² See Schaefer, A., Commentatio de libro Vitarum X Oratorwn(Dresden, 1844)Google Scholar; Cuvigny, M., Plutarque, Oeuvres Morales,vol. XII–1 (Paris, 1981), p. 25 Google Scholar. Little close attention has been paid to the Lives,except in the context of the later Photian version; see Prasse, A., De Plutarchi quae feruntur Vitis X oratorum(Diss., Marburg, 1891)Google Scholar; Smith, R. M., ‘Photius on the Ten Orators’, GRBS 33 (1992), 159–189 Google Scholar, with further bibliography. I have not seen McComb, R. A., The Tradition of ‘The Lives of the Ten Orators’ in Plutarch and Photius(Diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1991).Google Scholar

³ There is a case, which I readily acknowledge, that such a study should incorporate all ten of the Lives,and this piece would then become a book-length project. Without pre-empting the investigation, my initial reading suggests that the material in the Livesvaries greatly in quality, but this is often due not so much to an incompetent or careless author as to the variability of the source material at his disposal. Since, then, there were different sources available for each of the Lives,which will have raised different problems (see Cuvigny [n. 2], pp. 28–34), there is some justification for this preliminary examination of an individual Life.See further n. 16 below.

⁴ See e.g. Morrison, J. S., ‘Antiphon’, PCPhSn.s. 7 (1961), 49–58 Google Scholar; Avery, H. C., ‘One Antiphon or two?’, Hermes 110 (1982), 145–158 Google Scholar; Pendrick, G., ‘Once again Antiphon the Sophist and Antiphon of Rhamnus’, Hermes 115 (1987), 47–60 Google Scholar; idem, ‘The ancient tradition on Antiphon reconsidered’, GRBS 34 (1993), 215–228 Google Scholar; Gagarin, M., ‘The ancient tradition on the identity of Antiphon’, GRBS 31 (1990), 27–44 Google Scholar; idem, Antiphon. The Speeches(Cambridge, 1997), pp. 5–6 Google Scholar; Wiesner, J., ‘Antiphon, der Sophist und Antiphon, der Redner-ein oder zwei Autoren?’, Wiener Studien 107 (1994), 225–243. I should state my position here on the two main Antiphontean questions, though the concomitant dangers of circular argument are very much to be borne in mind. I am inclined to accept the identity of Antiphon the orator and sophist, mainly on the grounds of the evidence for sophistic activity by the former (see section II). This in turn suggests the authenticity of the Tetralogiesas being exactly the kind of teaching material that sophists will have used. See further on the latter question Gagarin (1997), pp. 8–9.Google Scholar

⁵ The text of the Lifeand the fragments of Antiphon's speeches mentioned below may be consulted in the Teubner edition of Antiphon by F. Blass and T. Thalheim (Stuttgart, 1914), though Blass and Thalheim do not adopt the regular ‘832b’ style of numbering from Stephanus' edition of Plutarch. See also the Bude edition of M. Cuvigny (n. 2) and the Loeb of Fowler, H. N., Plutarch's Moralia,vol. X (Cambridge, MA, 1936). My translations are deliberately literal.Google Scholar

⁶ He is generally accurate, though he is unclear as to Andocides' deme (834b). For the other orators cf. 835c, 836e, 839e, 840a, 841a-b, 844a, 848d, and 850b. Pseudo-Plutarch only mentions one tribe, Aegeis, in connection with the Hermes of Andocides (835b), though Andocides' deme Cydathenaeum was in fact in the tribe Pandionis, the deme Cydantidae being in Aegeis. Demosthenes' tribe Pandionis is recorded in the decree at 851a.

⁷ Gagarin (n. 4,1990), pp. 38–9 with n. 43, notes that the author of the shorter Lifeseems to distinguish the orator and the poet, and so doubts that this Lifewas entirely dependent on Pseudo-Plutarch. I would argue that Pseudo-Plutarch also distinguishes the two (see sections III and IV below).

⁸ The exception is again Andocides; for the other orators cf. 835d (Lysias: the Syracusans Tisias and Nicias), 836e-f (Isocrates: Prodicus, Gorgias, Tisias, and Theramenes), 839e (the identity of Isaeus' teacher is lost in a MS. lacuna), 840b (Aeschines: Isocrates and Plato, or Leodamas, though there was an alternative tradition denying that he had teachers, 840f), 841b and 842c (Lycurgus: Plato, Isocrates, and unnamed sophists), 844b-c and 845b-c (Demosthenes: several teachers, but especially Isaeus), 848d (Hyperides: Plato and Isocrates), and 850c (Dinarchus: Theophrastus and Demetrius of Phalerum).

