1991b) The motor function of the monkey globus pallidus: II. Cognitive aspects of movement and phasic neuronal actvity. Brain 114:1685–1702. [RI]Google Scholar

Brotchie, P., Iansek, R. & Horne, M. (1991c) A neural network model of neural activity in the monkey globus pallidus. Neuroscience Letters 131:33–36. [RI]Google Scholar

Brown, J. (1977) Mind, brain, and consciousness. Academic Press. [JMF]Google Scholar

Brown, K., Lee, J. & Ring, P. A. (1954) The sensation of passive movement at the metatarso-phalangeal joint of the great toe in man. Journal of Physiology (London) 126:448–58. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Brown, T. G. (1914) On the nature of the fundamental activity of the nervous centres; together with an analysis of the conditioning of rhythmic activity in progression, and a theory of the evolution of function in the nervous system. Journal of Physiology 48:18–46. [aDAM]Google Scholar

Brown, T. H., Kairiss, E. W. & Keenan, C. L. (1990) Hebbian synapses: Biophysical mechanisms and algorithms. Annual Review of Neuroscience 13:475–511, [aGEA]Google Scholar

Bruce, C. J. & Goldberg, M. E. (1985) Primate frontal eye field. I. Single neurons discharging before saccades. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:603–35. [APo]Google Scholar

Brüwer, M. & Cruse, H. (1990) A network model for the control of the movement of a redundant manipulator. Biological Cybernetics 62:549–55. [aGEA]Google Scholar

Brüwer, M. & Dean, J. (1992) Control of human arm movements in two dimensions: A comparison of movements with 2 and 3 mobile joints. Proceedings of the 20th Gottingen Neurobiology Conference. Thieme Verlag, in press. [JDe]Google Scholar

Buford, J. A. & Smith, J. L. (1990) Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking. 2. Hindlimb muscle synergies. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:756–66. [GMc]Google Scholar

Buford, J. A., Zernicke, R. F. & Smith, J. L. (1990) Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking. 1. Posture and kinematics. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:745–55. [GMc]Google Scholar

Bullock, D. & Contreras-Vidal, J. L. (1991) How spinal neural networks reduce discrepancies between motor intention and motor realization. CAS/CNS Technical Report 91–023. In: Variability and motor control, ed. Newell, K. & Corcos, D.. Human Kinetics. [DBul]Google Scholar

Bullock, D., Contreras-Vidal, J. L. & Grossberg, S. (1992) Equilibria and dynamics of a neural network model for opponent muscle control. CAS/CNS Technical Report 92-017. In: Neural networks in robotics, ed. Goldberg, K. & Bekey, G.. Kluwer Academic. [DBul]Google Scholar

Bullock, D. & Grossberg, S. (1988a) Neural dynamics of planned arm movements: Emergent variants and speed-accuracy properties during trajectory formation. In: Neural network and natural intelligence, ed. Grossberg, S.. MIT Press. [AAF]Google Scholar

Bullock, D. & Grossberg, S. (1988b) Neuromuscular realization of planned trajectories. Neural Networks 1(suppl. 1);329. [DBul]Google Scholar

Bullock, D. & Grossberg, S. (1989) VITE & FLETE: Neural modules for trajectory formation and postural control. In: Volitional action, ed. Hershberger, W. A.. North-Holland/Elsevier. [DBul, TMH, DSL]Google Scholar

Bullock, D. & Grossberg, S. (1990) Spinal network computations enable independent control of muscle length and joint compliance. In: Advanced neural computers, ed. Eckmiller, R.. North-Holland. [DBul]Google Scholar

Bullock, D. & Grossberg, S. (1991) Adaptive neural networks for control of movement trajectories invariant under speed and force rescaling. Human Movement Science 10:3–53. [DBul, DSL, GJvIS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bullock, D. & Grossberg, S. (in press) Emergence of tri-phasic muscle activation from the nonlinear interactions of central and spinal neural network circuits. Human Movement Science 11. [DBul]Google Scholar

Bures, J., Buresova, O. & Krivanek, J. (1988) Brain and behavior. Academia. [MEI]Google Scholar

Burgess, P. R. & Clark, F. J. (1969) Characteristics of knee joint receptors in the cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 203:317–35. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Burgess, P. R., Wei, J. Y., Clark, F. J. & Simon, J. (1982) Signaling of kinesthetic information by peripheral sensory receptors. Annual Review of Neuroscience 5:171–87. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Burke, D. (1981) The activity of human muscle spindle endings in normal motor behavior. International Review of Physiology 25:91–126. [arSCG]Google Scholar

Burke, D., Aniss, A. M. & Gandevia, S. C. (1987) In-parallel and in-series behavior of human muscle spindle endings. Journal of Neurophysiology 58:417–26. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Burke, D., Dickson, H. G. & Skuse, N. F. (1991) Task-dependent changes in the responses to low-threshold cutaneous afferent volleys in the human lower limb. Journal of Physiology (London) 432:445–58. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Burke, D., Gandevia, S. C. & Macefield, G. (1988) Responses to passive movement of receptors in joint, skin and muscle of the human hand. Journal of Physiology (London) 402:347–61. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burke, D., Gandevia, S. C. & McKeon, B. (1983) The afferent volleys responsible for spinal proprioceptive reflexes in man. Journal of Physiology 339:535–52. [rSCG]Google Scholar

