Hostname: page-component-74656f9884-2dmjx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-10T13:29:34.802Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Working memory: Unemployed but still doing day labor

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2003

Daniel S. Ruchkin ,
Jordan Grafman ,
Katherine Cameron  and
Rita S. Berndt
Daniel S. Ruchkin*
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology, Program in Neurosciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
Jordan Grafman*
Affiliation:
National Institutes of Health, Cognitive Neuroscience Section, NINDS, Bethesda, MD 20892 http://intra.ninds.hih.gov/Lab.asp?Org_ID=83
Katherine Cameron*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Washington College, Chestertown, MD 21620 http://faculty.washcoll.edu/bios/cameron_katherine.html
Rita S. Berndt*
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Program in Neurosciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 http://neuroscience.umaryland.edu/faculty.asp?FacultyID=4
*
druchkin@mindspring.com
grafmanj@ninds.hih.gov
katherine.cameron@washcoll.edu
rberndt@umaryland.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button.

The goal of our target article is to establish that electrophysiological data constrain models of short-term memory retention operations to schemes in which activated long-term memory is its representational basis. The temporary stores correspond to neural circuits involved in the perception and subsequent processing of the relevant information, and do not involve specialized neural circuits dedicated to the temporary holding of information outside of those embedded in long-term memory. The commentaries ranged from general agreement with the view that short-term memory stores correspond to activated long-term memory (e.g., Abry, Sato, Schwartz, Loevenbruck & Cathiard [Abry etal.], Cowan, Fuster, Grote, Hickok & Buchsbaum, Keenan, Hyönä & Kaakinen [Keenan et al.], Martin, Morra), to taking a definite exception to this view (e.g., Baddeley, Düzel, Logie & Della Sala, Kroger, Majerus, Van der Linden, Colette & Salmon [Majerus et al.], Vallar).

Information

Type
Authors' Response
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 26 , Issue 6 , December 2003 , pp. 760 - 777
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

References

Anderson, J. R. & Bower, G. H. (1973) Human associative memory. Winston. [MH]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. & Matessa, M. (1997) A production system theory of serial memory. Psychological Review 104:728–48. [MTM, SMo]10.1037/0033-295X.104.4.728CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anokhin, A., Lutzenberger, W. & Birbaumer, N. (1999) Spatiotemporal organization of brain dynamics and intelligence: An EEG study in adolescents. International Journal of Psychophysiology 33:259–73. [WK]10.1016/S0167-8760(99)00064-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atkinson, R. C. & Juola, J. F. (1974) Search and decision processes in recognition memory. In: Learning, memory, and thinking, ed. Krantz, D. H., Atkinson, R. C., Luce, R. D. & Suppes, P., pp. 243–93. Freeman. [FR]Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 2: Advances in research and theory, ed. Spence, K.W. & Spence, J. T., pp. 89– 195. Academic Press. [AB, NC, MH, JGWR, aDSR]Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1971) The control of short-term memory. Scientific American 224:82–90. [JGWR]10.1038/scientificamerican0871-82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Awh, E., Anllo-Vento, L. & Hillyard, S. A. (2000) The role of spatial selective attention in working memory for locations: Evidence from event-related potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12:840–47. [aDSR]10.1162/089892900562444CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Awh, E. & Jonides, J. (2001) Overlapping mechanisms of attention and spatial working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5:119–26. [aDSR]10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01593-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Awh, E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Buxton, R. B., Frank, L. R., Love, T., Wong, E. C. & Gmeindl, L. (1999) Rehearsal in spatial working memory: Evidence from neuroimaging. Psychological Science 10:433–37. [JJ, aDSR]10.1111/1467-9280.00182CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Awh, E., Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Schumacher, E. H., Koeppe, R. A. & Katz, S. (1996) Dissociation of storage and rehearsal in verbal working memory: Evidence from positron emission tomography. Psychological Science 7:25–31. [aDSR]10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00662.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Awh, E., Smith, E. E. & Jonides, J. (1995) Human rehearsal processes and the frontal lobes: PET evidence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 769:97–117. [aDSR]10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38134.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A. D. (1966a) Short-term memory for word sequences as a function of acoustic, semantic and formal similarity. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 18:362–65. [AB, MDP, rDSR]10.1080/14640746608400055CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (1966b) The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on long-term memory for word sequences. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 18:302–309. [MDP, rDSR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (1986) Working memory. (Oxford Psychology Series No. 11.) Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press. [NC, JMK, JKK, NM, SMo, NO, aDSR]Google ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A. D. (2000) The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(11):417–23. [AB, WK, aDSR]10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A. D. (2001a) Is working memory still working? American Psychologist 56:851–64. [AB, FB, NC, JKF, MDP, aDSR]10.1037/0003-066X.56.11.851CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (2001b) The magic number and the episodic buffer. Commentary on Cowan. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:117–18. [AB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (2002) Levels of working memory. In: Perspectives on human memory and cognitive ageing: Essays in honor of Fergus Craik, ed. Naveh-Benjamin, M., Moscovitch, M. & Roediger, H. L., pp 111–23. Psychology Press. [AB, NC, aDSR]Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. & Dale, H. C. (1966) The effect of semantic similarity on retroactive interference in long- and short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 5:417–20. [MDP]10.1016/S0022-5371(66)80054-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D., Gathercole, S. & Papagno, C. (1998) The phonological loop as a language learning device. Psychological Review 105:158–73. [aDSR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A. D. & Hitch, G. J. (1974) Working memory. In: The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, vol. 8, ed. Bower, G. H., pp. 742–75. Academic Press. [MDP, JGWR, aDSR]Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. & Hitch, G. J. (1977) Recency reexamined. In: Attention and performance, VI, ed. Dornic, S., pp. 647–67. Erlbaum. [JGWR]Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. & Hitch, G. J. (1993) The recency effect: Implicit learning with explicit retrieval? Memory and Cognition 21:146–55. [AB]10.3758/BF03202726CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A. D., Kopelman, M. D. & Wilson, B. A., eds. (2002) The handbook of memory disorders, 2nd edition. Wiley. [GV]Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. & Levy, B. A. (1971) Semantic coding and short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology 89:132–36. [rDSR]10.1037/h0031189CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. & Logie, R. H. (1999) Working memory: The multiple component model. In: Models of working memory, ed. Miyake, A. & Shah, P., pp 28–61. Cambridge University Press. [RHL, aDSR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D., Papagno, C. & Vallar, G. (1988) When long-term learning depends on short-term storage. Journal of Memory and Language 27:586–95. [JKF, rDSR, GV]10.1016/0749-596X(88)90028-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D., Thomson, N. & Buchanan, M. (1975) Word length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 14:575–89. [MDP]10.1016/S0022-5371(75)80045-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. & Wilson, B. A. (2002) Prose recall and amnesia: Implications for the structure of working memory. Neuropsychologia 40:1737–43. [MDP, rDSR]10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00146-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barceló, F., Muñoz-Céspedes, J. M., Pozo, M. A. & Rubia, F. J. (2000a) Attentional set shifting modulates the target P3b response in the Wisconsin card sorting test. Neuropsychologia 38:1342–55. [FB]10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00046-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barceló, F., Periáñez, J. & Knight, R. T. (2002) Think differently: A brain orienting response to task novelty. NeuroReport 13:1887–92. [FB, rDSR]10.1097/00001756-200210280-00011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barceló, F., Suwazono, S. & Knight, R. T. (2000b) Prefrontal modulation of visual processing in humans. Nature Neuroscience 3:399–403. [FB]10.1038/73975CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basar, E. (1998) Brain function and oscillations II: Integrative brain function. Neurophysiology and cognitive processes. Springer. [SW]10.1007/978-3-642-72192-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basso, A., Spinnler, H., Vallar, G. & Zanobio, E. (1982) Left hemisphere damage and selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory: A case study. Neuropsychologia 20:263–74. [JKF]10.1016/0028-3932(82)90101-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, J. T., MacAndrew, D. K. & Fiez, J. A. (1999) A comment on the functional localization of the phonological storage subsystem of working memory. Brain and Cognition 41:27–38. [GH]10.1006/brcg.1999.1094CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beeman, M. (1998) Coarse semantic coding and discourse comprehension. In: Right hemisphere language comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience, ed. Beeman, M. & Chiarello, C., pp. 255–84. Erlbaum. [aDSR]Google Scholar
Bell, A. J. & Sejnowski, T. J. (1995) An information-maximization approach to blind separation and blind deconvolution. Neural Computation 7(6):1129–59. [MAE]10.1162/neco.1995.7.6.1129CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentin, S., Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1993) Electrophysiological evidence for task effects on semantic priming in auditory word processing. Psychophysiology 30:161–69. [aDSR]10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb01729.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bentin, S., McCarthy, G. & Wood, C. C. (1984) ERP evidence for semantic priming in a memory recognition task. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Cognitive Neuroscience, Bristol, 1984. [aDSR]Google Scholar
Bentin, S., McCarthy, G. & Wood, C. C. (1985) Event-related potentials, lexical decision and semantic priming. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 60:343–55. [aDSR]10.1016/0013-4694(85)90008-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berndt, R. S. & Mitchum, C. C. (1990) Auditory and lexical information sources in immediate recall: Evidence from a patient with deficit to the phonological short-term store. In: Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory, ed. Vallar, G. & Shallice, T., pp. 115–44. Cambridge University Press. [NM]10.1017/CBO9780511665547.008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bisley, J. W. & Goldberg, M. E. (2003) Neuronal activity in the lateral intraparietal area and spatial attention. Science 299(5603):81–86. [JJ]10.1126/science.1077395CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjork, R. A. (1975) Short-term storage: The ordered output of a central processor. In: Cognitive theory, vol. 1, ed. Restle, F., Shiffrin, R. M., Castellan, N. J., Lindman, H. R. & Pisoni, D. B., pp. 151–71. Erlbaum. [JGWR]Google Scholar
Boardman, I. & Bullock, D. (1991) A neural network model of serial order recall from short-term memory. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Seattle, Washington, vol. II, pp. 879–84. IEEE Service Center. [SG]Google Scholar
Bosch, V., Mecklinger, A. & Friederici, A. D. (2001) Slow cortical potentials during retention of object, spatial, and verbal information. Cognitive Brain Research 10:219–37. [aDSR]10.1016/S0926-6410(00)00040-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowey, J. A. (2001) Nonword repetition and young children's receptive vocabulary: A longitudinal study. Applied Psycholinguistics 22:441–69. [SMo]10.1017/S0142716401003083CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradski, G., Carpenter, G. A. & Grossberg, S. (1994) STORE working memory networks for storage and recall of arbitrary temporal sequences. Biological Cybernetics 71:469–80. [SG]10.1007/BF00198465CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braver, T. S., Cohen, J. D. & Barch, D. M. (2002) The role of prefrontal cortex in normal and disordered cognitive control: A cognitive neuroscience perspective. In: Principles of frontal lobe function, ed. Stuss, D. T. & Knight, R. T., pp. 428–47. Oxford University Press. [FB]10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brener, R. (1940) An experimental investigation of memory span. Journal of Experimental Psychology 26:467–82. [GV]10.1037/h0061096CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bressler, S. L. & Kelso, J. A. S. (2001) Cortical coordination dynamics and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5:26–36. [SW]10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01564-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broadbent, D. E. (1971) Decision and stress. Academic Press. [NC]Google Scholar
