Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-2n9c9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-14T16:53:30.189Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Apathy and Depression Following Stroke

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2014

Sergio E. Starkstein and
Facundo Manes
Get accessRights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Depression and apathy are the two most frequent behavioral complications of stroke. This article reviews the prevalence of these conditions in poststroke patients, as well as their clinical correlates, longitudinal course, and possible mediators. A number of controlled clinical trials of the efficacy of various drugs in the treatment of poststroke depression are also reviewed.

Information

Type
Feature Articles
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 5 , Issue 3: Neurologic and Psychiatric Sequelae of Stroke , March 2000, pp. 43 - 50
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

1.Lipsey, JR, Spencer, WC, Rabins, PV. Phenomenological comparison of functional and post-stroke depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:527–529.Google Scholar
2.Marin, RS. Apathy: a neuropsychiatric syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1991;3:243–254.Google Scholar
3.Andersson, S, Krogstad, J, Finset, A. Apathy and depressed mood in acquired brain damage: relationship to lesion localization and psychophysiological reactivity. Psychol Med. 1999;29:447–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Starkstein, SE. Apathy and withdrawal. International Psychogeriatrics. In press.Google Scholar
5.Robinson, RG. The Clinical Neuropsychiatry of Stroke: Cognitive, Behavioral, and Emotional Disorders Following Vascular Brain Injury. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univérsity Press; 1998.Google Scholar
6.Robinson, RG, Starr, LB, Kubos, KL, Price, TR. A two year longitudinal study of post-stroke mood disorders: findings during the initial evaluation. Stroke. 1983;14:736–744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Morris, PLP, Robinson, RG, Raphael, B. Prevalence and course of depressive disorders in hospitalized stroke patients. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1990;20:349–364.Google Scholar
8.Eastwood, MR, Rifat, SL, Nobbs, H, Ruderman, J. Mood disorder following cerebrovascular accident. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;154:195–200.Google Scholar
9.House, A, Dennis, M, Warlow, C, Hawton, K, Molyneux, K. Mood disorders after stroke and their relation to lesion location. A CT scan study. Brain. 1990;113:1113–1130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Burvill, PW, Johnson, GA, Jamrozik, KD, Anderson, CS, Stewart-Wynne, EG, Chakera, TMH. Prevalence of depression after stroke: the Perth Community Stroke Study. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;166:320–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Starkstein, SE, Fedoroff, JP, Price, TR, Leiguarda, R, Robinson, RG. Apathy following cerebrovascular lesions. Stroke. 1993;24:1625–1630.Google Scholar
12.Marin, RS, Firinciogullari, S, Biedrzycki, RC. The sources of convergence between measures of apathy and depression. J Affect Disord. 1993;28:117–124.Google Scholar
13.Parikh, RM, Robinson, RG, Lipsey, JR, Starkstein, SE, Fedoroff, JP, Price, TR. The impact of poststroke depression on recovery in activities of daily living over a 2-year follow-up. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:785–789.Google Scholar
14.Herrmann, N, Black, SE, Lawrence, J, Szekely, C, Szalai, JP. The Sunybrook Stroke Study: a prospective study of depressive symptoms and functional outcome. Stroke. 1998;29:618–624.Google Scholar
15.Ramasubbu, R, Robinson, RG, Burns, AJ, Rosier, T, Price, TR. Functional impairment associated with acute post-stroke depression. The Stroke Data Bank Study. Stroke. 1998;10:26–33.Google Scholar
16.Bolla-Wilson, K, Robinson, RG, Starkstein, SE, Boston, J, Price, TR. Lateralization of dementia of depression in stroke patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146:627–634.Google Scholar
17.Downhill, JE Jr, Robinson, RG. Longitudinal assessment of depression and cognitive impairment following stroke. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994;182:425–431.Google Scholar
18.Morris, PL, Robinson, RG, Andrzejewski, P, Samuels, J, Price, TR. Association of depression with 10-year post-stroke mortality. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:124–129.Google Scholar