Burke, D., Gandevia, S. C. & McKeon, B. (1984) Monosynaptic and oligosynaptic contributions to human ankle jerk and H-reflex. Journal of Neurophysiology 52:435–48. [rSCG]Google Scholar

Burke, D., Gandevia, S. C., McKeon, B. & Skuse, N. F. (1982) Interactions between cutaneous and muscle afferent projections to cerebral cortex in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 53:349–60. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Burke, D., Gracies, J. M., Mazevet, D., Meunier, S. & Pierrot-Deseilligny, E. (1992) Convergence of descending and various peripheral inputs onto common propriospinal-like neurones in man. Journal of Physiology (London) 449:655–710. [aSCG, DBur]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burke, D., Hagbarth, K.-E. & Löfstedt, L. (1978a) Muscle spindle activity in man during shortening and lengthening contractions. Journal of Physiology (London) 277:131–42. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burke, D., Hagbarth, K.-E. & Löfstedt, L. (1978b) Muscle spindle responses in man to changes in load during accurate position maintenance. Journal of Physiology (London) 276:159–64. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Burke, D., Hagbarth, K.-E., Löfstedt, L. & Wallin, B. G. (1976a) The responses of human muscle spindle endings to vibration of noncontracting muscles. Journal of Physiology (London) 261:673–93. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Burke, D., Hagbarth, K.-E., Löfstedt, L. & Wallin, B. G. (1976b) The responses of human muscle spindle endings to vibration during isometric contraction. Journal of Physiology (London) 261:695–711. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Burke, D., Hagbarth, K.-E. & Skuse, N. F. (1979) Voluntary activation of spindle endings in human muscles temporarily paralysed by nerve pressure. Journal of Physiology (London) 287:329–36. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burke, D., McKeon, B. & Skuse, N. F. (1981) Dependence of the Achilles tendon reflex on the excitability of spinal reflex pathways. Annals of Neurology 10:551–56. [rSCG]Google Scholar

Burke, D. McKeon, B., Skuse, N. F. & Westerman, R. A. (1980) Anticipation and fusimotor activity in preparation for a voluntary contraction. Journal of Physiology (London) 306:337–48. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Burton, J. E. & Onoda, N. (1977) Interpositus neurons discharge in relation to a voluntary movement. Brain Research 121:167–72. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Bushnell, M. C., Goldberg, M. E. & Robinson, D. L. (1981) Behavioral enhancement of visual responses in monkey cerebral cortex. I. Modulation in posterior parietal cortex related to selective visual attention. Journal of Neurophysiology 46:755–72. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Bussel, B., Morin, C. & Pierrot-Deseilligny, E. (1978) Mechanism of monosynaptic reflex reinforcement during Jendrassik Manoeuvre in man. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 41:40–44. [rSCG]Google Scholar

Buys, E. R., Lemon, R. N., Mantel, G. W. B. & Muir, R. B. (1986) Selective facilitation of different hand muscles by single corticospinal neurones in the conscious monkey. Journal of Physiology (London) 381:529–49. [aGEA, aEEF, cSCG]Google Scholar

Cafarelli, D. (1988) Force sensation in fresh and fatigued human skeletal muscle. Exercise and Sports Science Review 16:139–68. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Calancie, B. M. & Stein, R. B. (1988) Microneurography for the recording and selective stimulation of afferents: An assessment. Muscle and Nerve 11:638–44. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cameron, W. E., Binder, M. D., Botterman, B. R., Reinking, R. M. & Stuart, D. G. (1980) Motor unit-muscle spindle interactions in active muscles of decerebrate cats. Neuroscience Letters 19:55–60. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Caminiti, R., Johnson, P. B. & Urbano, A. (1990) Making arm movements within different parts of space: Dynamic aspects in the primate motor cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 10:2039–58. [aEB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cannon, S. C. & Robinson, D. A. (1985) An improved neural network model for the neural integrator of the oculomotor system: More realistic neuron behavior. Biological Cybernetics 53:93–108. [MF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Canny, J. F. (1987) The complexity of robot motion planning. Doctoral Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. MIT Press. [CIC]Google Scholar

Capaday, C. & Stein, R. B. (1986) Amplitude modulation of the soleus H-reflex in the human during walking and standing. Journal of Neuroscience 6:1308–13. [arSCG, TRN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Capaday, C. & Stein, R. B. (1987) Difference in the amplitude of the human soleus H reflex during walking and running. Journal of Physiology (London) 392:513–22. [arSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cappa, S., Sterzi, R., Villar, G. & Bisiach, E. (1987) Remission of hemineglect and anosognosia during vestibular stimulation. Neuropsychologia 25:774–80. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Carlson-Kuhta, P. & Smith, J. L. (1990) Scratch responses in normal cats: Hindlimb kinematics and muscle synergies. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:1653–67. [CAP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carpenter, M. B., Nakano, K. & Kim, R. (1976) Nigrothalamic projections in the monkey demonstrated by autoradiographic technics. Journal of Comparative Neurology 165:401–16. [aGEA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carr, J. N., Louca, D. & Grobstein, P. (1991) Directed movement in the frog: Explorations using back propagation networks. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 17:1578. [PG]Google Scholar

