This article benefited from the assistance of many Chinese friends and colleagues in Benxi, Datong, Shanghai, Chongqing and Beijing. Marc Blecher, Kenneth Foster, Ching Kwan Lee, Lianjiang Li, Xiaobo Lü, Elizabeth Perry, Matthew Rudolph, Dorothy Solinger and Kevin Wallsten also offered helpful comments. For their generous financial support, we would like to thank the Institute of East Asian Studies and Center for Chinese Studies at the University of California-Berkeley, the Yanjing Institute at Harvard University, Beijing University, the University of Hawaii, the National Security Education Program, and the Fulbright Institute of International Education Program.