Akiskal, H. A. & McKinney, W. T. (1975) Overview of recent research in depression: Integration of ten conceptual models into a comprehensive clinical frame. Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry 32: 289–305. [TES]Google ScholarPubMed

Amelas, A. (1979) Psychologically stressful events in the precipitation of manic episodes. British Journal of Psychiatry 135: 15–21. [RMP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anisman, H. (1978) Neurochemical changes elicited by stress: Behavioral correlates. In: Psychopharmacology of aversively motivated behavior, ed. Anisman, H. & Bignami, G.. Plenum Press. [SA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anisman, H. (1984) Vulnerability to depression: Contribution of stress. In: Neurobiology of mood disorders, ed. Post, R. M. & Ballenger, J. C.. Williams and Wilkins. [rHA]Google Scholar

Anisman, H., Hoffman, D. & Zacharko, R. M. (1983) Stress-provoked enhancement of amphetamine elicited perseveration. Society for Ncuroscience Abstracts 9: 557. [rHA]Google Scholar

Anisman, H., Kokkinidis, L. & Sklar, L. S. (1981) Contribution of neurochemical change to stress-induced behavioral deficits. In: Psychopharmacology, vol. 1., ed. Cooper, S. J.. Academic Press. [rHA]Google Scholar

Anisman, H., Pizzino, A. & Sklar, L. S. (1980) Coping with stress, norepinephrine depletion and escape performance. Brain Research 191: 583–88. [SA, AJF]Google Scholar

Anisman, H., Remington, G. & Sklar, L. S. (1979) Effect of inescapable shock on subsequent escape performance: Catecholaminergic and cholinergic mediation of response initiation and maintenance. Psychopharmacology 61: 107–24. [SA]Google Scholar

Anisman, H. & Sklar, L. S. (1979) Catecholamine depletion upon reexposure to stress: Mediation of the escape deficits produced by inescapable shock. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 93: 610–25. [rHA, SA, RMP]Google Scholar

Anisman, H. & Zacharko, R. M. (1982) Depression: The predisposing influence of stress. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5: 89–137. [rHA, SA, RB, ASF, CEI, CL, RMP, TES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Antelman, S. M. & Chiodo, L. A. (1982) Antidepressants and dopamine autoreceptors: Implications for both a novel means of treating depression and understanding bipolar illness. In: Typical and atypical antidepressants, ed. Costa, E. & Racagni, G.. Raven Press. [rHA]Google Scholar

Antelman, S. M. & Chiodo, L. A. (1984) Stress: Its effect on interactions among biogenic amines and role in the induction and treatment of disease. In: Handbook of psychopharmacology, vol. 18., ed. Iversen, L. L., Iversen, S. D. & Snyder, S. H.. Plenum Press. [rHA]Google Scholar

Antelman, S. M. & Eichler, A. J. (1979) Persistent effects of stress on dopamine-related behaviors: Clinical implications. In: Catecholamines: Basic and clinical frontiers, ed. Usdin, E., Kopin, I. J. & Barchas, J.. Pergamon. [rHA]Google Scholar

Antelman, S. M., Eichler, A. J., Black, C. A. & Kocan, D. (1980) Interchangcability of stress and amphetamine in sensitization. Science 207: 329–31. [RMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Banjerce, S. P., Kung, L. S., Riggi, J. S. & Chandra, S. K. (1977) Development of β-adrenergic receptor subsensitivity by antidepressants. Nature 268: 455–56. [AJF]Google Scholar

Beck, A. T. & Harrison, R. P. (1982) Stress, neurochemical substrates, and depression: Concomitants are not necessarily causes. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5: 101–2. [CEI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. & Emery, G. (1979) Cognitive theory of depression. Guilford Press. [CEI]Google Scholar

Burchfield, S. R. (1979) The stress response: A new perspective. Psychosomatic Medicine 41: 661–72. [RMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carroll, B. J., Feinberg, M., Greden, J. F., Tarika, J., Albala, A. A., Haskett, R. F., James, N.M., Kronfol, Z., Lohr, N., Steiner, M., deVigne, J. P. & Young, E. (1981) A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia. Archives of General Psychiatry 38: 15–22. [TES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cassens, C.Hoffman, M., Kurie, A., Orsulak, P. J. & Schildkraut, J. J. (1980) Alterations in brain norepinephrine metabolism induced by environmental stimuli previously paired with inescapable shock. Science 209: 1138–39. [RMP]Google Scholar

Depue, R. A., ed. (1979) The psychobiology of the depressive disorders: Implications for the effects of stress. Academic Press. [CL]Google Scholar