Brown, A. L. & Campione, J. C. (1973) Mediation in discrimination transfers: A reply to Cole and Medin. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 15:356–59. [IG]10.1016/0022-0965(73)90156-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, G. D. A. (2002) Time and memory. Paper presented at the Sixth Conference of the Australasian Cognitive Science Society, Fremantle, Western Australia, April 2002. [JKF]Google Scholar
Brown, G. D. A., Preece, T. & Hulme, C. (2000) Oscillator-based memory for serial order. Psychological Review 107:127–81. [JKF]10.1037/0033-295X.107.1.127CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, J., Bullock, D. & Grossberg, S. (1999) How the basal ganglia use parallel excitatory and inhibitory learning pathways to selectively respond to unexpected rewarding cues. Journal of Neuroscience 19:10502–11. [SG]10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-23-10502.1999CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buccino, G., Binkofski, F., Fink, G. R., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., Seitz, R. J., Zilles, K., Rizzolatti, G. & Freund, H. J. (2001) Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: An fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience 13:400–404. [CA]10.1111/j.1460-9568.2001.01385.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchsbaum, B., Hickok, G. & Humphries, C. (2001) Role of left posterior superior temporal gyrus in phonological processing for speech perception and production. Cognitive Science 25:663–78. [GH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckner, R. L., Koutstaal, W., Schacter, D., Wagner, A. & Rosen, B. (1998) Functional-anatomic study of episodic retrieval using fMRI: I. Retrieval effort versus retrieval success. Neuroimage 7:151–62. [ADF]10.1006/nimg.1998.0327CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckner, R. L., Raichle, M. E., Miezin, F. M. & Petersen, S. E. (1996) Functional anatomic studies of memory retrieval for auditory words and visual pictures. Journal of Neuroscience 16:6219–35. [ADF]10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-19-06219.1996CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgess, N. & Hitch, G. J. (1999) Memory for serial order: A network model of the phonological loop and its timing. Psychological Review 106:551–81. [MTM]10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.551CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabeza, R. & Nyberg, L. (1997) Imaging cognition: An empirical review of PET studies with normal subjects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9:1–26. [aDSR]10.1162/jocn.1997.9.1.1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cabeza, R. & Nyberg, L. (2000) Imaging cognition II: An empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12:1–47. [aDSR]10.1162/08989290051137585CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, K., Haarmann, H. J., Grafman, J. & Ruchkin, D. S. (2004) Activated long-term memory is the representational basis for the semantic component of verbal short-term memory. (under review). [arDSR]10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00357.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caplan, D., Alpert, N. & Waters, G. S. (1998) Effects of syntactic structure and propositional number on patterns of regional cerebral blood flow. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10:541–52. [aDSR]10.1162/089892998562843CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caplan, D. & Waters, G. S. (1999) Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:77–126. [aDSR, SW]10.1017/S0140525X99001788CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, G. A. & Grossberg, S., eds. (1991) Pattern recognition by selforganizing neural networks. MIT Press. [SG]10.7551/mitpress/5271.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caspers, H., Speckmann, E. J. & Lehmenkuhler, A. (1987) DC potentials of the cerebral cortex: Seizure activity and changes in gas pressures. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology 106:127–78. [ED]10.1007/BFb0027576CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chafee, M. V. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1998) Matching patterns of activity in primate prefrontal area 8a and parietal area 7ip neurons during a spatial working memory task. Journal of Neurophysiology 79(6):2919–40. [ED, MH, FR, rDSR]10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.2919CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chase, W. G. & Ericsson, K. A. (1982) Exceptional memory. American Scientist 70:607–15. [JMK]Google Scholar
Chase, W. G. & Simon, H. A. (1973) Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology 4:55–81. [JDR]10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, H. & Kemper, S. (1993) Recall and articulation of English and Chinese words by Chinese-English bilinguals. Memory and Cognition 21:666–70. [SMo]10.3758/BF03197197CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clissa, P. J. & Maybery, M. T. (2003) Binding in auditory working memory. (Manuscript in preparation). [MTM]Google Scholar
Cocchini, G., Logie, R. H., Della Sala, S. & MacPherson, S. (2002) Concurrent performance of two memory tasks: Evidence for domain specific working memory systems. Memory and Cognition 30:1086–95. [RHL]10.3758/BF03194326CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. D., Perlstein, W. M., Braver, T. S., Nystrom, L. E., Noll, D. C., Jonides, J. & Smith, E. E. (1997) Temporal dynamics of brain activation during a working memory task. Nature 386:604–608. [CA]10.1038/386604a0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, M. A. & Grossberg, S. (1986) Neural dynamics of speech and language coding: Developmental programs, perceptual grouping, and competition for short-term memory. Human Neurobiology 5:1–22. [SG]Google ScholarPubMed
Cole, M. & Medin, D. (1973) On the existence and occurrence of mediation in discrimination transfer: A critical note. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 15:352–55. [IG]10.1016/0022-0965(73)90155-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collette, F., Majerus, S., Van der Linden, M., Dabe, P., Degueldre, C., Delfiore, G., Luxen, A. & Salmon, E. (2001) Contribution of long-term memory to verbal short-term memory tasks. A PET activation study. Memory 9:249–59. [SMa]10.1080/09658210143000056CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coltheart, M. (1980) Iconic memory and visible persistence. Perception and Psychophysics 27:183–228. [MAE]10.3758/BF03204258CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conrad, R. (1964) Acoustic confusion in immediate memory. British Journal of Psychology 55:75–84. [NM]10.1111/j.2044-8295.1964.tb00899.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conrad, R. & Hull, A. J. (1968) Input modality and the serial position curve in short-term memory. Psychonomic Science 10:135–36. [AB]10.3758/BF03331446CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooke, A., Zurif, E. B., DeVita, C., Alsop, D., Koenig, P., Detre, J., Gee, J., Pinãngo, M., Balogh, J. & Grossman, M. (2001) Neural basis for sentence comprehension: Grammatical and short-term memory components. Human Brain Mapping 15:80–94. [ADF]10.1002/hbm.10006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, N. R., Croft, R. J., Dominey, S. J., Burgess, A. P. & Gruzelier, J. H. (2003) Paradox lost? Exploring the role of alpha oscillations during externally vs. internally directed attention and the implications for idling and inhibition hypotheses. Journal of Psychophysiology 47:65–74. [rDSR]Google ScholarPubMed
Cornoldi, C. (1995) La memoria di lavoro visuo-spaziale [Visuo-spatial working memory]. In: Le immagini mentali [Mental images], ed. Marucci, F. La Nuova Italia. [SMo]Google Scholar
Courtney, S. M., Petit, L., Maisog, J. M., Ungerleider, L. G. & Haxby, J. V. (1998) An area specialized for spatial working memory in human frontal cortex. Science 279(5355):1347–51. [JJ]10.1126/science.279.5355.1347CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L.G., Keil, K. & Haxby, J. V. (1996) Object and spatial visual working memory activate separate neural systems in human cortex. Cerebral Cortex 6:39–49. [aDSR]10.1093/cercor/6.1.39CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L.G., Keil, K. & Haxby, J. V. (1997) Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory. Nature 386:608–11. [AM, aDSR]10.1038/386608a0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, N. (1984) On short and long auditory stores. Psychological Bulletin 96:341–70. [aDSR]10.1037/0033-2909.96.2.341CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, N. (1988) Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system. Psychological Bulletin 104:163–91. [JMK, SMo, aDSR]10.1037/0033-2909.104.2.163CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowan, N. (1995) Attention and memory: An integrated framework. Oxford Psychology Series, No. 26. Oxford University Press. [NC, aDSR]Google Scholar
Cowan, N. (1999) An embedded-processes model of working memory. In: Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control, ed. Miyake, A. & Shah, P., pp. 62–101. Cambridge University Press. [NC, SMo, aDSR]10.1017/CBO9781139174909.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, N. (2001) The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:87–185. [NC, NO, aDSR]10.1017/S0140525X01003922CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowan, N., Baddeley, A. D., Elliott, E. M. & Nugent, L. D. (2003) Items are not lists in short-term memory: Opposing global and local effects of word length. Psychological Bulletin and Review 10:74–79. [AB]10.3758/BF03196469CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, N., Day, L., Saults, J. S., Keller, T. A., Johnson, T. & Flores, L. (1992) The role of verbal output time in the effects of word length on immediate memory. Journal of Memory and Language 31:1–17. [NC]10.1016/0749-596X(92)90002-FCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, N. & Kail, R. (1996) Covert processes and their development in short-term memory. In: Models of short-term memory, ed. Gathercole, S. E., pp. 29–50. Psychology Press. [aDSR]Google Scholar
Cowan, N., Nugent, L. D., Elliott, E. M. & Geer, T. (2000) Is there a temporal basis of the word length effect? A response to Service (1998). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 53A:647–60. [NC]10.1080/713755905CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, N., Saults, J. S. & Nugent, L. D. (1997) The role of absolute and relative amounts of time in forgetting within immediate memory: The case of tone pitch comparisons. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 4:393–97. [NC]10.3758/BF03210799CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowan, N., Saults, S. & Nugent, L. (2001) The ravages of absolute and relative amounts of time on memory. In: The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder, ed. Roediger, H. L. III, Nairne, J. S., Neath, I. & Surprenant, A., pp. 315–30. American Psychological Association. [NC]10.1037/10394-017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craik, F. I. M. & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11:671–84. [BJK, JGWR, GV]10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80001-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craik, F. I. & Masani, P. A. (1969) Age and intelligence differences in coding and retrieval of word lists. British Journal of Psychology 60:315–19. [MDP]10.1111/j.2044-8295.1969.tb01202.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, F. M., & Tulving, E. (1975) Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 104:268–94. [FB]Google Scholar
Crowder, R. G. (1993) Short-term memory: Where do we stand? Memory and Cognition 21:142–45. [NC, JKF, NO, aDSR]10.3758/BF03202725CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damasio, A. R. (1989) Time-locked multiregional retroactivation: A system-level proposal for the neuronal substrates of recall and recognition. Cognition 33:25–62. [FR]10.1016/0010-0277(89)90005-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. R. (1980) The anatomical basis of conduction aphasia. Brain 103:337–50. [GH]10.1093/brain/103.2.337CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daneman, M. & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19:450–66. [JMK]10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90312-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dapretto, M. & Bookheimer, S. Y. (1999) Form and content: Dissociating syntax and semantics in sentence comprehension. Neuron 24:427–32. [ADF]10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80855-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davachi, L. & Wagner, A. D. (2002) Hippocampal contributions to episodic encoding: Insights from relational and item-based learning. Journal of Neurophysiology 88:982–90. [rDSR]10.1152/jn.2002.88.2.982CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidoff, J. B. & Ostergaard, A. L. (1984) Colour anomia resulting from weakened short-term colour memory. Brain 107:415–30. [JKF]10.1093/brain/107.2.415CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dehaene, S. & Changeux, J. P. (1995) Neuronal models of prefrontal cortical functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 769:305–19. [FB]10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38147.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dell, G. S. & O’Seaghdha, P. G. (1992) Stages in lexical access in language production. Cognition 42:287–314. [NM]10.1016/0010-0277(92)90046-KCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Della Sala, S., Cowan, N., Beschin, N. & Perini, M. (in press) Just lying there, remembering: Improving recall of prose in amnesic patients with mild cognitive impairments by minimizing interference. Memory. [NC, rDSR]Google Scholar
Della Sala, S. & Logie, R. H. (2002) Neuropsychological impairments of visual and spatial working memory. In: Handbook of memory disorders, 2nd edition, ed. Miyake, A. & Shah, P., pp. 271–92. Wiley. [RHL]Google Scholar
