¹ Readers who want the full details about Sears, Roebuck & Co.'s encounter with allegations of mail fraud should look to my forthcoming book, Wrestling with the Flim-Flam Man: A History of Business Fraud in America.

² Carson, Rachel, Silent Spring (Boston, 1962; reprint 2002). Nader, Ralph, Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile (New York, 1965). Carson and Nader are placed in a broad social context about “corporate responsibility” in Carroll, Archie B.et al., Corporate Responsibility: The American Experience (New York, 2012). For the chemistry slogan, see the jacket cover for Hounshell, David A. and Smith, John Kenly Jr., Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R&D, 1902–1980 (Cambridge, U.K., 1988).

³ Schwartz, Michael, “Markets, Networks, and the Rise of Chrysler in Old Detroit, 1920–1940,” Enterprise & Society 1 (03 2000): 63–99.

⁴ This account of the early auto industry is based on Clarke, Sally H., Trust and Power: Consumers, the Modern Corporation, and the Making of the United States Automobile Industry (New York, 2007). On Cardozo's, ruling, see MacPherson v. Buick, 111 N.E. 1050 (N.Y. 1916).

⁵ This view is articulated in Porter, Michael E. and van der Linde, Claas, “Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (Autumn 1990): 97–118.

⁶ Graham, Margaret B. W., “Corning as Creative Responder: A Schumpeterian Interpretation of Disruptive Innovation,” in The Challenge of Remaining Innovative: Insights from Twentieth-Century American Business, ed. Clarke, Sally H., Lamoreaux, Naomi R., and Usselman, Steven W. (Stanford, Calif., 2009), 85–113, esp. 101–3.

⁷ Kuhn, Thomas, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, 1962).

⁸ For an environmental history, see Steinberg, Ted, Down to Earth: Nature's Role in American History, 2nd ed. (New York, 2009), esp. 247–48.

⁹ On Nader, see Luger, Stan, Corporate Power, American Democracy, and the Automobile Industry (New York, 2000), 54–75.

¹⁰ Karpoff, Jonathan M., “Does Reputation Work to Discipline Corporate Misconduct?” in The Handbook of Corporate Reputation, ed. Barnett, Michael L. and Pollock, Timothy G. (Oxford, 2012).

¹¹ See Graham, John R., Li, Si, and Qiu, Jiaping, “Corporate Misreporting and Bank Loan Contracting,” Journal of Financial Economics 89, no. 1 (2008): 44–61; Murphy, Deborah L., Shrieves, Ronald E., and Tibbs, Samuel L., “Understanding the Penalties Associated with Corporate Misconduct: An Empirical Examination of Earnings and Risk,” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 44, no. 1 (2009): 55–83; Hazarika, Sonali, Karpoff, Jonathan M., and Nahata, Rajarishi, “Internal Corporate Governance, CEO Turnover, and Earnings Management,” Journal of Financial Economics 104 (04 2012): 44–69.

¹² Karpoff, Jonathan M., Lott, John R. Jr., and Wehrly, Eric W., “The Reputational Penalties for Environmental Violations: Empirical Evidence,” Journal of Law and Economics 48, no. 2 (2005): 653–75.

¹³ See Karpoff, Jonathan M. and Lott, John R. Jr., “The Reputational Penalty Firms Bear from Committing Criminal Fraud,” Journal of Law and Economics 36, no. 2 (1993): 757, 789–90; Alexander, Cindy R., “On the Nature of the Reputational Penalty for Corporate Crime: Evidence,” Journal of Law and Economics 42, no. 1 (1999): 489–526; Karpoff, Jonathan M., Lee, D. Scott, and Martin, Gerald S., “The Cost to Firms of Cooking the Books,” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 43, no. 3 (2008): 581–611.

¹⁴ Grant, Tina, ed., International Directory of Company Histories, vol. 2 (Chicago, 2000); Company, Bankers Trust, Twenty-Five Years of Bankers Trust Company, 1902–1928 (New York, 1928); Redlich, Fritz, The Molding of American Banking (New York, 1968).

¹⁵ Universe, Funding, “Bankers Trust New York Corporation: History,” www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/bankers-trust-newyork-corporation-history/, accessed 9 11 2012.

¹⁶ Guill, Gene, “Bankers Trust and the Birth of Modern Risk Management,” Wharton School, the University of Pennsylvania, Financial Institutions Center Working Paper, 03 2009, available from the Wharton School.

