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Hyperparasitism, a Mutualistic Phenomenon

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

S. E. Flanders
S. E. Flanders
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Control, University of California Citrus Research Center and Agricultural Experiment Station, Riverside
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Abstract

Hyperparasitism is a mortality factor that generally is beneficial to the continuous reproduction of the species involved.

The parasites of a primary parasite of a phytophagous insect may exhibit two distinctive types of secondary relations to that insect. These types are defined as follows:

Direct secondary parasitism: that type of host-parasite symbiosis where only the primary's parasitized host or the primary itself is attacked.

Indirect secondary parasitism: that type of host-parasite symbiosis where the primary's phytophagous host is attacked whether parasitized or not parasitized.

The host mortality caused by direct secondary parasitism may greatly exceed that caused by indirect secondary parasitism, this being manifested when the percentage of the primary parasitization of the phytophagous host is minimal.

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Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 95 , Issue 7 , July 1963, pp. 716 - 720
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1963

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