D’Esposito, M. D., Aguirre, G. K., Zarahn, A. E., Ballard, D., Shin, R. K. & Lease, J. (1998) Functional MRI studies of spatial and nonspatial working memory. Cognitive Brain Research 7:1–13. [AM]10.1016/S0926-6410(98)00004-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Esposito, M. D., Detre, J. A., Alsop, D. C., Shin, R. K., Atlas, S. & Grossman, M. (1995) The neural basis of the central executive system of working memory. Nature 378:279–81. [aDSR]10.1038/378279a0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Esposito, M. D., Postle, B. R. & Rypma, B. (2000) Prefrontal cortical contributions to working memory: Evidence from event-related fMRI studies. Experimental Brain Research 133:3–11. [MH]10.1007/s002210000395CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Di Pellegrino, G. & Wise, S. P. (1993) Visuospatial versus visuomotor activity in the premotor and prefrontal cortex of a primate. The Journal of Neuroscience 13(3):1227–43. [JJ]10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-03-01227.1993CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doupe, A. J. & Kuhl, P. K. (1999) Birdsong and human speech: Common t hemes and mechanisms. Annual Review of Neuroscience 22:567–631. [GH]10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.567CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downing, P. E. (2000) Interactions between visual working memory and selective attention. Psychological Science 11:467–73. [JJ]10.1111/1467-9280.00290CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dronkers, N. F., Redfern, B. B. & Knight, R. T. (2000) The neural architecture of language disorders. In: The new cognitive neurosciences, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S., pp. 949–58. MIT Press. [GH]Google Scholar
Düzel, E., Cabeza, R., Picton, T.W., Yonelinas, A.P., Scheich, H., Heinze, H.-J. & Tulving, E. (1999) Task-related and item-related brain processes of memory retrieval. Psychology 96:1794–99. [ADF]Google ScholarPubMed
Düzel, E., Habib, R., Schott, B., McIntosh, A. R. & Heinze, H. J. (2003) A multivariate, spatiotemporal anaylsis of electromagnetic time-frequency data of recognition memory. Neuroimage 18:185–97. [ED]10.1016/S1053-8119(02)00031-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Düzel, E., Hufnagel, A., Helmstaedter, C. & Elger, C. (1996) Verbal working memory components can be selectively influenced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropsychologia 34(8):775–83. [ED]10.1016/0028-3932(95)00160-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eichenbaum, H. (2000) A cortical-hippocampal system for declarative memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1:41–50. [rDSR]10.1038/35036213CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, M. A. & Müller, H. J. (1998) Synchronous information presented in 40-Hz flicker enhances visual feature binding. Psychological Science 9(4):277–83. [MAE]10.1111/1467-9280.00055CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, M. A. & Müller, H. J. (2000) Evidence for a 40 Hz oscillatory short-term memory revealed by human reaction time measurements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 26(3):703–18. [MAE]Google ScholarPubMed
Engel, A. K. & Singer, W. (2001) Temporal binding and the neural correlates of sensory awareness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5:16–25. [MTM, arDSR]10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01568-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engle, R. W., Cantor, J. & Carullo, J. J. (1992) Individual differences in working memory and comprehension: A test of four hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18:972–92. [SMo]Google ScholarPubMed
Ericsson, K. A., Chase, W. G. & Faloon, S. (1980) Acquisition of a memory skill. Science 208:1181–82. [MDP]10.1126/science.7375930CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ericsson, K. A. & Kintsch, W. (1995) Long-term working memory. Psychological Review 102:211–45. [JMK, MDP]10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.211CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farmer, E. W., Berman, J. V. F. & Fletcher, Y. L. (1986) Evidence for a visuospatial scratch-pad in working memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 38(A):675–88. [MTM]10.1080/14640748608401620CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faust, M. & Chiarello, C. (1998) Constraints on sentence priming in the cerebral hemispheres: Effects of intervening words in sentences and lists. Brain and Language 63:219–36. [aDSR]10.1006/brln.1997.1941CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiala, J. C., Grossberg, S. & Bullock, D. (1996) Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in cerebellar Purkinje cells as substrate for adaptive timing of the classically conditioned eye-blink response. Journal of Neuroscience 16:3760–74. [SG]10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-11-03760.1996CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiebach, C. J. & Friederici, A. D. (2003) Syntactic complexity and verbal working memory load: fMRI demonstrates an interaction in Broca's area. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Supplement 141. [ADF]Google Scholar
Fiebach, C. J., Schlesewsky, M, Bornkessel, I. & Friederici, A. D. (in press) Distinct neural correlates of legal and illegal word order variations in German: How can fMRI inform cognitive models of sentence processing? In: The online study of sentence comprehension: Eyetracking, ERP and beyond, ed. Carreiras, M. & Clifton, C. Psychology Press. [ADF]Google Scholar
Fiebach, C. J., Schlesewsky, M. & Friederici, A. D. (2001) Syntactic working memory and the establishment of filler-gap dependencies: Insights from ERPs and fMRI. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 30:321–38. [ADF]10.1023/A:1010447102554CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiebach, C. J., Schlesewsky, M. & Friederici, A. D. (2002) Separating syntactic memory costs and syntactic integration costs during parsing: The processing of German WH-questions. Journal of Memory and Language 47:250–72. [ADF]10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00004-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedman, M. L. & Martin, R. C. (2001) Dissociable components of short-term memory and their relation to long-term learning. Cognitive Neuropsychology 18:193–226. [NM]10.1080/02643290126002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friederici, A. D. (2002) Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:78–84. [ADF]10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01839-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friederici, A. D., Rüschemeyer, S.-A., Hahne, A. & Fiebach, C. J. (2003) The role of left inferior frontal and superior temporal cortex in sentence comprehension: Localizing syntactic and semantic processes. Cerebral Cortex 13:170–77. [ADF]10.1093/cercor/13.2.170CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, J. K. & Jelicic, M., eds. (1999) Memory: Systems, process or function? Oxford University Press. [JKF]10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524069.001.0001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuster, J. M. (1995) Memory in the cerebral cortex: An empirical approach to neural networks in the human and nonhuman primate. MIT Press. [AM, JMF, aDSR]Google Scholar
Fuster, J. M. (1997) Network memory. Trends in Neurosciences 20:451–59. [MH, aDSR]10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01128-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuster, J. M. (2003) Cortex and mind: Unifying cognition. Oxford University Press. [FB, JMF]Google Scholar
Gathercole, S. E. (1995) Is nonword repetition a test of phonological memory or long-term knowledge? It all depends on the nonwords. Memory and Cognition 23:83–94. [AB]10.3758/BF03210559CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gathercole, S. E. & Baddeley, A. D. (1989) Evaluation of the role of phonological STM in the development of vocabulary in children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Memory and Language 28:200–13. [aDSR]10.1016/0749-596X(89)90044-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gathercole, S. E. & Baddeley, A. D. (1990) Phonological memory deficits in language disordered children: Is there a causal connection? Journal of Memory and Language 29:336–60. [aDSR]10.1016/0749-596X(90)90004-JCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gathercole, S. E. & Baddeley, A. D. (1993) Working memory and language. Erlbaum. [aDSR]Google Scholar
Gathercole, S. E., Hitch, G. J., Service, E. & Martin, A. J. (1997) Phonological short-term memory and new word learning in children. Developmental Psychology 33:966–79. [aDSR]10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.966CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. H.ll, M. & Peaker, S. (2001) Dissociable lexical and phonological influences on serial recognition and serial recall. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 54A:1–30. [AB]Google Scholar
Geffen, G., Moar, K. J., O’Hanlon, A. P., Clark, C. R. & Geffen, L. B. (1990) Performance measures of 16- to 86-year-old males and females on the Auditory Verbal Learning Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 4:45–63. [RV]10.1080/13854049008401496CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gevins, A. & Smith, M. (2000) Neurophysiological measures of working memory and individual differences in cognitive ability and cognitive style. Cerebral Cortex 10:829–39. [WK]10.1093/cercor/10.9.829CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giraud, A. L. & Price, C. (2001) The constraints functional neuroimaging places on classical models of auditory word processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13:754–65. [SMa]10.1162/08989290152541421CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glanzer, M. (1977) Commentary on “Storage mechanisms in recall.” In: Human memory: Basic processes, ed. Bower, G., pp. 115–24. Academic Press. [JGWR]10.1016/B978-0-12-121050-2.50007-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995) Cellular basis of working memory. Neuron 14(3):477–85. [ED]10.1016/0896-6273(95)90304-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman-Rakic, P. S., O’ Scalaidhe, S. P. & Chafee, M. V. (2000) Domain specificity in cognitive systems. In: The new cognitive neurosciences, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S., pp. 733–42. MIT Press. [MH]Google Scholar
Grady, C. L., Haxby, J. V., Horwitz, B., Schapiro, M. B., Rapoport, S. I., Ungerleider, L. Mishkin, M., Carson, R. E. & Herscovitch, P. (1992) Dissociation of object and spatial vision in human extrastriate cortex: Agerelated changes in activation of regional cerebral blood flow measured with [15O]Water and positron emission tomography. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4:23–34. [aDSR]10.1162/jocn.1992.4.1.23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grafman, J. & Weingartner, H. (1996) A combinatorial-binding and strength (CBS) model of memory. Is it a better framework for amnesia? In: Basic and applied memory: Theory in context, ed. Herrmann, D., Johnson, M., McEvoy, C., Hertzog, C. & Hertel, P., pp. 259–76. Erlbaum. [rDSR]Google Scholar
Graham, K. S. & Hodges, J. R. (1997) Differentiating the roles of the hippocampal complex and the neocortex in long-term memory storage: Evidence from the study of semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 11:77–89. [BJK]10.1037/0894-4105.11.1.77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grasby, P. M., Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Bench, C., Frackowiak, R. S. J. & Dolan, R. J. (1993) Functional mapping of brain areas implicated in auditory-verbal memory function. Brain 116:1–20. [SMa]10.1093/brain/116.1.1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gobet, F., Lane, P. C., Croker, S., Cheng, P. C., Jones, G., Oliver, I. & Pine, J. M. (2001) Chunking mechanisms in human learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5:236–43. [MDP]10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01662-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. (1968) Some physiological and biochemical consequences of psychological postulates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 60:758–65. [SG]10.1073/pnas.60.3.758CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. (1978a) A theory of human memory: Self-organization and performance of sensory-motor codes, maps, and plans. In: Progress in theoretical biology, vol. 5, ed. Rosen, R. & Snell, F., pp. 233–374. Academic Press. (Reprinted in Grossberg, S. (1982) Studies of mind and brain. Kluwer/Reidel.) [SG]10.1016/B978-0-12-543105-7.50013-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1978b) Behavioral contrast in short-term memory: Serial binary memory models or parallel continuous memory models? Journal of Mathematical Psychology 3:199–219. [SG]10.1016/0022-2496(78)90016-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1980) How does a brain build a cognitive code? Psychological Review 87:1–51. [SG]10.1037/0033-295X.87.1.1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. (1982) Studies of mind and brain. Kluwer/Reidel. [SG]10.1007/978-94-009-7758-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1987) The adaptive brain, vols. I & II. Elsevier/North Holland. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1988) Neural networks and natural intelligence. MIT Press. [SG]10.7551/mitpress/4934.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1999) The link between brain learning, attention, and consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 8:1–44. [SG]10.1006/ccog.1998.0372CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. & Kuperstein, M. (1986) Neural dynamics of adaptive sensory-motor control: Ballistic eye movements. Elsevier/North-Holland. (Expanded edition: Pergamon, 1989). [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Myers, C. (2000) The resonant dynamics of conscious speech: Interword integration and duration-dependent backward effects. Psychological Review 107 :735–67. [SG]10.1037/0033-295X.107.4.735CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. & Stone, G. (1986a) Neural dynamics of attention switching and temporal-order information in short-term memory. Memory and Cognition 14:451–68. [SG]10.3758/BF03202517CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Stone, G. (1986b) Neural dynamics of word recognition and recall: Attentional priming, learning, and resonance. Psychological Review 93:46–74. [SG]10.1037/0033-295X.93.1.46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Williamson, J. R. (2001) A neural model of how horizontal and interlaminar connections of visual cortex develop into adult circuits that carry out perceptual grouping and learning. Cerebral Cortex 11:37–58. [SG]10.1093/cercor/11.1.37CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grote, I. (2003) Individualizing self-instruction for adults with developmental disabilities: Intensifying its occurrence produces generalized compliance with SI. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 15:281–99. [IG]10.1023/A:1026317815160CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grote, I. (2003) (submitted) Self-instruction is just instruction: Review of a research program. [IG]Google Scholar
