Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-lpg2g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-15T21:07:54.338Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Conscious and nonconscious control of action

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Antti Revonsuo
Antti Revonsuo
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy/Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Turku, FIN-20500 Turku, Finland. revonsuo@sara.utu.fi
Get accessRights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

I criticize Block's examples of P-consciousness and A-consciousness for being flawed and the notion of A-consciousness for not being a notion of consciousness at all. I argue that an empirically important distinction can be made between behavior that is supported by an underlying conscious experience and behavior that is brought about by nonconscious action-control mechanisms. This distinction is different from that made by Block.

Information

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 18 , Issue 2 , June 1995, pp. 265 - 266
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Akins, K. (1993) A bat without qualities. In: Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical essays, ed. Davies, M. & Humphreys, G.. Blackwell. [aNB]Google Scholar
Alston, W. (1967) Religion. In: The encyclopedia of philosophy. Macmillan/Free Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. (1993) To see ourselves as others see us: A response to Mitchell. New Ideas in Psychology 11(3):339–34. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrade, J. (1993) Consciousness: Current views. In: Depth of anesthesia, ed. Jones, J. G.. Little Brown. [aNB]Google ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, D. M. (1968) A materialist theory of mind. Humanities Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. M. (1980) What is consciousness? In: The nature of mind. Cornell University Press. [aNB, WGL]Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. M. & Malcolm, N. (1984) Consciousness and causality. Blackwell. [DMA]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1988) A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge University Press. [aNB, BJB]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1993) How does a serial, integrated and very limited stream of consciousness emerge from a nervous system that is mostly unconscious, distributed, and of enormous capacity? In: C1BA Symposium on experimental and theoretical consciousness, ed. Bock, G. & Marsh, J.. Wiley. [BJB]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1994a) A thoroughly empirical approach to consciousness. Psyche: An International Journal of Consciousness Research 1(2). [BJB, rNB]Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1994b) Consciousness creates access: The case of working memory. Paper presented at the Third Practical Aspects of Memory Conference, University of Maryland,Google Scholar
(in press a) Consciousness creates access: The view from global workspace theory. In: Toward a scientific basis for consciousness, ed. Kazsniak, A., Hameroff, S. & Laukes, J.. MIT/Bradford Books. [BJB]Google Scholar
(in press b) Bats! A philosophical dispute. In: The trouble with consciousness: The vicissitudes of human experience in cognitive science, philosophy, and the history of psychology MIT/Bradford Books. [BJB]Google Scholar
Baars, B. & McGovern, K. (1993) Does philosophy help or hinder scientific work on consciousness? Consciousness and Cognition 2, 18–27. [rNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bach, K. (1981) An analysis of self-deception. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 41:351–70. [GR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bachmann, T. (1984) The process of perceptual retouch: Nonspecific afferent activation dynamics in explaining visual masking. Perception and Psychophysics 35:69–84. [TB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1994) Psychophysiology of visual masking. The fine structure of conscious experience. Nova Science. [TB]Google Scholar
Bauer, R. M. (1984) Autonomic recognition: A neuropsychological application of the guilty knowledge test. Neuropsychologica 22:457–69. [GG]Google ScholarPubMed
Bennett, H. (1988) Perception and memory of events during adequate general anesthesia for surgical operations. In: Hypnosis and memory, ed. Pettinati, H.. Guilford. [rNB]Google Scholar
Berlin, B. & Kay, P. (1969) Basic color terms. University of California Press. [rNB]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1983) The photographic fallacy in the debate about mental imagery, Nous XVII, 4. [rNB]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1980) xsWhat is fiinctionalism? In: Readings in the philosophy of psychology, vol. 1, ed. Block, N.. Harvard University Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1990a) Inverted earth. In: Philosophical perspectives, vol. 4, ed. Tomberlin, J.. Ridgeview. [aNB, LDK, WGL]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1990b) Consciousness and accessibility. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:596–59. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, N. (1991) Evidence against epiphenomenalism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:670–67. [aNB, rNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, N.(1992) Begging the question against phenomenal consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:205–07. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, N. (1993) Review of Dennett: Consciousness explained. The Journal of Philosophy 4:181–19. [aNB]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1994) “Tunctionalism,” “Qualia.” In: A companion to philosophy of mind, ed. Guttenplan, S.. Blackwell. [aNB, rNB]Google Scholar