¹⁷ Lee, Peter, “BT Looks to Sanford's Sorcery,” Euromoney, 01 1991, 24.

¹⁸ Bankers Trust Annual Reports.

¹⁹ Guill, , “Bankers Trust,” 23.

²⁰ “Blurred Vision,” Economist, 8 04 1995, 67–68.

²¹ BusinessWeek, The Bankers Trust Tapes, 16 Oct. 1995, http://www.businessweek.com/1995/42/b34461.htm.

²² Greif, Avner, Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade (Cambridge, U.K., 2006).

²³ Goldberg, Jessica, Trade and Institutions in the Medieval Mediterranean: The Geniza Merchants and Their Business World (Cambridge, U.K., 2012); Margariti, Roxani Eleni, Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade: One Hundred Fifty Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port (Durham, 2007).

²⁴ de Lara, Yadira González, “The Secret of Venetian Success: A Public-Order, Reputation-Based Institution,” European Review of Economic History 12 (2008): 247–28; Lane, Frederic C., Venice: A Maritime Republic (Baltimore, 1973); Lopez, Robert, The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages (Baltimore, 1971); van Doosselaere, Quentin, Commercial Agreements and Social Dynamics in Medieval Genoa (Cambridge, U.K., 2009).

²⁵ Aslanian, Sebouh, From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa (Berkeley, 2011). See also Trivellato, Francesca, The Familiarity of Strangers: The Sephardic Diaspora, Livorno, and Crosscultural Trade in the Early Modern Period (New Haven, 2009).

²⁶ Gelderblom, Oscar and Jonker, Joost, “Completing a Financial Revolution: The Finance of the Dutch East India Trade and the Rise of the Amsterdam Capital Market, 1595–1612,” Journal of Economic History 64, no. 3 (2004): 641–72; Gelderblom, Oscar, de Jong, Abe, and Jonker, Joost, “The Formative Years of the Modern Corporation: The Dutch East India Company VOC, 1602–1623,” ERIM Report Series Reference No. ERS-2012-007-F&A (2012). de Jongh, Johan Matthijs, “Shareholder Activists Avant la Lettre: The ‘Complaining Participants’ in the Dutch East India Company, 1622–1625,” in Origins of Shareholder Advocacy, ed. Koppell, Jonathan G. S. (New York, 2011), 61–88.

²⁷ Harris, Ron, “Law, Finance and the First Corporations,” in Global Perspectives on the Rule of Law, ed. Heckman, James J., Nelson, Robert L., and Cabatingan, L. (Abingdon, 2009); Harris, Ron, “The Formation of the East India Company as a Cooperation-Enhancing Institution” (2005). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=874406 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.874406.

²⁸ Harris, Ron, “The Institutional Dynamics of Early Modern Eurasian Trade: The Corporation and the Commenda,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 71, no. 3 (2009): 606–22.

²⁹ Hejeebu, Santhi, “Contract Enforcement in the English East India Company,” Journal of Economic History 65, no. 2 (2005): 496–523.

³⁰ Eisenhower, Dwight D., “Annual Message of the Congress on the State of the Union,” 6 01 1955, Paters, Gerhard and Woolley, John T., The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=10416, accessed 11 July 2013.

³¹ Scholars have examined the Flanders-Ives proposal as a substitute for Truman's 1949 plan. The Flanders-Ives bill was reintroduced in 1953 and again in 1955 as an alternative to Eisenhower's reinsurance plan. Insurance industry representatives intensively lobbied the Eisenhower administration for assurances that Republican policymakers would not back any reforms that privileged nonprofit plans over commercial insurance companies.

³² Chapin, Christy Ford, Ensuring America's Health: The Public Creation of the Health Care System (New York, forthcoming).

³³ For example, “Housing Help Held a Duty of Bankers,” New York Times, 16 03 1949, 41; “Address by Raymond M. Foley, Commissioner of the Federal Housing Administration,” Mortgage Bankers Association Convention, New York, N.Y., 15 11 1945, 1–8; “Must Increase Risk-Taking,” Banking 47 (12 1954): 89–90; “Serve Credit Needs; Seek New Ways,” Banking 46 (03 1954): 100, 103; Edgerton, J. Howard, “Adequate Private Home Credit-Or Government Intervention?” Savings and Loan News (07 1955): 26–30.