^{page 4 note 1} Diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Turkey were suspended, 1807–8.

^{page 4 note 2} In June 1807 the sultan, Selim, had been deposed in favour of his nephew, Mustapha, who reigned only until the following May. Six months later there was a third revolution, but Mahmud saved his throne by sacrificing his ministers.

^{page 5 note 1} A member of the Wellesley ‘connexion’. Whilst Wellesley was governor-general of Bengal, Sydenham was his military secretary.

^{page 6 note 1} Huskisson resigned his office of joint-secretary of the treasury when Canning retired from the Government.

^{page 6 note 2} Richard Wellesley was returned for Queenborough on 1 June 1810.

^{page 6 note 3} The groups led by Sidmouth and Canning were the principal ‘floating parties’ in 1811. Castlereagh too, who was out of office until 1812, had a small following.

^{page 7 note 1} Colonel McMahon was the prince regent's private secretary.

^{page 7 note 2} British Minister (1810–11) and ambassador (1811–21) to Spain. He resided at Cadiz during the French occupation of the Peninsula. His brother, Lord Wellesley, had resigned the foreign secretaryship in February 1812, and in May, following the assassination of Perceval, the ministers refused to become members of a Government to be formed by Wellesley.

^{page 7 note 3} The French retreated from Cadiz at the end of August upon hearing of the capture of Madrid.

^{page 7 note 4} Canning's ill-judged refusal of the foreign secretaryship on the ground that his rival, Castlereagh, was to retain the lead in the commons, kept him out of office until 1816.

^{page 8 note 1} The circular letters to members of the house of commons.

^{page 8 note 2} The speech which was to be delivered from the throne at the opening of the parliamentary session was read the previous evening at a grand parliamentary dinner given by the leader of the house of commons to his principal colleagues and supporters.

^{page 8 note 3} Wellesley-Pole, one of Lord Wellesley's brothers, belonged to the Wellesley party which was at this time co-operating with Canning's. He entered the cabinet as master of the mint in September 1814.

^{page 9 note 1} He did not go on leave until August 1815.

^{page 9 note 2} Sir Benjamin Bloomfield had just succeeded McMahon as keeper of the privy purse and private secretary to the prince regent.

page 10 note * Letters marked with an asterisk are in the handwriting of Liverpool's private secretary, Robert Willimott.

^{page 10 note 1} Sir William McMahon became master of the rolls in Ireland, and a baronet, in 1814. Colonel McMahon's wishes in respect to the baronetcy and a remainder were gratified.

^{page 10 note 2} Writing in July 1818, Liverpool spoke of ‘the inconvenience which has already arisen from the great augmentations of the numbers of the House of Lords in the course of the last fifty years’, and which had ‘induced H.R.H. and the Government to abstain as far as possible from adding to the numbers except in cases of engagements long since made in the name of the King's Government or of H.R.H., or when the recent services of the individual, or other important political considerations, appeared to render a departure from this rule necessary’. (B.M. Add. MS. 38272 [Liverpool Papers], fo. 282.)

^{page 11 note 1} Liverpool wrote to him. again, on the 7th [see George IV corresp., ii. 199–200Google Scholar]. He died a few days later.

^{page 11 note 2} For Lady Bloomfield's sinecure office of ranger of Hampton Park, see George IV Corresp., iii. 447.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 1} Dr. Tierney wrote to Bloomfield on the 29th: ‘In considering the matter with which I have tormented you, it seems likely to save time & trouble if Mr. Long, Mr. Harrison & you should talk the business over & fix any remuneration you may think right, for past as well as future services, before it be put into Lord Liverpool's hands. You know my feelings of attachmt. & devotion to our best of masters. God knows, nothing but the sense of duty I owe to many dependants would have induced me to touch upon the subject in any shape, but now I think something should be done, & done soon. In liberal hands such as those I have named, my interest, & what is dearer to me, my feelings, will be safe. Whatever the result may be I must always feel how much I am your debtor.’ Dr. Tierney was Created a baronet in October.

^{page 12 note 2} The circular letters for attendance to members of the house of commons.

^{page 12 note 3} The Speech from the throne on 21 January 1819 announced that the state of Europe enabled the government to cut down the army and navy.

^{page 13 note 1} On their estate at Woodford, near Kettering.

^{page 13 note 2} Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, died on the 17th.

^{page 13 note 3} Brownlow did move the Address in reply to the Speech from the Throne.

^{page 13 note 4} The death of his sister, Lady Ellenborough, prevented Castlereagh from attending to his parliamentary duties during the week beginning 7 March.

^{page 13 note 5} It was alleged that the Hon. Windham Quin, tory M.P. for Limerick County, who had been appointed custos rotulorum for the county in July 1818, had, shortly afterwards, announced his intention of removing Thomas William Grady from his £800 a year office of clerk of the peace, and of appointing Richard Smith, of Limerick, in his place. Grady, however, was to be allowed a pension of £200 a year from the emoluments of the office, on condition that he supported Quin at the Limerick County elections, with his own vote and those of his hundred tenants, who were registered freeholders. Carew Smith and Goold were the lawyers representing Grady and Quin respectively. See Parl. Deb., xxxix, passim. It was made a party question, and on 29 March the house acquitted Quin of corrupt motives in offering the pension, by 162 to 73, and, in another vote, by 154 to 81.

^{page 15 note 1} Queen Charlotte's death occasioned a reduction in the annual parliamentary grant for the Windsor establishment from £100,000 to £50,000.

^{page 15 note 2} Charles Bragge-Bathurst, chancellor of the duchy of lancaster, 1812–23.

^{page 16 note 1} In 1818 the national debt was about £50,000,000 less than in November 1815, an illusory reduction, however, since, in order to continue the policy of debt redemption, the unfunded debt had been increased by about £18,000,000. Vansittart then funded £27,000,000 of exchequer bills by converting the existing 3% stock into 3½% stock, the holders paying £11 in cash for every £100 of 3% stock, on account of the higher interest they were to receive.

^{page 17 note 1} Peel had resigned the Irish secretaryship in the summer of 1818.

^{page 18 note 1} On 3 February 1819 a secret committee of the house of commons was appointed to consider the possibility of the resumption of cash payments by the Bank of England.

^{page 18 note 2} Sir M. W. Ridley's motion to reduce the number of junior lords of the Admiralty was rejected on the 18th by 245 to 164. In 1810 the Perceval Ministry had been fiercely attacked for the mismanagement of the Walcheren expedition.

^{page 18 note 3} On 19 March Christopher Hely-Hutchinson, M.P. for Cork City, criticised various items of expenditure, including one of £22,510 for snuff-boxes as presents to foreign ministers between July 1816 and January 1819.

^{page 18 note 4} George IV expected a much larger civil list than he had enjoyed as prince regent, but his ministers considered that in view of the impoverished state of the ‘lower orders’, the house of commons would refuse to impose new burdens on the people. The king, said Eldon on 26 April, ‘has been pretty well disposed to part with us all, because we would not make additions to his revenue’. On 25 April he gave way, and the civil list, freed from the expenses of George III's establishment, was reduced from its 1816 level of £1,083,000 to £845,000. See George IV corresp., ii. 325–6.Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 1} The princess of Wales, then Queen Caroline.

^{page 19 note 2} In 1823 Liverpool said that Huskisson ‘has been for years one of the little Committee by which all the parliamentary business has been settled’ (Add. MS. 38291, fo. 336).

^{page 19 note 3} Lord Ebrington, the whig candidate, was defeated at the Devonshire election, the numbers being, Sir Thomas Dyke Acland 2,546, E. P. Bastard 1,959, and Ebrington 1,793.

^{page 19 note 4} On the second reading of the Bill of Pains and Penalties.

^{page 20 note 1} Wellington.

^{page 20 note 2} Of the house of commons' debates, for the King's information. These, unfortunately, have not been preserved.

^{page 21 note 1} For the king's disposition to change his government see George IV corresp., ii. 377–93Google Scholar, and Wellington's Despatches, corresp. and memoranda [1867], i. 150 (henceforth quoted as W.N.D.).

^{page 21 note 2} Edmund Wodehouse was M.P. for Norfolk.

^{page 21 note 3} The king was angry with his ministers for their refusal to settle the queen's affairs (the questions of a royal residence, the restoration of her name to the liturgy, and an income) before the adjournment of parliament in November.

^{page 21 note 4} From Walmer Castle.

^{page 22 note 1} Thomas Wallace, one of Canning's contemporaries at Eton and Christ Church, was at this time vice-president of the board of trade.

^{page 22 note 2} Disapproving of the Government's treatment of Queen Caroline after the abandonment of the Bill of Pains and Penalties on 10 November, Canning resigned his office of president of the board of control on 13 December. On the 4th he had gone to Walmer with his closest friend, Charles Ellis, who was Liverpool's nephew, to discuss his situation. He communicated to his colleagues his letter to the king before it was sent.

^{page 22 note 3} On 5 December Castlereagh wrote a private and confidential circular letter to the government's parliamentary supporters, informing them of the line which Ministers intended to pursue with regard to the queen on the re-assembly of parliament, and inviting them to communicate their own and their friends’ views. Liverpool too wrote to a number of the independent members of the house of commons, and Stuart-Wortley's reply, dated the 18th, is in Yonge's Liverpool, iii. 114.Google Scholar

^{page 22 note 4} Printed in Stapleton's Canning and his times, p. 319Google Scholar (19 December). Castlereagh, his old rival, expressed his regret at his resignation.

^{page 22 note 5} Goulburn, the under-secretary of state for war and the colonies, had written to Littleton on the subject of the queen's affairs, on 19 December 1820, inquiring what were his views and those of other country gentlemen whom he knew. Littleton, who had been a member of Canning's ‘connexion’, represented Staffordshire.

^{page 22 note 6} Liverpool's letter to Wilberforce (29 November 1820), which was similar to the one he wrote to Stuart-Wortley, is in Yonge's Liverpool, iii. 111Google Scholar. His reply was limited to an acknowledgement of the receipt of the letter.

^{page 23 note 1} That of the 15th is in Yonge's Liverpool, iii. 146.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 2} Castlereagh had succeeded his father as second marquess of Londonderry in April.

^{page 23 note 3} The death of his wife (12 June), to whom he had been much attached, had affected his health and spirits.