Guenther, F. H., Hampson, M. & Johnson, D. (1998) A theoretical investigation of reference frames for the planning of speech movements. Psychological Review 105:611–33. [GH]10.1037/0033-295X.105.4.611-633CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gupta, P. (1996) Verbal short-term memory and language processing: A computational model. Brain and Language 55:194–97. [NM]Google Scholar
Haan, H., Streb, J., Bien, S. & Rösler, F. (2000) Individual cortical current density reconstructions of the semantic N400 effect: Using a generalized minimum norm model with different constraints (L1 and L2 norm). Human Brain Mapping 11:178–92. [FR]10.1002/1097-0193(200011)11:3<178::AID-HBM40>3.0.CO;2-03.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haarmann, H. J. & Cameron, K. A. (in press) Active maintenance of sentence meaning in working memory: Evidence from EEG coherences. International Journal of Psychophysiology. [arDSR]Google Scholar
Haarmann, H. J., Cameron, K. A. & Ruchkin, D. S. (2002) Neural synchronization mediates on-line sentence processing: EEG coherence evidence from filler-gap constructions. Psychophysiology 39:820–25. [rDSR]10.1111/1469-8986.3960820CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haarmann, H. J., Cameron, K. A. & Ruchkin, D. S. (2003a) Short-term semantic retention during on-line sentence comprehension. Brain potential evidence from filler-gap constructions. Cognitive Brain Research 15:178–90. [rDSR]10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00168-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haarmann, H. J., Cameron, K. A. & Ruchkin, D. S. (2003a) (submitted) The effect of semantic relatedness on the active maintenance of sentence meaning in working memory. [ADF, aDSR]Google Scholar
Haarmann, H. J., Davelaar, E. J. & Usher, M. (2003b) Individual differences in semantic short-term memory capacity and reading comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language 48(2):320–45. [rDSR]10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00506-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haarmann, H. & Usher, M. (2001) Maintenance of semantic information in capacity-limited item short-term memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 8:568–78. [rDSR]10.3758/BF03196193CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hagoort, P. (2000) Electrocortical reflections on the binding problem for language. Paper presented at the Fourth European Conference of The Federation of European Psychophysiology Societies, Amsterdam, May 24–27, 2000. [aDSR]Google Scholar
Hamann, S. B. & Squire, L. R. (1996) Level-of-processing effects in wordcompletion priming: A neuropsychological study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22:933–47. [BJK]Google ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, A. C. & Martin, R. C. (2002) Inhibition and proactive interference effects in impaired semantic short-term memory of aphasic patients. Brain and Language 83:146–48. [NM]Google Scholar
Hanley, J. R., Young, A. W. & Pearson, N. A. (1991) Impairment of the visuospatial sketch pad. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology 43(A):101–25. [JKF, MTM, aDSR]10.1080/14640749108401001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanten, G. & Martin, R. C. (2000) Contributions of phonological and semantic short-term memory to sentence processing: Evidence from two cases of closed head injury in children. Journal of Memory and Language 43(2):335–61. [rDSR]10.1006/jmla.2000.2731CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, J. A., Miniussi, C., Harris, I. M. & Diamond, M. E. (2002) Transient storage of a tactile memory trace in primary somatosensory cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 22(19):8720–25. [ED]10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-19-08720.2002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harter, M. R. & Aine, C. J. (1984) Brain mechanisms of visual selective attention. In: Brain mechanisms of selective attention, ed. Parasuraman, R. & Davies, D. R., pp. 293–321. Academic Press. [aDSR]Google Scholar
Haxby, J. V., Petit, L., Ungerleider, L. G. & Courtney, S. M. (2000) Distinguishing the functional roles of multiple regions in distributed neural systems for visual working memory. Neuroimage 11:145–56. [aDSR]10.1006/nimg.1999.0527CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Horwitz, B., Rapoport, S. & Grady, C. L. (1995) Hemispheric differences in neural systems for face working memory: A PETrCBF study. Human Brain Mapping 3:68–82. [AM]10.1002/hbm.460030204CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heil, M., Rolke, B., Engelkamp, J., Rösler, F., Özcan, M. & Hennighausen, E. (1999) Event-related brain potentials during recognition of ordinary and bizarre action phrases following verbal and subject-performed encoding conditions. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 11:261–80. [MH]10.1080/713752313CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heil, M., Rösler, F. & Hennighausen, E. (1996) Topographically distinct cortical activation in episodic long-term memory: The retrieval of spatial versus verbal information. Memory and Cognition 24:777–95. [MH]10.3758/BF03201102CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heil, M., Rösler, F. & Hennighausen, E. (1997) Topography of brain electrical activity dissociates the retrieval of spatial versus verbal information from episodic long-term memory in humans. Neuroscience Letters 222:45–48. [FR]10.1016/S0304-3940(97)13338-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henson, R. N. A., Burgess, N. & Frith, C. D. (2000) Recoding, storage, rehearsal and grouping in verbal short-term memory: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 38:426–40. [aDSR]10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00098-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hickok, G. (2000) Speech perception, conduction aphasia, and the functional neuroanatomy of language. In: Language and the brain, ed. Grodzinsky, Y., Shapiro, L. & Swinney, D., pp. 87–104. Academic Press. [GH]10.1016/B978-012304260-6/50006-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickok, G., Buchsbaum, B., Humphries, C. & Muftuler, T. (2003) Auditory-motor interaction revealed by fMRI: Speech, music, and working memory in area Spt. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15:673–82. [GH]10.1162/089892903322307393CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hickok, G. & Poeppel, D. (2000) Towards a functional neuroanatomy of speech perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(4):131–38. [CA, GH, rDSR]10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01463-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hillyard, S. A. & Anllo-Vento, L. (1998) Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95:781–87. [aDSR]10.1073/pnas.95.3.781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobson, J. A. & Pace-Schott, E. F. (2002) The cognitive neuroscience of sleep: Neuronal systems, consciousness and learning. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3(9):679–93. [rDSR]10.1038/nrn915CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodges, J. R. & Graham, K. S. (1998) A reversal of the temporal gradient for famous person knowledge in semantic dementia: Implications for the organization of long-term memory. Neuropsychologia 36:803–25. [BJK]10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00126-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodges, J. R. & Miller, B. (2001) The neuropsychology of frontal variant frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia. Introduction to the Special Topic Papers: Part II. Neurocase 7:113–21. [BJK]10.1093/neucas/7.2.113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holcomb, P. J. (1988) Automatic and attentional processing: An event-related brain potential analysis of semantic priming. Brain and Language 35:66–85. [aDSR]10.1016/0093-934X(88)90101-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holcomb, P. J. & Neville, H. J. (1990) Auditory and visual semantic priming in lexical decision: A comparison using event-related brain potentials. Language and Cognitive Processes 5:281–312. [aDSR]10.1080/01690969008407065CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holyoak, K. J. & Thagard, P. (1997). The analogical mind. American Psychologist 52:35–44. [rDSR]10.1037/0003-066X.52.1.35CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Homan, R. W., Herman, J. & Purdy, P. (1987) Cerebral location of international 10–20 system electrode placement. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 66:376–82. [MAE]10.1016/0013-4694(87)90206-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Honey, G., Bullmore, E. & Sharma, T. (2000) Prolonged reaction time to a verbal working memory task predicts increased power of posterior parietal cortical activation. NeuroImage 12:495–503. [CA]10.1006/nimg.2000.0624CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hulme, C., Maugham, S. & Brown, G. D. A. (1991) Memory for familiar and unfamiliar words: Evidence for a long-term memory contribution to shortterm memory span. Journal of Memory and Language 30:685–701. [SMo, aDSR]10.1016/0749-596X(91)90032-FCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulme, C., Roodenrys, S., Brown, G. & Mercer, R. (1995) The role of long-term memory mechanisms in memory span. British Journal of Psychology 86:527–36. [aDSR]10.1111/j.2044-8295.1995.tb02570.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hulme, C., Roodenrys, S., Schweickert, R., Brown, G. D. A., Martin, S. & Stuart, G. (1997) Word-frequency effects on short-term memory tasks: Evidence for a redintegration process in immediate serial recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23:1217–32. [aDSR]Google ScholarPubMed
Ivnik, R. J., Malec, J. F., Smith, G. E., Tangalos, E. G., Petersen, R. C., Kokmen, E. & Kurland, L. T. (1992) Mayo's older Americans normative studies: Updated AVLT norms for ages 56 to 97. The Clinical Neuropsychologist 6 (Suppl.):83–104. [RV]10.1080/13854049208401880CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology, vols. 1 & 2. Henri Holt. (Reprinted by Dover Publications, 1950; Thoemmes Press, 1999.) [JKF, JGWR]10.1037/10538-000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, O., Gelfand, J., Kounios, J. & Lisman, J. (2002) Oscillations in the alpha band (9–12 Hz) increase with memory load during retention in a short-term memory task. Cerebral Cortex 12:877–82. [WK]10.1093/cercor/12.8.877CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, O. & Tesche, C. (2002) Frontal theta activity in humans increases with memory load in a working memory task. European Journal of Neuroscience 15(8):1395–1400. [WK]10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01975.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, D. M. & Macken, W. J. (1996) Irrelevant tones produce an irrelevant speech effect: Implications for phonological coding in working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19:369–81. [GH]Google Scholar
Jones, H. R. (1973) The use of visual and verbal memory processes by three-year-old children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 15:340–51. [IG]10.1016/0022-0965(73)90154-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jonides, J., Schumacher, E. H., Smith, E. E., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., Marshuetz, C. & Willis, C. R. (1998) The role of parietal cortex in verbal working memory. Journal of Neuroscience 18:5026–34. [aDSR]10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-13-05026.1998CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jonides, J., Smith, E. E., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Minoshima, S. & Mintun, M. A. (1993) Spatial working memory in humans as revealed by PET. Nature 363:623–25. [JJ, aDSR]10.1038/363623a0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaakinen, J. K., Hyönä, J. & Keenan, J. M. (2003) How prior knowledge, working memory capacity, and relevance of information affect eye fixations in expository text. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 29:447–57. [JMK]Google ScholarPubMed
