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III. Cavour and Parliament

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2011

D. Mack Smith
D. Mack Smith
Affiliation:
Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge
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Extract

Constitutional history has not bulked large in risorgimento studies, because events of greater dramatic impact take precedence on this particular stage. The 1848 constitution of Piedmont has been studied, but this was a haphazard document drawn up hurriedly by inexperienced lawyers and open to either liberal or illiberal interpretation. Far more important was the formative period after 1848, during which first the Marquis Massimo d'Azeglio and then Count Camille de Cavour created traditions of parliamentary and cabinet rule. Cavour was the most successful and authoritative parliamentarian in Italian history. On his development of the constitution, however, we possess little more than the provocative but fragmentary essays of Adolfo Omodeo, largely because for nearly a century his papers have been inaccessible. The modern Italian parliament grew directly out of Cavour's theory and practice, and what he understood by liberal government is therefore highly important. There is room, at any rate, for enquiring whether he was the straightforward liberal that a dozen biographers make out.

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Cambridge Historical Journal , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , 1957, pp. 37 - 57
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1957

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References

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4 18 Dec 1857, L'Opimone (Turin).

5 E.g 6 April 1860, Cavour against Garibaldi in parliament, Atti parlamentari

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19 26 May 1854, Cavour in the Senate; 4 April 1861, G. Nicolucci in the Chamber; 3 April 1861, F. A. Mazziotti in the Chamber.

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24 Aug 1857, Cavour to de la Rive, Chiala, Lettere, VI, 69 (a different date is given to the same letter in Chiala, II, 277); 23 Nov 1857, Cavour to Boncompagni, ibid. 87.

25 30 Dec 1857, Cavour in parliament.

26 13 Jan 1858, Rattazzi and Costa di Beauregard in parliament.

27 19 Jan. 1858, Cavour in parliament.

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29 Mme Rattazzi, Rattazzi et son temps (Paris, 1881), 1, 443.

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33 E.g. 9 July 1848, Cavour in parliament 30 Nov. 1862, Depretis in parliament boasted how the independent Left during 1852–8 had thought of itself not as an opposition but as a stimulus to Cavour. 1 Dec. 1862, another speech by Depretis shows that the ‘transformation’ of parties had already become a customary phrase.

34 6 Feb. 1855, Cavour in parliament.

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50 19 Nov 1857, Prince de la Tour d'Auvergne to Walewski, A.É. Corr. pol. Sard. vol. 342, 6 Dec 1857, Cavour to General La Marmora, Chiala, Lettere, II, 285; 20 Jan. 1860, Cavour to Giovanni Lanza, ibid. III, 177; De Vecchi di Val Cismon, Le Carte di Giovanni Lanza (Turin, 1936), II, 157

51 1 Jan. 1858, Il Diritto(Turin).

52 6 Dec. 1857, La Tour d'Auvergne to Walewski, A É Corr pol Sard. vol. 342.

53 11 and 17 Dec. 1857, ibid.; Cavour-Salmour, 145; Massari, Diario, 436.

54 Ricordi di Castelli, 50–1.

55 23 April 1858, La Tour d'Auvergne to Walewski, A.É. Corr. pol. Sard.vol. 343.

56 1 June 1858, ibid.

57 Chiala, Lettere, VI, 204, 243.

58 18 Jan 1853, Cavour to Comte de Circourt, Cavour e I'Inghilterra, vol. II, tomo II, 245; 21 June 1857, Cavour to Comtesse de Circourt, ibid. 252.

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63 11 Feb. 1852, L'Opinione (Turin); 4 Dec. 1853, La Gazzetta del Popolo.

64 5 Feb. 1852 and 16 April 1858, Luigi Federico Menabrea in parliament.

65 14 May 1858, Giuseppe Saracco in parliament.

66 12 April 1861, Hudson to Lord John Russell, Russell Papers, P.R.O. 30/22/68.

67 Omodeo, op. cit. I, 144.

68 18 June 1856, L'Opinione; 10 June 1860, Il Piccolo Corriere d'Italia.

69 5 March 1858, 6 July 1858, L'Indipendente (Turin). It was thought that no copy of this newspaper existed, but there is one in the Widener Library, Harvard.

70 11 March 1861, Hudson to Russell, Russell Papers, 30/22/68.

71 May 1848, Cavour's article in the Risorgimento(Turin), ed. Gentile, Scritti Politici, 165.

72 26 Nov. 1850 and 4 May 1852, Cavour in parliament.

73 24 Jan. 1848, 29 Aug. 1849, 3 Oct. 1849, ibid.

74 27 May 1848, article, ed. Gentile, Scritti politici, 205.

75 17 March 1857, Cavour in parliament.

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83 Feb. 1861, ibid, IV, 238.

84 9 Nov. 1849, 10 Jan. 1850, Cavour in parliament.

85 13 Aug. 1849, ibid.

86 21 Nov. 1849, Lucien Murat to French Foreign Minister, Matter, op. cit. II, 134.

87 20 Feb. 1856, Cavour to Rattazzi, Cavour e I' Inghilterra, I, 193.

88 Ricordi di Castelli, 21.

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91 E.g. 16 April 1858, cit. Chiala, Lettere, II, ccliv.

92 17 Jan. 1858, Cavour to P. Magenta, Chiala, Lettere, VI, 127.

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94 Mme Rattazzi, op. cit. I, 580.