^{page 23 note 4} Liverpool was anxious to strengthen his government by securing the services of Canning, Peel and Charles Wynn, as the representative of the Grenville connexion in the house of commons. But on 4 June Peel declined the office of president of the board of control, which Bragge-Bathurst had held ad interim since Canning's resignation, and a few days later the King rejected Liverpool's advice to appoint Canning first lord of the admiralty. George IV had not forgiven Canning for siding with the queen, and believed, erroneously, that Canning's friends in the house of lords had voted against the Bill of Pains and Penalties on his advice.

^{page 24 note 1} The king was deeply offended with Liverpool for opposing Mr. Sumner's appointment to a canonry of Windsor, and for seeking to force Canning on him.

^{page 24 note 2} Wellington's views were recorded by Arbuthnot in a memorandum:

‘We should support Lord Liverpool à toute outrance; we should do our utmost to persuade the King to admit Canning, but I cannot be a party to breaking up the Government for the sake of Canning. My conviction is that the country will be ruined, & all the foreign interests of the country destroyed if the Whigs come into power, therefore my first & main object is to keep the Whigs out. Acting upon this principle, altho' it will be my great effort to keep the Government together, I cannot say, if the King, upon the dissolution of our present union shd. endeavour to form another Administration in opposition to the Whigs, that I will refuse office. When I came into office I declared that I would not bind myself to be a party to anything which was to take place after our Government was dissolved, & I say the same now. I wish to see things remain as they are. I will do all that depends on me to keep them as they are; but if I fail in this, I am not, with the view which I take of the subject, to run the chance of ruining the country merely because I cannot persuade the King to take Mr. Canning.’ See, too, his letter to Bathurst, 24 June, in W.N.D., i. 176.

^{page 25 note 1} Lady Conyngham had superseded Lady Hertford as George IV's mistress, and on the 18th, the eve of the coronation, Lord Hertford had resigned the office of lord chamberlain. Because of Lady Conyngham's intrigues against the Government and her interference with ecclesiastical patronage, the ministers were determined not to acquiesce in the appointment of her husband to one of the highest household situations.

^{page 25 note 2} The king was on his way to Ireland, travelling by sea from Portsmouth.

^{page 25 note 3} On the 7th.

^{page 26 note 1} Peter Moore and Ralph Bernal then represented Coventry and Rochester respectively, and were opposition members. Bernal sat for Lincoln in the previous parliament.

^{page 26 note 2} The king. Sidmouth reported to Liverpool on the 29th from Phoenix Park: ‘The King is in a very uncomfortable state of mind. The circumstances attending the Queen's funeral he is perpetually recurring to in a manner which shows a degree of chagrin and irritation beyond what I have ever observed in him. These feelings have not affected his general behaviour and deportment so as to attract the observation, except of a very few, but the actual expression of them has not been so confined and limited as could be wished.’ The government had disregarded the king's orders to remove the queen's body privately by water from Brandenburg House, Hammersmith, to the warship which was to convey it to Germany; and the conveyance of her remains to Harwich by land resulted in a serious riot in London on the 14th.

^{page 26 note 3} General Sir Robert Wilson was dismissed from the army on the 15th for interfering with the military during the riot which attended the queen's funeral procession through London on 14 August. His object was to avert bloodshed.

^{page 26 note 4} George IV visited Hanover in October.

^{page 27 note 1} Robert Gordon, Lord Aberdeen's brother, was secretary of embassy at Vienna, 1815–26, and at this time minister plenipotentiary ad interim.

^{page 27 note 2} Lady Conyngham. She saw that she would be unable to accompany the king, and she was reluctant to allow him to go.

^{page 27 note 3} That is, that the home price of corn would not rise to 80 shillings per quarter, the price at which corn could be imported under the provisions of the 1815 Act. At the end of September the price was just over 70 shillings—the highest for the year.

^{page 28 note 1} Lady Conyngham.

^{page 28 note 2} Lord Clanwilliam, British minister at Berlin, 1823–8, was at this time acting undersecretary of state for foreign affairs.

^{page 28 note 3} Count Münster was the Hanoverian minister in London, and Baron Decken was one of the ministers of the electorate.

^{page 28 note 4} The Grenville connexion now joined the government. Wynn's letter of the 11th stated that he must reserve the right to originate, either in parliament or in the cabinet, any proposition relating to the Catholic question (Buckingham, , Memoirs of court of George IV, i. 249).Google Scholar

^{page 28 note 5} Wellesley now succeeded Lord Talbot as lord-lieutenant, and Goulburn, an anti-Catholic, replaced Charles Grant as Irish secretary.

^{page 29 note 1} The ‘Catholic’ William Plunket succeeded the ‘Protestant’ William Saurin as Irish attorney-general. William Downes, lord chief justice of Ireland since 1803, was succeeded by Charles Kendal Bushe, who had been Irish solicitor-general.

^{page 29 note 2} Liverpool's success in gaining the support of the Grenville party almost lost him the services of Huskisson, who, having held the minor office of the woods and forests since 1814, thought himself due for promotion. Instead he was passed over, and Charles Wynn was appointed to the office of president of the board of control to which Huskisson had aspired.

^{page 30 note 1} The agricultural depression which had set in in 1820 reached its lowest point in 1822. The country gentlemen compelled the government drastically to reduce expenditure; taxes amounting to £3,500,000 were remitted, and official salaries were cut down. They were restored to their old amount in 1824. (See Parl. Deb., vi. N.S., 1024.)

^{page 30 note 2} Alexander Arbuthnot (1768–1828), dean of Cloyne, 1816; bishop of Killaloe, 1823. See George IV corresp., ii. 553.Google Scholar

^{page 30 note 3} William Bisset (1758–1834), chancellor of Armagh, 1817; bishop of Raphoe, 1822.

^{page 30 note 4} The king was in Scotland when Castlereagh committed suicide on 12 August, and Peel was in attendance on him. George IV was anxious that Canning's appointment as governor-general of Bengal should not be interfered with, and that Wellington should go to the foreign office. Liverpool, however, was determined to have Canning back in file cabinet, and Peel had no desire to stand in his way.

^{page 31 note 1} Melville hoped that the duke would be asked to take the foreign office, but said he would not oppose Canning's appointment ‘if others deemed it on the whole most desirable’ (Yonge's Liverpool, iii. 198).Google Scholar

^{page 31 note 2} Missing.

^{page 32 note 1} On the 8th he wrote to Liverpool consenting to Canning's readmission to the cabinet (Yonge's Liverpool, iii. 199Google Scholar). The duke was ill in bed.

^{page 32 note 2} For Vienna, to attend the Congress which was to discuss the affairs of Greece, Italy and Spain. It transferred itself to Verona.

^{page 32 note 3} Before the 8th the King, said Arbuthnot, ‘most positively declared that should a proposal be made to him to introduce into the Cabinet any other person, he would not even consent to have an offer made to Canning’. John Backhouse was at this time a clerk, of ten years' standing, in the office of the board of control, and he was to have accompanied Canning to India. Later he was put in charge of the consular department of the F.O.; in April 1827 Canning appointed him permanent under-secretary for foreign Affairs.

^{page 32 note 4} Knighton was now appointed keeper of the king's privy purse, and Bloomfield became minister to Sweden.

^{page 32 note 5} ‘Canning has taken two days to settle what might have been settled in 5 minutes. The duke says, “Comme les gens d'esprit sont bites”.’ [Arbuthnot's endorsement.]

^{page 33 note 1} The whole family was incensed at Canning's appointment, and Castlereagh's halfbrother, now marquess of Londonderry, at once resigned the Vienna embassy.

^{page 33 note 2} As his military secretary.

^{page 33 note 3} He was now created K.G. (Bathurst papers, p. 534).Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 4} Castlereagh. For these stories, see Webster, C. K.'s Foreign policy of Castlereagh, 1815–1821, p. 486, n. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 33 note 5} Sir Henry Hardinge, Lord Londonderry's brother-in-law, was at this time tory M.P. for Durham, and in 1823 was appointed clerk of the ordnance.

^{page 34 note 1} Clancarty was ambassador to the Netherlands. He was recalled in December 1823.

^{page 34 note 2} Who had been one of Castlereagh's personal friends.

^{page 35 note 1} See George IV corresp., iii. 7–8.Google Scholar

^{page 35 note 2} Vansittart.

^{page 36 note 1} Bragge-Bathurst was now induced to resign the chancellorship of the duchy of Lancaster; Vansittart succeeded him and was consoled with a peerage; Robinson succeeded Vansittart as chancellor of the exchequer; Huskisson took Robinson's place as president of the board of trade and treasurer of the navy, but remained out of the cabinet until November 1823; Arbuthnot succeeded Huskisson as first commissioner of woods and forests, and J. C. Henries became joint secretary of the treasury. It was Liverpool, not the king, who kept Huskisson out of the cabinet at this time, but promised that he should be brought in in twelve months' time, or earlier, in the event of a vacancy. To this Huskisson reluctantly agreed.

Vansittart wrote to Arbuthnot, apparently on the 27th: ‘You took so kind a part in the arrangement of the mode of my retirement that I owe it to you to let you know that it [is] likely to [be] settled in a satisfactory manner. Lord L. has consented (though I confess not very willingly) to propose to the King to call me up to the H[ouse] of Peers but decidedly objected to ask for any collateral remainders. Though this determination destroys its value as a family honor or at least greatly reduces it, yet as an honorable retreat from the H. of C. it fully answers the purposes of comfort, & I cannot be insensible of its value as a distinguished mark of the King's approbation of my services. It also offers a probability of my remaining connected with the Govt. longer than by any other arrangement. It remains however to be seen what H.M. will think of this proposition as well as of the plan in general. Ld. L[iverpool] is to write to him tomorrow.’

^{page 37 note 1} Its numbers had risen from 12, on its formation in 1812, to 15.

^{page 37 note 2} Sir Henry Wellesley succeeded Londonderry as ambassador at Vienna. Hastings was appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Malta.

^{page 38 note 1} His official residence in Downing Street.

^{page 38 note 2} Wallace, vice-president of the board of trade, considered that his claims to the presidentship were superior to Huskisson's. Wallace had been chiefly responsible for the modification of the navigation laws in 1822 and for the revision of the commercial code. He, Canning and Liverpool were at Christ Church together. Later in the year Lord Maryborough was persuaded to resign his office of master of the mint, to which Wallace was appointed.

^{page 42 note 1} On 16 April Lord Althorp brought forward a motion for the repeal of the Foreign Enlistment Act, so that British subjects might fight in Spain against the French invaders. Canning opposed it on the ground that it would be a violation of British neutrality, and it was defeated by 216 to no.