Kast, B. (2001) Nature 411:126–28. [CA]10.1038/35075745CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kastner, S., Pinsk, M. A., De Weerd, P., Desimone, R. & Ungerleider, L. G. (1999) Increased activity in human visual cortex during directed attention in the absence of visual stimulation. Neuron 22(4):751–61. [JKK]10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80734-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kastner, S. & Ungerleider, L. G. (2000) Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 23:315–41. [JJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Kellenbach, M. L. & Mitchie, P. T. (1996) Modulation of event-related potentials by semantic priming: Effects of color-cued selective attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8:155–73. [aDSR]10.1162/jocn.1996.8.2.155CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khader, P., Streb, J., Scherag, A. & Rösler, F. (2003) Differences between noun and verb processing in a minimal phrase context: A semantic priming study using event-related brain potentials. Cognitive Brain Research 17:293–313. [MH]10.1016/S0926-6410(03)00130-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kircher, T. T. J., Brammer, N., Andreu, N. T., Williams, S. C. R. & McGuire, P. K. (2001) Engagement of right temporal cortex during processing of linguistic context. Neuropsychologia 39:798–809. [aDSR]10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00014-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klimesch, W. (1999) EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: A review and analysis. Brain Research Reviews 29:169–95. [WK, arDSR]10.1016/S0165-0173(98)00056-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klimesch, W., Doppelmayr, M., Schwaiger, J., Auinger, P. & Winkler, T. (1999) “Paradoxical” alpha synchronization in a memory task. Cognitive Brain Research 7:493–501. [WK]10.1016/S0926-6410(98)00056-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, C. & Ullman, S. (1985) Shifts in selective visual attention: Towards the under-laying neural circuitry. Human Neurobiology 4:219–27. [SG]Google Scholar
Kompass, R. & Elliott, M. A. (2001) Modeling as part of perception: A hypothesis on the function of neural oscillations. In: Fechner Day 2001. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the International Society of Psychophysics, pp. 130–35, ed. Sommerfeld, E., Kompass, R. & Lachmann, T. Pabst Science Publishers. [MAE]Google Scholar
Kopelman, M. D. (2002) Disorders of memory. Brain 125:2152–90. [rDSR]10.1093/brain/awf229CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroger, J. K., House, M. G. & Sagei, K. (1998) Selection of relevant information without gating in a spiking cortico-thalamo-striatal model of working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (Supplement) 10:1134. [JKK]Google Scholar
Kroger, J. K., Sabb, F. W., Fales, C. L., Bookheimer, S. Y., Cohen, M. S. & Holyoak, K. J. (2002) Recruitment of anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in human reasoning: A parametric study of relational complexity. Cerebral Cortex 12(5):477–85. [JKK, rDSR]10.1093/cercor/12.5.477CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuperberg, G. R., McGuire, P. K., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Wright, I. C., Lythgoe, D. J., Williams, S. C. R. & David, A. S. (2000) Common and distinct neural substrates for pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic processing of spoken sentences: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12:321–41. [ADF]10.1162/089892900562138CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutas, M. & Federmeier, K. D. (2000) Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4:463–70. [aDSR]10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01560-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1989) An electrophysiological probe of incidental semantic association. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1:38–49. [aDSR]10.1162/jocn.1989.1.1.38CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laakso, M. P., Frisoni, G. B., Kononen, M., Mikkonen, M., Beltramello, A., Geroldi, C., Bianchetti, A., Trabucchi, M., Soininen, H. & Aronen, H. J. (2000) Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A morphometric MRI study. Biological Psychiatry 47:1056–63. [rDSR]10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00306-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, W., Starr, A., Lang, V., Lindinger, G. & Deecke, L. (1992) Cortical DC potential shifts accompanying auditory and visual short-term memory. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 82:285–95. [aDSR]10.1016/0013-4694(92)90108-TCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laughery, K. R. & Pinkus, A. L. (1966) Short-term memory: Effects of acoustic similarity, presentation rate and presentation mode. Psychonomic Science 6(6):285–86. [AB]10.3758/BF03328069CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehrl, S. (1977) Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Intelligenztest MWT-B. Manual. Straube-Verlag. [RV]Google Scholar
Loftus, G. R. & Mackworth, N. H. (1978) Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Cognition, Perception, and Performance 4(4):565–72. [JDR]Google ScholarPubMed
Logie, R. H. (1995) Visuo-spatial working memory. Erlbaum. [RHL, SMo]Google Scholar
Logie, R. H. (2003) Spatial and visual working memory: A mental workspace. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 42: Cognitive vision, ed. Irwin, D. & Ross, B Academic Press. [RHL]Google Scholar
Logie, R. H., Della Sala, S., Laiacona, M., Chalmers, P. & Wynn, V. (1996) Group aggregates and individual reliability: The case of verbal short-term memory. Memory and Cognition 24:305–21. [RHL10.3758/BF03213295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Logie, R. H., Venneri, A., Della Sala, S., Redpath, T. & Marshall, I. (in press) Brain activation and the phonological loop: The impact of rehearsal. Brain and Cognition. [RHL]Google Scholar
Logothetis, N. K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T. & Oeltermann, A. (2001) Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal. Nature 412:150–57. [ED]10.1038/35084005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovatt, P., Avons, S. E. & Masterson, J. (2002) Output decay in immediate serial recall: Speech time revisited. Journal of Memory and Language 46:227–43. [NC]10.1006/jmla.2001.2806CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, A., Rockstroh, B., Cohen, R., Hauk, O., Berg, P. & Maier, W. (1999) Determining working memory from ERP topography. Brain Topography 12:39–47. [aDSR]10.1023/A:1022229623355CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luck, S. J. & Vogel, E. K. (1998) Response from Luck and Vogel. (A response to “Visual and auditory working memory capacity,” by N. Cowan, in the same issue.) Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2:78–80. [NC]10.1016/S1364-6613(98)01143-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majerus, S., Laureys, S., Collette, F., DelFiore, G., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., Maquet, P. & Metz-Lutz, M.-N. (2003a) Phonological STM networks after recovery of Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Human Brain Mapping 19:133–44. [SMa]10.1002/hbm.10113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majerus, S., Van der Linden, M., Poncelet, M., & Metz-Lutz, M.-N. (2003b) Can phonological and semantic STM be dissociated? Further evidence from Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Cognitive Neuropsychology. (in press). [SMa]10.1080/02643290342000104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makeig, S., Westerfield, M., Jung, T. P., Covington, J., Townsend, J., Sejnowski, T. J. & Courchesne, E. (1999) Functionally independent components of the late positive event-related potential during visual spatial attention. The Journal of Neuroscience 19(7):2665–80. [MAE]10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02665.1999CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mangun, G. R., Hillyard, S. A. & Luck, S. J. (1993) Electrocortical substrates of visual selective attention. In: Attention and performance XIV. Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience, ed. Meyer, D. E. & Kornblum, S., pp. 219–43. MIT Press. [aDSR]10.7551/mitpress/1477.003.0018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manoach, D. S., Schlaug, G., Siewert, B., Darby, D. G., Bly, B. M., Benfield, A. Edelman, R. R. & Warach, S. (1997) Prefrontal cortex fMRI signal changes are correlated with working memory load. NeuroReport 8:545–49. [aDSR]10.1097/00001756-199701200-00033CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markowitsch, H. J. (2000) The anatomical bases of memory. In: The new cognitive neurosciences, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S., pp. 781–95. MIT Press. [MH]Google Scholar
Martin, N. (1999) Measurements of auditory-verbal STM abilities in aphasic subjects with word retrieval deficits. Brain and Language 69:358–61. [NM]Google Scholar
Martin, N. & Ayala, J. (submitted) Measurements of auditory-verbal STM in aphasia: Effects of task, item and word processing impairment. Brain and Language. [NM]Google Scholar
Martin, N., Dell, G. S., Saffran, E. M. & Schwartz, M. F. (1994) Origins of paraphasias in deep dysphasia: Testing the consequences of decay impairment to an interactive spreading activation model of language. Brain and Language 47:609–660. [NM]10.1006/brln.1994.1061CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, N. & Gupta, P. (2004) Exploring the relationships between word processing and verbal short-term memory: Evidence from associations and dissociations. Cognitive Neuropsychology 21:213–28. [NM]10.1080/02643290342000447CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, N. & Saffran, E. M. (1990) Repetition and verbal STM in transcortical sensory aphasia: A case study. Brain and Language 39:254–88. [NM]10.1016/0093-934X(90)90014-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, N. & Saffran, E. M. (1997) Language and auditory-verbal short-term memory impairments: Evidence for common underlying processes. Cognitive Neuropsychology 14(5):641–82. [NM, aDSR]Google Scholar
Martin, N. & Saffran, E. M. (1999) Effects of word processing and short-term memory deficits on verbal learning: Evidence from aphasia. International Journal of Psychology 34(5/6):330–46. [NM]10.1080/002075999399666CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, N., Saffran, E. M. & Dell, G. S. (1996) Recovery in deep dysphasia: Evidence for a relation between auditory-verbal STM capacity and lexical errors in repetition. Brain and Language 52:83–113. [NM]10.1006/brln.1996.0005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, N., Saffran, E. M., Dell, G. S., Schwartz, M. F. & Gupta, P. (2000) Neuropsychological and computational evidence for a model of lexical processing, verbal short-term memory and learning. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Beijing, October 2000, vol. II, pp. 20–25. China Military Friendship Publisher. [NM]Google Scholar
Martin, R. C. & Lesch, M. F. (1996) Associations and dissociations between language impairment and list recall: Implications for models of STM. In: Models of working memory, ed. Gathercole, S. E., pp. 149–78. Psychology Press. [NM]Google Scholar
Martin, R. C. & Romani, C. (1994) Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension: A multiple-components view. Neuropsychology 8:506–23. [arDSR]10.1037/0894-4105.8.4.506CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, R. C., Shelton, J. R. & Yaffee, L. S. (1994) Language processing and working memory: Neuropsychological evidence for separate phonological and semantic capacities. Journal of Memory and Language 33:83–111. [JKF, JMK, NM, rDSR]10.1006/jmla.1994.1005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maybery, M. T., Ford, K., Huitson, M., Parmentier, F. B. R. & Jones, D. M. (2003) The influence of changing-state irrelevant speech on the retention of verbal and spatial sequences. (Manuscript in preparation.) [MTM]Google Scholar
Maybery, M. T., Parmentier, F. B. R. & Jones, D. M. (2002) Grouping of list items reflected in the timing of recall: Implications for models of serial verbal memory. Journal of Memory and Language 47:360–85. [MTM]10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00014-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayes, A. R. (2000) Selective memory disorders. In: The Oxford handbook of memory, ed. Tulving, E. & Craik, F. I. M. Oxford University Press. [JKF]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L. & O’Reilly, R. C. (1995) Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory. Psychological Review 102:419–57. [MH, FR]10.1037/0033-295X.102.3.419CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGuire, P. K., Silbersweig, D. A. & Frith, C. D. (1996) Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery. Psychological Medicine 26:29–38. [CA]10.1017/S0033291700033699CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLennan, C. T., Luce, P. A. & Charles-Luce, J. (2003) Representation of lexical form. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 29(4):539–53. [SG]Google ScholarPubMed
Mecklinger, A., Bosch, V., Gruenewald, C., Bentin, S. & von Cramon, D. Y. (2000) What have Klingon letters and faces in common? An fMRI study on contentspecific working memory systems. Human Brain Mapping 11:146–61. [AM, rDSR]10.1002/1097-0193(200011)11:3<146::AID-HBM20>3.0.CO;2-D3.0.CO;2-D>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mecklinger, A., Gruenewald, C., Besson, M., Magnie, M. N. & von Cramon, D. Y. (2002) Separable neuronal circuitries for manipulable and non-manipulable objects in working memory. Cerebral Cortex 12:1115–23. [MH]10.1093/cercor/12.11.1115CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mecklinger, A. & Pfeifer, E. (1996) Event-related potentials reveal topographical and temporal distinct neuronal activation patterns for spatial and object working memory. Cognitive Brain Research 4: 211–24. [aDSR]10.1016/S0926-6410(96)00034-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melton, A. W. (1963) Implications of short-term memory for a general theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 2:1–21. [AB, GV]10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80063-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, E. K., Erickson, C. A. & Desimone, R. (1996) Neural mechanisms of visual working memory in prefrontal cortex of the macaque. Journal of Neuroscience 16(16):5154–67. [ED]10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-16-05154.1996CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miltner, W., Braun, C., Johnson, R. Jr., Simpson, G. V. & Ruchkin, D. S. (1994) A test of brain electrical source analysis (BESA): A simulation study. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 91:295–310. [arDSR]10.1016/0013-4694(94)90193-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miyake, A. & Shah, P., eds. (1999) Models of working memory. Cambridge University Press. [aDSR]10.1017/CBO9781139174909CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monsell, S. (1984) Components of working memory underlying verbal skills: A “distributed capacities” view. In: Attention and performance, vol. X: Control of language processes, ed. Bouma, H. & Bouwhuis, D. G., pp. 327–50. Erlbaum. [aDSR]Google Scholar
