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² The China Quarterly, No. 5, 01–03, 1961, p. 33Google Scholar; Piao, Lin, “The Victory of the Chinese People's Revolutionary War is the Victory of the thought of Mao Tsetung,” China Reconstructs, 01, 1960, Supplement, p. 2.Google Scholar

³ Cf. by van der Kroef, J. M.: “Indonesian Communism under Aidit,” Problems of Communism, Vol. VII (1958), pp. 15–23Google Scholar; “Communist Policy and Tactics in Indonesia,” The Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol. V (1959), pp. 163–179Google Scholar; “Agrarian Reform and the Indonesian Communist Party,” Far Eastern Survey, Vol. XXIX (1960), pp. 5–13Google Scholar; “Indonesian Communism and the Sixth Party Congress,” Pacific Affairs, Vol. XXXIII (1960), pp. 227–249Google Scholar; “Communist Theory and Practice in Indonesia,” Orbis, Vol. V (1961), pp. 43–63.Google Scholar

⁴ Cf. Aidit's essay, “Masjarakat Indonesia dan Revolusi Indonesia,” in Aidit, D. N., Pilihan Tulisan (hereafter DNAPT), (Djakarta: Jajasan Pembaruan [for Pilihan Tulisan], 1960), Vol. II, pp. 299–300Google Scholar, and Aidit's address before the “Assembly of the 1945 Generation,” reprinted in Harian Rakjat (Djakarta), 03 18, 1960.Google Scholar

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⁸ Ibid., pp. 67–68.

⁹ Aidit, D. N., Peladjaran dori Sedjarah PKI (Djakarta: Jajasan Pembaruan, 1960), p. 24.Google Scholar Compare DNAPT, Vol. II, pp. 299–300:Google Scholar

“Our Party has a double task in leading the Indonesian Revolution. First, under the slogan ‘Complete the demands of the August Revolution in their entirety’ we carry out to their completion the tasks of the bourgeois democratic revolution; secondly, after the first task has been carried out, we carry out to their completion the tasks of the revolution, which is proletarian and socialist in kind.” (My Italics.)

¹⁰ Marx and Engels. Basic Writings, op. cit., p. 44.Google Scholar

¹¹ Lenin, V. I., “Left-Wing” Communism, An Infantile Disorder (Moscow: Library of Marxist-Leninist Classics, 1952), pp. 45, 89, 90, 92, 95.Google Scholar

¹² Harian Rakjat, 03 18, 1960Google Scholar; DNAPT, Vol. II, pp. 284–300.Google Scholar

¹³ Tse-tung, Mao, On New Democracy (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1954), pp. 10–12, 18.Google Scholar

¹⁴ DNAPT, Vol. II, p. 297.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Lenin, V. I., The National-Liberation Movement in the East (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1957), p. 43.Google Scholar Italics in original.

¹⁶ Ibid., pp. 44–47.

¹⁷ Ibid., p. 170, 266. Italics in original.

¹⁸ Cf. Tse-tung, Mao, Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1960), p. 2, 5Google Scholar, and DNAPT, Vol. II, pp. 290–292.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Stalin, J., Problems of Leninism, op. cit., pp. 39–41.Google Scholar

²⁰ See, e.g., Tung-hsiang, Shih, “The Distinction and Link-Up between the Two Stages of the Chinese Revolution,” Peking Review, 01 20, 1961, pp. 9–18.Google Scholar

²¹ Tse-tung, Mao, On New Democracy, op. cit., p. 12.Google Scholar It seems hardly necessary to stress the Leninist basis of this contention. In the “supplementary theses” to the “theses on the national and colonial question” adopted by the second congress of the Comintern as part of the Theses and Statutes of the Third (Communist) International (Moscow: Comintern Publishing Office, 1920)Google Scholar in 1920 “successive periods of development of revolutionary experience” in the colonial countries are emphasized, as is the concept that “the revolution in the colonies is not going to be a Communist revolution in its first stages.”

²² Tse-tung, Mao, On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1959), pp. 9, 23.Google Scholar

²³ Malaka, Tan, Naar de “Republik Indonesia” (Tokyo: 1925)Google Scholar and Benda, Harry J. and McVey, Ruth T., eds., The Communist Uprisings of 1926–1927 in Indonesia: Key Documents (Cornell Un., South-east Asia Programme, 1960), pp. 129–134.Google Scholar

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²⁶ Tse-tung, Mao, On People's Democratic Dictatorship (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1959), p 17.Google Scholar

²⁷ Tse-tung, Mao, On Coalition Government (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1960), p. 49.Google Scholar

²⁸ DNAPT, Vol. II, pp. 297–300Google Scholar; Material for the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of Indonesia (Djakarta: Indonesian Communist Party, Central Committee [Agitprop Dept.], 1959), pp. 94, 98, 99.Google Scholar

²⁹ DNAPT, Vol. I, pp. 248–249Google Scholar; Vol. II, pp. 290–292.

³⁰ Aidit, D. N., Peladjaran dari Sedjarah PKI, op. cit., p. 13Google Scholar, and Aidit, D. N., “Lenin and Indonesia,” Bintang Merah, Vol. XVI (1960), p. 110.Google Scholar

³¹ “Consolidate Unity to Defend Democracy and Straggle for an Improvement in the Living Conditions of the People” (New Year's Message of the Politburo of the PKI, December 30, 1959), (Djakarta: 1960), p. 3Google Scholar, and C.P.I. National Economic Seminar: Documents (Review of Indonesia, Supplement, 04–05, 1959), p. 7.Google Scholar

³² The resolution went through various editions and revisions, the last probably being Djalan Baru Untuk Republik Indonesia (Djakarta: Jajasan Pembaruan, 1953Google Scholar, 7th edition).