(in press) What is Dennett's theory about? Philosophical topics. [rNB]Google Scholar
Bomstein, R. & Pittman, T. (1992) Perception without aivarcness. Guilford Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Bowers, J. & Schacter, D. (1990) Implicit memory and test awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 16(3): 404–41. [aNB]Google ScholarPubMed
Bruyer, R., Laterre, C., Seron, X., Feyereisen, P., Strypstein, E., Pierrard, E. & Rectem, D. (1983) A case of prosopagnosia with some preserved covert remembrance of familiar faces. Brain and Cognition 2:257— 84. [AY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burge, T. (forthcoming) Two kinds of consciousness. [rNB]Google Scholar
Buser, P. A. & Rougeul-Buser, A., eds. (1978) Cerebral correlates of conscious experience. North-Holland. [TB]Google Scholar
Byrne, A. (1993) The emergent mind. Princeton University, PhD dissertation. [aNB]Google Scholar
Byrne, R. W. (1993) The meaning of awareness': A response to Mitchell. New Ideas in Psychology 11(3): 347–35. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caramazza, A. (1992) Is cognitive neuropsychology possible? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4:80–95. [GG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carruthers, P. (1989) Brute experience. Journal of Philosophy 86. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992) Consciousness and concepts. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Supplement) 66:40–5. [aNB]Google Scholar
Chalmers, D. J. (1993) Toward a theory of consciousness. University of Indiana PhD thesis. [aNB]Google Scholar
Chalmers, D. (forthcoming) Availability: The cognitive basis of experience? [rNB]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1983) Consciousness: The transmutation of a concept. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 64:80–93. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1986) Reduction and the neurobiological basis of consciousness. In: Consciousness in contemporary society, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Oxford University Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Cooper, L. & Shepard, R. (1982) Chronometric studies of the rotation of mental images. In: Visual information processing, ed. Chase, W.. Academic Press. Reprinted in R. Shepard & L. Cooper, Mental images and their transformation. MIT Press. [rNB]Google Scholar
Coslett, H. & Saffran, E. (1994) Mechanisms of implicit reading in alexia. In: The neuropsychology of high-level vision, ed. Farah, M. & Ratcliff, G.. Erlbaum. [aNB]Google Scholar
Cowie, A. & Stoerig, P. (1992) Reflections on blindsight. In: The neuropsychology of consciousness, ed. Milner, B. & Rugg, M.. Academic Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Crick, F. (1994) The astonishing hypothesis, Scribner's. [rNB]Google Scholar
Crick, F. & Koch, C. (1990) Towards a neurobiological theory of consciousness. Seminars in the Neurosdences 2:263–75. [aNB, TB]Google Scholar
Davies, M. (1992) Perceptual content and local supervenience. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 92:21–45. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, M.(1995) Consciousness and the varieties of aboutness. In: The philosophy of psychology: Debates on psychological explanation, ed. MacDonald, C. & MacDonald, G.. [APA]Google Scholar
(forthcoming) Externalism and experience. In: Categories, consciousness and reasoning, ed. Clark, A., Exquerro, J., Larrazabal, J.. Dordrecht. [aNB]Google Scholar
Davies, M. & Humphreys, G. (1993a) Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical essays. Blackwell. [aNB, APA, GG]Google Scholar
Davies, M.(1993b) Introduction. In: Consciousness, ed. Davies, M. & Humphreys, G.. Blackwell. [aNB]Google Scholar
de Haan, E. H. F., Young, A. & Newcombe, F. (1987) Face recognition without awareness. Cognitive Neuropsychology 4:385—415. [AY]Google Scholar