Dunner, D. L. & Hall, K. S. (1980) Social adjustment and psychological precipitants in mania. In: Mania: An evolving concept, ed. Belmaker, R. H. & van Praag, H. M.. Spectrum Publications. [RMP]Google Scholar

Fanselow, M. S. (1979) Naloxone attenuates rat's preference for signaled shock. Physiological Psychology 7: 70–74. [SA]Google Scholar

Goddard, G. V., Melntyre, D. C. & Leech, C. K. (1969) A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Experimental Neurology 25: 295–330. [RMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grau, J. W., Hyson, R. L., Maier, S. F., Madden, J. IV & Barchas, J. D. (1981) Long-term stress-induced analgesia and activation of the opiate system. Science 213: 1409–11. [SA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gray, J. A. (in press) Issues in the neuropsychology of anxiety. In: Anxiety and the anxiety disorders, ed. Tuma, A. H. & Maser, J. D.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [CEI]Google Scholar

Grof, P., Angst, J. & Haines, T. (1974) The clinical course of depression: Practical issues. In: Classification and prediction of outcome of depression. Symposia Medico Hoest, vol. 8, ed. Schattauer, F. K.. Schattauer Verlag. [RMP]Google Scholar

Grof, P., Zis, A. P., Coodwin, F. K. & Wehr, T. A. (1978) Patterns of recurrence in bipolar affective illness. Scientific Proceeding American Psychiatries Association 131: 179–80, Abstract #349. [RMP]Google Scholar

Herman, J. P., Guillonneau, D., Dantzer, R., Scatton, B., Semerdjian-Rouquier, L. & LeMoal, M. (1982) Differential effects of inescapable footshocks and stimuli previously paired with inescapable footshocks on dopamine turnover in cortical and limbic areas of the rat. Life Sciences 30: 2207–14. [rHA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Irwin, J., Bowers, W., Zacharko, R. M. & Anisman, H. (1982) Stress-induced alterations of norepinephrine: Cross-stressor sensitization. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 8: 359. [rHA]Google Scholar

Izard, C. E. (1972) Patterns of emotions: A new analysis of anxiety and depression. Academic Press. [CEI]Google Scholar

Izard, C. E. (1977) Human emotions. Plenum Press. [CEI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Izard, C. E. (1979) Emotions as motivations: An evolutionary-developmental perspective. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, vol. 26, ed. Dienstbier, R. A.. University of Nebraska Press. [CEI]Google Scholar

Izard, C. E., Hembree, E. A., Dougherty, L. M. & Spizzirri, C. L. (1983) Changes in two-to nineteen-month-old infants‘ facial expressions following acute pain. Developmental Psychology 19: 418–26. [CEI]Google Scholar

Izard, C. E., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1983) A developmental theory of the emotions. Manuscript. [CEI]Google Scholar

Izard, C. E. & Schwartz, G. (in press) Issues in emotion theory and a theoretically based empirical analysis of the affective symptomatology of depression. In: Depression in children: Developmental perspectives, ed. Rutter, M., Izard, C. & Read, P.. Guilford Press. [CEI]Google Scholar

Katz, R. J. (1981) Animal models and human depressive disorders. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 5: 231–46. [CL]Google Scholar

Kilbey, M. M. & Ellinwood, E. H. (1977) Chronic administration of stimulant drugs: Response modification. In: Cocaine and other stimulants: Advances in behavioral biology, vol. 21, ed. Ellinwood, E. H. & Kilbey, M. M.. Plenum Press. [RMP]Google Scholar

Klawans, H. L. & Margolin, D. I. (1975) Amphetamine-induced dopaminergic sensitivity in guinea pigs. Archives of General Psychiatry 32: 725–32. [RMP]Google Scholar

Klein, D. F. (1974) Endogenomorphic depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 31: 447–54. [TES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kobayashi, R. M., Palkovits, M., Kizer, J. S., Jacobowitz, D. M. & Kopin, I. J. (1976) Selective alterations of catecholamines and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the hypothalamus following acute and chronic stress. In: Catecholamines and stress, ed. Usdin, E., Kvetnansky, R. & Kopin, I. J.. Pergamon. [rHA]Google Scholar

Kokkinidis, L. & Anisman, H. (1980) Amphetamine models of paranoid schizophrenia: An overview and elaboration of animal experimentation. Psychological Bulletin 88: 551–79. [rHA]Google Scholar

Koslow, S. H., Maas, J. W., Bowden, C. B., Davis, J. M., Hanin, I. & Javaid, J. (1983) CSF and urinary biogenic amines and metabolites in depression and mania: A controlled, univariate analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 40: 999–1010. [CL]Google Scholar