Morra, S. (1989) Untitled paper presentation at the Workshop on Working Memory, Schoonloo, the Netherlands, April 21–24, 1989. [SMo]10.1007/978-94-015-7844-8_3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morra, S. (1990) Why another model of working memory? Paper presented at the IVth Conference of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology, Como, Italy, September 15–19, 1990. [SMo]Google Scholar
Morra, S. (1998) Magazzini di memoria? Pronti per l’oblio! [Memory stores? Ready for forgetting!] Giornale Italiano di Psicologia 25:695–730. [SMo]Google Scholar
Morra, S. (2000) A new model of verbal short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 75:191–227. [SMo]10.1006/jecp.1999.2536CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morra, S. (2001) Nothing left in store … But how do we measure attentional capacity? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:132–33. [SMo]10.1017/S0140525X0140392XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morra, S., Mazzoni, G. & Sava, D. (1993) Esiste un loop articolatorio di capacità limitata? [Is there a time-limited articulatory loop?] In: Proceedings of the Società Italiana di Psicologia Research Division Conference, Rome, September 29–October 2, 1993, pp. 94–95. [SMo]Google Scholar
Moscovitch, M. & Winocur, G. (2001) Working-with-memory and the frontal lobes: Human and animal models. Brain and Cognition 47(1–2):22–33. [JKF]Google Scholar
Murdock, B. B. Jr. (1972) Short-term memory. In: The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory, vol. 5, ed. Bower, G. H., pp. 67–127. Academic Press. [AB]10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60440-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, K., Corfield, D. R., Guz, A., Fink, G. R., Wise, R. J., Harrison, J. & Adams, L. (1997) Cerebral areas associated with motor control of speech in humans. (JAP) Journal of the American Psychological Association 83(5):1438–47. [CA]Google ScholarPubMed
Nairne, J. S. (2002) Remembering over the short-term: The case against the standard model. Annual Review of Psychology 53:53–81. [NC]10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135131CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naveh-Benjamin, M. & Jonides, J. (1984) Maintenance rehearsal: A two-component analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 10: 369–85. [JJ]Google Scholar
Neath, I., Brown, G. D. A., Poirier, M. & Fortin, C. (1999) Short-term/working memory: An overview. International Journal of Psychology 34(5–6):273–75. [JKF]10.1080/002075999399567CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, A. J., Pancheva, R., Ozawa, K., Neville, H. J. & Ullmann, M. T. (2001) An event-related fMRI study of syntactic and semantic violations. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 30:339–64. [ADF]10.1023/A:1010499119393CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, H. L. H. & Maybery, M. T. (2002) Temporal grouping effects in short-term memory: An evaluation of time-dependent models. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 55:391–424. [MTM]10.1080/02724980143000343CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, H. L. H. & Maybery, M. T. (2003) Grouping in verbal short-term memory: Do oscillators code the positions of items. (under review) [MTM]Google Scholar
Ni, W., Constable, R. T., Mencl, W. E., Pugh, K. R., Fulbright, R. K., Shaywitz, S. E., Shaywitz, B. A., Gore, J. C. & Shankweiler, D. (2000) An event-related neuroimaging study distinguishing form and content in sentence processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12:120–33. [ADF]10.1162/08989290051137648CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicolson, R. & Fawcett, A. (1991) Decomposing working memory: New evidence from memory span. Paper presented at the International Conference on Memory, Lancaster, United Kingdom, July 15–19, 1991. [SMo]Google Scholar
Nobre, A. C. & McCarthy, G. (1994) Language-related ERPs: Scalp distrbutions and modulation by word type and semantic priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 6:233–55. [aDSR]10.1162/jocn.1994.6.3.233CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nunez, P. L. (1981) Electrical fields of the brain. Oxford University Press. [FR]Google Scholar
Nunez, P. L., Silberstein, R. B., Shi, Z. P., Carpenter, M. R., Srinivasan, R., Tucker, D. M., Doran, S. M., Cadusch, P. J. & Wijesinghe, R. S.. (1999) EEC coherency II: Experimental comparisons of multiple measures. Clinical Neurophysiology 110:469–86. [aDSR]10.1016/S1388-2457(98)00043-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyberg, L., Petersson, K. M., Nilsson, L. G., Sandblom, J., Aberg, C. & Ingvar, M. (2001) Reactivation of motor brain areas during explicit memory for actions. Neuroimage 14:521–28. [MH]10.1006/nimg.2001.0801CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oliveri, M., Turriziani, P., Carlesimo, G. A., Koch, G., Tomaiuolo, F., Panella, M. & Caltagirone, C. (2001) Parieto-frontal interactions in visual-object and visual-spatial working memory: Evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation. Cerebral Cortex 11(7):606–18. [ED, rDSR]10.1093/cercor/11.7.606CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Reilly, R. C. & Norman, K. A. (2002) Hippocampal and neocortical contributions to memory: Advances in the complementary learning systems framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:505–10. [MH]10.1016/S1364-6613(02)02005-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osaka, M., Nishizaki, Y., Komori, M. & Osaka, N. (2002) Effect of focus in verbal working memory: Critical role of focus word in reading. Memory and Cognition 30:562–71. [NO]10.3758/BF03194957CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osaka, M., Osaka, N., Kondo, H., Morishita, M., Fukuyama, H., Aso, T. & Shibasaki, H. (2003) Neural basis of individual differences in working memory: An fMRI study. NeuroImage 18:789–97. [NO]10.1016/S1053-8119(02)00032-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osaka, N., Osaka, M., Kondo, N. Morishita, H., Fukuyama, M. & Shibasaki, H. (2003a) An emotion-based facial expression word activates laughter module in the human brain: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience Letters 340:127–30. [NO]10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00093-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osaka, N., Osaka, M., Kondo, N. M.rishita, H. F.kuyama, M. & Shibasaki, H. (2003b) Individual differences in working memory under reading span task: An fMRI study. (submitted). [NO]10.1016/S1053-8119(02)00032-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, A. M. (1997) The functional organization of working memory processes within human lateral frontal cortex: The contribution of functional neuroimaging. European Journal of Neuroscience 9:1329–39. [aDSR]10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01487.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owen, A. M., Evans, A. C. & Petrides, M. (1996) Evidence for a two-stage model of spatial working memory processing within the lateral frontal cortex: A positron emission tomography study. Cerebral Cortex 6(1):31–38. [JDR]10.1093/cercor/6.1.31CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Page, M. P. A. (2000) Connectionist modelling in psychology: A localist manifesto. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23:443–67. [SG]10.1017/S0140525X00003356CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Page, M. P. A. & Norris, D. G. (1998) The primacy model: A new model of immediate serial recall. Psychological Review 104:761–81. [SG]10.1037/0033-295X.105.4.761-781CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pascual-Leone, J. (1987) Organismic processes for neo-Piagetian theories: A dialectical causal account of cognitive development. International Journal of Psychology 22:531–70. [SMo]10.1080/00207598708246795CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pashler, H. & Shiu, L-P. (1999) Do images involuntarily trigger search? A test of Pillsbury's hypothesis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 6:445–48. [JJ]10.3758/BF03210833CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D. & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1993) The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 362:342–45. [CA, MH, RHL, aDSR]10.1038/362342a0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paulesu, E., Frith, U., Snowling, M., Gallagher, A., Morton, J., Frackowiak, R. S. J. & Frith, C. D. (1996) Is developmental dyslexia a disconnection syndrome? Evidence from PET scanning. Brain 119:143–57. [GV]10.1093/brain/119.1.143CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearson, K. (1943) The grammar of science. Dent. (Originally published in 1892). [IG]Google Scholar
Penney, C. G. (1989) Modality effects and the structure of short-term verbal memory. Memory and Cognition 17:398–422. [AB, NO, aDSR]10.3758/BF03202613CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrides, M. (1995) Impairments on nonspatial self-ordered and externally ordered working memory tasks after lesions of the mid-dorsal part of the lateral frontal cortex in the monkey. Journal of Neuroscience 15:359–75. [JDR]10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00359.1995CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrides, M. (2000) The role of the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in working memory. Experimental Brain Research 133:44–54. [FR]10.1007/s002210000399CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrides, M. & Pandya, D. N. (1984) Projections to the frontal cortex from the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 228:105–16. [JJ]10.1002/cne.902280110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrides, M. & Pandya, D. N. (2002) Association pathways of the prefrontal cortex and functional observations. In: Principles of frontal lobe function, ed. Stuss, D. T. & Knight, R. T., pp. 31–50 Oxford University Press. [AM]10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134971.003.0003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petsche, H. & Etlinger, S. C. (1998) EEG and thinking. Austrian Academy of Sciences. [SW]Google Scholar
Phillips, W. A. (1974) On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory. Perception and Psychophysics 16:283–90. [WAP]10.3758/BF03203943CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, W. A. (1983a) Change perception needs sensory storage. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:35–36. [WAP]10.1017/S0140525X00014540CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, W. A. (1983b) Short-term visual memory. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 302:295–309. [WAP]Google Scholar
Phillips, W. A. & Christie, D. F. M. (1977a) Components of visual memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29:117–33. [WAP]10.1080/00335557743000080CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, W. A. & Christie, D. F. M. (1977b) Interference with visualization. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29:637–50. [WAP]10.1080/14640747708400638CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, W. A. & Singer, W. (1974) Function and interaction of on and off transients in vision, I: Psychophysics. Experimental Brain Research 19:493–506. [WAP]10.1007/BF00236113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitt, M. & Shoaf, L. (2002) Linking verbal transformations to their causes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 28:150–62. [CA]Google Scholar
Poldrack, R. A., Wagner, A. D., Prull, M. W., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1999) Functional specialization for semantic and phonological processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage 10:15–35. [CA]10.1006/nimg.1999.0441CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I. & Petersen, S. E. (1990) The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 13:25–42. [JJ]10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I. & Rothbart, M. K. (1991) Attentional mechanisms and conscious experience. In: The neuropsychology of consciousness, ed. Milner, A. D. & Rugg, M. D., pp. 91–111. Academic Press. [NC]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I., Walker, J. A., Friedrich, F. J. & Rafal, R. D. (1984) Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention. Journal of Neuroscience 4:1863–74. [JJ]10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-07-01863.1984CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Postle, B. R., Berger, J. S. & D’Esposito, M. (1999) Functional neuroanatomical double dissociation of mnemonic and executive control processes contributing to working memory performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96:12959–64. [arDSR]10.1073/pnas.96.22.12959CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potter, M. C. (1993) Very short-term conceptual memory. Memory and Cognition 21(2):156–61. [NM]10.3758/BF03202727CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prabhakaran, V., Narayanan, K., Zhao, Z. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2000) Integration of diverse information in working memory within the frontal lobe. Nature Neuroscience 3(1):85–90. [MDP, arDSR, GV]10.1038/71156CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (1993) The story of the two-store model: Past criticisms, current status, and future directions. In: Attention and performance XIV: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience, ed. Meyer, D. E. & Kornblum, S., pp. 467–88. MIT Press. [JGWR]10.7551/mitpress/1477.003.0030CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rappelsberger, P. & Petsche, H. (1988) Probability mapping: Power and coherence analyses of cognitive processes. Brain Topography 1:46–54. [SW]10.1007/BF01129339CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reingold, E. M., Charness, N., Pomplun, M. & Stampe, D. M. (2001) Visual span in expert chess players: Evidence from eye movements. Psychological Science 12(1):48–55. [JDR]10.1111/1467-9280.00309CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reisberg, D., Smith, J. D., Baxter, A. D. & Sonenshine, M. (1989) Enacted auditory images are ambiguous; pure auditory images are not. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 41A:619–41. [CA]10.1080/14640748908402385CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, J. T. E., Longoni, A. M. & Di Masi, N., N. (1996) Persistence of the phonological trace in working memory. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive – Current Psychology of Cognition 15:557–81. [aDSR]Google Scholar