de Lannoy, J.Two theories of a mental model of mirror self-recognition: A response to Mitchell. New Ideas in Psychology 11(3): 337–33. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Renzi, E. (1986) Current issues in prosopagnosia. In: Aspects of face processing, ed. Ellis, H. D., Jeeves, M. A., Newcombe, F. & Young, A.. Dordrecht. [AY]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1969) Content and consciousness. Routledge Kegan Paul. [GR]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Brainstorms. Bradford Books. [BJB]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Towards a cognitive theory of consciousness. In: Brainstorms. MIT/Bradford Books. [GR]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1979) On the absence of phenomenology. In: Body, mind and method: Essays in honor of Virgil Aldrich, ed. Gustafson, D. & Tapscott, B.. Dordrecht. [rNB]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1986) Julian Jaynes’ software archeology. Canadian Psychology 27(2): 149–15. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1991) Consciousness explained. Little Brown. [aNB, DCD, AM, rNB]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1993) The message is: There is no medium. In: Philosophy and Phenomenological Research III. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. & Kinsboume, M. (1992a) Time and the observer: The where and when of consciousness in the brain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:183–20. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. & Kinsboume, M. (1992b) Escape from the Cartesian theater. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:234–24. [aNB]Google Scholar
Dimond, S. (1976) Brain circuits for consciousness. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 13:376–95. [aNB]Google Scholar
Dixon, N. F. (1981) Preconsdous processing. Wiley. [NFD]Google Scholar
Dretske, F. (1993) Conscious experience. Mind 102 406: 263–84. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupre, J. (1981) Natural kinds and biological taxa. Philosophical Review 90:66–9. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelman, G. (1989) The remetnbered present: A biological theory of consciousness. Basic Books. [aNB]Google Scholar
Ericcson, K. & Simon, H. (1984/1993) Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data. MIT/Bradford Books. [GR]Google Scholar
Etcoff, N. L., Freeman, R. & Cave, K.Can we lose memories of faces? Content specificity and awareness in a prosopagnosic. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3. [aNB]Google Scholar
Etcoff, N. L. & Magee, J. J. (1992) Covert recognition of emotional expressions. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 14:95–9. [aNB]Google Scholar
Evans, G. (1982) The varieties of reference. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fajans, J. (1985) The person in social context: The social character of baining 'psychology'. In: Person, self, and experience: Exploring Pacific cthnopsychologies, ed. White, G. M. & Kirkpatrick, J.. University of California Press. [JvB]Google Scholar
Farah, M. (1994) Visual perception and visual awareness after brain damage: A tutorial overview. In: Attention and performance 15, ed. Umila, C. & Moscovitch, M.. MIT Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Flanagan, O. (1991) The science of the mind, 2d ed.MIT Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Flanagan, O. (1992) Consciousness reconsidered. MIT Press. [aNB, GG, rNB]Google Scholar
Gallup, G. (1982) Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates. American Journal of Primatology 2:237—48. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallup, G. & Mirror, Povinelli D., mirror on the wall, which is the most heuristic theory of them all? A response to Mitchell. New Ideas in Psychology 11:327–3. [aNB]Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M. (1985) The social train. Basic Books. [rNB]Google Scholar
Gcrber, E. R. (1985) Rage and obligation: Samoan emotion in conflict. In: Person, self, and experience: Exploring Pacific ethnopsychologies, ed. White, G. M. & Kirkpatrick, J.. University of California Press. [JvB]Google Scholar
Ghoneim, M. or Block, R. (1993) Learning during anesthesia. In: Depth of anesthesia, ed. Jones, J. G.. Little Brown. [aNB]Google ScholarPubMed
Choneim, M., Hinrichs, J. & Mewaldt, S. (1984) Dose-response analysis of the behavioral effects of diazepam: 1. Learning and memory. Psychopharmacology 82:291–95. [aNB]Google Scholar
Goldman, A. (1993a) The psychology of folk psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:15–82. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, A. (1993b) Consciousness, folk psychology and cognitive science. Consciousness and Cognition II. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodale, M. A. & Milner, A. D. (1992) Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends in Neurosciences 15:20–25. [aNB, AR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, G. & Stephens, G. L. (1994) Mind and mine. In: Philosophical psychopathology, ed. Graham, G. & Stephens, G. L.. MIT Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Groeger, J. A. (1984) Evidence of unconscious semantic processing from a forced error situation. British Journal of Psychology 75:305–14. [NFD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwald, A. (1992) New look 3: Evidence for subliminal perception. American Psychologist. [BJB]Google Scholar
Hanlon, R. E., ed. (1991) Cognitive microgenesis: A neuropsychological perspective. Springer. [TB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harman, G. (1990) The intrinsic quality of experience. In: Philosophical perspectives, vol. 4, ed. Tomberlin, J.. Ridgeview. [aNB, GH, rNB]Google Scholar
Harman, G. (1993) Can science understand the mind? In: Conceptions of the mind: Essays in honor of George A. Miller, ed. Harman, G.. Erlbaum. [GH]Google Scholar