Carter, R. R., Crago, P. E. & Keith, M. W. (1990) Stiffness regulation by reflex action in the normal human hand. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:105–18. [TRN]Google Scholar

Cavada, C. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1989a) Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey. I. Parcellation of areas based on distinctive limbic and sensory corticocortical connections. Journal of Comparative Neurology 287:393–421. [aJFS, WAM]Google Scholar

Cavada, C. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1989b) Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey. II. Evidence for segregated corticocortical networks linking sensory and limbic areas with frontal lobe. Journal of Comparative Neurology 287:422–45. [aJFS, MSG]Google Scholar

Cavada, C. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1991) Topographical segregation of corticostriatal projections from posterior parietal subdivisions in the macaque monkey. Neuroscience 42:683–96. [MSG]Google Scholar

Cavallari, P., Edgley, S. A. & Jankowska, E. (1987) Post-synaptic actions of midlumbar interneurones on motoneurones of hind-limb muscles in the cat. Journal of Physiology 389:675–89. [aDAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cavallari, P., Fournier, E., Katz, R., Malmgren, K., Pierrot-Deseilligny, E. & Shindo, M. (1985) Cutaneous facilitation of transmission in Ib reflex pathways in the human upper limb. Experimental Brain Research 60:197–99. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Cavallari, P., Fournier, E., Katz, R., Pierrot-Deseilligny, E. & Shindo, M. (1984) Changes in reciprocal la inhibition from wrist extensors to wrist flexors during voluntary movement in man. Experimental Brain Research 56:574–76. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Cavanagh, P. R., Simoneau, G. G. & Ulbrecht, J. S. (1992) Ulceration, unsteadiness, and uncertainty: The biomechanical consequences of Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Biomechanics, in press. [PRC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cavanagh, P. R. & Ulbrecht, J. S. (1991) Biomechanics of the diabetic foot: A quantitative approach to the assessment of neuropathy, deformity, and plantar pressure. In: Disorders of the foot & ankle, 2nd ed., ed. M. H. Jahss & W. B. Saunders. [PRC]Google Scholar

Chambers, W. W. & Sprague, J. M. (1951) Differential effects of cerebellar anterior lobe cortex and fastigial nuclei on postural tonus in the cat. Science 114:324–25. [aJRB, RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chambers, W. W. & Sprague, J. M. (1955) Functional localization in the cerebellum. II. Somatotopic organization in cortex and nuclei. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 74:653–80. [aJRB, RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chandler, C., Hewit, J. & Miller, S. (1982) Computers, brains and the control of movement. Trends in Neuroscience 5:376. [aGEA]Google Scholar

Chang, H. T., Wilson, C. J. & Kitai, S. T. (1981) Single neostriatal efferent axons in the globus pallidus: A light and electron microscopic study (abstract). Science 213:915–18. [aGEA]Google Scholar

Chang, H. T., Wilson, C. J. & Kitai, S. T. (1982) A golgi study of rat neostriatal neurons: Light microscopic analysis. Journal of Comparative Neurology 208:107–26. [aGEA]Google Scholar

Chan-Palay, V. (1973) A light microscopic study of the cytology and organization of neurons in the simple mammalian nucleus lateralis: Columns and swirls. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 141:125–250. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Chan-Palay, V. (1977) Cerebellar dentate nucleus: Organization, cytology and transmitters. Springer-Verlag. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Chapman, C. E., Spidalieri, G. & LaMarre, Y. (1986) Activity of dentate neurons during arm movements triggered by visual, auditory, and somesthetic stimuli in the monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 55:203–26. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Chapula, L. M. (1991) Visual function of the pulvinar. In: The neural basis of visual function, ed. Leventhal, A. G.. CRC Press. [DPC]Google Scholar

Charpentier, A. (1891) Analyse experimentale de quelques elements de la sensation de poids. Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique 3:122–35. [AMG]Google Scholar

Chelazzi, L., Ghirardi, M., Rossi, F., Strata, P. & Tempia, F. (1990) Spontaneous saccades and gaze-holding ability in the Pigmented Rat. II. Effects of localized cerebellar lesions. European Journal of Neuroscience 2:1085–94. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Chen, D.-F., Hyland, B., Maier, V., Palmeri, A. & Wiesendanger, M. (1991) Comparison of neural activity in the supplementary motor cortex and in the primary motor cortex in monkeys performing a choice-reaction task. Somatosensory and Motor Research 8:27–44. [aGEA, aEEF]Google Scholar

Cheney, P. D. & Fetz, E. E. (1980) Functional classes of primate corticomotoneuronal cells and their relation to active force. Journal of Neurophysiology 44:773–91. [aEB, aEEF]Google Scholar

Cheney, P. D., Fetz, E. E. & Mewes, K. (1991) Neural mechanisms underlying corticospinal and rubrospinal control of limb movements. Progress in Brain Research 87:213–52. [rEEF]Google Scholar

Cheney, P. D., Fetz, E. E. & Palmer, S. S. (1985) Patterns of facilitation and suppression of antagonist forelimb muscles from motor cortex sites in the awake monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:805–20. [aEEF]Google Scholar

Cheney, P. D., Mewes, K. & Fetz, E. E. (1988) Encoding of motor parameters by corticomotoneuronal (CM) and rubromotoneuronal (RM) cells identified by spike-triggered averaging in the awake monkey. Behavioral Brain Research 28:181–91. [aEEF, AL]Google Scholar