^{page 42 note 2} That is, between Canning and the opposition. See Bathiirst's letter to Wellington (2 January) in W.N.D., ii. 6.Google Scholar

^{page 43 note 1} Sir Henry Hardinge's wife was Lord Londonderry's sister.

^{page 43 note 2} The second son of the first marquess of Cholmondeley. M.P. for Castle Rising. He married Arbuthnot's daughter Marcia in 1825 (1800–84) and succeeded his elder brother as third marquess in 1870.

^{page 43 note 3} The Address was moved by Childe and seconded by J. B. Wildman, M.P. for Colchester.

^{page 44 note 1} William Richard Hamilton was then minister to the Neapolitan court.

^{page 45 note 1} In 1818.

^{page 45 note 2} Lord Wellesley. Shawe was his private secretary.

^{page 46 note 1} Since 1821, when his ‘connection’ joined the government, the duke, dissatisfied with his new title, had been pressing his claims to office.

^{page 46 note 2} Arbuthnot submitted his draft to Wellington, who amended it very extensively. The paragraphs marked * were scored through, in pencil, by the duke, who suggested the substitution of the paragraphs in the right-hand column.

^{page 47 note 1} He wanted to be a privy councillor.

^{page 49 note 1} The duke deleted this portion of the sentence, substituting in pencil, ‘Upon reading the letter the K. & Knighton …’

^{page 50 note 1} Wellington deleted these words, substituting, ‘The intention was …’

^{page 50 note 2} ‘and machinations’, scored out by Arbuthnot.

^{page 50 note 3} Wellington substituted: ‘pointed out to the King and to Knighton, & made them both feel …’

^{page 50 note 4} This, the duke suggested, should be inserted after ‘the difficulties of the case’.

^{page 50 note 5} Wellington scored out the words in square brackets, and went on, ‘The object …’

^{page 51 note 1} Wellington deleted these words in brackets.

^{page 51 note 2} The duke scored out his own marginal addition.

^{page 52 note 1} The duke scored out his own words, later countermanding it with stet.

^{page 52 note 2} The duke substituted for his, ‘out of temper with any act of the Govt.’. He must have scored out this paragraph subsequently.

^{page 54 note 1} For this, Wellington substituted, ‘He said to us both, as you would hear from the duke as well as from, me that he …’

^{page 54 note 2} Deleted by Wellington.

^{page 55 note 1} Deleted by Wellington.

^{page 55 note 2} Wellington apparently scored out his own marginal note.

^{page 57 note 1} The duke wrote these paragraphs on a separate sheet. All his corrigenda are in pencil.

^{page 57 note 2} Sir John Leach was the king's confidential legal adviser. In 1816 he was appointed chancellor of the duchy of Cornwall, and in 1818 vice-chancellor of England. Eldon hated him.

^{page 58 note 1} See Engl. Hist. Review, 01 1940Google Scholar (George IV and Sir William Knighton), pp. 67–9.Google Scholar

^{page 59 note 1} Surveyor-general of the board of works. Extensive alterations and repairs to Windsor Castle were in progress, and Stephenson had countermanded orders concerning the removal of a pulpit, in ignorance of the fact that the king himself had issued such instructions. See George IV corresp., iii. 28, 30, 33–4.Google Scholar

^{page 62 note 1} George IV corresp., iii. 38Google Scholar (6 November).

^{page 62 note 2} The king borrowed £15,000 to relieve Arbuthnot's financial embarrassments (George IV corresp., iii. 43–9Google Scholar). This letter is addressed to Whitehall Place, London.

^{page 65 note 1} The Spanish general and statesman (1770–1843). He was compelled to retire to Gibraltar and subsequently to England after the French army had restored Ferdinand VII.

^{page 67 note 1} See W.S.D., xi. 569.Google Scholar

^{page 67 note 2} See W.N.D., ii. 349, 425.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 1} On Lord Talbot's recall from Ireland in 1821, when Wellesley was appointed lordlieutenant.

^{page 68 note 2} The despatch, dated the 30th, is in Parl. Deb., x. N.S. 715. It expressed the government's view ‘that the recognition of such of the new States as have established de facto their separate political existence, cannot be much longer delayed’.

^{page 68 note 3} Lord Francis Conyngham had become one of the under-secretaries of state for foreign affairs in January 1823, and in July 1824 Lord Howard de Walden, the son of Canning's friend, Charles Ellis, was appointed an under-secretary.

^{page 69 note 1} Lady Conyngham, Lord Francis's mother, and the king's mistress.

^{page 69 note 2} Planta did not become joint secretary of the treasury until April 1827, succeeding S. R. Lushington, who was appointed governor of Madras. Planta became as devoted to Canning as he had formerly been to Castlereagh.

^{page 69 note 3} Respecting Canning's proposed visit to his friend Lord Granville, the British ambassador at Paris. The duke thought it would result in ‘inconvenience to the public and annoyance to yourself’. The whole of this angry correspondence is in W.N.D., ii. 313–26.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 4} Lord Mountcharles, the eldest son of the Marquess Conyngham, died at Nice in December.

^{page 70 note 1} At a meeting of the Catholic Association O'Connell was alleged to have expressed a hope that a Bolivar would arise to avenge the wrongs of the Irish people. The prosecution broke down.

^{page 71 note 1} It lasted until 1827.

^{page 71 note 2} ‘In order that Peel, if he thought proper, [might] communicate with you previous to giving his answer.’ (Wellington's marginal addition, in pencil.)

^{page 72 note 1} Wellington wrote, in pencil, on this draft:—‘I told the King that his Govt. had no intention of giving any opinion upon the former conduct of Bolivar, on the origin of his power, or on the insurrection of the colonies; but to take the case as it stood, and to act upon it for the benefit of the King's subjects. This I told him the first time he mentioned the idea to me. The second time, I told him that his servants would, in answer to his objections on the score of O'Connell, make the representation, as above, & contend that there was no inconsistency in prosecuting O'Connell, & at the same time making the treaty with the state of Colombia. The King contended that there was; that the prosecution must be carried on in earnest, and that it was impossible for him to take two half measures, one for the prosecution, the other of recognition of this State.’ For the struggle between king and cabinet over the question of recognising the independence of the Spanish-American colonies, see Temperley, 's Foreign policy of Canning, pp. 145–7.Google Scholar

^{page 72 note 2} The duchess of Wellington (d. 1831). She and the duke were never formally separated, but they lived a good deal apart.

^{page 72 note 3} Attached to the office of colonial agent for Ceylon. See Nos. 52, 58.

^{page 73 note 1} Mrs. Croker was the daughter of William Pennell, afterwards a consul in South America.

^{page 73 note 2} For a note on these manuscripts, see Scott letters (ed. Sir Herbert Grierson), viii. 452–3.Google Scholar

^{page 73 note 3} Her Memoirs.

^{page 74 note 1} Whig M.P. for Taunton.

^{page 74 note 2} Wellesley was an alarmist, and greatly exaggerated the significance of some disturbances in Dublin in 1822 whilst he was lord-lieutenant.

^{page 74 note 3} To prevent an excessive rise in the price of corn, which would flood the market with foreign supplies after the price had risen to 80s., and so ruin the farmers, the Bonded Corn Act was passed in 1825, which permitted all the foreign corn then in bond to be released on payment of 10s. duty when the home price reached 70s.

^{page 75 note 1} Burdett's Catholic Relief Bill was read a second time in the commons on 21 April by 268 to 241; a third time on 10 May by 248 to 227. A week later, the lords, encouraged by the duke of York's hostile speech on 25 April, threw out the bill by 178 to 130. Peel, the only ‘Protestant’ cabinet minister in the Commons, finding himself in a minority on the Catholic question, tendered his resignation, but was persuaded to remain in office until a new parliament had pronounced an opinion. His retirement would have been followed by Liverpool's. The rejection of the Relief Bill by the Lords caused Canning to consider whether he should resign, but he decided to remain.

^{page 78 note 1} On the 17th (Parl. Deb., N.S., xiii. 739).Google Scholar

^{page 78 note 2} In September Canning persuaded Liverpool to postpone the dissolution of parliament until the following year. The ‘Protestant’ ministers were in favour of an immediate general election, which, they were confident, would weaken the ‘Catholic’ party.

^{page 79 note 1} Government whip in the house of lords, and chairman of committees. Lushington acted as parliamentary secretary to the treasury.

^{page 80 note 1} The letter was endorsed. ‘Most entirely app[rove]d. G.R.’

^{page 80 note 2} George IV corresp., iii. 126.Google Scholar

^{page 81 note 1} A wealthy widow, Mrs. Patterson, an American lady.

^{page 81 note 2} A fancy dress ball was held at Covent Garden Theatre on the 12th, for the benefit of the distressed Spitalfields weavers. ‘The fancy dress’, said The Times (13 May), ‘which seemed to attract most curiosity was that of Mrs. Arbuthnot, who, habited in Eastern male attire, walked about the room, leaning on the arm of the Duke of Wellington.’ There was no correction of the mis-statement. John Bull on the 14th, said: ‘An evening paper states that Mrs. Arbuthnot appeared at the Fancy Ball on Friday evening in Eastern male attire. This is not true; the costume worn by that lady was that of Mary Queen of Scots.’

^{page 81 note 3} Thomas Barnes.

^{page 81 note 4} Cecil Jenkinson, the prime minister's half-brother.

^{page 81 note 5} Sir John Copley.

^{page 82 note 1} On the 14th the Observer, and next day the Morning Post and New Times inserted denials of The Times' story, similar to that published in John Bull.

^{page 83 note 1} Sir Henry Wellesley had been minister, or ambassador, to Spain, 1810–21, and ambassador at Vienna since 1823. He was created Baron Cowley in January 1828. Sir Charles Stuart, ambassador at Paris, 1815–24, was created Baron Stuart de Rothesay in 1828.

^{page 83 note 2} Granting a constitution to Portugal. See Webster, C. K., Britain and the independence of Latin America, ii. 38Google Scholar, for Wellesley's detailed account of Metternich's views.

^{page 83 note 3} See Yonge's Liverpool, iii. 392Google Scholar (8 September).