³³ Review of Indonesia, 03, 1960, p. 3Google Scholar; August, 1960, p. 9. See also DNAPT, Vol. II, pp. 554–555.Google Scholar

³⁴ See van der Kroef, J. M., “Colonial Continuity in Indonesia's Economic Policy,” The Australian Outlook, Vol. XIV (1960), pp. 5–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁵ Tse-tung, Mao, On the Correct Handling of Contradictions among the People, op. cit., pp. 10–11.Google Scholar

³⁶ Hodges, Donald C., “The ‘Intermediate Classes’ in Marxian Theory,” Social Research, 04 1961, pp. 23–36Google Scholar; World Marxist Review, 05 1961, pp. 71–84Google Scholar, June 1961, pp. 75–82.

³⁷ Lenin, V. I., Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution, op. cit., pp. 169–170Google Scholar; Tse-tung, Mao, On People's Democratic Dictatorship, op. cit., pp. 11Google Scholar; DNAPT, Vol. II, pp. 294–295.Google Scholar

³⁸ Material for the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of Indonesia, op. cit., p. 62.Google Scholar

³⁹ Tse-tung, Mao, On New Democracy, op. cit., p. 54.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Lenin, V. I., The Agrarian Programme of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution 1905–1907 (Moscow: Library of Marxist-Leninist Classics, 1954), p. 343.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Lenin, V. I., Alliance of the Working Class and the Peasantry (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1959), p. 124.Google Scholar

⁴² Cf. Wittfogel, Karl A., “The Legend of ‘Maoism,’” The China Quarterly, No. 1. 01–03 1960, pp. 77–78.Google Scholar

⁴³ Stalin, J., Marxism and the National and Colonial Question (London: International Publishers, 1947, 4th ed.), p. 202.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Tse-tung, Mao, On New Democracy, op. cit., p. 55.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Tse-tung, Mao, On Contradiction (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1960), p. 49.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Tse-tung, Mao, Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society, op. cit., pp. 2, 4, 8–9, 13–15.Google Scholar See also Tse-tung, Mao, Selected Works (London: Lawrence Wishart, 1954), Vol. I, pp. 138et seq.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ DNAPT, Vol. II, pp. 292–293, 542–543Google Scholar; Aidit, D. N., “Kibarkan Tinggi Pandji-Pandji ‘Tanah Untuk Petani’ dan Rebut Kemenangan Satu Demi Satu,” Bintang Merah, Vol. XV (1959), pp. 217–219.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Material for the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of Indonesia, op. cit., p. 94.Google Scholar Adoption of the Leninist and Maoist principle of outright individual landownership for the peasant did not come about until 1954. Between 1945 and 1953 the PKI advocated that though land should be redistributed, the land from the landlords should be vested in the village collectivity as a whole, to be re-allocated to the peasant's use as the village government decided. (Cf. Bintang Merah, 11 17, 1945Google Scholar, and Djalan Baru Untuk Republik Indonesia, 1953, op. cit., p. 29).Google Scholar This deference to traditional village communalism may have been framed with a view to direct “sovietisation” of the land. In March 1954, Aidit, however, advocated that land be taken from the landlords and be given directly to the peasants “as their own private property” and this principle the party adopted. Aidit, D. N., The Road to People's Democracy for Indonesia (General Report on the Political and Organisational Situation, delivered at the Fifth National Congress of the Communist Party of Indonesia, March 1954) (Djakarta: Jajasan Pembaruan, 1955), p. 32.Google Scholar

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⁵⁰ DNAPT, Vol. II, pp. 287–288.Google Scholar

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⁵² Cf. the remarks of PKI parliamentary deputy Nungtjik in Review of Indonesia, 09–10 1960, p. 20.Google Scholar

⁵³ Asmu, , “Masalah Land Reform,” Bintang Merah, Vol. XVI (1960), pp. 14–28.Google Scholar

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⁵⁵ “Kesimpulan Konferensi Nasional Tani PKI Tentang Masaalah Nelajan di Indonesia,” Bintang Merah, Vol. XV (1959), pp. 196–200.Google Scholar

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⁵⁹ See Lukman, M. H., Tentang Front Persatuan National (Djakarta: Jajasan Penibaruan, 1960)Google Scholar and Madju Terus Menggempur Imperialisme dan Feodalisme! (Djakarta: Jajasan Pembaruan, 1961).Google Scholar

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⁶⁸ Lenin on the Revolutionary Proletarian Party of a New Type (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1960), pp. 10–11.Google Scholar See also Lenin, V. I., The National Liberation Movement in the East, op. cit., p. 18Google Scholar: “The international revolutionary movement of the proletariat does not and cannot develop evenly and in identical forms in different countries. … Every country makes its own valuable contribution, adding new features to this common stream. …”

⁶⁹ Material for the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of Indonesia, op. cit., p. 97.Google Scholar

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⁷¹ “Beberapa Pengalaman Dalam Melawan Subjektivisme,” Kehidupan Partai, 06 1960, pp. 102–105.Google Scholar