Cherubini, E., Herrling, P. L., Lanfumey, L. & Stanzione, P. (1988) Excitatory amino acids in synaptic excitation of rat striatal neurones in vitro. Journal of Physiology (London) 400:677–90. [aGEA]Google Scholar

Chomsky, N. (1986) Knowledge of language: Its nature, origin and uses. Praeger. [JER]Google Scholar

Claparé de, E. (1901) Experiences sur la vitesse du soulevement des poids de volumes differents. Archives de Psychologie de la Suisse Romande 1:69–94. [AMG]Google Scholar

Clare, M. H. & Landau, W. M. (1964) Fusimotor function, part V. Reflex reinforcement under fusimotor block in normal subjects. Archives of Neurology 10:123–27. [rSCG]Google Scholar

Clark, F. J. (1975) Information signaled by sensory fibers in medial articular nerve. Journal of Neurophysiology 38:1464–72. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Clark, F. J. & Burgess, P. R. (1975) Slowly adapting receptors in cat knee joint: Can they signal joint angle? Journal of Neurophysiology 38:1448–63. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Clark, F. J., Burgess, R. C. & Chapin, J. W. (1986) Proprioception with the proximal interphalangeal joint of the index finger. Evidence for a movement sense without a static-position sense. Brain 109:1195–1208. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Clark, F. J., Burgess, R. C., Chapin, J. W. & Lipscomb, W. T. (1985) Role of intramuscular receptors in the awareness of limb position. Journal of Neurophysiology 54:1529–40. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Clark, F. J., Grigg, P. & Chapin, J. W. (1989) The contribution of articular receptors to proprioception with the fingers in humans. Journal of Neurophysiology 61:186–93. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Clark, F. J., Horch, K. W., Bach, S. M. & Larson, G. F. (1979) Contributions of cutaneous and joint receptors to static knee-position sense in man. Journal of Neurophysiology 42:877–88. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Clark, R. E., Zhang, A. A. & Lavond, D. G. (1992) Reversible lesions of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus during acquisition and retention of a classically conditioned behavior. Behavioral Neuroscience, in press. [rJRB, RFT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clarke, T. L. & Ronayne, T. (1991) Categorical approach to machine learning. Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE conference of systems, man and cybernetics. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. [TLC]Google Scholar

Cleland, C. & Rymer, W. (1990) Neural mechanisms underlying the clasp knife reflex in the cat. I. Characteristics of the reflex. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:1303–18. [aDAM]Google Scholar

Coburn, K. L., Ashford, J. W. & Fuster, J. M. (1990) Visual response latencies in temporal lobe structures as a function of stimulus information load. Behavioral Neuroscience 104:62–73. [JMF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cogan, D. G. (1953) Ophthalmic manifestations of bilateral non-occipital cerebral lesions. British Journal of Ophthalmology 49:281–97. [JWG]Google Scholar

Cohen, L. A. (1961) Role of eye and neck proprioceptive mechanisms in body orientation and motor coordination. Journal of Neurophysiology 24:1–11. [DPC]Google Scholar

Colby, C. L. & Duhamel, J.-R. (1991) Heterogeneity of extrastriate visual areas and multiple parietal areas in the macaque monkey. Neuropsychologia 29:497–515. [CLC]Google Scholar

Colby, C. L., Duhamel, J.-R. & Goldberg, M. E. (1992) The analysis of visual space by the lateral intraparietal area of the monkey: The role of extraretinal signals. Progress in Brain Research, in press. [CLC]Google Scholar

Cole, J. D. (1986) Observations on the sense of effort in a man without large myelinated cutaneous and proprioceptive sensory fibres below the neck. Journal of Physiology (London) 382:80P. [aSCG, PRC]Google Scholar

Cole, J. D., Katifi, H. A. & Sedgwick, E. M. (1986) Observations on a man without large myelinated fibre sensory input from below the neck. Journal of Physiology (London) 376:47P. [aSCG, PRC]Google Scholar

Cole, K. J. & Abbs, J. H. (1987) Kinematic and electromyographic responses to perturbation of a rapid grasp. Journal of Neurophysiology 57:1498–1510. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Colebatch, J. G. & McCloskey, D. I. (1987) Maintenance of constant arm position or force: Reflex and volitional components in man. Journal of Physiology (London) 386:247–61. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Colgate, J. E. (1988) The control of dynamically interacting systems. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering. MIT Press. [aEB]Google Scholar

Colgate, J. E. & Hogan, N. (1988) Robust control of dynamically interacting systems. International Journal of Control 48:65–88. [aEB]Google Scholar

Connolly, C. I., Burns, J. B. & Weiss, R. (1990) Path planning using Laplace's equation. In: Proceedings of the 1990 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation 3. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Society Press. [CIC]Google Scholar

Conway, B. A., Hultborn, H. & Kiehn, O. (1987) Proprioceptive input resets central locomotor rhythm in the spinal cat. Experimental Brain Research 68:643–56. [VD]Google Scholar

Cook, D. & Kesner, R. P. (1988) Caudate nucleus and memory for egocentric localization. Behavioral Neural Biology 49:332–43. [DI]Google Scholar