^{page 83 note 4} Liverpool refused to make Wellington's brother Gerald a bishop, on the ground that he was living apart from his wife and had abstained from suing for a divorce. The heated correspondence between the duke and the prime minister is in Yonge's Liverpool, iii. 383–91.Google Scholar

^{page 83 note 5} A pension for the duke's mother and his sister; an office for his brother-in-law Charles Culling Smith; and office and a peerage for his brother Wellesley-Pole (Lord Maryborough). [Yonge's Liverpool, iii. 392.]Google Scholar

^{page 83 note 6} ‘The Duke’, said Arbuthnot, ‘has been dissatisfied with much of the management of our foreign relations ever since we lost Lord Londonderry. He is resolved to be no party to what he may think would involve this country in war; and if efforts are not made to prevent collision between Spain and Portugal, and if that collision should take place, he will, I am certain, write to you that he must withdraw from the Cabinet.’ (Yonge's Liverpool, iii. 395Google Scholar. See, too, Bathurst papers, 615Google Scholar; and W.N.D., iii. 381Google Scholar sqq.)

^{page 85 note 1} The chancellor of the exchequer.

^{page 85 note 2} Wellesley.

^{page 85 note 3} See George IV corresp., iii. 188–90.Google Scholar

^{page 85 note 4} Wellington resigned the governorship of Plymouth which he had held since 1819, Earl Harcourt succeeding him.

^{page 85 note 5} On a special mission to attend Nicholas I's coronation (3 September 1826).

^{page 85 note 6} By the death of the marquess of Hastings.

^{page 86 note 1} He became a K.G. in May 1827.

^{page 86 note 2} Robinson wanted a peerage and some office less strenuous than that of chancellor of the exchequer. ‘The Catholic question in its present state,’ Liverpool told him, ‘combined with other circumstances, will, I have little doubt, lead to its [the Government's] dissolution in the course of this session; and any attempt to make a move now, in the more efficient offices, would infallibly hasten the crisis.’ (Yonge's Liverpool, iii. 438–42.)Google Scholar

^{page 86 note 3} Conyngham.

^{page 86 note 4} See George IV corresp., iii. 197.Google Scholar

^{page 87 note 1} Canning's ministry, that is.

^{page 87 note 2} He had been sent on a special mission of condolence and congratulation on the accession of Nicholas I.

^{page 87 note 3} After the Easter recess. In both houses the ex-ministers explained their resignations.

^{page 87 note 4} Grey was changing his views on the Near Eastern question. In 1826 he was still in favour of the expulsion of the Turks from Europe, even at the hands of Russia, but he was soon to denounce the Treaty of London (6 July 1827), by which Great Britain, France and Russia undertook to compel the Turks to acknowledge a practically independent Greek State, as impolitic and unjust. The ultra-tories thoroughly mistrusted Canning's foreign policy and were strongly anti-Russian.

^{page 88 note 1} It was arranged that he should succeed Wellesley as lord-lieutenant of Ireland; there had been some talk of his succeeding Wellington as commander-in-chief of the army.

^{page 88 note 2} Lieutenant-general Sir Herbert Taylor, military secretary to the commander-in-chief since January, was appointed deputy secretary at war after Wellington's resignation of the office of commander-in-chief. Wellington resumed it in August, after Canning's death.

^{page 88 note 3} See Formation of Canning's ministry, No. 340, and Introduction, liii.

^{page 89 note 1} Both Canningite M.P.s. See The Canningite party (R. Hist. Soc., Transactions, 4th Series, xvii. 177 sqq.).Google Scholar

^{page 89 note 2} He resigned only in April 1830.

^{page 89 note 3} Henries became chancellor of the exchequer.

^{page 89 note 4} He was treasurer of the ordnance and tory whip.

^{page 89 note 5} W.N.D., iv. 73, 75, 77, 79, 89Google Scholar (8 to 13 August).

^{page 90 note 1} John Bull.

^{page 90 note 2} He was then recruiting his health on the Continent.

^{page 91 note 1} See George IV corresp., iii. 279Google Scholar; Bathurst papers, p. 643.Google Scholar

^{page 91 note 2} See W.N.D., iv. 1 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 91 note 3} Ibid., pp. 35–7 (21–2 May).

^{page 91 note 4} Parts of these letters are in Parker, 's Peel, ii. 9.Google Scholar

^{page 93 note 1} Charles Grant, president of the board of trade.

^{page 93 note 2} Charles Wynn, the Grenvillite; president of the board of control. He was by no means a radical.

^{page 93 note 3} They had threatened to resign if Herries was appointed chancellor of the exchequer.

^{page 93 note 4} Holmes was misinformed.

^{page 93 note 5} The king really said that he might be brought in to the cabinet at some future date.

^{page 94 note 1} He became vice-chancellor of England in October.

^{page 94 note 2} Whig under-secretary of state for home affairs.

^{page 95 note 1} Henry Seymour (1805–59), Lord Hertford's second son, was M.P. for Taunton. Hertford returned eight members to the house of commons.

^{page 96 note 1} The Treaty of 6 July 1827 being based on the Petersburg Protocol (4 April 1826), which was the outcome of Wellington's special mission to the tsar.

^{page 96 note 2} Canning had put him at the head of the admiralty in April.

^{page 97 note 1} William Russell became member for Durham County after Lambton had been called to the upper house as Baron Durham.

^{page 97 note 2} Peel's brother-in-law, and under-secretary of state for home affairs, 1822–7.

^{page 97 note 3} His father, Lord Shaftesbury, chairman of committees in the house of lords.

^{page 98 note 1} Wellington accepted the king's invitation to form a government on the 9th.

^{page 98 note 2} On the 25th the cabinet decided, in his absence, that he should resign his office of commander-in-chief.

^{page 99 note 1} The Canningites.

^{page 99 note 2} See The formation of Canning's ministry, No. 219.

^{page 99 note 3} Palmerston made this inquiry. See his letter to Huskisson (18 January)—Add, MS. 38754 (Huskisson Papers), fos. 152–7.

^{page 99 note 4} See W.N.D., iv. 212.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 1} Durham.

^{page 100 note 2} He joined the tory party in 1830. In 1827 Lord Darlington (as he then was) returned seven members to the house of commons.

^{page 100 note 3} For Peel's views, see his Memoirs, i. 14.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 1} The duke.

^{page 101 note 2} Sir Henry Hardinge wrote to Mrs. Arbuthnot on the 24th: ‘Lord L[ondonderry] is not in good spirits—the Duke's forbearance is great, but Planta his confidential secretary, c'est un peu fort !!! Lord L. will feel this so bitterly that I have avoided the subject. Someone has inflamed him by stories against Planta when Canning's under-secretary which are too bad to believe, and which originated in the unavoidable succession of his services to Canning at Lord Londonderry's death.’

^{page 101 note 3} He was appointed a member of the board of control. (W.N.D., iv. 228.)Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 4} Castlereagh.

^{page 102 note 1} See my article, The last of the Canningites (E.H.R., 10 1935, p. 641).Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 2} See No. 97 n.

^{page 102 note 3} Lord Howard de Walden, who remained under-secretary for foreign affairs.

^{page 102 note 4} See The formation of Canning's ministry, p. 281.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 5} For Lady Canning's attitude see E.H.R., 10 1935, p. 645.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 6} He was re-elected for Durham City after his appointment as clerk of the ordnance.

^{page 102 note 7} Appointed master-general of the ordnance.

^{page 102 note 8} The marquess of Stafford, who was a Canningite.

^{page 103 note 1} Lord Francis, who was M.P. for Sutherlandshire, and whom Canning had appointed a lord of the treasury in April 1827, now accepted Huskisson's offer of the under-secretaryship of state for war and the colonies after his father had withdrawn his veto on its acceptance (see E.H.R., 10 1935Google Scholar [The last of the Canningites], p. 643; and W.N.D., iv. 221).Google Scholar

^{page 104 note 1} Of his half-brother, Castlereagh.

^{page 104 note 2} Upon the reconstruction of the government after the retirement of Huskisson and his friends at the end of May.

^{page 105 note 1} Hardinge was re-elected for Durham City after his appointment as secretary at war in place of Palmerston.

^{page 105 note 2} When the ministry was reconstructed at the end of May Arbuthnot became chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster (without a seat in the cabinet), and Lord Lowther succeeded him as first commissioner of woods and forests.

^{page 105 note 3} At the beginning of the month Wellington had decided that the state of Ireland was such as to make Catholic emancipation necessary.

^{page 106 note 1} See, on this point, Bathurst papers, p. 656Google Scholar (Arbuthnot to Bathurst, 17 August).

^{page 106 note 2} Speaking at Londonderry on the 12th, he declared that the peace of Ireland depended not upon the king's government but upon the dictation of the Catholic Association, and plainly intimated that if a rebellion was to be avoided the Catholic claims would have to be conceded.

^{page 106 note 3} The Duke of Clarence had involved himself in a quarrel with his council over their respective jurisdictions, and on the 11th the king accepted his resignation of the office of lord high admiral. Sir George Cockburn was a member of the council.

^{page 107 note 1} He was the opposition chief whip.

^{page 107 note 2} At the general election in 1826 the ultra-tory Lord George Beresford, whose family had been all-powerful politically in the county of Waterford, was defeated by the Catholic Association's candidate.

^{page 108 note 1} The lord-lieutenant.

^{page 108 note 2} See No. 108A.

^{page 108 note 3} When the Catholic 40s. freeholders revolted against the pro-Catholic Fitzgerald family, defeating Vesey Fitzgerald, the newly-appointed president of the board of trade, and electing O'Connell himself.

^{page 108 note 4} Alexander Dawson was M.P. for Louth County.

^{page 108 note 5} The secretary to the admiralty.

^{page 109 note 1} He had been appointed an attaché at Vienna in 1824.

^{page 110 note 1} In October 1809.

^{page 111 note 1} Perhaps Wilmpt Horton was overlooking the fact that Arbuthnot was no longer first commissioner of woods and forests (No. 107 n.).

^{page 111 note 2} Staffordshire.

^{page 112 note 1} For his political position at this time, see The last of the Canningites (E.H.R., 10 1935, pp. 653–5).Google Scholar

^{page 112 note 2} The Russo-Turkish War of 1828–9 was concluded by the Treaty of Adrianople, 14 September 1829.

^{page 112 note 3} See George IV corresp., iii. 448.Google Scholar

^{page 112 note 4} Lord Anglesey was recalled for declaring himself in favour of an immediate Catholic Relief Bill, in a letter to Dr. Curtis, the titular Catholic primate of Ireland.

^{page 113 note 1} See Bathurst papers, p. 657Google Scholar (Arbuthnot to Bathurst, 16 December).

^{page 113 note 2} Irish secretary since June 1828, when he succeeded William Lamb.