95 A. Brofferio, Fisionomie parlamentari(Turin, 1853); A. Brofferio, Il Conte di Cavour (Turin, 1861).

96 E.g. 3 March 1854, Cavour in parliament.

97 Correspondence of F. Guglianetti, Archivio di Stato, Turin, Gabinetto Ministero Intern 1848–60, cartella 40.

98 9 July 1848, Cavour in parliament.

99 22 Dec. 1849, ibid.

100 Nov.-Dec. 1849, letters of Cavour to de la Rüe, ed. Bert, Nouvelles Lettres, 357–65; Massari, Il conte di Cavour(ed. Milan, 1935), 40.

101 14 Nov. 1855, Cavour in parliament.

102 4 April 1854, ibid.; 14 Dec. 1857, Cavour to P. Vignet, Chiala, Lettere, VI, p. 105; 18 Aug. 1858, Cavour to G. Briano, ibid, VI, 270.

103 9 Sept. 1858, Cavour to A. Conte, ibid, VI, 282.

104 18 Dec. 1857, Cavour to Gay di Quarti, Jan. 1858, to A. de la Rive, ibid. 109, 118–19.

105 19 Jan. 1858, Il Diritto.

106 16 Jan. 1858, Chiala, Lettere, II, 423. Cf. the different tone of V. Ricci's circular, 20 April 1848.

107 18 Jan. 1860, Cavour to L. C. Farini, Liberazione del Mezzogiorno, v, 450; Feb. ibid., 465.

108 I. Artom's article in Nuova Antologia, 1 Nov. 1901; 5 April 1861, F. Mellana in parliament.

109 Clemente Solaro della Margarita, Discorso alia nazione(Turin, 1857), 24–35.

110 13 Jan. 1861, Cavour to C. Poerio, Chiala, Lettere, IV, 152.

111 23 April 1858, Valerio in parliament.

112 27 April 1858, ibid.; 10 June 1859, La Marmora to General Dabormida, Chiala, Lettere, III, 94, note.

113 10 June 1861, L'Opimone; 11 Nov. 1861, Il Piccolo Corriere d'Italia.

114 17 Jan 1858, Cavour to Villamarina, Chiala, Lettere, II, 292

115 D. Mack Smith, ‘Vittorio Emanuele e 1 suoi primi ministri’, Rassegna storica del risorgimenlo, April 1954, 415–18.

116 9 Feb. 1856, Hudson to Lord Clarendon, Clarendon MSS, Bodleian Library, dep. c. 55

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119 13 June 1861, Oldofredi to La Marmora, Archivio La Marmora, casetta XCVI, cartella 54.

120 20 May 1858, Cavour in parliament; also Artom e Blanc, Cavour in parlamento, XXII.

121 11 Oct. 1858, Cavour, cit. Massari, Diario, 67.

122 26 June 1856, Cavour to Marchese Sauli, Nuove lettere, 372; Feb. 1859, Cavour to La Farina, Chiala, Lettere, III, 22; 18 Dec. 1859, Il Piccolo Corriere d'Italia.

123 De la Rive, op. cit. 246. Omodeo notes this without comment, Opera politica, II, 140.

124 19 June 1856, L'Opinione.

125 23 Nov. 1857, Cavour to Boncompagni, Chiala, Lettere, VI, 87.

126 1 June 1858, L'Indipendente; 4 Dec. 1853, Gazzetta del Popolo.

127 28 Feb. 1858, Cavour to Villamarina, Chiala, Lettere, VI, 191.

128 Sept. 1859, Cavour to La Farina, ibid. III, 134.

129 1 April 1860, 27 May 1860, Il Piccolo Corriere d' Italia.

130 12–13 Nov. 1858, Massari, Diario, 88–9.

131 Ibid. 196, 198, 206, 290, 535.

132 4 Feb. 1859, Hudson, cit. Massari, Diario, 182; 25 Aug. 1859, Russell to Corbett, Russell Papers, 30/22/109.

133 28 March 1859, Massari, Diario, 257.

134 14 March 1859, Cavour to C. Cabella, Chiala, Lettere, III, 45; 15 May and 4 June 1859, Cavour to La Marmora, ibid. 76, 92; 13 June 1859, Cavour to Governor Vigliani, ibid. 96.

135 30 June 1861, Hudson to Russell: the King ‘rendered full justice to his many great qualities of heart and head: but he (the King) could not shut his eyes to the fact that his great statesmanship was at times most hazardous to the state. In his passion (said H.M.) he has sometimes kicked over every chair in this room. He has called me “traitor”, and worse; but I knew this was merely the effect of temper and I used to sit quietly making my own notes of the particular matter which had driven him to this extremity of heat and when he cooled I used to read them to him. After his bursts of temper he was cool and collected: I believe his reason forsook him in those moments for he seemed to have no recollection of them: and hence I often doubted whether he were a safe guide tho' I am the first to do justice to his immense courage and his great capacity for details of business. I am not at all sure (he continued) but what we might have obtained the same end with less labour and without alarming all Europe’, Russell Papers, 30/22/68.

136 16 Nov. 1848, article, ed. Gentile, Scritti politici, 288.

137 P. della Gattina, I moribondi, 58.

138 17 Feb. 1857, Duc de Gramont to Walewski, A.É. Corr pol. Sard., vol. 341.

139 13 Feb 1851, Cavour in parliament.

140 20 March 1861, Vimercati to Castelli, Carteggio di Castelli, I, 348.

141 12 April, 24 May, 1861, Hudson to Russell, Russell Papers, 30/22/68.