Rickard, T. C. & Grafman, J. (1998) Losing their configural mind: Amnesic patients fail on transverse patterning. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10:509–24. [arDSR]10.1162/089892998562915CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez, E., George, N., Lachaux, J. P., Martinerie, J., Renault, B. & Varela, F. (1999) Perception's shadow: Long-distance synchronization of human brain activity. Nature 397:430–33. [CA, aDSR]10.1038/17120CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roediger, H. L. III, Buckner, R. L. & McDermott, K. B. (1999) Components of processing. In: Memory: Systems, process or function?, ed. Foster, J. K. & Jelicic, M., pp. 31–65. Oxford University Press. [JKF]10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198524069.003.0003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Röhm, D., Klimesch, W., Haider, H. & Doppelmayr, M. (2001) The role of theta and alpha oscillations for language comprehension in the human electroencephaologram. Neuroscience Letters 310:137–40. [WK]10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02106-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roldan, C. E. & Phillips, W. A. (1980) Functional differences between upright and rotated images. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32:397–412. [WAP]10.1080/14640748008401834CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolke, B., Heil, M., Hennighausen, E., Häussler, C. & Rösler, F. (2000) Topography of brain electrical activity dissociates the sequential order transformation of verbal versus spatial information in humans. Neuroscience Letters 282:81–84. [FR]10.1016/S0304-3940(00)00891-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romani, C. & Martin, R. (1999) A deficit in the short-term retention of lexicalsemantic information: Forgetting words but remembering a story. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 128:56–77. [arDSR, GV]10.1037/0096-3445.128.1.56CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ronnberg, J., Soderfeldt, B. & Risberg, J. (2000) The cognitive neuroscience of signed language. Acta Psychologica 105:237–54. [MDP]10.1016/S0001-6918(00)00063-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roodenrys, S. & Hulme, C. (1993) The development of short-term memory span: Separable effects of speech rate and long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 56:431–42. [aDSR]10.1006/jecp.1993.1043CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rösler, F. & Heil, M. (2003) The principle of code-specific memory representations. In: Principles of learning and memory, ed. Kluwe, R. H., Lüer, G. & Rösler, F., pp. 71–92. Birkhäuser. [MH, FR]10.1007/978-3-0348-8030-5_5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rösler, F., Heil, M. & Hennighausen, E. (1995) Distinct cortical activiation patterns during long-term memory retrieval of verbal, spatial, and color information. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7:51–65. [aDSR]10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rösler, F., Heil, M. & Röder, B. (1997) Slow negative brain potentials as reflections of specific modular resources of cognition. Biological Psychology 45:109–41. [FR]10.1016/S0301-0511(96)05225-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruchkin, D. S., Berndt, R. S., Johnson, R. J., Grafman, J., Ritter, W. & Canoune, H. L. (1999) Lexical contributions to retention of verbal information in working memory: Event-related brain potential evidence. Journal of Memory and Language 41:345–64. [arRDSR]10.1006/jmla.1999.2644CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruchkin, D. S., Berndt, R. S., Johnson, R. Jr., Ritter, W., Grafman, J. & Canoune, H. L. (1997a) Modality-specific processing streams in verbal working memory: Evidence from spatio-temporal patterns of brain activity. Cognitive Brain Research 6:95–113. [arDSR]10.1016/S0926-6410(97)00021-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruchkin, D. S., Canoune, H., Johnson, R. Jr. & Ritter, W. (1995) Working memory and preparation elicit different patterns of slow wave event-related brain potentials. Psychophysiology 32:399–410. [aDSR]10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb01223.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruchkin, D. S., Grafman, J., Krauss, G. L., Johnson, R. Jr., Canoune, H. & Ritter, W. (1994) Event-related brain potential evidence for a verbal working memory deficit in multiple sclerosis. Brain 117:289–305. [aDSR]10.1093/brain/117.2.289CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruchkin, D. S., Johnson, R. Jr., Canoune, H. & Ritter, W. (1990) Short-term memory storage and retention: An event-related brain potential study. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 76:419–39. [NO, aDSR]10.1016/0013-4694(90)90096-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruchkin, D. S., Johnson, R. Jr., Grafman, J., Canoune, H. & Ritter, W. (1992) Distinctions and similarities among working memory processes: An eventrelated potential study. Cognitive Brain Research 1:53–66. [aDSR]10.1016/0926-6410(92)90005-CCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruchkin, D. S., Johnson, R. Jr., Grafman, J., Canoune, H. & Ritter, W. (1997b) Multiple visuo-spatial working memory buffers: Evidence from spatiotemporal patterns of brain activity. Neuropsychologia 35:195–209. [aDSR]10.1016/S0028-3932(96)00068-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, J. D. (2001) The nature of visual memory representations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. [JDR]Google Scholar
Ryan, J. D. & Cohen, N. J. (2001) The existence of internal visual memory representations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24(5):1002–1003. [JDR]10.1017/S0140525X01550116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, J. D. & Cohen, N. J. (2001) (under revision). The contribution of multiple memory systems to on-line scene representations. [JDR]Google Scholar
Ryan, J. D. & Cohen, N. J. (2001) (in press) Processing and short-term retention of relational information in amnesia. Neuropsychologia. [JDR]Google Scholar
Rypma, B. & D’Esposito, M. (1999) The roles of prefrontal brain regions in components of working memory: Effects of memory load and individual differences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:6558–63. [MDP]10.1073/pnas.96.11.6558CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rypma, B. & D’Esposito, M. (2000) Isolating the neural mechanisms of age-related changes in human working memory. Nature Neuroscience 3:509–15. [MDP]10.1038/74889CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rypma, B. & D’Esposito, M. (2001) Age-related changes in brain-behavior relationships: Evidence from event-related functional MRI studies. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 13:235–56. [MDP]10.1080/09541440042000296CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rypma, B., Prabhakaran, V., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H. & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1999) Load-dependent roles of prefrontal cortical regions in the maintenance of working memory. NeuroImage 9:216–26. [MDP]10.1006/nimg.1998.0404CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachs, J. S. (1967) Recognition memory for syntactic and semantic objects of connected discourse. Perception and Psychophysics 2:437–42. [FB]10.3758/BF03208784CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachs, J. S. (1974) Memory in reading and listening to discourse. Memory and Cognition 2:95–100. [FB]10.3758/BF03197498CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saffran, E. M. (1990) Short-term memory impairment and language processing. In: Cognitive neuropsychology and neurolinguistics: Advances in models of cognitive function and impairment, ed. Caramazza, A., pp. 137–68. Erlbaum. [aDSR]Google Scholar
Saffran, E. M. & Martin, N. (1990) Neuropsychological evidence for lexical involvement in short-term memory. In: Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory, ed. Vallar, G. & Shallice, T., pp. 145–66. Cambridge University Press. [NM, aDSR]10.1017/CBO9780511665547.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saffran, E. M. & Martin, N. (1999) Meaning but not words: Neuropsychological evidence for very short-term conceptual memory. In: Fleeting memories: Cognition of brief visual stimuli, ed. Coltheart, V., pp. 225–38. MIT Press. [NM]Google Scholar
Saint-Aubin, J. & Poirier, M. (1999) Semantic similarity and immediate serial recall: Is there a detrimental effect on order information? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 52A:367–94. [aDSR]10.1080/713755814CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salamé, P. & Baddeley, A. (1982) Disruption of short-term memory by unattended speech: Implications for the structure of working memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 21:150–64. [GH]10.1016/S0022-5371(82)90521-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarntheim, J., Petsche, H., Rappelsberger, P., Shaw, G. L. & von Stein, A. (1998) Synchronization between prefrontal and posterior association cortex during human working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:7092–96. [WK, AM, aDSR]10.1073/pnas.95.12.7092CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sato, M., Baciu, M., Abry, C., Loevenbruck, H. & Segebarth, C. (2003) A functional MRI study of the verbal transformation effect. In: Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Phonetics Science, Barcelona, Spain, vol. 2, ed. Solé, M. J., Recasens, D. & Romero, J., pp. 1639–42. [CA]Google Scholar
Sato, M. & Schwartz, J. L. (2003) Linking speech, verbal imagery and working memory: Articulatory control constraints in the verbal transformation effect. In: Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Phonetics Science, Barcelona, Spain, vol. 1, ed. Solé, M. J., Recasens, D. & Romero, J., pp. 435–38. [CA]Google Scholar
Schack, B. & Klimesch, W. (2002) Frequency characteristic of evoked and oscillatory electroencephalographic activity in a human memory scanning task. Neuroscience Letters 331:107–10. [WK]10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00846-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schack, B., Vath, N., Petsche, H., Geissler, H.-G. & Mueller, E. (2002) Phasecoupling of theta-gamma EEG rhythms during short-term memory processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology 44:143–63. [SW]10.1016/S0167-8760(01)00199-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schack, B. & Weiss, S. (2003) Event-related phase coupling phenomena during verbal memory encoding. Brain Topography 15:201. [SW]Google Scholar
Schack, B., Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger, P. (2003) Cerebral information transfer during word processing: Where and when does it occur and how fast is it? Human Brain Mapping 19:18–36. [SW]10.1002/hbm.10104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schacter, D. L. & Buckner, R. L. (1998) On the relations among priming, conscious recollection, and intentional retrieval: Evidence from neuroimaging research. Neurobiology, Learning and Memory 70:284–303. [rDSR]10.1006/nlme.1998.3854CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scherg, M. (1990) Fundementals of dipole source potential analysis. In: Auditory evoked electric and magnetic fields. Topographic mapping and functional localization. Advances in audiology, vol. 6, ed. Grandori, F. Romani, G. L. & Hoke, M. Karger, pp. 40–69. [aDSR]Google Scholar
Scoville, W. B. & Milner, B. (1957) Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychaitry 20:11–21. [MDP, rDSR]10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serences, J. T., Schwarzbach, J., Courtney, S. M., Golay, X. & Yantis, S. (in preparation) Control of object based attention in human cortex. [JJ]Google Scholar
Service, E. (1998) The effect of word length on immediate serial recall depends on phonological complexity, not articulatory duration. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 51A:283–304. [NC]10.1080/713755759CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T. (1988) From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge University Press. [NM]10.1017/CBO9780511526817CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T. & Vallar, G. (1990) The impairment of auditory-verbal short-term storage. In: Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory, ed. Vallar, G. & Shallice, T., pp. 11–53. Cambridge University Press. [GH, aDSR, GV]10.1017/CBO9780511665547.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T. & Warrington, E. K. (1970) Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: A neuropsychological study. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 22:261–73. [MDP, rDSR]10.1080/00335557043000203CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shergill, S. S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C., Murray, R. M. & McGuire, P. K. (2001) A functional study of auditory verbal imagery. Psychological Medicine 31(2):241–53. [CA]10.1017/S003329170100335XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepard, R. N. (1978) The mental image. American Psychologist 33:125–37. [WAP]10.1037/0003-066X.33.2.125CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiffrin, R. M. (1975) Short-term store: The basis for a memory system. In: Cognitive theory, vol. 1, ed. Restle, F., Shiffrin, R. M., Castellan, N. J., Lindman, H. & Pisoni, D. B., pp. 193–218. Erlbaum. [JGWR]Google Scholar