Cooke, J. D. (1980) The role of stretch reflexes during active movements. Brain Research 181:493–97. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Cooke, K. L. & Grossman, Z. (1982) Discrete delay, distributed delay and stability switches. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 86:592–627. [AB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cools, A. R., Jaspers, R., Schwarz, M., Sontag, K. H., Vrijmoed-deVries, M. & van den Bercken, J. (1984) Basal ganglia and switching motor programs. In: The basal ganglia. Structure and function, ed. McKenzie, J. S., Kemm, R. E. & Wilcock, L. N.. Plenum. [aGEA]Google Scholar

Corbetta, M., Miezin, F. M., Shulman, G. L. & Petersen, S. E. (1991) Selective attention modulates extrastriate visual regions in humans during visual feature discrimination and recognition. In: Exploring brain functional anatomy with positron tomography, ed. Chadwick, D. J. & Whelan, J.. Wiley. [RE]Google Scholar

Cordo, P. J. (1987) Mechanisms controlling accurate changes in elbow torque in humans. Journal of Neuroscience 7(2):432–42. [PJC]Google Scholar

Cordo, P. J. (1990) Kinesthetic control of a multijoint movement sequence. Journal of Neurophysiology 63:161–72. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Cordo, P. J. & Flanders, M. (1989) The sensory basis of target acquisition. Trends in Neuroscience 12:110–17. [PJC]Google Scholar

Corin, M. S. & Bender, M. B. (1972) Mislocalization in visual space. Archives of Neurology 27:252–62. [DPC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Coulter, J. D. & Jones, E. G. (1977) Differential distribution of corticospinal projections from individual cytoarchitectonic fields in the monkey. Brain Research 129:335–40. [aEEF]Google Scholar

Courville, J. & Diakiw, N. (1976) Cerebellar cortico-nuclear projection in the cat. The vermis of the anterior and posterior lobes. Brain Research 110:1–20. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Crago, P. E., Houk, J. C. & Hasan, Z. (1976) Regulatory actions of the human stretch reflex. Journal of Neurophysiology 39:925–35. [SVA]Google Scholar

Crago, P. E., Houk, J. C. & Rymer, W. Z. (1982) Sampling of total muscle force by tendon organs. Journal of Neurophysiology 47:1069–83. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Crammond, D. J. & Kalaska, J. F. (1989) Neuronal activity in primate parietal cortex area 5 varies with intended movement direction during an instructed-delay period. Experimental Brain Research 76:458–62. [JFK, PM]Google Scholar

Craske, B. (1977) Perception of impossible limb positions induced by tendon vibration. Science 196:71–73. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Crenna, P. & Frigo, C. (1987) Excitability of the soleus H-reflex arc during walking and stepping in man. Experimental Brain Research 66:49–60. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Crepel, F. & Jaillard, D. (1991) Pairing of pre- and postsynaptic activities in cerebellar Purkinje cells induces long-term changes in synaptic efficacy in vitro. Journal of Physiology 432:123–41. [rJRB, cJFS]Google Scholar

Crick, F. (1984) Function of the thalamic reticular complex. The searchlight hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 81:4586–90. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Crick, F. (1989) The recent excitement about neural networks. Nature 337:129–32. [RE]Google Scholar

Critchley, M. (1953) The parietal lobes. Hafher. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Crone, C., Hultborn, H., Jespersen, B. & Nielsen, J. (1987) Reciprocal la inhibition between ankle flexors and extensors in man. Journal of Physiology (London) 389:163–85. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Crone, C., Hultborn, H., Kiehn, O., Mazieres, L. & Wigström, H. (1988) Maintained changes in motoneuronal excitability by short-lasting synaptic inputs in the decerebrate cat. Journal of Physiology (London) 405:321–43. [aDAM, AGF]Google Scholar

Crone, C. & Nielsen, J. (1989) Spinal mechanisms in man contributing to reciprocal inhibition during voluntary dorsiflexion of the foot. Journal of Physiology (London) 416:255–72. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Cross, M. J. & McCloskey, D. I. (1973) Position sense following surgical removal of joints in man. Brain Research 55:443–45. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Cruse, H. (1985) Which parameters control the leg movements of a walking insect? I. Velocity control during the stance phase. Journal of Experimental Biology 116:343–55. [JDe]Google Scholar

Cruse, H. (1986) Constraints for joint angle control of the human arm. Biological Cybernetics 54:125–32. [JDe]Google Scholar

Cruse, H. & Graham, D. (1985) Models for the analysis of walking in arthropods. In: Coordination of motor behaviour. Society for Experimental Biology Seminar Series 24, ed. Bush, B. M. H. & Clarac, F.. Cambridge University Press. [JDe]Google Scholar

Cruse, H., Wischmeyer, E., Bruwer, M., Brockfeld, P. & Dress, A. (1990) On the cost functions for the control of the human arm movement. Biological Cybernetics 62:519–28. [JDe]Google Scholar

Crutcher, M. D. & Alexander, G. E. (1990) Movement-related neuronal activity selectively coding either direction or muscle pattern in three motor areas of the monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:151–63. [aGEA, aEEF, JMF]Google Scholar

Crutcher, M. D. & DeLong, M. R. (1984a) Single cell studies of the primate putamen I. Functional organization. Experimental Brain Research 53:233–43. [aGEA, CIC, MSG]Google Scholar