⁹ See Strauss, B. S., Fathers and Sons in Athens(London, 1993), pp. 82–86. The speaker of Antiphon's Second Tetralogytalks of training his son (Ant. 3.2.3).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰ See section III below.

¹¹ See Kerferd, G. B., The Sophistic Movement(Cambridge, 1981), p. 42.Google Scholar

¹² Like most others, I was very doubtful about this in Edwards, M. and Usher, S., Greek Orators I. Antiphon and Lysias(Warminster, 1985), p. 21.Google Scholar

¹³ As did Ostwald, M., From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law(Berkeley, 1986), pp. 361–362. See section III below.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴ See Davies, J. K., Athenian Propertied Families 600–300B. c (Oxford, 1971), p. 18.Google Scholar

¹⁵ It is also possible that the school continued to be regarded as ‘Sophilus’ school' after he himself ended his active participation in it, perhaps with his son taking over the reins (I am grateful to the Editor for this suggestion).

¹⁶ Various formulations are used in this and the other Liveswhen Pseudo-Plutarch does not name his source. These include and expressions including this verb, such as (twice in 832c; cf. 837a, 837b, 837d twice, 838b, 840c, 844b, 847a, 847b, 847e, 848a) or simply (835c, 836a twice, 837f twice, 841b, 843e, 846c, 849c, 850e); (832c); (832f; cf. 850b); (833a, though Lysias is thennamed; cf. 848c);(833b); (833c; cf. 839c, 847d, 849d, 850a) and other expressions including this verb (837f, 839c, 838f, 839f, 840b, 840d, 840f, 841e, 844d, 847b twice, 849c); and (833d).

¹⁷ The anonymous reader makes the helpful suggestion that in the clauses the might have an adversative force, indicating that Antiphon began a public career but then set up a school (and so abandoned his active political ambitions).

¹⁸ This tradition was picked up by Plutarch at Nicias6.1. Thucydides might, of course, be simply alluding to Antiphon's trial.

¹⁹ For the latter point see Morrison (n. 4), pp. 57–8. There is a possibility that Antiphon was a tamiasin429/8, with Develin, R., Athenian Officials 684–321 B.c.(Cambridge, 1989), p. 121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁰ The fact that Antiphon the orator may be termed a sophist does not, of course, prove that he is the same person as the Antiphon who wrote the sophistic pieces On Truthand On Concord.But ‘sophist’ is an apt description of the man described by Thucydides. See further n. 24 below.

²¹ See Morrison (n. 4), p. 49, n. 3, pace Dover, K. J., ‘The chronology of Antiphon’s speeches’, CQ 44 (1950), 44–60, at 59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²² The evidence for three books of rhetorikai technaiis collected at frr. 71–6 (cf. also Quint. 3.1.11), and although their authenticity was questioned by Pollux (fr. 74), we do not know on what grounds. What these handbooks consisted of exactly is unclear. For different views see Kennedy, G. A., The Art of Persuasion in Greece(Princeton, 1963), p. 54 Google Scholar; Cole, T., The Origins of Rhetoric in Ancient Greece(Baltimore, 1991), pp. 81, 84–85. Kennedy distinguished between exposition of precepts and collections of examples, such as Antiphon is also credited with (i.e. the Tetralogiesand the collection of proems and epilogues); but Cole will only allow model speeches and illustration by example. I have supported the more traditional view of Kennedy (in a paper on narrative in the early orators delivered to the literature seminar at the Institute of Classical Studies), but either way, if Antiphon was a teacher of rhetoric, there is little reason to doubt that he wrote rhetorical treatises.Google Scholar

²³ See n. 15. Other members of the canon whom Pseudo-Plutarch records as setting up schools were Isocrates (837a-b), Isaeus (839f), and Aeschines (840d-e).