Shiffrin, R. M. (1976) Capacity limitations in information processing, attention, and memory. In: Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, vol. 4: Memory processes, ed. Estes, W. K., pp. 177–236. Erlbaum. [SMo, JGWR]Google Scholar
Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) Commentary on “Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes.” In: Human memory: Basic processes, ed. Bower, G., pp. 1–5. Academic Press. [JGWR]Google Scholar
Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review 84:127–90. [FR]10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shulman, H. G. (1971) Similarity effects in short-term memory. Psychological Bulletin 75:399–415. [NM]10.1037/h0031257CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simons, D. J. & Levin, D. T. (1997) Change blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1:261–67. [WAP]10.1016/S1364-6613(97)01080-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, W. & Phillips, W. A. (1974) Function and interaction of on and off transients in vision, II: Neurophysiology. Experimental Brain Research 19:507–21. [WAP]10.1007/BF00236114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, E. E. & Jonides, J. (1997) Working memory: A view from neuroimaging. Cognitive Psychology 33:5–42. [GH, JJ, MTM]10.1006/cogp.1997.0658CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, E. E. & Jonides, J. (1999) Neuroscience – Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science 283:1657–61. [aDSR]10.1126/science.283.5408.1657CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, E. E., Jonides, J., Koeppe, R. A., Awh, E., Schumacher, E. H. & Minoshima, S. (1995) Spatial versus object working memory: PET investigations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7:337–56. [JJ, aDSR]10.1162/jocn.1995.7.3.337CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, J. D., Reisberg, D. & Wilson, M. (1995) The role of subvocalization in auditory imagery. Neuropsychologia 11:1433–54. [CA]10.1016/0028-3932(95)00074-DCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speirs, H. J., Maquire, E. A. & Burgess, N. (2001) Hippocampal amnesia. Neurocase 7:35782. [rDSR]Google Scholar
Sperling, G. (1960) The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs 74:1–29. [aDSR]10.1037/h0093759CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, L. R. (1992) Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological Review 99:195–231. [MH]10.1037/0033-295X.99.2.195CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B. J. & Musen, G. (1993) The structure and organization of memory. Annual Review of Psychology 44:453–95. [BJK]10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.002321CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Squire, L. R. & Zola, S. M. (1998) Episodic memory, semantic memory, and amnesia. Hippocampus 8:205–11. [BJK]10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:3<205::AID-HIPO3>3.0.CO;2-I3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Srinivasan, R., Nunez, P. L. & Silberstein, R. B. (1998) Spatial filtering and neocortical dynamics: Estimates of EEG coherence. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 45:814–27. [aDSR]10.1109/10.686789CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strub, R. L. & Gardner, H. (1974) The repetition defect in conduction aphasia: Mnestic or linguistic? Brain and Language 1:241–55. [GV]10.1016/0093-934X(74)90039-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tewes, U. (1991) HAWIE-R. Hamburg-Wechsler Intelligenztest für Erwachsene. Revision 1991. Verlag Hans Huber. [RV]Google Scholar
Toth, J. P. & Hunt, R. R. (1999) Not one versus many, but zero versus any: Structure and function in the context of the multiple memory systems debate. In: Memory: Systems, process or function?, ed. Foster, J. K. & Jelicic, M. Oxford University Press. [JKF]Google Scholar
Tuller, B. & Kelso, J. A. S. (1990) Phase transitions in speech production and their perceptual consequences. In: Attention and performance XIII, ed. Jeannerod, M., pp. 429–52. Erlbaum. [CA]Google Scholar
Ungerleider, L. G. & Mishkin, M. (1982) Two cortical visual systems. In: Analysis of visual behavior, ed. Ingle, D. J., Goodale, M. A. & Mansfield, R. J. W., pp. 549–86. MIT Press. [aDSR]Google Scholar
Usher, M., Haarmann, H., Cohen, J. D. & Horn, D. (2001) Neural mechanism for the magical number 4: Competitive interactions and non-linear oscillations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:151–52. [NC]10.1017/S0140525X01583922CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallar, G. (2000) The methodological foundations of human neuropsychology: Studies in brain-damaged patients. In: Handbook of neuropsychology, vol. 1, 2nd edition, ed. Boller, F., Grafman, J. & Rizzolatti, G., pp. 305–44. Elsevier. [GV]Google Scholar
Vallar, G. (2002) Short-term memory. In: Encyclopedia of the human brain, vol. 4, ed. Ramachandran, V. S., pp. 367–81. Elsevier. [GV]10.1016/B0-12-227210-2/00318-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallar, G. & Baddeley, A. D. (1984) Fractionation of working memory: Neuropsychological evidence for a phonological short-term store. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 23:151–61. [NM, aDSR]10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90104-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vallar, G., De Betta, A. M. & Silveri, M. C. (1997) The phonological short-term store rehearsal system: Patterns of impairment and neural correlates. Neuropsychologia 35:795–812. [aDSR, GV]10.1016/S0028-3932(96)00127-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vallar, G. & Papagno, C. (1995) Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory. In: Handbook of memory disorders, ed. Baddeley, A. D., Wilson, B. A. & Watts, F. N., pp. 135–65. Wiley. [aDSR]Google Scholar
Vallar, G. & Papagno, C. (2002) Neuropsychological impairments of verbal short-term memory. In: Handbook of memory disorders, 2nd edition, ed. Baddeley, A. D., Wilson, B. A. & Kopelman, M., pp. 249–70. Wiley. [GV]Google Scholar
Vallar, G. & Shallice, T. (1990) Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory. Cambridge University Press. [NM]10.1017/CBO9780511665547CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Essen, D. C., Anderson, C. H. & Felleman, D. J. (1992) Information processing in the primate visual system: An integrated systems perspective. Science 255:419–23. [aDSR]10.1126/science.1734518CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varela, F., Lachaux, J.-P., Rodriguez, E. & Martinerie, J. (2001) The brainweb: Phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2:229–39. [aDSR, SW]10.1038/35067550CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verleger, R. (2002) Event-related EEG potential research in neurological patients. In: The cognitive electrophysiology of mind and brain, ed. Zani, A. & Proverbio, A. M., pp. 309–41. Academic Press. [RV]Google Scholar
von Stein, A., Rappelsberger, P., Sarnthein, J. & Petsche, H. (1999) Synchronization between temporal and parietal cortex during multimodal object processing in man. Cerebral Cortex 9:137–50. [aDSR]10.1093/cercor/9.2.137CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
von Stein, A. & Sarnthein, J. (2000) Different frequencies for different scales of cortical integration: From local gamma to long range alpha/theta synchronization. International Journal of Psychophysiology 38:301–13. [aDSR]10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00172-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wager, T. D. & Jonides, J. (in preparation) A meta-analysis of attention-switching. [JJ]Google Scholar
Wagner, A. D., Maril, A., Bjork, R. A. & Schacter, D. L. (2001) Prefrontal contributions to executive control: fMRI evidence for functional distinctions within lateral prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage 14:1337–47. [JDR]10.1006/nimg.2001.0936CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, I. & Hulme, C. (1999) Concrete words are easier to recall than abstract words: Evidence for a semantic contribution to short-term serial recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 25:1256–71. [aDSR]Google Scholar
Waltz, J. A., Knowlton, B. J., Holyoak, K. J., Boon, K. B., Mishkin, F. S., Santoa, M. D. M., Thomas, C. R. & Miller, B. L. (1999) A system for relational reasoning in human prefrontal cortex. Psychological Science 10:119–25. [JDR]10.1111/1467-9280.00118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X. J. (2001) Synaptic reverberation underlying mnemonic persistent activity. Trends in Neuroscience 24(8):455–63. [ED]10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01868-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, M. R. (1961) Illusory changes of distinct speech upon repetition – the verbal transformation effect. British Journal of Psychology 52:249–58. [CA]10.1111/j.2044-8295.1961.tb00787.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, M. R. & Gregory, R. L (1958) An auditory analogue of the visual reversible figure. American Journal of Psychology 71:612–13. [CA]10.2307/1420267CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warrington, E. K. & Rabin, P. (1971) Visual span of apprehension in patients with unilateral cerebral lesions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 23:432–44. [JKF]10.1080/14640747108400255CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warrington, E. K. & Shallice, T. (1969) The selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory. Brain 92:885–96. [JKF, rDSR]10.1093/brain/92.4.885CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, M. J. (1977) The intricacy of memory span. Memory and Cognition 5:529–534.10.3758/BF03197396CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watt, R. J. & Phillips, W. A. (2000) The function of dynamic grouping in vision. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4:447–54. [WAP]10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01553-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waugh, N. C. & Norman, D. A. (1965) Primary memory. Psychological Review 72:89–104. [AB]10.1037/h0021797CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, S. & Mueller, H. M. (2003) The contribution of EEG coherence to the investigation of language. Brain and Language 85:325–43. [SW]10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00067-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, S., Mueller, H. M., King, J. W., Kutas, M. & Rappelsberger, P. (2001) EEGcoherence analysis of naturally spoken English relative clauses. Brain Topography 13:317. [SW]Google Scholar
Weiss, S., Mueller, H. M. & Rappelsberger, P. (2000) Theta synchronisation predicts efficient memory encoding of concrete and abstract nouns. NeuroReport 11:2357–61. [SW]10.1097/00001756-200008030-00005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger, P. (1998) Left frontal EEG coherence reflects modality independent language processes. Brain Topography 11:33–42. [aDSR]10.1023/A:1022266419488CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger, P. (2000) Long-range EEG synchronization during word encoding correlates with successful memory performance. Cognitive Brain Research 9:299–312. [SW]10.1016/S0926-6410(00)00011-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wheeler, M. E., Petersen, S. E. & Buckner, R. L. (2000) Memory's echo: Vivid remembering reactivates sensory-specific cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97:11125–29. [aDSR]10.1073/pnas.97.20.11125CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiggs, C. L., Weisberg, J.& Martin, A. (1999) Neural correlates of semantic and episodic memory retrieval. Neuropsychologia 37:103–18. [ADF]10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00044-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, M. (2001) The case for sensorimotor coding in working memory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 8:44–57. [AB, GH, MDP]10.3758/BF03196138CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wise, R. J. S., Scott, S. K., Blank, S. C., Mummery, C. J., Murphy, K. & Warburton, E. A. (2001) Separate neural subsystems within “Wernicke's area.” Brain 124:83–95. [SMa]10.1093/brain/124.1.83CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, J. N. & Grafman, J. (2003) Human prefrontal cortex: Processing and representational perspectives. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4:140–47. [rDSR]Google ScholarPubMed
Yantis, S. & Serences, J. T. (2003) Cortical mechanisms of space-based and object-based attentional control. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 13:187–93. [JJ]10.1016/S0959-4388(03)00033-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yonelinas, A. P., Kroll, N. E., Dobbins, I., Lazzara, M. & Knight, R. T. (1998) Recollection and familiarity deficits in amnesia: Convergence of rememberknow, process dissociation, and receiver operating characteristic data. Neuropsychology 12:323–39. [BJK]10.1037/0894-4105.12.3.323CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zarahn, E., Aguirre, G. K. & D’Esposito, M. (1997) A trial-based experimental design for fMRI. Neuroimage 6:122–38. [MDP]10.1006/nimg.1997.0279CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeaman, D. & House, B. J. (1979) A review of attention theory. In: Handbook of mental deficiency: Psychological theory and research, 2nd edition, ed. Ellis, N. R. Wiley. [IG]Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Download undefined(PDF)
PDF 923.2 KB