Crutcher, M. D. & DeLong, M. R. (1984b) Single cell studies of the primate putamen II. Relations to direction of movement and pattern of muscular activity. Experimental Brain Research 53:244–58. [aGEA, CIC]Google Scholar

Cullheim, S. & Kellerth, J.-O. (1978) A morphological study of the axons and recurrent axon collaterals of cat alpha-motoneurones supplying different hindlimb muscles. Journal of Physiology (London) 281:285–99. [TMH]Google Scholar

Cummins, R. & Schwarz, G. (1991) Connectionism, computation, and cognition. In: Connectionism and the philosophy of mind, ed. Horgan, T. & Tienson, J.. Kluwer. [GS]Google Scholar

Currie, S. N. & Stein, P. S. G. (1990) Cutaneous stimulation evokes longlasting excitation of spinal interneurons in the turtle. Journal of Neurophysiology 64:1134–48. [CAP]Google Scholar

Dahhaoui, M., Caston, J., Auvray, N. & Reber, A. (1990) Role of the cerebellum in an avoidance conditioning task in the rat. Physiology & Behavior 47:1175–80. [rJRB]Google Scholar

Darpa Neural Network Study (1988) AFCEA International Press. [HB]Google Scholar

Darton, K., Lippold, O. C. J., Shahani, M. & Shahani, U. (1985) Longlatency spinal reflexes in humans. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:1604–18. [JDu]Google Scholar

Davey, N. J. & Ellaway, P. H. (1989) Facilitation of individual γ-motoneurones by the discharge of single slowly adapting type 1 mechanoreceptors in cats. Journal of Physiology (London) 411:97–114. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Davidoff, R. & Hackman, J. (1984) Spinal inhibition. In: Handbook of the spinal cord, ed. Davidoff, R. A.. Marcel Dekker. [aDAM]Google Scholar

Davies, J. G. M., Kirkwood, P. A. & Sears, T. A. (1985) The detection of monosynaptic connexions from inspiratory bulbospinal neurones to inspiratory motoneurones in the cat. Journal of Physiology 368:33–62. [rEEF, PAK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Davis, C. M. & Roberts, W. (1976) Lifting movements in the size-weight illusion. Perception and Psychophysics 20:33–36. [HER]Google Scholar

Dawson, M. R. W. (1991) The how and why of what went where in apparent motion: Modeling solutions to the motion correspondence problem. Psychological Review 98:569–603. [MRWD]Google Scholar

Day, B. L. & Marsden, C. D. (1982) Accurate repositioning of the human thumb against unpredictable dynamic loads is dependent upon peripheral feedback. Journal of Physiology (London) 327:393–407. [aEB, aSCG, AGF, MH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Day, B. L., Marsden, C. D., Obeso, J. A., Rothwell, J. C. (1984) Reciprocal inhibition between the muscles of the human forearm. Journal of Physiology (London) 349:519–34. [aSCG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dean, J. (1984) Control of leg protraction in the stick insect: A targeted movement showing compensation for externally applied forces. Journal of Comparative Physiology 155:771–81. [JDe]Google Scholar

Dean, J. (1990) Coding proprioceptive information to control movement to a target: Simulation with a simple neural network. Biological Cybernetics 63:115–20. [JDe]Google Scholar

Dean, J. (1991a) A model of leg coordination in the stick insect, Carausius morosus. II. Simulation of normal step patterns. Biological Cybernetics 64:403–11. [JDe]Google Scholar

Dean, J. (1991b) Effect of load on leg movement and step coordination of the stick insect Carausius morosus. Journal of Experimental Biology 159:449–71. [JDe]Google Scholar

Dean, J. & Brüwer, M. (1992) Control of human arm movements in two dimensions: Paths and joint control in avoiding simple linear obstacles. Proceedings of the 20th Gottingen Neurobiology Conference. Thieme Verlag, in press. [JDe]Google Scholar

Dean, J. & Cruse, H. (1986) Evidence for the control of velocity as well as position in leg protraction and retraction by the stick insect. In: Generation and modulation of action patterns, ed. Heuer, H. & Fromm, C.. Experimental Brain Research Series 15. Springer-Verlag. [JDe]Google Scholar

Decety, J. & Ingvar, D. H. (1990) Brain structures participating in mental simulation of motor behavior. A neuropsychological interpretation. Acta Psychologica 73:13–34. [PM]Google Scholar

Deliagina, T. G. & Feldman, A. G. (1981) Activity of Renshaw cells during fictive scratch reflex in cat. Experimental Brain Research 42:108–115. [CAP]Google Scholar

Deliagina, T. G., Feldman, A. G., Gelfand, I. M. & Orlovsky, G. N. (1975) On the role of central program and afferent inflow in the control of scratching movement in the cat. Brain Research 100:297–313. [MBB, AP]Google Scholar

Deliagina, T. G. & Orlovsky, G. N. (1980) Activity of la inhibitory interneurons during fictive scratch reflex in the cat. Brain Research 193:439–47. [CAP]Google Scholar

Deliagina, T., Orlovsky, G., Pavlova, G. & Popova, L. (1981) Activity of propriospinal neurons of ventral horn of upper lumbar segments during fictive scratch reflex. Nejrofiziologija 13:647–48. [aDAM]Google Scholar