Hart, J. T. (1965) Memory and the feeling of knowing experience. Journal of Educational Psychology 56:208–16. [APP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harman, G. (1967) Memory and the memory-monitoring process. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 6:685–91. [APP]Google Scholar
Hauser, M., Kralik, J., Botto-Mahan, C., Garrett, M. & Oser, J. (submitted) Self-recognition in primates: Phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features. [rNB]Google Scholar
Heyes, C. (1993) Reflections on self-recognition in primates. Animal Behavior. [aNB]Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R. (1977) Divided consciousness. Wiley. [NFD]Google ScholarPubMed
Hilgard, E. R. (1986) Divided consciousness, 2d ed.Wiley. [aNB]Google Scholar
Hill, C. (1991) Sensations: A defense of type materialism. Cambridge University Press. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobson, J. A. (1988) The dreaming brain. Basic Books. [AR]Google Scholar
Holender, D. (1986) Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: A survey and appraisal. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:1–66. [arNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, S. (1981) Rules not words. In: Indigenous psychologies: The anthropology of the self, ed. Heelas, P. & Lock, A.. Academic Press. [JvB]Google Scholar
Humphrey, G. (1963) Thinking. Wiley. [rNB]Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. (1992) A history of the mind. Simon & Schuster. [aNB, rNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huxley, T. H. (1866) Lessons in elementary psychology. Quoted in Humphrey, 1992. [aNB]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1987) Consciousness and the computational mind. MIT Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Jackson, F. (1977) Perception. Cambridge University Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Jackson, F. (1986) What Mary didn't know. Journal of Philosophy 83:291–9. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, F. (1993a) Appendix A (for philosophers). In: Philosophy and phenomenological research III. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, F. (1993b) Armchair metaphysics. In: Philosophy in mind, ed. O'Leary-Hawthorne, J. & Michael, M.. Kluwer. [aNB]Google Scholar
Jacoby, L., Toth, J., Lindsay, D. & Debner, J. (1992) Lectures for a layperson: Methods for revealing unconscious processes. In: Perception without awareness, ed. Bornstein, R. & Pittman, T.. Guilford Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology. Dover, 1950. [aNB, RNS]Google Scholar
Janowsky, J. S., Shimamura, A. P. & Squire, L. R. (1989) Memory and metamemory: Comparisons between patients with frontal lobe lesions and amnesic patients. Psychobiology 17(1): 3—11. [APP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaynes, J. (1976) The origin of consciousness in the breakdown of the bicameral mind. Houghton-Mifflin. [aNB]Google Scholar
Jeannerod, M. (1994) The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:187—245. [AR]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. (1988) The computer and the mind. Harvard University Press. [rNB]Google Scholar
Jones, J. G. (1993) Depth of anesthesia. Little Brown. [aNB]Google ScholarPubMed
Kapsalist, J.G. (1987) Objective Methods in Food Quality Assessment. CRC Press. [rNB]Google Scholar
Kenny, A. (1989) The metaphysics of mind. Clarendon Press. [JvB]Google Scholar
Kihlstrom, J. (1987) The cognitive unconscious. Science 237:1445–145. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kihlstrom, J. & Barnhardt, T. & Tataryn, D. (1992) Implicit perception. In: Perception without awareness, ed. Bornstein, R. & Pittman, T.. Guilford Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Kihlstrom, J. & Couture, L. (1992) Awareness and information processing in general anesthesia. Journal of Psychopharmacology 6(3): 41O–41. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kihlstrom, J. & Schacter, D. (1990) Anaesthesia, amnesia, and the cognitive unconscious. In: Memory, and awareness in anaesthesia, ed. Bonke, B.. Swets & Zeitlinger. [aNB]Google Scholar
Kim, J. (1995) “Supervenience.” In Blackwell's Companion to Metaphysics, ed. Kim, J. & Sosa, E.. B. H. Blackwell. [rNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, R. (1992) Consciousness and concepts. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Supplement) 66:23–4. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koriat, A.How do we know that we know? The accessibility model of the feeling of knowing. Psychological Review 100(4): 609–39. [APP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosslyn, S. (1980) Image and mind, Harvard University Press. [rNB]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. (1994) Image and brain. MIT Press. [rNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosslyn, S. & Koenig, O. (1992) Wet mind: The new cognitive neuroscience. Free Press. [rNB]Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. (1964) A function for thought experiments. In: Melanges Alexandre Koyre, vol 1. Hermann. [aNB]Google Scholar
