1. Distribution systems for producers' goods in planned economies other than China have been presented in Greer, Thomas V., Marketing in the Soviet Union (New York: Praeger, 1973), pp. 134–37Google Scholar; Aggarwal, Sumer C., “Managing material shortages the Russian way,” Columbia Journal of World Business, autumn 1980, pp. 26–37Google Scholar; Samli, A. C., Marketing and Distribution Systems in Eastern Europe (New York: Praeger, 1978)Google Scholar; Pryor, F. L., “Some costs and benefits of markets,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 02 1977, pp. 81–102Google Scholar; Babalkov, N. K., The Government Plan of the USSR for the Year 1979, and the State of Completion of the 1978 Plan, Politizdat, Moscow, 1978Google Scholar. A general basic reference would be Schnitzer, Martin C. and Nordyke, James W., Comparative Economic Systems, (Cincinnati: South-Western, 1983)Google Scholar. In command economies, plans for the distribution of producers' goods are generally prepared or revised on an annual basis, sometimes in the framework of a longer development plan such as five years. Based upon political ideas, national priorities and reality, the plans are the result of proposals, tentative plans, counter-proposals, modifications, appeals, partial acceptances and rejections coming from various geographical, enterprise, national, ministerial and other structural components of the planning mechanism. In some countries, sophisticated intersectoral balance data, input-output tables and coefficients are used although there is some question as to their effectiveness in actually formulating plans (see Schroeder, Gertrude, “The reform of the supply system in Soviet industry,” Soviet Studies, 07 1972, pp. 99–100)Google Scholar. After the plans are formulated and approved, they are implemented as strictly as possible. The Chinese experience can be associated to a degree with what has taken place in other centrally planned economies.

2. Liqun, Wei, “China's economy in 1980,” in 1981 Zhongguo jingji nianjian (Almanac of China's Economy 1981) (Beijing:Jingji guanli zazhishe, 1981), pp. IV3–IV10Google Scholar.

3. Kaixin, Li, “China's supply management,” in 1981 Zhongguo jingji nianjian, pp. IV124–IV127Google Scholar.

4. Interview with Lin Zhongshu, director of the Beijing Economic Development Corporation, held in Beijing on 5 August 1982.

5. From one of the interviews with Guo Yu, section manager of the Beijing Economic Development Corporation, held in Philadelphia between July and September 1982.

6. Li Kaixin, “China's supply management”.

7. State Economic Commission, Business Administration Management Bureau and People's Bank, “ Joint notice on enforcing economic contracts,” in 1981 Zhongguo jingji nianjian, pp. III54–III55.

8. Li Kaixin, “China's supply management”.

9. From one of the interviews with Guo Yu held between July and September 1982.

10. Ibid.; and State Council, “Temporary rules on advertising,” 6 February 1982.

11. Yi, Xu et al. , Shehui zai shengchan guilu yu liudong zijin yundong (Social Reproduction Rules and Working Capital Turnover) (Shanghai: Renmin chubanshe, 1981)Google Scholar.

12. Li Kaixin, “China's supply management”; and Finance Research Institute of the People's Bank, “China's finance, 1980,” in 1981 Zhongguo jingji nianjian, pp. IV156–IV161Google Scholar.

13. Transport Research Institute of the State Economic Commission, “China's transportation industry, 1980,” in 1981 Zhongguo jingji nianjian, pp. IV101–IV104Google Scholar.

14. Postal and Telecommunication Ministry, “China's postal and telecommunications industry,” in 1981 Zhongguo jingji nianjian, pp. IV105–IV108Google Scholar; Beijing Review, 11 May 1981.

15. From interviews with Qiao Yang, general manager, Beijing Economic Development Corporation, held in Beijing on 4 August 1982; and Pingan, Wan, “Report on 1979 State Economic Results, 1980 State Budget and 1981 State Plan,” Third Session of the Fifth People's Congress, 30 08 1980Google Scholar.

16. Finance Research Institute of People's Bank, “China's finance, 1980,” in 1981 Zhongguo jingji nianjian, pp. IV156–IV161Google Scholar.