DeLong, M. R., Crutcher, M. D. & Georgopoulos, A. P. (1985) Primate globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus: Functional organization. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:530–43. [aGEA]Google Scholar

DeLuca, C. J. (1985) Control properties of motor units. Journal of Experimental Biology 115:125–36. [DBul]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Delwaide, P. J. & Gonce, M. (1988) Pathophysiology of Parkinson's signs. In: Parkinson's disease and movement disorders, ed. Jankovic, J. & Tolosa, E.. Urban & Schwarzenberg. [JJS]Google Scholar

Delwaide, P. J., Sabatino, M., Pepin, J. L. & La Grutta, V. (1988) Reinforcement of reciprocal inhibition by contralateral movements in man. Experimental Neurology 99:10–16. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Denes, G., Caviezel, F. & Semenza, C. (1982) Difficulty in reaching objects and body parts: A sensorymotor disconnexion syndrome. Cortex 18:165–73. [MAG]Google Scholar

Deniau, J. M. & Chevalier, G. (1985) Disinhibition as a basic process in the expression of striatal functions. II. The striato-nigral influence on thalamocortical cells of the ventromedial thalamic nucleus. Brain Research 334:227–33. [aGEA]Google Scholar

Denning, P. J. & Tichy, W. F. (1990) Highly parallel computation. Science 250:1217–22. [aGEA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Denny-Brown, D. (1962) The basal ganglia and their relation to disorders of movement. Oxford University Press. [GMa]Google Scholar

Denny-Brown, D. & Chambers, R. A. (1958) The parietal lobes and behavior. Research Publications for the Association of Research in Mental Disease 36:35–117. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Desimone, R. & Ungerleider, L. G. (1989) Neural mechanisms of visual processing in monkeys. In: Handbook of neuropsychology, vol. 2, ed. Boiler, F. & Grafman, J.. Elsevier. [RE]Google Scholar

Devanandan, M.S., Ghosh, S. & John, K. T. (1983) A quantitative study of muscle spindles and tendon organs in some intrinsic muscles of the hand in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata). Anatomical Record 207:263–66. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Devaney, R. L. (1986) An introduction to chaotic dynamical systems. Cummings. [DSB]Google Scholar

DeVito, J. L. & Anderson, M. E. (1982) An autoradiographic study of efferent connections of the globus pallidus. Experimental Brain Research 46:107–17. [aGEA]Google Scholar

DeVito, J. L., Anderson, M. E. & Walsh, K. E. (1980) A horseradish peroxidase study of afferent connections of the globus pallidus in Macaca mulatta. Experimental Brain Research 38:65–73. [aGEA]Google Scholar

Dichgans, J. & Diener, H. C. (1985) Clinical evidence for functional compartmentalization of the cerebellum. In: Cerebellar functions, ed. Bloedel, J. R., Dichgans, J. D. & Precht, W.. Springer. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Diener, H. C., Dichgans, J., Bacher, M. & Gompf, B. (1984) Quantification of postural sway in normals and patients with cerebellar diseases. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 57:134–42. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Dietrichs, E. & Walberg, F. (1979) The cerebellar corticonuclear and nucleocortical projections in the cat studied with anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. I. The paramedian lobule. Anatomy and Embryology 158:13–39. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Dietrichs, E. & Walberg, F. (1980) The cerebellar corticonuclear and nucleocortical projections in the cat as studied with anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. II. Lobulus simplex, Crus I and Crus II. Anatomy and Embryology 161:83–103. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Dietz, V. (1992) Human neuronal control of automatic functional movements: Interaction between central programs and afferent input. Physiological Reviews 72:33–69. [VD]Google Scholar

Dietz, V., Berger, W. & Quintem, J. (1987) Task-dependent gating of somatosensory transmission in two different motor tasks in man: Falling and writing. Neuroscience Letters 75:288–92. [VD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dietz, V., Faist, M. & Pierrot-Deseilligny, E. (1990) Amplitude modulation of the quadriceps H-reflex in the human during the early stance phase of gait. Experimental Brain Research 79:221–24. [aDAM]Google Scholar

Dietz, V., Gollhofer, A., Kleiber, M. & Trippel, M. (1992) Regulation of bipedal stance: Dependency on “load” receptors. Experimental Brain Research 89:229–31. [VD]Google Scholar

Dietz, V., Horstmann, G. A. & Berger, W. (1989a) Interlimb co-ordination of leg muscle activation during perturbation of stance in humans. Journal of Neurophysiology 62:680–93. [VD]Google Scholar

Dietz, V., Horstmann, G. A., Trippel, M. & Gollhofer, A. (1989b) Human postural reflexes and gravity—an underwater simulation. Neuroscience Letters 106:350–55. [VD]Google Scholar

Dietz, V., Trippel, M. & Berger, W. (1991a) Reflex activity and muscle tone during elbow movements in patients with spastic paresis. Annals of Neurology 30:767–79. [VD]Google Scholar

Dietz, V., Trippel, M., Discher, M. & Horstmann, G. A. (1991b) Compensation of human stance perturbations: Selection of the appropriate electromyographic pattern. Neuroscience Letters 126:71–74. [VD]Google Scholar