LaBerge, D. (1990) Thalamic and cortical mechanisms of attention suggested by recent positron emission tomographic experiments. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2:358–72. [TB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lackner, J. & Garrett, M. (1973) Resolving ambiguity: Effects of biasing context in the unattended ear. Cognition 1:359–37. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahav, R. (1993) What neuropsychology tells us about consciousness. Philosophy of Science 60:67–85. [AR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landis, T., Regard, M. & Serrat, A. (1980) Iconic reading in a case of alexia without agraphia caused by a brain tumour: A tachistoscopic study. Brain and Language 11:45–53. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavoisier, A.-L. (1965) Elements of chemistry (republication of W. Creech's translation, 1790). Dover. [RMV]Google Scholar
Leeds, S. (1992) Qualia, awareness and sellars. Nous. [GR]Google Scholar
Levine, J. (1983) Materialism and qualia: The explanatory gap. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 64:354–36. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, J. (1993) On leaving out what it is like. In: Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical essays, ed. Davies, M. & Humphreys, G.. Blackwell. [aNB]Google Scholar
Levine, J. (1994) Review of Owen Flanagan: Consciousness reconsidered. Philosophical Review. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, R. I. (1984) Emotion, knowing and culture. In: Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion, ed. Shweder, R. & Levine, R.. Cambridge University Press. [JvB]Google Scholar
Libet, B., Cleason, C. A., Wright, E. W. & Pearl, D. K. (1983) Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activities (readiness potential): The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain 106:623–42. [NFD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loar, B. (1990) Phenomenal properties. In: Philosophical perspectives: Action theory and philosophy of mind, ed. Tomberlin, J.. Ridgeview. [aNB]Google Scholar
Lormand, E. (forthcoming) What qualitative consciousness is like. [aNB]Google Scholar
Luria, A. (1972) The man with the shattered world. Harvard University Press (translation: 1987). [rNB]Google Scholar
Lutz, C. (1987) Goals, events, and understanding in Ifaluk emotion theory. In: Cultural models in language and thought, ed. Holland, D. & Quinn, N.. Cambridge University Press. [JvB]Google Scholar
Lycan, W. C. (1987) Consciousness. MIT Press. [aNB, rNB]Google Scholar
Lycan, W. C. (1990) What is the “Subjectivity of the mental”? In: Philosophical perspectives, vol. 4: Action theory and philosophy of mind, ed. Tomberlin, J.. Ridgeview. [WGL, GR]Google Scholar
Lycan, W. C. (in press) Consciousness as internal monitoring. Philosophical Perspectives. [WGL]Google Scholar
Lynch, O. M. (1990) The social construction of emotion in India. In: Divine passions: The social construction of emotion in India, ed. Lynch, O. M.. University of California Press. [JvB]Google Scholar
Mandler, G. (1985) Cognitive psychology. Erlbaum. [aNB]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1983) Conscious and unconscious perception: An approach to relations between phenomenal experience and perceptual processes. Cognitive Psychology 15:238–300. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcel, A. J. (1986) Consciousness and processing: Choosing and testing a null hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:40–44. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1988) Phenomenal experience and functionalism. In: Consciousness in contemporary society, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Oxford University Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E., eds. (1988) Consciousness in contemporary science. Oxford University Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
McCarthy, R. & Warrington, E. (1990) Cognitive neuropsychology: A clinical introduction. Academic Press. [GG]Google Scholar
McCullough, G. (1993) The very idea of the phenomenological. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 93:39–58. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGinn, C. (1991) The problem of consciousness. Blaekwell. [aNB]Google Scholar
McGinn, C. (1993) Consciousness and cosmology: Hyperdualism ventilated. In: Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical essays, ed. Davies, M. & Humphreys, G.. Blackwell. [aNB]Google Scholar
McNeil, J. E. & Warrington, E. K. (1991) Prosopagnosia: A reclassification. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 43A:267–87. [AY]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeil, J. E. (1993) Prosopagnosia: A face specific disorder. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 46A:1–10. [AY]Google Scholar
Mellor, D. H. (1978) Conscious belief. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 78:87–10. [AM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melzack, R. & Wall, P. (1988) The challenge of pain, 2d ed.Penguin. [aNB]Google Scholar
Menzel, E., Savage-Rumbaugh, E. & Lawson, J. (1985) Chimpanzee ({Pan troglogdytes}) spatial problem solving with the use of mirrors and televised equivalents of mirrors. Journal of Comparative Psychology 99:211–17. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, D. E. and Kornblum, S. (1993) Attention and Performance XIV. Synergies in Experimental Psychology, Artificial Intelligence, and Cognitive Neuroscience1. MIT Press. [rNB]Google Scholar