17. Pingan, Wang, “Report on 1979 State economic results, 1981 State Budget and 1981 State Plan,” Third session of the Fifth People's Congress, 30 08 1980Google Scholar;Haibo, Wang and Jiajun, Wu, “China's manufacturing industry, 1980,” in 1981 Zhongguo jingji nianjian, pp. IV34–IV40Google Scholar; Muqiao, Xue, Zhongguo jingji fazhan xin qushi (The New Trend of China's Economic Development) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 1981)Google Scholar.

18. Xue Muqiao, ibid.

19. Lei, Yang, “Reform needed for unbalanced management system,” Jingji guanli (Economic Management), No.4, 25 04 1979Google Scholar; Xue Muqiao,ibid.

20. Haibo, Wang and Jiajun, Wu, “China's manufacturing industry, 1980,” in 1981 Zhongguo jingji nianjian, pp. IV34–IV40Google Scholar; Deying, Yan, “Observing economic law and organizing commodity distribution according to economic region,” Jingji guanli, No.4, 25 04 1979Google Scholar.

21. Xue Muqiao, Zhongguo jingji fazhan xin qushi.

22. Smil, Vaclov, “China's energetics: a system analysis,” in Chinese Economy Post-Mao, a compendium of papers submitted to the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States, 9 11 1978 (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978), pp. 323–69Google Scholar.

23. Xue Muqiao, Zhongguo jingji fazhan xin qushi.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. Jian, Hua, “Reducing warehouse stockpiles and improving economic efficiency,” Wuzi jingji yanjiu (Resource Economics Studies), No. 49, 15 10 1982Google Scholar; Shifen, Yan and Xianfen, Zhao, “Suggestions for improving the resource management in manufacturing industries,” Wuzi guanli (Resource Management), 25 08 1982Google Scholar.

27. Penglai, Li, “Reform of supply system and improvement of economic efficiency,” Wuzi guanli, No. 11, 25 02 1982Google Scholar; Wang Haibo and Wu Jiajun, “China's manufacturing industry, 1980.”

28. Interview with Lin Zhongshu.

29. Jili, Lian, “Planned economy and market restated,” Jingji daobao (Economic Reporter), No. 1769, 17 05 1982Google Scholar; Wang Haibo and Wu Jiajun, “China's manufacturing industry, 1980”; and Muqiao, Xue, “On planned economy and market adjustment,” Jingji daobao, No. 1775,28 06 1982Google Scholar.

30. Li Kaixin, “China's supply management”.

31. Beijing Review, 18 January and 12 April 1982; Li Penglai, “Reform of supply system and improvement of economic efficiency”; Wei Lijian, “China's economy in 1980.”

32. Enterprise Management Bureau, 1981 gongye jingyin guanli jingyan xuanbian (A Selection of Industrial Management Experiences) (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1981)Google Scholar.

33. Li Kaixin, “China's supply management.”

34. Beijing Review, 26 April and 24 May 1982; Li Kaixin, ibid.

35. Li Kaixin, ibid.

36. Changzhou Supply Bureau, “Changzhou's general market for resources,” Wuzi guanli, No. 14, 25 10 1982Google Scholar; Zhiren, Zhu et al. , “A new form of contract supply,” Wuzi guanli, No. 14, 25 05 1982Google Scholar; Li Kaixin, “China's supply management”; Yumin, Liu and Youlin, Huang, “Another form of resource market,” Wuzi guanli, No. 19, 25 10 1982Google Scholar; Nanjing Supply Bureau, “General supply control of basic construction materials and socialist economic efficiency,” Wuzi guanli. No. 18, 25 09 1982Google Scholar.

37. Li Kaixin, “China's supply management”; Muqiao, Xue, China's Socialist Economy (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1981)Google Scholar.

38. Li Kaixin, ibid.

39. Interview with Yang Zhong, operating manager, Beijing Qinghe Textile Works, Beijing, held on 6 August 1982.