19.Everson, SA, Roberts, RE, Goldberg, DE, Kaplan, GA. Depressive symptoms and increased risk of stroke mortality over a 29-year period. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1133–1138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20.Robinson, RG, Kubos, KL, Starr, LB, Rao, K, Price, TR. Mood changes in stroke patients: relationship to lesion location. Compr Psychiatry. 1983;24:555–566.Google Scholar
21.Starkstein, SE, Robinson, RG, Price, TR. Comparison of cortical and subcortical lesions in the production of post-stroke mood disorders. Brain. 1987;110:1045–1059.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Morris, PL, Robinson, RG, De Carvalho, ML, et al.Lesion characteristics and depressed mood in the stroke data bank study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996;8:153–159.Google Scholar
23.Hermann, MN, Bartels, C, Schumacher, M, Wallesch, CW. Poststroke depression: is there a pathoanatomic correlate for depression in the postacute stage of stroke? Stroke. 1995;26:850–856.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Sinyor, D, Jacques, P, Kaloupek, DG, Becker, R, Goldenberg, M, Coopersmith, H. Post-stroke depression and lesion location: an attempted replication. Brain. 1986;109:539–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Parikh, RM, Lipsey, JR, Robinson, RG, Price, TR. Two-year longitudinal study of post-stroke mood disorders: dynamic changes in correlates of depression at one and two years. Stroke. 1987;18:579–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.Astrom, M, Adolfsson, R, Asplund, K. Major depression in stroke patients: a 3-year longitudinal study. Stroke. 1993;24:976–982.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Okada, K, Kobayashi, S, Yamagata, S, Takahashi, K, Yamaguchi, S. Poststroke apathy and regional cerebral blood flow. Stroke. 1997;28:2437–2441.Google Scholar
28.Bogousslavsky, J, Regli, F, Assal, G. The syndrome of unilateral tuberothalamie artery territory infarction. Stroke. 1986;17:434–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29.Helgason, C, Wilbur, A, Weiss, A. Acute pseudobulbar mutism due to discrete bilateral capsular infarction in the territory of the anterior choroidal artery. Brain. 1988;111:507–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Robinson, RG, Bolduc, PL, Price, TR. Two-year longitudinal study of post-stroke mood disorders: diagnosis and outcome at one and two years. Stroke. 1987;18:837–843.Google Scholar
31.Starkstein, SE, Robinson, RG, Price, TR. Comparison of spontaneously recovered versus nonrecovered patients with poststroke depression. Stroke. 1988;19:1491–1496.Google Scholar
32.Marin, RS, Fogel, BS, Hawkins, J, Duffy, J, Krupp, B. Apathy: a treatable syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1995;7:23–30.Google Scholar
33.Mayberg, HS, Robinson, RG, Wong, DF, et al.PET imaging of cortical S2 serotonin receptors after stroke: lateralized changes and relationship to depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:937–943.Google Scholar
34.Breyer, JB, Starkstein, SE, Votypka, V. Reduction of CSF metabolites in poststroke depression: a preliminary report. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992;4:440–442.Google Scholar
35.Nauta, WJH. Reciprocal links of the corpus striatum with the cerebral cortex and the limbic system: a common substrate for movement and thought? In: Mueller, J, ed. Neurology and Psychiatry: A Meeting of Minds. Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger Publishing; 1988:43–63.Google Scholar
36.Bechara, A, Van der Kooy, D. The tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus: a brainstem output of the limbic system critical for the conditioned place references produced by morphine and amphetamine. J Neurosci. 1989;9:3440–3449.Google Scholar
37.Heilman, KM, Schwartz, HD, Watson, RT. Hypoarousal in patients with the neglect syndrome and emotional indifference. Neurology. 1978;28:229–232.Google Scholar
38.Cummings, J. Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:873–880.Google Scholar
39.Lipsey, JR, Robinson, RG, Pearlson, GD, Rao, K, Price, TR. Nortriptyline treatment of post-stroke depression: a double-blind study. Lancet. 1984;1:297–300.Google Scholar
40.Reding, JJ, Orto, LA, Winter, SW, Fortuna, IM, DiPonte, P, McDowell, FH. Antidepressant therapy after stroke: a double-blind trial. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:763–765.Google Scholar
41.Andersen, G, Vestergaard, K, Riis, J. Citalopram for post-stroke pathologic crying. Lancet. 1993;342:837–839.CrossRefGoogle Scholar