Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-wxvwp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-15T17:46:29.961Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

NUMERICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORTHOPTEROIDS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE GRYLLOBLATTODEA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

J. W. Kamp
J. W. Kamp
Affiliation:
Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Get accessRights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A numerical taxonomic analysis was performed using eight exemplars of the orthopteroids. Two suites of attributes were used in a non-weighted dissimilarities analysis. The same suites of attributes were analyzed for a similarity index with dendrograms based on the shortest connection network of Prim. The Tettigoniidae and Gryllidae are in agreement with current systematic placement within the Ensifera. The Caelifera diverge early from ancestral stem lines and suggest a greater separation from the Ensifera within the Orthoptera than generally accepted for their systematic position. The dendrograms suggest that the Blattaria and Mantodea show a relationship closer than the present subordinal rank permits. In the dendrograms the Grylloblattodea and Dermaptera form a remote complex from the other orthopteroids and each qualifies as a separate order. Modern classification of the orthopteroids considers the Dictyoptera, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, and Phasmida as orders. My analysis elevates the Grylloblattidae to the ordinal level as Grylloblattodea.

Information

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 105 , Issue 9 , September 1973, pp. 1235 - 1249
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1973

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ander, K. J. 1939. Vegleichend-anatomisch und phylogenetische studien über die Ensifera (Saltatoria). Opusc. ent. Suppl. 2. 306 pp.Google Scholar
Blackith, R. E. 1965. Morphometrics. In Waterman, T. H. and Morowitz, H. J. (Eds.), Theoretical and mathematical biology, pp. 225–249. Blaisdell, New York.Google Scholar
Blackith, R. E. and Blackith, R. M.. 1968. A numerical taxonomy of orthopteroid insects. Aust. J. Zool. 16: 111–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackith, R. E. and Reyment, R. A.. 1971. Multivariate morphometrics. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Bordas, L. 1898. Étude sur l'appareil digestif des Orthoptères et son importance pour la classification des Orthoptères. Annls Sci. nat. (Zool.) 5: 1–192.Google Scholar
Borror, D. J. and DeLong, D. M.. 1971. An introduction to the study of insects. 3rd ed. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.Google Scholar
Brues, C. T. and Melander, A. L.. 1915. Key to the families of North American insects. Private Publ., Boston and Pullman.Google Scholar
Brues, C. T. and Melander, A. L.. 1932. Classification of insects. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 108: 1–917.Google Scholar
Brues, C. T., Melander, A. L., and Carpenter, F. M.. 1954. Classification of insects. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 108: 1–917.Google Scholar
Bruner, L. 1915. Preliminary catalogue of the orthopteroid insects of the Philippines. Univ. Studies Insects, Lincoln, 5: 1–87.Google Scholar
Camin, J. H. and Sokal, R. R.. 1965. A method for deducing branching sequences in phylogeny. Evolution 19: 311–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cock, A. G. 1966. Genetical aspects of metrical growth and form in animals. Q. Rev. Biol. 41: 131–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crampton, G. C. 1915. The thoracic sclerites and the systematic position of Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker, a remarkable annected orthopteroid insect. Ent. News & Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. Philad. 26: 337–351.Google Scholar
Crampton, G. C. 1917. A phylogenetic study of the terminal abdominal segments and appendages in some female apterygotan and lower pterygote insects. Jl N.Y. ent. Soc. 25: 226–238.Google Scholar
Crowson, R. A., Rolfe, W. D. I., Smart, J., Waterson, E. O., Wiley, E. C., and Wootton, R. J.. 1967. Arthropoda: Chelicerata, Pycnogonida, Palaeoscopus, Myriapoda and Insecta. Fossil Record, pp. 499–534. Geol. Soc. Lond.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. W. F. and Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.. 1964. Reconstruction of evolutionary trees. Publ. Syst. Ass. 6: 67–76.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. W. F. and Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.. 1965. A method for cluster analysis. Biometrics 24: 362–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Essig, E. O. 1942. College Entomology. Macmillan, New York.Google Scholar
Giles, E. T. 1963. The comparative external morphology and affinities of Dermaptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 115: 95–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imms, A. D. 1927. On the affinities of the Grylloblattidae. Psyche, Camb. 34: 35–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imms, A. D. 1957. A general textbook of entomology. 9th ed. Rev. by Richards, O. W. and Davies, R. G.. Methuen, London.Google Scholar
Le Quesne, W. J. 1972. Further studies based on the unique character concept. Syst. Zool. 21: 281–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martynov, A. V. 1938. Études sur l'histoire géologique et de phylogénie des ordres des insectes (Pterygota). 1e partie. Palaeoptera et Neoptera-Polyneoptera. Trav. Inst. Paléont. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 7(4). 150 pp.Google Scholar
Prim, R. C. 1957. Shortest connection networks and some generalizations. Bull Syst. tech. J. 36: 1389–1401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehn, J. W. H. 1951. Classification of the Blattaria as indicated by their wings (Orthoptera). Mem. Am. ent. Soc. 14. 134 pp.Google Scholar
Rehn, J. W. H. 1952. The grasshoppers and locusts (Acridoidea) of Australia. I. Tetrigidae and Eumastacidae. C.S.I.R.O., Melbourne.Google Scholar
Sharov, A. G. 1968. Phylogeny of orthopteroid insects. Trudy Pal. Inst. Akad. Sci. U.S.S.R. 118: 1–217.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1937. The male genitalia of orthopteroid insects. Smithson. misc. Collns 96(5): 1–107.Google Scholar
Sokal, R. R. and Sneath, P. H. A.. 1963. Principles of numerical taxonomy. Freeman, San FranciscoGoogle Scholar
Walker, E. M. 1914. A new species of Orthoptera, forming a new genus and family. Can. Ent. 45: 93–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, E. M. 1933. On the anatomy of Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker. 2. Comparisons of the head with those of other orthopteroid insects. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 26: 309–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, E. M. 1937. Grylloblatta, a living fossil. Trans. R. Soc. Can. 31: 1–10.Google Scholar
Walker, E. M. 1938. On the anatomy of Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker. 3. The exoskeleton and musculature of the neck and thorax. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 31: 588–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, E. M. 1943. On the anatomy of Grylloblatta campodeiformis Walker. 4. Exoskeleton and musculature of the abdomen. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 36: 681–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeuner, F. E. 1939. Fossil Orthoptera Ensifera. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London. 2 vols.Google Scholar
Zeuner, F. E. 1945. The pleistocene period. Its climate, chronology and faunal succession. Quaritch, London.Google Scholar