Dimitrov, B., Hallett, M. & Sanes, J. N. (1989) Differential influence of posture and intentional movement on human somatosensory evoked potentials evoked by different stimuli. Brain Research 496:211–18. [aSCG]Google Scholar

Dinse, H. R., Krueger, K. & Best, J. (1990) A temporal structure of cortical information processing. Concepts in Neuroscience 1:199–238. [IT]Google Scholar

Disterhoft, J. F., Quinn, K. J., Weiss, C. & Shipley, M. T. (1985) Accessory abducens nucleus and conditioned eye retraction nictitating membrane extension in rabbit. Journal of Neuroscience 5:941–50. [RFT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Divac, I., Lavail, J. H., Rakic, P. & Winston, K. R. (1977) Heterogeneous afferents to the inferior parietal lobule of the rhesus monkey revealed by the retrograde transport method. Brain Research 123:197–207. [aJFS]Google Scholar

Dodwell, P. C. (1983) The Lie transformation group model of visual perception. Perception & Psychophysics 34:1–16. [TLC]Google Scholar

Donoghue, J. P., Suner, S. & Sanes, J. N. (1990) Dynamic organization of primary motor cortex output to target muscles in adult rats. II. Rapid reorganization following motor nerve lesions. Experimental Brain Research 79:492–503. [aGEA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dore, L., Jacobson, C. D. & Hawkes, R. (1990) Organization and postnatal development of zebrin II antigenic compartmentation in the cerebellar vermis of the grey opossum, Monodelphis domestica. Journal of Comparative Neurology 291:431–49. [aJRB]Google Scholar

Dow, R. S. & Moruzzi, G. (1958) The physiology and pathology of the cerebellum. University of Minnesota Press. [rJRB]Google Scholar

Drew, T., Dubuc, R. & Rossignol, S. (1986) Discharge patterns of reticulospinal and other reticular neurons in chronic, unrestrained cats walking on a treadmill. Journal of Neurophysiology 55:375–401. [rDAM]Google Scholar

Driver, J. & Halligan, P. (1991) Can visual neglect operate in object-centered coordinates? Cognitive Neuropsychology 8:475–96. [rJFS]Google Scholar

Duenas, S. & Rudomin, P. (1988) Excitability changes of ankle extensor group la and Ib fibers during fictive locomotion in the cat. Experimental Brain Research 70:15–25. [aDAM]Google Scholar

Dugas, C., Picard, N. & Smith, A. M. (1989) Changes in simple and complex spike activity in Purkinje cells induced by slip of an object held between the thumb and forefinger. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 15:613. [JMB]Google Scholar

Duhamel, J.-R., Colby, C. L. & Goldberg, M. E. (1991) Congruent representations of visual and somatosensory space in single neurons of monkey ventral intra-parietal cortex (area VIP). In: Brain and space, ed. Paillard, J.. Oxford University Press. [JFK]Google Scholar

Duhamel, J.-R., Colby, C. L. & Goldberg, M. E. (1992) The updating of the representation of visual space in parietal cortex by intended eye movements. Science 255:90–92. [CLC, RE, JWG]Google Scholar

Dum, R. P. & Strick, P. L. (1991) Premotor areas: Nodal points for parallel efferent systems involved in the central control of movement. In: Motor control: Concepts and issues, ed. Humphrey, D. R. & H.-J., Freund. Wiley. [aGEA]Google Scholar

Duncan, J. (1977) Response selection rules in spatial choice reaction tasks. In: Attention and performance, ed. Dornic, S.. Erlbaum. [RWP]Google Scholar

Durlach, N. I., Delhorne, L. A., Wong, A., Ko, W. Y., Rabinowitz, W. M. & Hollenbach, J. (1989) Manual discrimination and identification of length by the finger-span method. Perception & Phychophysics 46:29–38. [FC]Google Scholar

Duysens, J. & Pearson, K. G. (1980) Inhibition of flexor burst generation by loading extensor muscles in walking cat. Brain Research 187:321–32. [VD, APr]Google Scholar

Duysens, J. & Stein, R. B. (1978) Reflexes induced by nerve stimulation in walking cats with implanted cuff electrodes. Experimental Brain Research 32:213–24. [JDu]Google Scholar

Duysens, J., Tax, A. A. M., Doelen, B. van der, Trippel, M. & Dietz, V. (1991) Selective activation of human soleus or gastrocnemius in reflex responses during walking and running. Experimental Brain Research 87:193–204. [JDu]Google Scholar

Duysens, J., Trippel, M., Horstmann, G. A. & Dietz, V. (1990) Gating and reversal of reflexes in ankle muscles during human walking. Experimental Brain Research 82:351–35. [JDu]Google Scholar

Dyck, P. J. & Brown, M. J. (1987) Diabetic polyneuropathy. In: Diabetic neuropathy, ed. Dyck, P. J., Thomas, P. K., Asbury, A. K., Winegrad, A. I. & Porte, D.. Saunders. [PRC]Google Scholar

Dyck, P. J., Karnes, J. & O'Brien, P. C. (1987a) Diagnosis, staging, and classification of diabetic neuropathy and association with other complications. In: Diabetic neuropathy, ed. Dyck, P. J., Thomas, P. K., Asbury, A. K., Winegrad, A. I. & Porte, D.. Saunders. [PRC]Google Scholar