²⁴ The case that the Antiphon of Xenophon, Mem.1.6.1–15 (whom Xenophon expressly calls ‘Antiphon the sophist’) was the same person as the orator has been strongly argued by Gagarin, following Morrison and Avery, and I have nothing to add here (see n. 4). It is worth noting, however, that the words show that Pseudo-Plutarch, or rather Caecilius, had more than one source available, since they are clearly meant to counter Aristotle (in Diog. Laert. 2.46), who talks of Antiphon ‘the diviner’ who ‘disputed contentiously’ with Socrates. Pseudo-Plutarch unfortunately gives no indication of the date of Antiphon's teaching activities and his dispute with Socrates.

²⁵ For another inference, possibly drawn by Pseudo-Plutarch himself, cf. 839e.

²⁶ As by Gomme, A. W., Andrewes, A. and Dover, K. J., A Historical Commentary on Thucydides (HCT)vol. 5 (Oxford, 1981), p. 173 Google Scholar; Cartledge, P. A. in Cartledge et al.(edd.), Nomos(Cambridge, 1990), p. 49.Google Scholar

²⁷ In an as yet unpublished paper on oratory and literacy delivered to the ancient history seminar at Bristol University.

²⁸ See Kennedy (n. 22), pp. 203–206 Google Scholar; Edwards and Usher (n. 12), pp. 7–10 Google Scholar; Trevett, J., ‘Did Demosthenes publish his deliberative speeches?’, Hermes 124 (1996), 425–441. Pseudo-Plutarch himself interestingly does not draw the distinction made by Aristotle at Rhetoric1.3.Google Scholar

²⁹ On the Sicilian tradition see e.g. Kennedy (n. 22), pp. 58–61. Pseudo-Plutarch adds that his sharp intellect earned Antiphon the nickname ‘Nestor’. This would have been entirely appropriate to one of the leading intellectuals of his day, but there is no evidence for it earlier than Pseudo-Plutarch. Interestingly, given the Sicilian tradition, Plato assigns the name to Gorgias at Phaedrus261c.Google Scholar

³⁰ A similarly brief stylistic judgement introduced by is found in the Lifeof Andocides (835b); still briefer comments are made on Lysias (836b), Isaeus (839e, partly in a lacuna), and Dinarchus (85Oe).

³¹ Though Smith (n. 2) argues for considerable independence of thought in stylistic matters on the part of Photius.

³² As HCT5M2;Ostwald (n. 13), p. 361 Google Scholar, n. 94. Kerferd (n. 11), p. 44, dates Gorgias' birth to c.485.Google Scholar

³³ For this Antiphon see Davies (n. 14), pp. 327–328.Google Scholar

³⁴ Davies (n. 14), p. 327, n. 1, suspects a textual error in Pseudo-Plutarch's reference to the fifteenth book of Theopompus' Philippics,proposing book five of his Hellenicaas the obvious place for such a statement. The source of the error (if such it be) is again unclear.Google Scholar

³⁵ Note, however, that Develin (n. 19), p. 161, is sceptical about the tradition of a generalship, and rules out the possibility that it was held by Antiphon the orator.

³⁶ See Gagarin (n. 4,1990), p. 33.Google Scholar

³⁷ The standard introductory formula is (836a, 838d, 840e, 847e, 849d, 850e with added); here and at 843c; is used at 835a, at 839f.

³⁸ There can be no doubt that the Tetralogieswere included here, and that each speech was counted separately, as Blass, F., Die attische Beredsamkeitvol. 1 (Leipzig, 1887), p. 102, n. 2.Google Scholar

³⁹ Blass (n. 38), p. 106. Again, the On Truthand On Concordmay have been written by a separate Antiphon (see n. 20).

⁴⁰ If we count the fifteen that survive and seventeen of the fragments, there is not enough room for the epideictic speeches; if we do not count the Truth, Concord,and Politicus,there are thirty-five including the two doubtful speeches and the Abuse of Alcibiades.But there may, of course, have been other speeches known to Caecilius, and we possess numerous fragments of uncertain origin.

⁴¹ On the assumption that Caecilius' method was similar to that of Dionysius, for whom these criteria were of the utmost importance (cf. D.H. Lysias12, Dinarchus4–7).

⁴² Cf. the money-loving Antiphon in Xen. Mem.1.6 (see n. 23), and see in detail Avery (n. 4), pp. 151–155.Google Scholar

⁴³ This was clearly not Pseudo-Plutarch's choice-n.b. the passive verb

⁴⁴ As by Blass (n. 38), pp. 105–106.Google Scholar