^{page 113 note 3} Annual register, 1828Google Scholar, Hist, of Europe, p. 150Google Scholar (23 December).

^{page 113 note 4} The Duke of Northumberland, Anglesey's successor, was well able to do that.

^{page 113 note 5} M.P. for East Looe. He did give up his seat, and Henry Thomas Hope was elected in May.

^{page 113 note 6} Lieut.-General Sir Henry Fane succeeded Sir Edward Owen as M.P. for Sandwich in March. Vesey Fitzgerald was brought in for Newport (Cornwall) in March.

^{page 114 note 1} See Dr. Curtis's explanation, W.N.D., v. 413.Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 2} W.N.D., v. 489.Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 3} Ibid., p. 493.

^{page 115 note 1} Lord Ashley, indeed, seems to have been one of the few politicians who thought that some other prime minister should, and could, have settled the question. (Hodder, 's Shaftesbury, i. 86.Google Scholar) He himself had always opposed Catholic emancipation, but he voted for the Relief Bill and did not resign his office.

^{page 115 note 2} Nesselrode's first secretary in the Russian foreign office. He was sent to London ostensibly to assist Prince Lieven, the Russian ambassador, in conducting the negotiations arising out of the Russo-Turkish war.

^{page 116 note 1} Lord Londonderry's eldest son, M.P. for Downshire, was appointed a lord of the admiralty.

^{page 116 note 2} Londonderry was still out of humour with the duke, who had not recognised his claims to a Cabinet office.

^{page 116 note 3} The Radicals.

^{page 116 note 4} George Bankes, M.P. for Corfe Castle, was re-elected on 2 July after resigning his seat. He was secretary to the board of control, but, though he voted against the Catholic Relief Bill, he did not resign his office.

^{page 116 note 5} The Whig William Cavendish was elected for Cambridge University in June, vice Sir Nicholas Tindal, who had been appointed chief justice of the common pleas. Palmer-ston was the other member.

^{page 117 note 1} The leader of the opposition tories, the Brunswickers, who had not forgiven Wellington for giving way on the Catholic question.

^{page 117 note 2} Gentz, Metternich's friend and adviser. He took money from all and sundry. See Buckland, C. S. B., Gentz and the British government, 1809–1812.Google Scholar

^{page 119 note 1} Wellington's private secretary.

^{page 119 note 2} Lord Ashley married Lady Emily Cowper, daughter of the fifth Earl Cowper and of Emily, Lady Cowper (afterwards Lady Palmerston), in 1830.

^{page 120 note 1} See W.N.D., vi. 257Google Scholar (there wrongly spelt Going).

^{page 121 note 1} Lord Stanhope. See Nos. 121–3.

^{page 123 note 1} It did not, but Sheil unsuccessfully stood for the county at the general election in 1830. See W.N.D., vi. 12, 254.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 1} Add. MS. 40340 (Peel Papers), fo. 219 (16 February), urging the necessity of ‘an entire revision of our system of taxation’, and of further retrenchment of expenditure.

^{page 124 note 2} Lord Cholmondeley, whose younger brother Henry married Arbuthnot's daughter Marcia, married, as his second wife, on n May, Lady Susan Somerset, fourth daughter of the sixth duke of Beaufort.

^{page 124 note 3} Charles Arbuthnot's second son married Lady Charlotte Rachel Scott, daughter of the second earl of Clonmell, on 30 April 1830.

^{page 125 note 1} The comte de Flahault (1785–1870), afterwards Napoleon III's Ambassador at St. James's, married Princess Charlotte's close friend Margaret, daughter of Admiral Lord Keith.

^{page 125 note 2} Prince Leopold had accepted nomination as sovereign prince of the new Greek state, but in May he resigned his claims.

^{page 126 note 1} He committed suicide in February, believing that his wife had been carrying on an intrigue with the duke of Cumberland. See Geo. IV corresp., iii. 505.Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 1} Lady Hardinge.

^{page 128 note 2} Castlereagh.

^{page 128 note 3} In July he had been appointed Irish secretary, Lord Francis Leveson-Gower having resigned and been appointed secretary at war.

^{page 129 note 1} The July Revolution had resulted in the deposition of Charles X and the succession of Louis Philippe.

^{page 130 note 1} Huskisson was killed on the 15th on the occasion of the official opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway by the prime minister.

^{page 130 note 2} The general election necessitated by George IV's death on 26 June took place in July and August. Lord Robert Manners was returned for Leicestershire.

^{page 131 note 1} Huskisson had been M.P. for Liverpool.

^{page 132 note 1} On the 15th Sir Henry Parnell carried against the government a motion for the appointment of a select committee to inquire into the civil list, by 233 v. 204. Preferring to avoid a defeat on the question of parliamentary reform, the Duke resigned On the 16th.

^{page 132 note 2} Parl. Deb., third series, ii. 90–101.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 1} Sir Charles Knightley's seat in Northamptonshire.

^{page 136 note 1} Althorp reduced the duty on French wine and raised that on other foreign wine and wine imported from the Cape.

^{page 136 note 2} William Stephen Poyntz, who was returned for Ashburton in February, was the nephew of Georgiana, Lady Spencer, Lord Althorp's grandmother. Also, his daughter Elizabeth married Althorp's younger brother Frederick, afterwards fourth Earl Spencer.

^{page 136 note 3} Althorp was re-elected for Northamptonshire in December 1830 after his appointment as chancellor of the exchequer.

^{page 137 note 1} Henry Phillpotts, bishop of Exeter, the anti-Catholic controversialist, who, however, supported the Catholic Relief Bill in 1829. He opposed the Reform Bill. See No. 1630. 8 In the house of lords, 2 November 1830.

^{page 138 note 1} Parl. Deb., third series, ii. 467Google Scholar (14 February). The duke criticised the proposed tax on the transfer of government stock and landed property.

^{page 138 note 2} Ibid., ii. 498 (14 February). A speech criticising Althorp's budget proposals.

^{page 138 note 3} This, apparently, was not done.

^{page 138 note 4} See Parl. Deb., third series, i. 645.Google Scholar

^{page 139 note 1} Parl. Deb., third series, ii. 665Google Scholar (18 February). Lord Chandps was an ultra-tory Reformer.

^{page 139 note 2} Althorp agreed to reduce the proposed duty on raw cotton.

^{page 139 note 3} The opposition's complaint was that the government had broken faith with Portugal by not giving her notice of an intention to modify the duties on Portuguese wines.

^{page 140 note 1} Parl. Deb., third series, ii. 745Google Scholar (21 February).

^{page 140 note 2} Ibid., ii. 624 (17 February).

^{page 140 note 3} The letter is addressed to Woodford, Kettering, and was not franked. The postage was evidently eightpence.

^{page 140 note 4} The second reading of the Reform Bill was carried on 22 March by 302 v. 301.

^{page 140 note 5} The Morning Post and the Albion.

^{page 141 note 1} Prince Leopold accepted the offer of the Belgian crown on the 26th.

^{page 142 note 1} On II July, Don Miguel having refused to liberate some French subjects whom he had unjustly imprisoned, the French attacked and captured his warships.

^{page 142 note 2} Lord-lieutenant of Ireland.

^{page 142 note 3} Of first commissioner of woods and forests.

^{page 143 note 1} Stanley's grandfather.

^{page 143 note 2} ‘The apparent weakness of our Government at home encourages foreigners to beard us, as they imagine, with impunity. The languor or incompetence of some of our men in office, which has shown itself so conspicuously in the management of a great domestic question, upon which they were feebly opposed within doors and strenuously and unanimously supported without, must have impressed all strangers with a notion that the existing Cabinet is not one very bold or very skilful in any branch of public warfare. We do not approve much of some at least of the views of forgign policy ascribed to the Duke of Wellington, but we really doubt whether, in relation to Portugal or Belgium, or even to Greece or Algiers, Great Britain and France would, under his guidance, have stood at this moment in a position comparatively disreputable for the former Power.’

^{page 143 note 3} The annual ministerial fish dinner at Greenwich or Blackwall is described by Lord Campbell in Hardcastle's Campbell, ii. 50Google Scholar. See, too, Greville memoirs, 4 09 1839.Google Scholar

^{page 144 note 1} Parl. Deb., third series, vii. 78.Google Scholar

^{page 144 note 2} The bye-election was caused by John Calcraft's suicide. Lord Ashley defeated the whig candidate, William Ponsonby, Duncannon's brother.

^{page 145 note 1} 113 to 58, according to Parl. Deb. (third series, vii. 141. See Hansard's comments, p. 142).

^{page 145 note 2} On 8 September, marking practically the end of the Polish rebellion.

^{page 145 note 3} The tory party-headquarters.

^{page 145 note 4} The Reform Bill passed the commons by 345 v. 236.

^{page 146 note 1} The duke voted for the second reading; Lord Lake abstained.

^{page 146 note 2} Against the second reading of the Reform Bill in the lords. The majority was actually 41.

^{page 146 note 3} The archbishop of Canterbury opposed the second reading of the Reform Bill; the others did not vote.

^{page 146 note 4} He voted for the bill, by proxy.

^{page 146 note 5} The dukes of Marlborough and Dorset, and Lords Shaftesbury, Tankerville and Rivers opposed the Bill.

^{page 147 note 1} Sir John Key, lord mayor of London, 1830 and 1831.

^{page 147 note 2} This motion of confidence was proposed by Lord Ebrington and seconded by Charles Dundas.

^{page 148 note 1} Arbuthnot wrote to his son Charles (15 October 1832): ‘He [Croker] is the greatest bore and torment alive. He does nothing but say all day long that there will be a complete revolution before the year's out. To my horror I learn that he arrived here [Sudbourne] at six this morning. I thought we were quit of him.’ (He and Croker had been the Duke's guests at Walmer.)

^{page 148 note 2} Richard Greaves Townley was elected on 1 November. He supported the Reform Bill.

^{page 148 note 3} When parliament re-assembled.

^{page 149 note 1} Caused by the arrival of the ultra-tory Sir Charles Wetherell, the recorder of the City, and one of the leading opponents of the Reform Bill, to perform his judicial duties. The Mansion House, Bishop's Palace and three gaols were burnt down.

^{page 149 note 2} W.N.D., viii. 30Google Scholar (5 November).

^{page 149 note 3} This does not appear to be the case.

^{page 149 note 4} 22 November (W.N.D., viii. 80).Google Scholar

^{page 149 note 5} The list, appended to the Reform Bill, of boroughs which were to be deprived of both their members.

