¹ The difference between the “nation” at Constance and the “nation” at a thirteenth century university is the difference between an almost modern notion of nationality and a vague regionalism that classified men indiscriminately by provinces, districts or kingdoms. But the significance of the conception at Constance is a topic that needs further discussion.

² Washington, 1927.

³ Münster, , 1896–1929.Google Scholar Dr. Powers did not know Volumes III and IV of Finke's work and made only partial use of the material in Volume II.

⁴ Finke, , Acta Concilii Constanciensis, III, 77–78.Google Scholar

⁵ Von der Hardt, , Magnum Oecumenicum Concilium Constantiense, II, 160Google Scholar; should be 260.

⁶ Finke, , II, 186.Google Scholar

⁷ Finke, , II, 17, 197–198.Google ScholarVon der Hardt, , II, 194–195.Google Scholar

⁸ Finke, , III, 47–48.Google Scholar

⁹ Finke, , III, 48–51.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Finke, , II, 201.Google Scholar

¹¹ Finke, , II, 202–203.Google Scholar It may have been about this time that the admonition was addressed to Sigismund on the difference between the spheres of king and priest, contained in Münich, Staats-Bibliothek, Codd. Latt., 15183, ff. 1273–128. “As the priest must proclaim freely the truth he hears from God, so the lay prince must defend faithfully the truth he hears from the priest.”

¹² Finke, , III, 54–59.Google Scholar

¹³ Finke, , III, 62–63.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Finke, , III, 59–60.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Finke, , III, 52–54.Google Scholar

¹⁶ It is not known to what the writer is referring in the last two instances.

¹⁷ Finke, , III, 66–74.Google Scholar For another German appeal to Sigismund, see Von der Hardt, , II, 163Google Scholar, also Finke, , IV, 653–654.Google Scholar A little later, Dietrich von Niem describes scornfully the rushing trade the Pope's court is doing in benefices, expectatives, etc. Finke, , III, 76–79.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Finke, , III, 219Google Scholar; II, 207.

¹⁹ Finke, , II, 16–17.Google Scholar

²⁰ Finke, , II, 394.Google Scholar

²¹ Finke, , II, 395.Google Scholar

²² Anonymous letter in Finke, , III, 239.Google Scholar

²³ Finke, , III, 79–81.Google Scholar

²⁴ Finke, , II, 18.Google ScholarVon der Hardt, , II, 208–213.Google Scholar

²⁵ Finke, , III, 82–92, 94–99.Google Scholar

²⁶ Finke, , II, 19.Google Scholar

²⁷ Finke, , III, 75, 93.Google Scholar

²⁸ Finke, , II, 19.Google Scholar

²⁹ Von der Hardt, , II, 224–227.Google Scholar

³⁰ Von der Hardt, , II, 226–231.Google Scholar

³¹ The Council as a whole never fixed the qualifications for voting membership. See the comment of the German nation, Von der Hardt, , IV, 191Google Scholar, and the resolution of the French and Italian nations, Finke, , II, 747.Google Scholar John, who, of course, would describe, the change in the darkest colors, said that no distinctions were being drawn between “cleric and lay, single and married, graduate and non-graduate, noble and base.” Von der Hardt, , II, 157Google Scholar; should be 257.

³² This estimate is based on lists of members of separate delegations and of the Council as a whole found in Von der Hardt and Finke, passim.

³³ Finke, , II, 19.Google Scholar

³⁴ Finke, , II, 208.Google Scholar In May, the cardinals were saying that there were less than twenty in the English nation. Finke, , II, 34.Google Scholar

³⁵ Finke, , II, 23.Google Scholar

³⁶ King's Mss., 10, B. IX, f. 59 b.

³⁷ Finke, , II, 210–211.Google Scholar

³⁸ Finke, , II, 353–354.Google Scholar

³⁹ Finke, , III, 220.Google Scholar See Peter de Pulka's letter to the University of Vienna on the general state of anxiety. Archiv für Künde Oester. Gesch. Quellen, XV, 14–15.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ The relation of the cardinals, both singly and as a college, to the rest of the Council forms a subject by itself. They represented the papal principle, the royal ministry, in a legislature that had temporarily suspended the monarchy. See especially Fillastre, 's JournalGoogle Scholar, Finke, , II, 34Google Scholar, and passim.

⁴¹ Finke, , II, 351.Google Scholar

⁴² Finke, , III, 102–104.Google Scholar

⁴³ Von der Hardt, , II, 153–162Google Scholar; should be 253–262.

⁴⁴ A reference, perhaps, to the medieval legal theory of the position of corpora within a larger unit. Gierke, , Political Theory of the Middle Ages, transl. Maitland, 167, n. 229.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Finke, , III, 100–102.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Von der Hardt, , V, 98.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Finke, , II, 211–212Google Scholar; Von der Hardt, , II, 230–232Google Scholar.

⁴⁸ The text of this and of John's second promise is given by Fillastre, , Finke, , II, 20.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Von der Hardt, , II, 236.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Finke, , II, 21.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Finke, , II, 356.Google Scholar

⁵² Finke, , II, 356–357.Google Scholar A brief account of the same incident is in a letter sent to Poland. Finke, , III, 263.Google Scholar

⁵³ This interesting episode is described, with different details, by each of the three journalists. Finke, , II, 23–24, 221–223, 357–358.Google ScholarVon der Hardt, 's summary account of it, IV, 57Google Scholar, is mistaken in several respects.

⁵⁴ This practice lasted until 1417, when “because of the dissension between the nations as to the order in which they should make the response of approval” the senior cardinal replied, “Placet,” for all. Von der Hardt, , IV, 1433–1434.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Von der Hart, , IV, 190–192.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Finke, , II, 65Google Scholar and passim. See also the closing paragraph of the Regulations, Finke, , II, 758.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Finke, , II, 742–758.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Finke, , II, 742.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Finke, , II, 754.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Finke, , II, 65, 71–72.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Almost no records of the activities of individual nations have been preserved. An exceptional document is the full and animated report of the doings and discussions of the French nation, October 15 to December 2, 1415. Marténe, and Durand, , Thesaurus, II, 1543–1609.Google Scholar

⁶² As early as January, 1415, one of the programmes drawn up for dealing with John included the proviso that equality must be preserved between nations to avert suspicion. Finke, , III, 84.Google Scholar In February of the same year, Dietrich von Niem was deploring the arrogance and hostility shown in the intercourse between nations and wishing that all the best prelates, regardless of nationality, would get together and take the helm. Finke, , III, 107–109.Google Scholar