Kupfer, D. J. & Rush, A. J. (1983) Recommendations for depression publications. Archives of General Psychiatry 40: 1031. [TES]Google ScholarPubMed

Lewis, J. W., Sherman, J. E. & Liebeskind, J. C. (1981) Opioid and nonopioid stress analgesia: Assessment of tolerance and cross tolerance with morphine. Journal of Neuroscience Research 1: 358–63. [RMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lloyd, C. (1980) Life events and depressive disorder reviewed: 2. Events as precipitating factors. Archives of General Psychiatry 37: 529–35. [rHA]Google Scholar

Lloyd, C.Zisook, S., Click, M. & Jaffe, K. E. (1981) Life events and response to antidepressants. Journal of Human Stress 7: 2–15. [CL]Google Scholar

MacLennan, A. J., Drugan, R. C., Hyson, R. L., Maier, S. F., Madden, J. D. IV & Barchas, J. D. (1982a) Corticosterone: A critical factor in an opioid form of stress-induced analgesia. Science 215: 1530–32. [SA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

MacLennan, A. J., Drugan, R. C., Hyson, R. L., Maier, S. F., Madden, J. D. IV & Barchas, J. D. (1982b) Dissociation of long-term analgesia and the shuttle-box escape deficit caused by inescapable shock. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 96: 904–12. [rHA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mah, C. D. (1980) The role of opiate-mediated and stress-induced analgesia in the escape deficits following inescapable shock in the mouse. Master's thesis, Carleton University. [rHA]Google Scholar

Mah, C. D., Suissa, A & Anisman, H. (1980) Dissociation of antinociception and escape deficits induced by stress in mice. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 94: 1160–71. [rHA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maier, S. F., Davis, S., Grau, J. W., Jackson, R. L., Morrison, D. H., Moye, T., Madden, J. IV & Barchas, J. D. (1980) Opiate antagonists and the long-term analgesic reaction induced by inescapable shock. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 94: 1172–83. [SA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Maier, S. F. & Seligman, M. E. F. (1976) Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 105: 3–46. [SA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, A. G. & Izard, C. E. (1972) Depression as a pattern of emotions and feelings: Factor-analytic investigations. In: Patterns of emotions: A new analysis of anxiety and depression, ed. Izard, C. E.. Academic Press. [CEI]Google Scholar

Marx, J. L. (1981) Brain opiates and mental illness. Science 214: 1013–15. [SA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mason, J. W. (1975a) Emotion as reflected in patterns of endocrine integration. In: Emotions: Their parameters and measurement, ed. Levi, L.. Raven Press. [CEI]Google Scholar

Mason, J. W. (1975b) Psychological stress and endocrine function. In: Topics in psychoendocrinology, ed. Sachar, E. J.. Crime and Stratton. [CL]Google Scholar

Mauk, M. D., Warren, J. T. & Thompson, R. F. (1982) Selective, naloxone-reversible morphine depression of learned behavioral and hippoeampal responses. Science 216: 434–36. [SA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meyersburg, H. A. & Post, R. M. (1979) An holistic developmental view of neural and psychological processes: A neurobiologic-psychoanalytic integration. British Journal of Psychiatry 135: 139–55. [RMP]Google Scholar

Nelson, J. C. & Charney, D. S. (1981) The symptoms of major depressive illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 138: 1–13. [TES]Google Scholar

Paykel, E. S., Prusoff, J. A. & Myers, J. K. (1974) Suicide attempts and recent life events: A controlled comparison. Archives of General Psychiatry 32: 327–33. [CL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Piatt, J. R. (1964) Strong inference. Science 146: 347–53. [TES]Google Scholar

Post, R. M. (1975) Cocaine psychosis: A continuum model. American Journal of Psychiatry 132: 225–31. [RMP]Google ScholarPubMed

Post, R. M. (1980) Intermittent versus continuous stimulation: Effect of time interval on the development of sensitization or tolerance. Life Sciences 26: 1275–82. [RMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Post, R. M. & Ballenger, J. C. (1981) Kindling models for the progressive development of behavioral psychopathology: Sensitization to electrical, pharmacological, and psychological stimuli. In: Handbook of biological psychiatry, pt. 4, ed. van Praag, H. M., Lader, M. H., Rafaelsen, O. J. & Sachar, E. J.. Marcel-Dekker. [RMP]Google Scholar