^{page 149 note 6} The Carlton.

^{page 150 note 1} The prince of Condé, of the house of Bourbon, who died in August 1830, bequeathed the bulk of his property to Louis Philippe's youngest son. The princes of the house of Rohan, Condé's other relatives, contested the validity of the will on the ground that it was extorted from the deceased by force and circumvention. Some people suspected that Condé had been murdered after he had decided to alter his will in favour of the young duke of Bordeaux. Louis Philippe's manoeuvres, when duke of Orleans, to procure for his family the possessions of the Condé family, brought him into much discredit with his subjects. The affair revealed his connection with Madame de Feucheres, who had lived with the prince of Condé.

^{page 150 note 2} John Bull, 25 December.

^{page 150 note 3} In October Lord Howe, the queen's lord chamberlain, was, at the government's instigation, dismissed from his office for voting against the Reform Bill on the 7th, although previously to his vote he had received the king's assurance that he had the right to vote as he pleased.

^{page 150 note 4} An ultra-tory amendment to the Address on the King's Speech at the opening of the 1830 Session (4 February) was defeated by 158 v. 105. The amendment was supported by whigs, Canningites, ultra-tories and radicals, and was opposed by ministerialists, whigs and radicals. It insisted that the distress of the people was universal, the Government maintaining that it was partial.

^{page 151 note 1} Lord John Russell.

^{page 151 note 2} He was M.P. for Bedfordshire.

^{page 151 note 3} His opponent, William Ponsonby, unsuccessfully petitioned the house1 of commons against his return. See Hodder's Shaftesbury [1886], i. 121–4.Google Scholar

^{page 151 note 4} Probably Lord Bathurst's daughter.

^{page 152 note 1} When the house of commons was to go into committee on the Reform Bill.

^{page 152 note 2} On the 3rd. He asked the king to create a small number of peers so that the bill could be read a second time in the lords. The king asked to have the cabinet's advice in writing.

^{page 153 note 1} E.g. 15 January: ‘… All the low, petty meannesses of his [Louis Philippe's] private life, all the intriguings and fawnings upon Madame de Feucheres, and all his contrivances to achieve his point in that case, have their parallels in his tamperings and intriguings with Perier and his faction. …’ See, too, long articles on 1 and 8 January.

^{page 153 note 2} W.N.D., viii. 155Google Scholar (12 January).

^{page 154 note 1} Lord Grenville had held the sinecure office of auditor of the exchequer since 1794. The question at issue was whether Great Britain should continue, now that Belgium was independent, to pay a share of the debt due to Russia by Holland, payable, according to the 1814 Treaty providing for the union of Holland and Belgium, so long as the union lasted. See Parl. Deb., third series, ix. 903Google Scholar (26 January 1832).

^{page 154 note 2} Wharncliffe and Harrowby were the leaders of the Waverers, the tory peers who were prepared to accept a modified Reform Bill. They agreed to vote for the second reading provided the plan of creating peers was dropped and the bill amended in some respects.

^{page 155 note 1} On 8 October (199 v. 158).

^{page 155 note 2} See Parl. Deb., third series, ix. 834Google Scholar, for Aberdeen's motion, criticising the govern ment's policy with respect to Holland and Belgium. It was rejected by 132 to 95.

^{page 155 note 3} The Carlton Club.

^{page 157 note 1} In 1831 a violent hurricane had destroyed a vast amount of property in Barbadoes, St. Vincent and St. Lucia, and in December a formidable negro insurrection in Jamaica caused widespread destruction of property. The West Indian planters, moreover, were organising opposition to the orders in council of November 1831 regulating the treatment of the slaves.

^{page 157 note 4} The second reading of the Reform Bill was carried by 184 v. 175.

^{page 158 note 1} On the 7th the tory peers defeated the Reform Bill in committee on the question of postponing the disfranchising clauses, by 151 v. 116.

^{page 159 note 1} Ellenbqrough explained the amendments which he and his friends had intended to propose. He would have accepted Schedule A and the £10 borough qualification, retaining, however, the existing scot and lot boroughs.

^{page 159 note 2} In April 1831, which gave the whigs a majority of about 140.

^{page 159 note 3} In July 1830, when Charles X was deposed.

^{page 159 note 4} On the 9th the government resigned after the king had refused to create a sufficient number of peers to enable the Reform Bill to be carried. Three days later the duke agreed to try to form a ministry.

^{page 162 note 1} He did not.

^{page 162 note 2} He was re-elected.

^{page 162 note 3} Lushington and Clay were elected.

^{page 162 note 4} For South Hampshire and Inverness-shire respectively.

^{page 162 note 5} Spring-Rice and Charles Wood.

^{page 163 note 1} The book was not reviewed in the Quarterly, but the correct version of the incident is given in the Quarterly's review of Gurwood's Wellington despatches, 1799–1818Google Scholar, vol. I, in 1834 (li. 405–8, where Hook's account is exhaustively examined).

^{page 164 note 1} Lord Mahon and Viscount Ingestre were returned for Hertford.

^{page 164 note 2} Lord Milton and Lord Brudenell were elected for Northamptonshire.

^{page 164 note 3} On account of ill health.

^{page 164 note 4} Robert Vernon Smith (whig) and Charles Ross (conservative) were returned for Northampton.

^{page 164 note 5} An English fleet was sent to blockade the Dutch coast, and a French army to attack the Dutch garrison in Antwerp, in order to coerce the King into acknowledging Belgian independence on the basis of the 24 Articles (14 October).

^{page 164 note 6} Wellington was sanguine enough to hope that ‘the country will be pretty equally divided between Tories on the one hand, and Whigs or government and Radicals, Unitarians, and Quakers and Jews, on the other” (W.N.D., viii. 426).Google Scholar

^{page 165 note 1} The tories mustered only about 150 in the new house of commons.

^{page 166 note 1} On the Address in answer to the King's Speech at the opening of the first session of the Reformed Parliament.

^{page 166 note 2} On the 7th (Parl. Deb., 3rd series, xv. 366).Google Scholar

^{page 166 note 3} On the 8th (ibid., xv. 435).

^{page 166 note 4} For radical reform.

^{page 166 note 5} Parl. Deb., 3rd series, xv. 425Google Scholar (8 February).

^{page 167 note 1} Parl. Deb., 3rd series, xv. 123Google Scholar (5 February).

^{page 167 note 2} In support of the Irish Coercion Bill, 1 March (Parl. Deb., 3rd series, xvi. 77).Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 3} He was succeeded as lord-lieutenant in September by Lord Wellesley. For Brougham's efforts in December 1832 to secure Anglesey's removal and Stanley's promotion to some other office, see Brougham's Memoirs, iii. 235 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 167 note 4} Sir Samuel Burden Whalley was returned at the by-election in March.

^{page 168 note 1} Stanley was now removed from the Irish secretaryship and given Goderich's office of colonial secretary, Goderich became lord privy seal. The story is differently told by Greville (Memoirs, 29 03 1833Google Scholar. See also Croker papers, ii. 208Google Scholar, and Brougham, 's Memoirs, iii. 379).Google Scholar

^{page 168 note 2} He had been elected for Hertford on 12 December 1832, but was unseated on the petition of T. S. Buncombe and J. E. Spalding. The election committee found that bribery had been extensively practised, but though the election was declared void, the speaker never issued a new writ for another election during the lifetime of this Parliament. Lord Mahon was again returned for Hertford at the general election in January 1835.

^{page 168 note 3} Quarterly Review, 04 1833, pp. 152–74.Google Scholar

^{page 168 note 4} Ibid., p. 153.

^{page 169 note 1} The question was raised in the commons on 2 April, Joseph Hume's motion to abolish military flogging being defeated by 151 to 140, the government opposing it.

^{page 169 note 2} Wellington never believed that flogging could safely be dispensed with. See Maxwell, 's Wellington, ii. 130.Google Scholar

^{page 169 note 3} Who had just become secretary at war.

^{page 169 note 4} Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Hussey Vivian, commander of the forces in Ireland; his daughter Charlotte married Arbuthnot's son Charles on 14 August 1833.

^{page 170 note 1} See Nos. 173, 173A.

^{page 170 note 2} Parl. Deb., 3rd series, xvii. 1027Google Scholar (7 May).

^{page 171 note 1} The Irish Church Bill, which became law, suppressed ten of the 22 Irish Bishoprics, abolished the church cess (or rate), replacing it by a tax on all benefices of over £200 a year ranging from 5 to 15 per cent, and enpowered an ecclesiastical commission to suspend the appointment of an incumbent or curate in parishes where no religious service had been performed for three years.

^{page 171 note 2} The Irish Church Bill was read a second time by 157 to 98.

^{page 171 note 3} Parl. Deb., 3rd series, xix. 948.Google Scholar

^{page 171 note 4} Ibid., xix. 809 (18 July).

^{page 171 note 5} Ibid., xix. 916. The bishop of London denied that the king had written anything on the subject of the Irish Church Bill which infringed on the privileges of the house.

^{page 172 note 1} Parl. Deb., 3rd series, xix. 1084–1104Google Scholar. The numbers were 90 v. 76.

^{page 173 note 1} Parl. Deb., 3rd. series, xix. 1107–50Google Scholar. The motion was defeated by 213 to 164.

^{page 173 note 2} He did not. The third reading was carried on the 30th by 135 to 81.

^{page 176 note 1} The Right Hon. C. Farebrother was the newly-elected lord mayor of London.

^{page 177 note 1} For these tory newspaper attacks on Durham, see New, Chester's Durham, p. 233.Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 2} See No. 189.

^{page 178 note 1} Sir Alexander Grant.

^{page 178 note 2} Mrs. Lisle.

^{page 179 note 1} Whittle Harvey moved for the appointment of a select committee to inquire into the pension list. Mr. Ruthven was anxious to know what services Mrs. Arbuthnot had rendered the country to entitle her to the receipt of ‘upwards of £9,365 of the public money’. The motion was defeated by 190 to 182.

^{page 179 note 2} On the 13th O'Connell moved for the appointment of a select committee to inquire into the conduct of Mr. Baron Smith, an Irish Judge. It was alleged that he often tried Prisoners until midnight and delivered charges of a political character to grand juries, he motion was carried by 167 to 74, but on the 21st, on Knatchbull's motion, the vote was rescinded, by 161 to 155.

^{page 180 note 1} On agricultural distress, and on the conduct of Baron Smith (Parl. Deb., 3rd series, xxi., 689, 740).Google Scholar

^{page 180 note 2} Ibid., p. 711.