Michotte, A. (1946) The Perception of causality, translated by Miles, T. R. and , E., 1963. London. [rNB]Google Scholar
Milner, B. & Rugg, M., eds. (1992) The neuropsychology of consciousness. Academic Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1993a) Mental models of mirror self-recognition: Two theories. New Ideas in Psychology 11:295–32. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1993b) Recognizing one's self in a mirror? A reply to Gallup and Povinelli, de Lannoy, Anderson, and Byrne. New Ideas in Psychology 11:351–77. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moscovitch, M., Goshen-Gottstein, Y. & Vriezen, E. (1994) Memory without conscious recollection: A tutorial review from a neuropsychological perspective. In: Attention and performance 15, ed. Umilta, C. & Moscovitch, M.. MIT Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Näätänen, R. (1992) Attention and brain function. Erlbaum. [TB]Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1971) Brain bisection and the unity of consciousness. Synthese 22:396–413. [rNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, T. (1974) What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review 83:435–50. [APA, GH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, T. (1979) Mortal questions. Cambridge University Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1986) The view from nowhere. Oxford University Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Nathan, P. (1985) Pain and nociception in the clinical context. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 308:219–22. [aNB]Google ScholarPubMed
Natsoulas, T. (1993) What is wrong with the appendage theory of consciousness? Philosophical Psychology 6(2): 137–15. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navon, D. (1989a) The importance of being visible: On the role of attention in a mind viewed as an anarchic intelligence system. I. Basic tenets. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 1:191–213. [DN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navon, D. (1989b) The importance of being visible: On the role of attention in a mind viewed as an anarchic intelligence system. II. Application to the field of attention. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 1:215–38. [DN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navon, D. (1991) The function of consciousness or of information? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:690–91. [DN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Navon, D. (1993) Experience and information should be distinguished. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16:405–6. [DN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Needham, R. (1972) Belief, language, and experience. Blackwell. [JvB]Google Scholar
Needham, R. (1981) Inner states as universals: Sceptical reflections on human nature. In: Indigenous psychologies: The anthropology of the self, ed. Heelas, P. & Lock, A.. Academic Press. [JvB]Google Scholar
Nelkin, N. (1993) The connection between intentionality and consciousness. In: Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical essays, ed. Davies, M. & Humphreys, G.. Blackwell. [aNB]Google Scholar
Newcombe, F., Mehta, Z. & de Haan, E. H. F. (1994) Category specificity in visual recognition. In: The neuropsychology of high-level vision: Collected tutorial essays, ed. Farah, M. J. or Ratclifif, G.. Erlbaum. [AY]Google Scholar
Newman, J. & Baars, B. J. (1993) A neural attentional model for access to consciousness: A global workspace perspective. Concepts in Neuroscience 4:255–90. [BJB]Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. & Wilson, T. (1977) Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84:231–59. [aNB, GR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paley, W. (1964) Natural theology, ed. Ferre, F.. Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Parkin, D. (1985) Reason, emotion, and the embodiment of power. In: Reason and morality, ed. Overing, J.. Tavistock. [JvB]Google Scholar
Peacocke, C. (1983) Sense and content. Oxford University Press. [aNB, WGL]Google Scholar
Peacocke, C. (1992) A study of concepts. MIT Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Pendlebury, M. (1992) Theories of experience. In: A companion to epistemology, ed. Dancy, J. & Sosa, E.. Blackwell. [aNB]Google Scholar
Penfleld, W. (1975) The mystery of the mind: A critical study of consciousness and the human brain. Princeton University Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Petry, S. & Meyer, G. E. (1987) The perception of illusory contours. Springer. [TB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plourde, G. (1993) Clinical use of the 40-Hz auditory steady state response. In: Depth of anesthesia, ed. Jones, J. G.. Little Brown. [aNB]Google ScholarPubMed