Post, R. M., Ballenger, J. C., Rey, A. C. & Bunney, W. E. Jr. (1981) Slow and rapid onset of manic episodes: Implications for underlying biology. Psychiatry Research 4: 229–37. [RMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Post, R. M., Lockfeld, A., Squillace, K. M. & Contel, N. R. (1981) Drug-environment interaction: Context dependency of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization. Life Sciences 28: 755–60. [RMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Post, R. M. & Rose, H. (1976) Increasing effects of repetitive cocaine administration in the rat. Nature 260: 731–32. [RMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Post, R. M., Rubinow, D. R. & Ballenger, J. C. (1984) Conditioning, sensitization, and kindling: Implications for the course of affective illness. In: Neurobiology of the mood disorders, ed. Post, R. M. & Ballenger, J. C.. Williams and Wilkins. [RMP]Google Scholar

Schiff, S. R. & Bridger, W. H. (1977) The behavioral effects of chronic administration of d-amphetamine and apomorphine and the development of conditioned stereotypy. Proceedings of the 7th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Abstract #1432, p. 448. [RMP]Google Scholar

Segal, D. S. & Mandell, A. J. (1974) Long-term administration of d-amphetamine: Progressive augmentation of motor activity and stereotypy. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 2: 249–55. [RMP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sellinger-Barnette, M. M., Mendels, J. & Frazer, A. (1980) The effect of psychoactive drugs or beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites in rat brain. Neuropharmacology 19: 447–54. [CL]Google Scholar

Siegel, S. (1979) The role of conditioning in drug tolerance and addiction. In: Psychopathology in animals: Research and clinical applications, ed. Keehn, J. D.. Academic Press. [RMP]Google Scholar

Stone, E. A. (1979a) Reduction by stress of norepinephrine-stimulated accumulation of cyclic AMP in rat cerebral cortex, journal of Neurochemistry 32: 1335–37. [AJF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Stone, E. A. (1979b) Subsensitivity to norepinephrine as a link between adaptation to stress and antidepressant therapy: An hypothesis. Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavior 4: 241–55. [AJF]Google Scholar

Stone, E. A. (1983) Problems with current catecholamine hypotheses of antidepressant agents: Speculations leading to a new hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6: 535–77. [rHA]Google Scholar

Stone, E. A. & Piatt, J. E. (1981) Time course of beta-adrenergic receptor adaptation to restraint stress in the rat. Abstracts of the Society for Neuroscience, 11th annual meeting. [AJF]Google Scholar

Thierry, A. M., Tassin, J. P., Blanc, G. & Clowinski, J. (1976) Selective activation of the mesocortical DA system by stress. Nature 263: 242–4. [rHA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Torda, T., Yamaguchi, I., Hirata, F., Lopin, I. J. & Axelrod, J. (1981) Mepacrine treatment prevents immobilization-induced desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors in rat hypothalamus and brain stem. Brain Research 205: 441–44. [AJF]Google Scholar

Uexkiill, J. von (1921) Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere. Springer. [RB]Google Scholar

U'Pritchard, D. C. & Kvetnansky, R. (1980) Central and peripheral adrenergic receptors in acute and repeated immobilization stress. In: Second international symposium on catecholamines and stress, ed. Usdin, E., Kvetnansky, R. & Kopin, I.. Elsevier/North Holland. [AJF]Google Scholar

Vetulani, J. (1983a) Alpha-1-up, Beta-down hypothesis: A counterproposal to Stone. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6: 560–61. [rHA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vetulani, J. (1983b) Changes in responses of central aminergic structures after chronic ECS. In: Basic mechanisms of ECT action, ed. Lerer, B., Weiner, R. D. & Belmaker, R. H.. Libbey. [rHA]Google Scholar

Weiss, J. M., Glazer, H. I. & Pohorecky, L. A. (1976) Coping behavior and neurochemical changes: An alternative explanation for the original “learned helplessness” experiments. In: Animal models in human psychology, ed. Serban, G. & Kling, A.. Plenum Press. [AJF]Google Scholar

Weiss, J. M., Goodman, P. A., Losito, B. G., Corrigan, S., Charry, J. M. & Bailey, W. H. (1981) Behavioral depression produced by an uncontrollable stressor: Relationship to norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels in various regions of rat brain. Brain Research Reviews 3: 167–205. [rHA]Google Scholar

Whybrow, P. C. & Prange, A. J. (1981) A hypothesis of thyroid-catecholamine-receptor interaction. Archives of General Psychiatry 38: 106–13. [TES]Google Scholar

Wolfe, B. B., Harden, T. K., Sporn, J. R. & Molinoff, P. B. (1978) Presynaptic modulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in rat cerebral cortex after treatment with antidepressants. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 207: 446–57. [AJF]Google Scholar

Zacharko, R. M., Bowers, W. J., Kokkinidis, L. & Anisman, H. (1983) Region-specific reductions of intracranial self-stimulation after uncontrollable stress: Possible effects on reward processes. Behavîoural Brain Research 9: 129–41. [rHA]Google Scholar