^{page 182 note 1} John Cam Hobhouse was Irish secretary from March to April 1833; in May he was succeeded by E. J. Littleton.

^{page 182 note 2} Sir John Campbell was appointed attorney-general in February 1834, He failed to secure re-election for Dudley, and was out of parliament for three months. He was returned for Edinburgh on 2 June.

^{page 183 note 1} 30 June 1830.

^{page 183 note 2} The royal veto on Grey's appointment to office disappeared when George IV died.

^{page 183 note 3} It was outlined in his letter to Sir James Graham, (1 November 1830) Parker's Graham, i. 96.Google Scholar

^{page 185 note 1} See Parl. Deb., 3rd. series, i. 297Google Scholar (8 November 1830).

^{page 185 note 2} The monster demonstration in London on the 21st on behalf of the six Dorchester labourers, who were sentenced to seven years' transportation, nominally for administering illegal oaths, really for forming an agricultural union.

^{page 186 note 1} Daniel Whittle Harvey's motion for an Address to the Crown praying for an inquiry into the pension list was negatived by 390 to 148; Strutt's amendment for the appointment of a select committee to ascertain the nature of any abuses which might have occurred in the granting of pensions, was defeated by 311 to 230 (5 May). Mrs. Arbuthnot's pension was not referred to in the debate.

^{page 186 note 2} On 27 May H. G. Ward moved a resolution declaratory of the justice and necessity of immediately depriving the Church of Ireland of part of its temporalities. Stanley, Graham, Richmond and Goderich, refusing to countenance the principle of lay oppropriation, resigned.

^{page 186 note 3} Littleton, the Irish secretary, had privately informed O'Connell that the most stringent clauses of the Irish Coercion Bill would be left out of the new bill, but Grey, ignorant of these secret negotiations and of the fact that they were countenanced by Althorp and Wellesley, the lord-lieutenant, forced the cabinet to accept the clauses. O'Connell betrayed Littleton's confidences, and Althorp resigned, his resignation occasioning that of Grey. William IV tried unsuccessfully to form a coalition of whigs and conservatives.

^{page 187 note 1} There was, of course, no justification for these strictures on the conduct of either the king or of Althorp.

^{page 187 note 2} His office of under-secretary for home affairs.

^{page 187 note 3} He did not resign the office of joint secretary of the treasury.

^{page 187 note 4} Appointed home secretary.

^{page 188 note 1} For the dismissal of the Melbourne ministry on the 14th, see Melbourne papers, p. 219Google Scholar sqq., and Stockmar, 's Memoirs, i. 307Google Scholar sqq. Peel's ministry lasted only until the following April.

^{page 189 note 1} The whigs successfully attacked the government by opposing Manners-Sutton's re-election as speaker, Abercromby being elected by 316 to 306.

^{page 189 note 2} The government was defeated on the Address by 309 to 302 on the 26th.

^{page 189 note 3} In November 1834, when the King dismissed Melbourne, Wellington took the seals of the three secretaryships of state until Peel returned from Italy to form a government.

^{page 190 note 1} They did not do so.

^{page 190 note 2} Lord Chandos' motion for the repeal of the malt tax was rejected by 350 to 192.

^{page 191 note 1} On the 13th Sheil's motion condemning the appointment of Lord Londonderry as ambassador to Russia caused him to withdraw.

^{page 192 note 1} Lord Albert Denison Conyngham and Frederick Villiers were elected for Canterbury at the general election in January 1835, but in March the house of commons amended the return by substituting S. R. Lushington for Villiers. There was no subsequent by-election.

^{page 192 note 2} Russell, now home secretary, was defeated by the conservative candidate Montagu Parker, the numbers being 3,755 and 3,128 (Walpole, 's Russell, i. 234Google Scholar). He was soon brought in for Stroud. Lord Morpeth, now irish secretary, was re-elected for Yorkshire (W.R.).

^{page 192 note 3} On the 22nd Melbourne appeared in the court of common pleas as co-respondent in the case Norton v. Lord Melbourne. The verdict was for the defendant.

^{page 193 note 1} Elected for Dublin in 1835, O'Connell was unseated on petition, and the defence of his seat is said to have cost at least £8,000.

^{page 193 note 2} At this time Graham crossed the floor of the house, taking his seat on the opposition benches (Parker, 's Graham, i. 242).Google Scholar

^{page 194 note 1} He married Lady Augusta Fane, daughter of the tenth earl of Westmorland, on 16 February 1809, immediately after her first husband. Lord Boringdon, afterwards first earl of Morley, had divorced her.

^{page 195 note 1} Part. Deb., 3rd series, xxxviii. 137.Google Scholar

^{page 195 note 2} The Mirror of parliament.

^{page 196 note 1} Arbuthnot's elder daughter.

^{page 196 note 2} The duchess of Kent.

^{page 197 note 1} MS. torn.

^{page 197 note 2} His first wife.

^{page 198 note 1} He had reached England on 26 November.

^{page 198 note 2} On 9 October Durham issued a proclamation notifying the home government's disallowance of his ordinance of 28 June authorising the transportation to Bermuda of the leading Canadian rebels. At the same time he appealed from the government to public opinion, saying that whilst he had been governor-general of the Canadian provinces he had been ‘exposed to incessant criticism’ from home. He resigned his appointment and sailed from Canada on 1 November.

^{page 198 note 3} Sir Rufane Donkin was elected for Sandwich on 12 February 1839.

^{page 198 note 4} Charles Barclay and William Joseph Denison represented West Surrey in the 1835 parliament; Denison and G. J. Perceval in the 1837 parliament.

^{page 198 note 5} Abercromby resigned the speakership in May 1839 owing to ill health.

^{page 199 note 1} Lord Francis Leveson-Gower assumed the surname Egerton in 1833 in consequence of inheriting the Bridgewater estates.

^{page 199 note 2} University.

^{page 199 note 3} A Bill of Indemnity, indemnifying those who had acted under Durham's illegal ordinance.

^{page 200 note 1} Graham made no motion on Indian affairs during the 1839 session.

^{page 201 note 1} William. Cowper, Lord Melbourne's nephew and private secretary, was re-elected for Hertford on the 20th after appointment as a commissioner of Greenwich Hospital. Referring to the recent Bedchamber crisis he said: ‘Every dictate of feeling, of honour, of loyalty and justice, impels me, at all hazards, to support our Queen in her noble resistance to the cruel attempt so unworthily to wrest from her Majesty a prerogative hitherto unquestioned, and to usurp the power of dismissing at the Minister's will those ladies of her Court whom, from their sympathy and devotion, and from long acquaintance, her Majesty could look upon as friends.’

^{page 201 note 2} On the recent Bedchamber crisis.

^{page 201 note 3} The bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica for five years in consequence of the refusal of the local assembly to perform its functions. The government's majority fell to 5 on 6 May, and on the 7th the ministers resigned.

^{page 202 note 1} Parl. Deb., 3rd series, xlvii. 1187.Google Scholar

^{page 203 note 1} For extending the £10 householder franchise qualification in the boroughs to the counties. The bill was defeated by 207 to 81.

^{page 204 note 1} On the ground that the registration courts established by the 1832 Act often subjected voters whose rights were challenged by their political opponents, to an expensive and vexatious contest in the courts.

^{page 204 note 2} Declaring that it was desirable to unite the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada ‘on the principles of a free and representative Government’.

^{page 205 note 1} George Tomline, M.P. for Sudbury, June 1840. Sir George Pretyman Tomline (1750–1827), bishop of Winchester, was Pitt's tutor and biographer.

^{page 205 note 2} M.P. for South Lincolnshire, July 1841.

^{page 205 note 3} He was never in parliament.

^{page 205 note 4} Augustus Stafford O'Brien succeeded Lord Maidstone as M.P. for Northamptonshire (North) at the 1841 election. Lord Maidstone was not in the commons after 1841.

^{page 205 note 6} He died in March 1840 on his way home from India, after having resigned his office of commander-in-chief.

^{page 206 note 1} The government on 5 July announced its intention of establishing the penny post.

^{page 206 note 2} In consequence of the Chartist riots in Birmingham, the government announced its intention of establishing an efficient police force in the town, and of loaning a sum of £10,000 for the purpose, the money to be repaid out of the rates. A bill was also passed enlarging the powers of the magistrates for appointing county and district constables, to be maintained out of local rates.

^{page 207 note 1} Spring-Rice resigned the chancellorship of the exchequer at the close of the session and became Lord Monteagle.

^{page 207 note 2} In August, too, Poulett Thomson accepted the post of governor-general of Canada.

^{page 207 note 3} It was generally believed that the duchess of Kent had formed a liaison with Sir John Conroy, her private secretary and comptroller of her household.

^{page 207 note 4} At a banquet given in Wellington's honour at Dover on 30 August, Brougham eulogised the duke hi the most extravagant terms.

^{page 208 note 1} R. H. Greg was returned for Manchester on the 7th at a by-election caused by Poulett Thomson's appointment as governor-general of Canada.

^{page 208 note 2} Lord-lieutenant of Ireland.

^{page 208 note 3} Chiefly because he was dissatisfied with Normanby's transference from the colonial to the home office.

^{page 209 note 1} The Chartist mayor of Bolton had been appointed a justice of the peace. ‘We must put an end’, said the Duke, ‘to this system of employing men as magistrates for the maintenance of the peace, who have been concerned in its violation’ (Parl. Deb., 3rd series, 1. 432Google Scholar [20 August]).

^{page 210 note 1} See Annual register, 1839, Chron., pp. 22–6Google Scholar, for Frost's correspondence with Lord John Russell, the home secretary.

^{page 210 note 2} On the 4th Frost led a Chartist mass attack on Newport, Monmouthshire. He was subsequently found guilty of levying war against the queen and was sentenced to death on 16 January 1840, but on 1 February the sentence was commuted for one of transportation for life.

^{page 210 note 3} Quarterly Review, 10 1839, pp. 462–512Google Scholar. Peel had attributed the authorship to Sir Francis Head (Parker, 's Peel, ii. 409).Google Scholar

^{page 210 note 4} For his outrageous attack upon the queen in a public speech at Canterbury on 20 October, see Ann. reg., 1839, Hist, of Europe, p. 311Google Scholar. Bradshaw was Tory M.P. for that city.