Pöppel, E., Held, R. & Frost, D. (1973) Residual visual function after brain wounds involving the central visual pathways in man. Nature 243:295–96. [rNB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Povinelli, D. (1994) What chimpanzees know about the mind. In: Behavioral diversity in chimpanzees. Harvard University Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1975) The meaning of ‘meaning’. In: Mind, language and reality, ed. Putnam, H.. Cambridge University Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Reingold, E. & Merikle, P. (1993) Theory and measurement in the study of unconscious processes. In: Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical essays, ed. Davies, M. & Humphreys, G.. Blackwell. [aNB]Google Scholar
Revonsuo, A. (1993) Is there a ghost in the cognitive machinery? Philosophical Psychology 6:387–405. [AR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revonsuo, A. (1994) In search of the science of consciousness. In: Consciousness in philosophy and cognitive neuroscience, ed. Revonsuo, A. & Kamppinen, M.. Erlbaum. [AR]Google Scholar
Revonsuo, A. (in press) Consciousness, dreams, and virtual realities. Philosophical Psychology. [AR]Google Scholar
Rey, G. (1983) A reason for doubting the existence of consciousness. In: Consciousness and self-regulation, vol 3., ed. Davidson, R., Schwartz, G. & Shapiro, D.. Plenum. [aNB]Google Scholar
Rey, G. (1988) A question about consciousness. In: Perspectives on mind, ed. Otto, H. & Tuedio, J.. Reidel. [aNB]Google Scholar
Rey, G. (1992a) Sensational sentences. In: Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical essays, ed. Davies, M. & Humphreys, G.. Blackwell. [GR]Google Scholar
Rey, G. (1992b) Sensational sentences switched. Philosophical Studies 68:289–31. [GR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosch, E. (1973) On the internal structure of perceptual and semantic categories in Moore, T. E., ed. Cognitive Development and the Acquisition of Language 1:111–144. [rNB]Google Scholar
Roseman, M. (1988) Head, heart, odor, and shadow: The structure of the self and the emotional word and ritual performance among Senoi Temiar. Ethos 16:227–50. [JvB]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, D. (1986) Two concepts of consciousness. Philosophical Studies 49:329–35. [aNB, AM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, D. (1993) Thinking that one thinks. In: Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical essays, ed. Davies, M. & Humphreys, G.. Blackwell. [aNB]Google Scholar
Rosenthal, D. (1991) The independence of consciousness and sensory quality. In: Philosophical issues: 1. Consciousness, ed. Villanueva, E.. Ridgeview. [WGL]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1983) Feeling of knowing in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory, and Cognition 9:39–54. [APP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schacter, D. L. (1989) On the relation between memory and consciousness: Dissociable interactions and conscious experience. In: Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving, ed. Roediger, H. & Craik, F.. Erlbaum. [aNB, APP]Google Scholar
Schacter, D., McAndrews, M. & Moscovitch, M. (1988) Access to consciousness: Dissociations between implicit and explicit knowledge in neuropsychological syndromes. In: Thought without Language, ed., Weiskrantz, L.. Oxford University Press. [rNB]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L. & Worling, J. R. (1985) Attribute information and the feelingof-knowing. Canadian Journal of Psychology 39(3) 467–75. [APP. rNB]Google Scholar
Schenck, C. H., Bundlie, S. R., Ettinger, M. G. & Mahowald, M. W. (1986) Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: A new category of parasomnia. Sleep 9:293–308. [AR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Searle, J. R. (1983) Intentionality. Cambridge University Press. [arNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1990a) Consciousness, explanatory inversion and cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13: 4: 585–95. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1990b) Who is computing with the brain? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13: 4: 632–64. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1992) The rediscovery of the mind. MIT Press. [aNB, AR, rNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sergent, J. & Poneet, M. (1990) From covert to overt recognition of faces in a prosopagnosic patient. Brain 113:989–1004. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T. (1988a) From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge University Press. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T. (1988b) Information-processing models of consciousness: Possibilities and problems. In: Consciousness in contemporary society, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Oxford University Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1993) On the physical basis, linguistic representation, and conscious experience of colors. In: Conceptions of the human mind: Essays in honor of Ceorge A. Miller, ed. Harman, G.. Erlbaum. [RNS]Google Scholar
Shevrin, H. (1992) Subliminal perception, memory and consciousness: Cognitive and dynamic perspectives. In: Perception without awareness, ed. Bornstein, R. & Pittman, T.. Guilford Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review 84:127–90. [APA, rNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimamura, A. P. & Squire, L. R. (1986) Memory and metamemory: A study of the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon in amnesic patients. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 12(3) 452–60. [APP]Google ScholarPubMed