^{page 210 note 5} The remainder of the letter is in Parker, 's Peel, ii. 368Google Scholar, where it is wrongly dated 1838. Line 3, read ‘authors’; 4th paragraph, read ‘this’ instead of ‘the’; lines 3–4, read ‘and a small majority in the house of commons’.

^{page 210 note 6} She had already accepted prince Albert on 15 October. The marriage took place on 10 February 1840.

^{page 211 note 1} The queen announced her engagement in various letters to members of the royal family, written on the 15th.

^{page 212 note 1} Lord Hopetoun was commander-in-chief in Ireland in 1812.

^{page 213 note 1} £100,000 a year.

^{page 213 note 2} A letter to the Lord Chancellor on the claims of the Church of Scotland in regard to its jurisdiction, and on the proposed changes in its polity. By Hope, John. (Edinburgh, 1839.)Google Scholar

^{page 213 note 3} Remarks on the present position of the Church of Scotland. (Glasgow, 1839.)Google Scholar

^{page 213 note 4} See Parker, 's Graham, i. 272–4.Google Scholar

^{page 214 note 1} See No. 215.

^{page 215 note 1} In an action brought in 1836 by Stockdale, the printer, against Messrs. Hansard for publishing alleged libellous matter, the court of queen's bench had given judgment for the plaintiff, setting aside the plea that Parliament had authorized the publication. The whigs, in maintaining parliament's authority, were supported by Peel and Graham, but opposed by Wellington and many other tories.

^{page 215 note 2} On the 28th he brought forward a motion of no confidence in the government. It was rejected by 308 to 287.

^{page 215 note 3} They did so, by 262 to 158, on the 27th. The government accepted this defeat, abandoning its own proposal of a grant of £50,000 a year.

^{page 216 note 1} Buller's motion, of which Graham spoke in support on the 29th (Parl. Deb., 3rd series, li. 787).Google Scholar

^{page 217 note 1} See Parl. Deb., 3rd series, li. 1049Google Scholar (31 January).

^{page 218 note 1} The Conservative Club.

^{page 218 note 2} Lord Stanley had married her daughter Emma in 1825.

^{page 218 note 3} Congratulating her on her escape from assassination.

^{page 218 note 4} On the Registration of Voters (Ireland) Bill, on the 11th.

^{page 221 note 1} He was now French ambassador in London.

^{page 222 note 1} An attempt was made to assassinate him on the 15th (Ann. reg., 1840, Chronicle, 90).Google Scholar

^{page 223 note 1} France's support of Mehemet All against the sultan almost caused war to break out with England. An English naval force co-operating with the Turkish army expelled Mehemet Ali from Syria.

^{page 223 note 2} Which placed Shah Shuja on the Afghan throne in 1839.

^{page 224 note 1} In November 1840 Admiral Napier, who was blockading Syria, signed a convention with Mehemet Ali's representative, by which the Pasha was to retain Egypt subject to his restoring the Turkish fleet and evacuating Syria. He acted without authorisation, though Lord Ponsonby, our ambassador at Constantinople, had given him to understand that such terms would be acceptable to the British government.

^{page 225 note 1} On the Registration of Voters (Ireland) Bill. The division took place on the 25th, and the second reading was carried by 299 to 294.

^{page 226 note 1} They did so.

^{page 226 note 2} Parl. Deb., 3rd series, lvii. 194Google Scholar (15 March). The duke spoke in opposition to the motion, which was rejected.

^{page 227 note 1} Americans had unofficially supported the Canadian rebellion of 1837, and the McLeod trial in 1840 stirred up more anti-British feeling in the United States.

^{page 228 note 1} The debate on the sugar duties lasted from the 7th to the 18th, when the government was defeated by 317 to 281. The proposal was to give a preference to foreign slave-grown sugar over West Indian sugar grown by free labour. On 4 June the opposition carried a vote of censure by 312 to 311, and the Government dissolved parliament.

^{page 229 note 1} Lieutenant-Colonel Arbuthnot was appointed an equerry to the queen in September.

^{page 230 note 1} Lord Tavistock had succeeded his father as seventh Duke.

^{page 230 note 2} The Melbourne ministry was defeated in the new parliament by 360 to 269 on 27 August, and Peel was called upon to form a government.

^{page 230 note 3} See No. 2030, and Parker, 's Peel, ii. 483–4Google Scholar. He refused to return to the Vienna embassy, and was left out of the ministry.

^{page 232 note 1} J. H. T. Manners-Sutton, afterwards third Viscount Canterbury, became undersecretary of state for home affairs, and Bingham Baring, Lord Ashburton's son, secretary to the board of control.

^{page 232 note 2} It was not until 1843 that Dalhousie joined the government as vice-president of the board of trade.

^{page 232 note 3} Presumably by the elevation of Lord Francis Egerton to a peerage. The vacancy thus created was delayed until 1846. He had told Peel that he did not wish for office (Greville memoirs, I 09 1846).Google Scholar

^{page 233 note 1} As secretary of embassy, 1839–43, and minister plenipotentiary ad int., 1839, 1840 and 1841.Google Scholar

^{page 233 note 2} Of India.

^{page 235 note 1} By the treaty of 20 December 1841, Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia declared the slave trade to be piracy. The powers mutually conceded to each other the right of search in the case of all ships bearing their respective flags.

^{page 235 note 1} By the Treaty of London the powers agreed to compel Mehemet Ali to make peace with Turkey. If he submitted within ten days he was to retain Southern Syria; if he held out after another ten days he was to lose not only Syria but Egypt too.

^{page 236 note 1} Sir Charles Bagot, governor-general of Canada, 1842–3, brought Lafontaine, the leader of the French Canadians, into the ministry—an important step in the direction of responsible government.

^{page 236 note 2} Goulburn.

^{page 236 note 3} For the insurrection there in November 1842, see Annual register, 1842, Hist., p. 300.Google Scholar

^{page 236 note 4} See Annual register, 1843, Hist., p. 264 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 236 note 5} After the successful conclusion of the Afghan War, Ellenborough, the governor-general of India, issued a Proclamation on 6 October 1842, addressing the Indian princes as ‘my brothers and my friends’, and congratulating them on the restoration to India of the sandal-wood gates of the temple of Somnauth which, it was believed, had been carried off to Afghanistan eight centuries before. Another proclamation on 1 October indirectly censured the policy of his predecessor, Lord Auckland.

^{page 237 note 1} The 1845 session lasted for 117 days.

^{page 237 note 2} Arbuthnot's son'Charles showed this letter to Lord John Russell in 1855, and, returning it on 13 June, Russell said: ‘I should like to refer to it on Mr. Layard's motion, omitting the part about the House of Lords. But if you object, I will destroy my copy.’ Russell, however, did not take part in this debate.

^{page 238 note 1} L'Histoire du consulat et de l'empire.

^{page 238 note 2} See Annual register, 1845, Chron., p. 135.Google Scholar

^{page 239 note 1} Russell.

^{page 240 note 1} It was dissolved in July 1847.

^{page 240 note 2} When parliament was to re-assemble after the prorogation.

^{page 241 note 1} Quarterly Review, 09 1846, pp. 535–80Google Scholar (‘The close of Sir Robert Peel's administration’).

^{page 241 note 2} The strength of the Peelite conservatives in the division on the Corn Laws, 27 February 1846 (Parl. deb., 3rd series, lxxxiv. 354Google Scholar).

^{page 241 note 3} Wyatt's colossal equestrian statue of the duke was removed from his studio in the Harrow Road to Hyde Park Corner at the end of September.

^{page 241 note 4} Peel. See Croker papers, iii. 87Google Scholar (Arbuthnot to Croker, 10 October).

^{page 242 note 1} In February 1847 five additional councillors were added to the council for the duchy of Lancaster, for the management of the revenues in the duchy (see Parl. Deb., 3rd series, xc. 514).Google Scholar

^{page 242 note 2} On 10 October the duc de Montpensier, a younger son of Louis Philippe, married the younger sister of Queen Isabella of Spain.

^{page 244 note 1} The commercial policy of Pitt and Peel, 1783–1846 (pp. 68. London, 1847)Google Scholar. See Quarterly Review, 06 1847, p. 274Google Scholar; and Greville memoirs, 22 07 1847.Google Scholar

^{page 246 note 1} The story of the battle of Waterloo (1847).Google Scholar

^{page 247 note 1} Lyndhurst, who had been lord chancellor since April 1827, accepted Brougham's offer of the office of chief baron of the exchequer in December 1830. Brougham was not really entitled to take sole credit for this excellent appointment, for the suggestion came from Grey himself (6 December 1830); Brougham said the proposition was ‘rather startling to me’, and that ‘the only justification for appointing him was his undeniable fitness for the office’, (Brougham, 's Memoirs, iii. 85–8).Google Scholar

^{page 248 note 1} Dr. Hampden, who was accused of unorthodox opinions, was appointed bishop of Hereford by Lord John Russell.

^{page 249 note 1} To preserve order in London during the great Chartist demonstration.

^{page 249 note 2} In 1830.

^{page 249 note 3} Dr. Howley had died on 11 February.

^{page 249 note 4} Louis Napoleon had recently been elected a member of the constituent assembly, and in December he became president of the French republic.

^{page 250 note 1} Calcutta.

^{page 250 note 2} The court of directors.

^{page 250 note 3} Dr. Wellesley, canon of Durham, the duke's brother, died at Durham on the 21st.

^{page 250 note 4} Probably Dr. Wellesley's son Charles.

^{page 250 note 5} See my Lord Brougham and the whig Party, pp. 185–6.Google Scholar

^{page 250 note 6} Nineveh and its remains.

^{page 251 note 1} Sir Herbert Benjamin Edwardes.

^{page 252 note 1} Sir Henry Hardinge, Viscount Hardinge, governor-general of India, 1844–8.

^{page 252 note 2} Parl. Deb., 3rd series, ciii. 702Google Scholar (14 March), and cvi. 1172. (2 July).

^{page 253 note 1} See Cambridge hist. of British foreign policy, ii 182–5.Google Scholar

^{page 253 note 2} Parl. Deb., 3rd series, lxxvi. 1575 (31 July 1844).Google Scholar

^{page 254 note 1} British ambassador to France.

^{page 254 note 2} Phipps, Edmund, Memoirs of the political and literary life of Robert Plumer Ward, 2 vols.Google Scholar Croker reviewed the book in the Quarterly, 06 1850, pp. 239–76.Google Scholar

^{page 254 note 3} Lord Lonsdale was proprietor of the borough of Haslemere, for which Plumer Ward sat in parliament.