Shoemaker, S. (1975) Functionalistn and qualia. Philosophical Studies 27:291–315. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shoemaker, S. (1981a) Absent qualia are impossible—a reply to Block. Philosophical Review 90(4): 581–59. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shoemaker, S. (1981b) The inverted spectrum. Journal of Philosophy 74(7): 357–38. [aNB]Google Scholar
Shoemaker, S. (1993) Lovely and suspect ideas. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 3(4): 905–91. [aNB]Google Scholar
Shoemaker, S. (1994) Phenomenal character. Nous. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smirnov, V. M. (1974) Electrical stimulation of the human brain and the functional anatomy of mentality. In: Neurophysiological mechanisms of mental activity (in Russian), ed. Bechtereva, N. P.. Leningrad: Nauka. [TB]Google Scholar
Smith, J. (1981) Self and experience in Maori culture. In: Indigenous psychologies: The anthropology of the self, ed. Heelas, P. & Lock, A.. Academic Press. [JvB]Google Scholar
Sokolov, E. N. (1986) Theoretical psychophysiology. Moscow University Press. [TB]Google Scholar
Sperling, G. (1960) The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs 74:11. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stich, S. (1978) Beliefs and sub-doxastic states. Philosophy of Science 45:499–58. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomberlin, J., ed. (1990) Philosophical perspectives, vol. 4: Action theory and philosophy of mind. Ridgeview. [WGL]Google Scholar
Tye, M. (1991) The imagery debate. MIT Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Tye, M. (1993) Reflections on Dennett and consciousness. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 34:893–98. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tye, M. (forthcoming a) Blindsight, the absent qualia hypothesis and the mystery of consciousness. [aNB]Google Scholar
Tye, M. (forthcoming b) Does pain lie within the domain of cognitive psychology? In: Philosophical perspectives, ed. Tomberlin, J.. [aNB]Google Scholar
Umilta, C. & Moscovitch, M. (1994) Attention and performance 15. MIT Press. [aNB, rNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Brakel, J. (1994) Emotions as the fabric of forms of life: A cross-cultural perspective. In: Social perspectives on emotion, vol. 2, ed. Wentworth, W. M. & Ryan, J.. JAI Press. [JvB]Google Scholar
Van Gulick, R. (1989) What difference does consciousness make? Philosophical Topics 17(1): 211–23. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Gulick, R. (1993) Understanding the phenomenal mind: Are we all just armadillos? In: Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical essays, ed. Davies, M. & Humphreys, C.. Blackwell. [aNB]Google Scholar
Villanueva, E., ed. (1991) Philosophical issues, I: Consciousness. Ridgeview. [WGL]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1986) Blindsight. Oxford University Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1988) Some contributions of neuropsychology of vision and memory to the problem of consciousness. In: Consciousness in contemporary society, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Oxford University Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1992) Introduction: Dissociated issues. In: The neuropsychology of consciousness, ed. Milner, B. & Rugg, M.. Academic Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
White, S. L. (1987) What is it like to be an homunculus. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 68:148–17. [aNB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1991) Transcendentalism and its discontents. In: The unity of the self, ed. White, S. L.. MIT Press. [aNB]Google Scholar
Wikan, U. (1989) Managing the heart to brighten face and soul: Emotions in Balinese morality and health care. American Ethnologist 16:294–312. [JvB]Google Scholar
Wilkes, K. V. (1988), yishi, duh, um, and consciousness. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Clarendon Press. [JvB]Google Scholar
Wiser, M. & Carey, S. (1983) When heat and temperature were one. In: Mental models, ed. Centner, D. & Stevens, A.. Erlbaum. [aNB]Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1953) Philosophical investigations, translated by Anscombe, E.. Macmillan. [CR]Google Scholar
Young, A. W. (1994a) Covert recognition. In: The neuropsychology of higher vision: Collected tutorial essays, ed. Farah, M. & Ratcliif, G.. Erlbaum. [aNB, GR]Google Scholar
Young, A. W. (1994b) Neuropsychology of awareness In: Consciousness in philosophy and cognitive neurosdence, ed. Kappinen, M. & Revonsuo, A.. Erlbaum. [aNB]Google Scholar
Young, A. (1994c) Conscious and non-conscious recognition of familiar faces. In Umilta, and Moscovitch, , ed., Attention and Performance 15. MIT Press. [rNB]Google Scholar
Young, A. W. & De Haan, E. (1993) Impairments of visual awareness. In: Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical essays, ed. Davies, M. & Humphreys, C.. Blackwell. [aNB]Google Scholar
Young, A. W. & Ellis, H. D. (1989) Childhood prosopagnosia. Brain and Cognition 9:16–47. [AY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed